DEVELOPMENT OF STOMACH
DR. AAMNA KHALIL
Formation of Gut Tube
Divisions of the Gut Tube
• Cephalocaudal and lateral folding
• Endoderm-lined yolk sac cavity
form the primitive gut.
• Two portions outside embryo
– yolk sac
– allantois
• Cephalic and caudal parts blind-
end tubes:
– foregut
– hindgut
• The middle part:
– midgut
– connected to the yolk sac by vitelline
duct/ yolk stalk
Development of Primitive gut
• Four parts
– pharyngeal gut, or pharynx
• from buccopharyngeal
membrane to tracheobronchial
diverticulum
– foregut
• below pharyngeal tube to liver
outgrowth.
– midgut
• caudal to the liver bud to junction
of right 2/3 & left 1/3 of transverse
colon
– hindgut
• from left third of transverse
colon to cloacal membrane
COMPONENTS
• Endoderm
– epithelial lining of the
digestive tract
– parenchyma of glands
• liver
• pancreas.
• Splanchnic mesoderm
– Muscle
– connective tissue
– Stroma of glands
– peritoneal components
Mesenteries
• Gut tube and its derivatives
• suspended from dorsal and ventral body
walls by mesenteries
• Intraperitoneal organs:
– double layers of peritoneum enclose an
organ
• Retroperitoneal organs:
– organs that lie against the posterior body
wall
• Peritoneal ligaments: double layers of
peritoneum (mesenteries)
– pass from one organ to another or to the
body wall.
• provide pathways for vessels, nerves,
lymphatics to and from viscera
Mesenteries
• Initially
– Gut tube in broad contact with
posterior abdominal wall
• 5th week
– connecting tissue bridge
narrowed
– Primitive gut suspended by
dorsal mesentery
– from lower end of esophagus to
cloacal region of hindgut.
Mesenteries
• Dorsal mesogastrium or
greater omentum;
– region of the stomach
• dorsal mesoduodenum;
– area of the duodenum
• dorsal mesocolon:
– region of the colon
• mesentery proper:
– jejunal and ileal loops
Mesenteries
• Ventral mesentery:
– terminal part of
• Esophagus
• stomach
• upper part of duodenum
– derived from septum
transversum.
• Growth of liver bud into
mesenchyme of septum
transversum
– lesser omentum
– falciform ligament
Development of the Stomach
Middle of 4th week
slight dilation
site of stomach
primordium
fusiform enlargement of
distal part of the foregut
initially in median plane
5th week
primordial stomach
soon enlarges
broadens
ventrodorsally.
Rotation of Stomach
8th week
90⁰ clockwise direction around its longitudinal
axis.
ventral border (lesser curvature) moves to
right
dorsal border (greater curvature) moves to
left.
original left side becomes ventral surface
original right side becomes dorsal surface.
Rotation around anteroposterior axis
cranial region moves to left and inferiorly
caudal region moves to right and superiorly.
final position; long axis lie transversely
left vagus nerve supplies anterior wall
right vagus nerve posterior wall.
Mesenteries
Attachment of stomach;
dorsal body wall by dorsal
mesogastrium
ventral body wall by ventral
mesogastrium
rotation & disproportionate growth
Rotation about the longitudinal axis
pulls dorsal mesogastrium to left
space behind stomach omental bursa
(lesser peritoneal sac)
pulls ventral mesogastrium to right.
Greater Omentum
rotation of stomach about its
anteroposterior axis
dorsal mesogastrium bulges down
forms a double-layered sac
apron like extension over
transverse colon and small
intestinal loops
Greater Omentum
layers fuse
form a single sheet
hanging from the greater
curvature of stomach
posterior layer fuses with
mesentery of transverse colon
Ventral Mesogastrium
mesoderm of the septum
transversum.
liver cords grow into septum forming:
peritoneum of liver
falciform ligament
lesser omentum
Ventral Mesogastrium
free margin of falciform ligament contains
umbilical vein
obliterated after birth
form round ligament of liver (ligamentum teres
hepatis).
free margin of lesser omentum
connecting the duodenum and liver (hepatoduodenal
ligament)
Contains bile duct, portal vein & hepatic artery (portal
triad)
forms roof of epiploic foramen of Winslow
Stomach Abnormalities
Pyloric stenosis
Hypertrophy of circular and longitudinal musculature in region of
pylorus
most common abnormalities
develop during fetal life
extreme narrowing of pyloric lumen
severe vomiting.
In few cases pylorus is atretic
Other malformations
duplications
pre-pyloric septum