Prototyping Model – Software
Engineering
Last Updated : 03 Jan, 2025
Prototyping is defined as the process of developing a working replication of a product
or system that has to be engineered. It offers a small-scale facsimile of the end
product and is used for obtaining customer feedback. The Prototyping concept is
described below:
Table of Content
Steps of Prototyping Model
Types of Prototyping Models
Advantages of Prototyping Model
Disadvantages of the Prototyping Model
Applications of Prototyping Model
The Prototyping Model is one of the most popularly used Software Development Life
Cycle Models (SDLC models). This model is used when the customers do not know
the exact project requirements beforehand. In this model, a prototype of the end
product is first developed, tested, and refined as per customer feedback repeatedly till
a final acceptable prototype is achieved which forms the basis for developing the final
product.
Prototyping Model-Concept
In this process model, the system is partially implemented before or during the
analysis phase thereby allowing the customers to see the product early in the life
cycle. The process starts by interviewing the customers and developing the
incomplete high-level paper model. This document is used to build the initial
prototype supporting only the basic functionality as desired by the customer. Once the
customer figures out the problems, the prototype is further refined to eliminate them.
The process continues until the user approves the prototype and finds the working
model to be satisfactory.
Steps of Prototyping Model
Step 1: Requirement Gathering and Analysis: This is the initial step in designing a
prototype model. In this phase, users are asked about what they expect or what they
want from the system.
Step 2: Quick Design: This is the second step in the Prototyping Model. This model
covers the basic design of the requirement through which a quick overview can be
easily described.
Step 3: Build a Prototype: This step helps in building an actual prototype from the
knowledge gained from prototype design.
Step 4: Initial User Evaluation: This step describes the preliminary testing where
the investigation of the performance model occurs, as the customer will tell the
strengths and weaknesses of the design, which was sent to the developer.
Step 5: Refining Prototype: If any feedback is given by the user, then improving the
client’s response to feedback and suggestions, the final system is approved.
Step 6: Implement Product and Maintain: This is the final step in the phase of the
Prototyping Model where the final system is tested and distributed to production, here
the program is run regularly to prevent failures.
For more, you can refer to Software Prototyping Model Phases.
Prototyping Model
Types of Prototyping Models
There are four types of Prototyping Models, which are described below.
Rapid Throwaway Prototyping
Evolutionary Prototyping
Incremental Prototyping
Extreme Prototyping
1. Rapid Throwaway Prototyping
This technique offers a useful method of exploring ideas and getting customer feedback for
each of them.
In this method, a developed prototype need not necessarily be a part of the accepted
prototype.
Customer feedback helps prevent unnecessary design faults and hence, the final prototype
developed is of better quality.
2. Evolutionary Prototyping
In this method, the prototype developed initially is incrementally refined based on customer
feedback till it finally gets accepted.
In comparison to Rapid Throwaway Prototyping, it offers a better approach that saves time
as well as effort.
This is because developing a prototype from scratch for every iteration of the process can
sometimes be very frustrating for the developers.
3. Incremental Prototyping
In this type of incremental prototyping, the final expected product is broken into different
small pieces of prototypes and developed individually.
In the end, when all individual pieces are properly developed, then the different prototypes
are collectively merged into a single final product in their predefined order.
It’s a very efficient approach that reduces the complexity of the development process, where
the goal is divided into sub-parts and each sub-part is developed individually.
The time interval between the project’s beginning and final delivery is substantially reduced
because all parts of the system are prototyped and tested simultaneously.
Of course, there might be the possibility that the pieces just do not fit together due to some
lack of ness in the development phase – this can only be fixed by careful and complete
plotting of the entire system before prototyping starts.
4. Extreme Prototyping
This method is mainly used for web development. It consists of three sequential
independent phases:
In this phase, a basic prototype with all the existing static pages is presented in HTML format.
In the 2nd phase, Functional screens are made with a simulated data process using a
prototype services layer.
This is the final step where all the services are implemented and associated with the final
prototype.
This Extreme Prototyping method makes the project cycling and delivery robust and
fast and keeps the entire developer team focused and centralized on product deliveries
rather than discovering all possible needs and specifications and adding necessitated
features.
Advantages of Prototyping Model
The customers get to see the partial product early in the life cycle. This ensures a greater
level of customer satisfaction and comfort.
New requirements can be easily accommodated as there is scope for refinement.
Missing functionalities can be easily figured out.
Errors can be detected much earlier thereby saving a lot of effort and cost, besides
enhancing the quality of the software.
The developed prototype can be reused by the developer for more complicated projects in
the future.
Flexibility in design.
Early feedback from customers and stakeholders can help guide the development process
and ensure that the final product meets their needs and expectations.
Prototyping can be used to test and validate design decisions, allowing for adjustments to be
made before significant resources are invested in development.
Prototyping can help reduce the risk of project failure by identifying potential issues and
addressing them early in the process.
Prototyping can facilitate communication and collaboration among team members and
stakeholders, improving overall project efficiency and effectiveness.
Prototyping can help bridge the gap between technical and non-technical stakeholders by
providing a tangible representation of the product.
Disadvantages of the Prototyping Model
Costly concerning time as well as money.
There may be too much variation in requirements each time the prototype is evaluated by
the customer.
Poor Documentation due to continuously changing customer requirements.
It is very difficult for developers to accommodate all the changes demanded by the
customer.
There is uncertainty in determining the number of iterations that would be required before
the prototype is finally accepted by the customer.
After seeing an early prototype, the customers sometimes demand the actual product to be
delivered soon.
Developers in a hurry to build prototypes may end up with sub-optimal solutions.
The customer might lose interest in the product if he/she is not satisfied with the initial
prototype.
The prototype may not be scalable to meet the future needs of the customer.
The prototype may not accurately represent the final product due to limited functionality or
incomplete features.
The focus on prototype development may shift away from the final product, leading to
delays in the development process.
The prototype may give a false sense of completion, leading to the premature release of the
product.
The prototype may not consider technical feasibility and scalability issues that can arise
during the final product development.
The prototype may be developed using different tools and technologies, leading to additional
training and maintenance costs.
The prototype may not reflect the actual business requirements of the customer, leading to
dissatisfaction with the final product.
Applications of Prototyping Model
The Prototyping Model should be used when the requirements of the product are not clearly
understood or are unstable.
The prototyping model can also be used if requirements are changing quickly.
This model can be successfully used for developing user interfaces, high-technology
software-intensive systems, and systems with complex algorithms and interfaces.
The prototyping Model is also a very good choice to demonstrate the technical
feasibility of the product.
For more software engineering models, refer to Classical Waterfall Model,
Spiral Model, and Iterative