CHAPTER 4: RESEARCH.

INTRODUCTION; THE RESEARCH DEVELOPMENT.

This research development was made basing on our research questions as listed in the introduction and thus
this section of the project endeavors to satisfy the qualm in our minds with the theoretical scientific
expressions and data collected to satisfy the workings of our project. First and foremost we divided this
project research into these three major sections namely:

I. Design and Parameter sizing research with scientific calculations.

II. Mechanical design, electronic design and software design.
III. Modeling and Simulation in Solid works (Part Assembly and Simulation via Animations).

I) Design and Parameter Sizing Research with Scientific Calculations.

This section of the research was based on finding the required calculations, laws and other formulas to be
used to model the project so as to provide the required specifications for the incubator to work as proposed.
The section was divided into smaller segments as follows for easy handling and proper follow up on the
research.

1. Power Generation System.

2. Induction Heating System.
3. Incubator Framework and Insulation.
4. Control System Modeling.

1) Power Generation System:

The power generation system is divided into two parts namely:

 The Magnetic Repulsion Gnome Engine for generating rotational motion for the crankshaft.
 The Induction Power Generation System.

a) The Magnetic Repulsion Gnome Engine.

This part of the power generation system composes of neodymium permanent magnets acting as repulsive
piston cylinder heads, the plastic cylinders, toroid magnets (magnets in music speakers), connecting rods and
a gnome engine type crankshaft.

As shown in the pictures from Solidworks above, as shown is their assembly is shown, also there other factors
to consider when developing the system which are named below:

 Magnetic field strength of the repelling magnets; The values of the magnetic field strengths of
the magnets repelling each offer determine the effective repulsion force between them thus the
torque generated that is translated into linear motion for rotating the gnome crankshaft.
 Orientation and Alignment of the repelling magnets; The orientation i.e. the position relative
to the cylinder’s horizontal axis and the magnets themselves affects the magnetic flux and the
field effective to provide the repulsive force needed for production of repulsive force.
 Mechanical Stability of the system; Is defined by the magnetic strengths of the repulsion
magnets and the sequencing of the cylinders.
a) The magnetic strengths of the toroid magnets have to be all equal and also the same with
the neodymium magnets, but the toroid magnets should have strength higher than that
of the neodymium piston magnets.
b) The sequencing of the magnets plastic cylinders and the even positioning of the same
define the orientation of the magnetic fields interacting to obtain the optimal repulsion
force for torque generated.
  Arrangement of the cylinders; For a circular setup available for setting up the cylinders and
the respective repulsion magnets
a) Symmetry: Placing cylinders evenly around the gnome crankshaft which helps distribute
forces evenly and minimizes imbalances in the system and also by ensuring balanced forces
between magnets that’s equal magnetic strengths of the toroid magnets and less magnetic
strengths of the neodymium piston magnets compared to toroid magnets for this enables the
system to run smoothly.
b) Spacing: Ensuring proper spacing between the cylinders to align and allow proper smooth
movement and minimize interference between the pistons depending on the size and
dimensions of the cylinders and their desired rotation speed.
c) Orientation: Positioning cylinders at angles relative to the gnome crankshaft to optimize
repulsive forces between piston- toriodal magnets and the different angles to find the best
configuration that maximizes repulsion while maintaining stability.
 Forces between the magnets repelling each other which is affected by their movement and
alignment; The repulsive force in between the neodymium magnets and the toroid magnets is
based on coulomb s law for magnets. This case is specific for aligned magnet poles (like poles
facing each other) and the force is repulsive in this case. It can be described by the formula here
below;
εO M M2
F=
1

2
4 πr
Where ε 0 is permittivity of free space,
M 1 is the magnetic moment of the toroid magnet
M 2 is the magnetic moment of the neodymium magnet
r is the distance between the magnets (the distance between the top dead center and the
bottom dead center)
 Sequence of connecting rods to gnome crankshaft;
a) Activate cylinders in sequential manner by gradually increasing number of active
cylinders to build torque and rotational speed.
b) Start with one cylinder activated to establish initial movement.
c) Add cylinders in sequential fashion thus activate them in small sequences and monitor
rotation speed and the generated torque as we add cylinders.
 Torque Generated and the Translation motion obtained as Rotational speed;
Torque (τ ) is defined the obtained motion along the line of action of applied force. It can be
defined by the following equation;
τ =Fr sin (θ)
τ is torque obtained.
F is the force applied.
r is the distance from axis of rotation to point where force is applied (length of the connecting
rod to the gnome crankshaft).
θ is the angle between force and the lever arm (connecting rod).

Rotational speed (ω ).Is related to linear speed (v) of a point on the rotating object in this case
the gnome crankshaft. It can be defined by this formula;
v=rω
r is the radius of rotation.
ω is the angular speed / rotational speed.
v is the linear speed.
b) Induction Power Generation System

This part of the power generation system deals with the production of the power required to power up the
incubator and was divided into three parts that build it up for optimal performance and efficiency. These are:
  Induction magnets (Axial Flux Formation arranged in an attractive array format).
 Wire coils in a Hybrid format of Coil Winding.
 Coils Cooling Fan System.

a) Induction Magnets Modeling.

These are the magnets on the circular piece that is rotated by the gnome crankshaft to provide a a magnetic
flux that cuts the wires coiled on the back side of piece with the cylinders to be used to generate an induced
electromotive force to run the incubator. These are the factors to be considered when modeling these
magnets:

i. Geometry and Placement: Arrangement of wire coils to intersect the magnetic field lines of the
rotating magnets and also gnome crankshaft relative angle of placement of the shaft to maximize
interaction of the field lines with the wire coils.
ii. Magnetic Field of the Magnets: Use of magnetic field modeling software or analytic calculation
based on magnets configuration i.e. the axial format of connection. The total magnetic field of the
format can be obtained from these two formulas.
iii. Electromagnetic Induction on the Wire coils; Basing on Faraday’s law of electromagnetic
induction we can calculate the induced emf (electromotive force) in each coil with changing magnetic
field interaction. Basing on Faraday’s law we know that its simplified as shown below:
−d ∅
ϵ=
dt
Where ϵ is the induced emf.
d∅
is the rate of change of magnetic flux with time through a loop.
dt
iv. Electric Current Generated in Wire Coils: we need to calculate the current obtained by the induced
emf in the wire coils using the ohm’s law:
V
I=
R
Where I is the current.
V is the voltage.
R is the resistance of the wire coils.
v. Modeling and Simulation: Implementation of simulation software or modeling software like
Solidworks to model the optimal requirements for best parts to be used and pieces and remaining
requirements like , number of wire coils/turns, resistance and efficiency of the induction process.
vi. Validation and Optimization: We can validate our work by comparing simulated results with
experimental results and we can optimize our system parameters for better performance by
considering the wire placement, speed of the rotating magnets, electric current generated.

b) Wire Coil Winding Format;

The wire coil winding format to be used for winding the coils on the circular piece’s backside is useful as it
has to fulfill these given factors to enable use to obtain the most emf generated. These include:

a) General Factors to consider for the format of winding:

i. Coil spacing i.e. the spacing in between two adjacent wire coils,
ii. Angle of given coil windings like the helical and the wedge winding formats,
iii. Number of the coils/turns.
b) Factors for Optimal Use:
i. Efficient use of space I.e. the backside of the circular piece,
ii. Uniform magnetic field distribution from the axial magnet rotating format to the wound
coils,
iii. Compatibility with the axial field of the rotating magnets,
iv. available space for induction,
 v. Desired magnetic flux linkage,
vi. Manufacturing consideration per winding coil format.
c) Factors for maximized flux linkage;
i. Geometry of the rotating magnets and their speed of rotation,
ii. Number of the magnets available,
iii. Properties of the coils.
d) Factors to consider when hybridizing the wire winding format;
i. Uniformity of flux distribution,
ii. Magnitude of induced emf,
iii. Manufacturing and assembly,
iv. Optimization techniques which may include adjusting coil spacing, coil angles and number of
turns.
e) Modeling of the Wire coil Windings;
i. Optimal angle for maximum flux linkage based on specific geometry of the system‘s
background for space, arrangement of magnet on the circular piece, distribution of the
magnets and the magnetic field in the format.
ii. Angle of format relative to the crankshaft for maximized magnetic flux linkage which is
optimized by proper positioning of wires such that they intersect as many magnetic field
lines as possible thus inducing more emf in the coils.
iii. Perpendicular positioning of wires to magnetic field lines at the point of intersection.
f) Formulas for the induced emf and the magnetic flux linkage through the wire coil windings;
For the best optimized calculations we require a detailed geometry and the magnetic field
distribution of the system which can be achieved by numerical simulation or analytic modeling of
electromagnetic fields, finite element analysis and vector analysis. By Analytic calculation we know
that:
a) Emf generated (emf);This the electromotive force generated by the wound wire coils by the
rotting axial magnetic fields cutting them. By formula we know that;
−d ∅
ϵ=
dt
Where ϵ is the induced emf.
d∅
Is the rate of change of magnetic flux with time through a loop.
dt
b) Magnetic flux through the Coil (∅ );
∅ is the magnetic flux through the coil. By formula we know that;
∅ =βA
Where β is the magnetic field strength of the magnet
A is the area under/enclosed by the coil
By faraday’s law we know that induced emf in a closed loop is equal to negative rate of
change of magnetic flux through the loop.
from these two above equations we can simplify our equation for emf to;
dA dA
ϵ = -β but also we know =ωr where ω is angular speed and r is the radius of the
dt dt
circular piece.
So our final formula is
ϵ=−βωr
c) Magnetic Strength( β )
This can be defined by the formula below;
μ0 m
β= 3
4πr
Where β is the magnetic strength,
μ0 is the permeability of free space,
 m is the magnetic moment of the magnet,
r is the distance between the magnets to reference point of measuring its strength.
g) Formulas for Heat Generation in the coils;
We can estimate the heat generated in the wire coils by the joule’s law and by heat transfer in
thermodynamics;
Joule’s law; Power (heat) is generated or dissipated by a resistor and is proportional to square of
current passing through it and its resistance;
2
I
P=
R
Where P is heat/power dissipated, I is the current, R is the resistance of the wire coil.
Heat Transfer In Thermodynamics: Heat dissipated by the wires is transferred to the surrounding
by convection, convection and radiation. Rate of heat transfer(Q) is equal to the heat transfer
coefficient (h) for a given arrangement plus the temperature difference between the wire and
surrounding air(∇ T ).
Q=h A ∇ T

h) Formats for coil windings with their advantages and disadvantages;

Format Procedure Advantages Disadvantages View

Radial Coils are arranged radially Maximizes cross Complex winding
around the central axis of sectional area patterns.
the circular piece exposed to magnetic
extending outwards like field. Uneven magnetic
wheel spokes, each coil field distribution.
starts from center towards Effective use of space.
the edge in a straight line.
Wedge Coils rearranged in a Wider and Focused Difficulty in
wedge shape with the surface for magnetic optimizing angles
narrow side towards the field interaction. and placement of
center of the circular piece coils.
and the wide end towards Effective use of space. Complexity of
the outer edge. winding pattern
affecting
manufacturing and
assembly.
Concentric Coils are arranged in Maximum effective Much carefulness
concentric circles around use of space. required in
the central axis of the winding to
circular piece with each Uniform distribution prevent
circle of different radius of the coils thus interference
from the center, these balanced flux linkage. between coils.
circles may overlap slightly
with smaller ones nested Difficulty in
in larger ones. connecting
windings.
Helical Coils are arranged in a Maximizes length of Precise work
helical/spiral pattern wire exposed to field needed or poor
along the length of the this increased flux resulting in
circular piece alike to a linkage. Manufacturing
spring. Each coil wraps challenges.
around the circular piece
in a spiral fashion from
center to the outer edge.
 i) Best Hybridizations to be selected from;

Format Procedure Advantages Disadvantages View

Concentric-Wedge Coils are arranged Efficient coverage
in concentric of the circular
circles around the background.
circular
background, Focused magnetic
maximizing the flux linkage
number of available potentially
space. Within each maximizing emf
concentric induction.
circle ,coils are
positioned in a
wedge–shaped
format, allowing for
a focused
interaction with the
magnetic field
Radial-Wedge Coils are positioned Maximizes
radially around the magnetic flux
circular linkage and emf
background, induction through
ensuring efficient the use of wedge
coverage of the shaped coils.
background, and
maximizing surface
area coverage. Each
coil extends
outward in a
wedge-shaped
format providing a
focused interaction
with the magnetic
field.

c) Modeling Of Coils Cooling Fan;

Modeling of the cooling fan system involves the cooling fan itself and the gear system to enable It suck in air
at a faster speed that the axial magnets rotating with it. At a higher speed its able to suck and blow air into the
slit spaces in the circular piece on which the axial magnets are mounted then to the coils thereby cooling
them. Its research is divided into two sections as explained below;

I. The Fan Blades and Their Properties;

 Fan Placement: Positioning of the fan to effectively blow air over and into the coils via the
slots thus dissipating their heat to the surroundings.
 Fan Characteristics: Size, airflow rate, rotational speed which all contribute to the cooling
efficiency of the fan.
 Fan Airflow Simulation: Using CFD (Computational Fluid dynamics) simulation to model
airflow generated by the cooling fan which helps simulate airflows over the coils and assess
effectiveness of cooling process.
  Heat Dissipation Analysis: Analyzing the heat dissipation from the coils of wire using
thermal simulation software to quantify temperature distribution within coils and assess
whether cooling fan provides sufficient cooling effect.
 Optimization: Placement and simulation of characteristics of the fan to maximize heat
dissipation and suitable temperature rise of the coils.
 Integration: Integrating the cooling fan with the gear system on the gnome crankshaft to act
as a cooling fan and also as a counter weight for a flywheel balancing effect on the system.
II. Gear System For Required Speed;

2) Induction Heating System.

The induction heating system of the incubator is being used to provide the required warmth or temperature
required for incubating the eggs.

This system relies solely on the electromagnetic induction to heat a conductive material without direct
contact between the heating element and thee object being heated.

Induction heating elements can be an coil of wire through which AC (Alternating Current) passes, generating
a fluctuating magnetic field which induces electrical currents (eddy currents) within the conductive material
generating heat due to its resistance to current flow.

A control system is used to regulate temperature inside the heating element based on the temperature
sensors within the incubator to maintain desired temperature for incubation.

Advantages of the system;

 Precise control of the temperature.

 Uniform heating of the incubator.
 No direct contact with the heating element.

Requirements for the Induction Coil Heating Element Choice;

 Material: High electrical conductivity to efficiently generate eddy currents in the conductor when
subjected to AC.
 Size and Shape: Coil size and shape should be fitting in the incubator confines while providing
uniform heating to incubator.
 Wire Gauge(Thickness); Affects the resistance of coil wire and current-carrying capacity with the
thicker wire gauges have a higher current consumption thus more heat generated but less flexible
and the vice versa is true.
 Coil Configuration; Coil configurations available may include a solenoid ,helical, pancake format but
these formats influence how the magnetic field interacts with the conductive material inside the
incubator.
 Insulation of the Incubator: The insulation should not be in contact with the Styrofoam, also
insulated copper wire or enamel-coated wire can be used to provide the heating for the incubator.
 Power Requirements; The voltage and frequency of AC supplied to the heating coil. Match coil wire
specifications to power supplied to enable compatibility and efficient operation.

3) Incubator Framework And Incubator Insulation Material

a) Incubator Insulation Material;

 Styrofoam (EPS-Polystyrene); was selected to provide insulation in the incubator due to its
light weight and the excellent thermal insulation and maintain stable temperature inside the
incubator.
The properties that make it suitable for this part are low thermal conductivity which
minimizes heat transfer, ability to absorb to resist moisture absorption which helps
insulative effectiveness and lastly its inexpensive and easy to work with.
 Equations for Insulation Capability:
a)Thermal conductivity (k); Is the measure of the material’s ability to conduct heat.
Styrofoam has its value at (0.033-0.038 W/mK) at room temperature. To calculate heat
transfer through a material (Q) we use this equation;
kA (T ( h )−T (c ))
Q=
d
Where Q is heat transferred in the material either to the surrounding or the incubator.
A is surface area of the material.
T(h) is the temperature of the hot side (inside the incubator).
T(c) is the temperature of the cold side(surrounding environment of incubator).
d is the thickness of the material.
k is the thermal conductivity of the material.

b) Humidity, Air flow Rate and Moisture Absorption:

Humidity: Is the mass of water vapor per unit volume of air. Humidity also depends on the
mass flow of air, temperature and the speed of the inlet circulation and outlet fans. The
equation below is used to determine humidity;

V
H=
Rv T
Where H is humidity.
V is volume.
R v is the gas constant.
T is the temperature in the incubator.
Airflow Rate In the Incubator: To provide proper ventilation of the incubator we need to
have three fans that ensure that the volume of mass flow in, inside of and out of the
incubator is as required as it can be to a specific value;
Q=V t A
Where Q is the volumetric flow rate of the air
2
π d 1 ,2 , 3
V t is the total velocity of the air through the fans where V 1 ,2.3 =
4
A is the cross sectional area of fan blades, where A=π r 2 and r is radius of
fan blades.
Moisture Absorption; Styrofoam has a closed-cell structure which means low moisture
absorption properties thus a property expressed as a percentage increase in weight due to
 absorbed moisture. This equation describes a formula to obtain moisture absorption by a
material;
W f −W i
( %ge Increase ) =
Wi
Where W f is initial weight of the material sample.
W i Is the final weight of the material sample after moisture absorption.
b) Incubator Framework;

To optimize the design of the incubator and the sizing of the incubator framework specific requirements are
to be met to provide a specific temperature, humidity, airflow rate and power consumption by the incubator.
These standard requirements may include the following:

 General standards which include; temperature and humidity range of operating the
incubator, airflow rates of operating the incubator and finally the desired egg capacity of the
incubator.
 Framework Material and Size Selection: Good insulation properties are required to
minimize heat loss, space and capacity available for incubation and finally easy access to the
incubator’s interior for maintenance and sample(eggs) handling.
 Heat Source Placement: Optimal placement of the induction heating coils within the
incubator for uniform heating through the chamber while minimizing hot spots and energy
consumption.
 Temperature Control: PID controller systems are to be used to control temperature
regulation by use of sensors.
 Humidity Control: Humidification system with a water reservoir is to be used with a
controlled evaporator or humidifier.
 Standards basing on introduction and research to be used in the incubator which
include: Temperature in the range(36.5˚C-37.5˚C), Humidity (55%-65%), Airflow rate (873
3 3
m /hr )for eggs emitting carbon-dioxide (1250m /hr ), Air exchange rate (15-20
times/hour) and lastly egg tray spacing (0.03m).
 Procedure for Sizing the Incubator Framework.
i. Requirements; Maintaining uniform temperature and humidity distribution in the
incubator, adequate and uniform airflow in the incubator and finally a rectangular
framework would be easier to model for simplicity.
ii. Procedure;
 Volume is set for a specified airflow rate,
 Air change rate i.e. how many times the air in the incubator is changed and
the usual standard is (15-20 times/hour) is adjusted for on the power to the
fans,
 Dimensions of the incubator which are based on the shape and calculations
to maintain the standardized readings and measurements above.
iii. Equations for Sizing the Incubator Framework;
a) Volume; This is provided by the equation;
V =L∗W ∗H
And the total volume is given by;
Tot Vol of Air Per Hr
i. Tot ( V )=
Air Changes Per Hr
b) Egg Capacity; is the total number of eggs the incubator can fit and capably incubate.
It’s provided for by this equation;
Tot Number Of Eggs Tot Heght
Egg Cpcty= ∨
Eggs Per Tray Spacing Between Egg Trays
c) Available Height for Use; Is the available space within which the insulation,
heating elements and the egg tray holding mechanism.
This is the equation for it;
 Height=Tot Height−( ( Number of Trays−1 )∗Spacing between Trays)
d) Heat Loss By The Insulative Surface; To obtain the heat lost by the insulation to the
surrounding through the walls of the incubator we can model this heat loss by use of an
equation which is described here:
T −T c
Q=−kA ( )
X
Where Q is the heat lost. A is the area of the side of the insulative surface. T is the temperature
of the incubator chamber. T c is the temperature of the surrounding. X is the

4) Control System Modeling.

For proper control of the temperature, humidity, airflow rate and the power distribution from the power
source there is need to have a proper control of the PID constants and the sensors and the appliances to be
attributed the tasks for the control of the incubator system as a whole.

 Standard Requirements;
i. Induction Heating System;
a) Temperature sensors; These will enable us to monitor temperature of the
incubator and provide the system with feedback to be used for proper warmth
provision to the eggs being incubated.
b) Power MOSFET or Solid State Relay (SSR); It enables us to control the high
currents and switch power on and off rapidly allowing precise temperature
control. We connect the PWM capable output pin of the Arduino to the MOSFET
or SSR to control power to the heating element.
c) Pulse Wave Modulation(PWM); Adjustment of the power duty cycles of the
PWM signal enables us to control the average power sent to the heating element
thus higher duty cycles leads to more power supplied and thus more heat
obtained and the vice versa is true.
ii. Humidity Control;
a) Selection of the best humidity sensor suitable for incubator application
(DHT series e.g. DHT11, DHT22)
b) Connection of the humidity sensor to the microprocessor board via the
digital or analog pin on the board.
c) Modification of the control loop to include the humidity control
algorithm to regulate the humidity to a set range for common humidity
ranges of (40%- 60%) relative humidity (RH) and feedback the control
loop for adjusting by the microprocessor.
iii. Airflow Rate Control;
a) General factors for choosing an airflow rate sensor are: The range of the
sensor, durability of the sensor, the sensors sensitivity, the sensor’s
response time, the sensors accuracy and lastly the suitability of the
sensor to the incubator’s environmental.
b) Addition of fan control Logic into the Arduino code and the use of PWM
(Pulse Wave Modulation) technique to control their speeds to obtain
the required airflow rate.
c) By comparing the current airflow rate in the desire airflow rate by
connecting an airflow rate sensor(Differential or Hot wire or Ultrasonic
or Thermal airflow rate sensor) which determines with precision the
current airflow rate and sends back data to the Arduino board.
d) Implementation of a Closed-loop control system that continuously
adjusts the fan speeds based on the measured airflow rate to the
desired airflow rate thus maintaining it.
 iv. Power Distribution Control;
a) This helps us to control the power firstly obtained from the power
source and then direct the needed voltage or power to the incubator
appliances and sensors while the excess is sent to the battery for
storage.
b) Limitation of the voltage produced to obtain the required charging
capacity of the battery where excess power is stored.
v. Stepper Motor Control;
a) The stepper motor is used to turn the eggs to provide proper ventilation
and warmth circulation on the eggs.
b) To enable the stepper motor to control this turning effect ,we use it at
given specified turns per minute and at given time intervals with the
assorted link mechanism made for holding the egg trays and at a slow
speed per given minutes since the starting hour.
vi. Arduino Microprocessor Board;
a) The Microprocessor controls the power supplied to all the sensors and
appliances of the incubator and helps create a balance with the power
consumed by them with the set standard they should produce basing on
the temperature, humidity, time setting and the turning intervals in the
incubator.
b) Control of the PID (Proportional Integral Derivative) constants enables
us to control loop on the microprocessor and regulate all the above
factors.
Equation:
dt
P=K P ( T set−T act ) + K i ( T set−T act )∗K d
d ( T set −T act ) dt
c) Tuning of the K P, K i and K d , constants to achieve the required
temperature, humidity and time is also important part in the system.
d) Feedback control loop is to be used to continuously monitor the
temperature and adjust power supplied to the heating element to
maintain desired set point temperature.
vii. Best Performance of the Incubator.
For the best performance of the incubator there is need for the best sensors
available at market for precise and accurate measurement of the variables that
control the incubator.
The main factors to consider here may include the following;
a) Compatibility with Arduino Microprocessor.
b) Cost and Availability on Local Market.
c) Case of integration with each other into incubator for an efficient well
optimized system.
d) Datasheets and Specifications of controlling sensors that meet the
specific requirements for accuracy, range and user interface.

Sensor Temperature Sensor Humidity Sensor Airflow Rate Sensor

Range (40 ℃−100 ℃ ) (0 %−100 % ) of (0 m 3−1000 m 3 /hr ) of
incubator’s expected incubator’s expected
humidity range. airflow rate range.
Accuracy (− +¿ ¿¿ ¿0.05 ℃ ) from set (− +¿ ¿¿ ¿2 %) from set value (− +¿ ¿¿ ¿5 % ) from set value
value with high accuracy. with high accuracy.
Response Time Fast to detect Fast to detect humidity Fast to detect airflow
temperature changes changes quickly. changes quickly.
 quickly.
Calibration Easy calibration to Easy calibration to Durable to maintain
maintain accuracy over maintain accuracy over consistency under
time. time. continuous operation.
Projection Resistance to moisture Resistance to moisture Resistance to dust and
and condensation to and condensation to contamination to
withstand humid withstand humid maintain accuracy.
environment in environment in
incubator. incubator.
User Interface Digital Output (I2C or Digital Output (I2C or Analog Output or Digital
SPI) for Arduino SPI) for Arduino Output (I2C or SPI) for
integration. integration. Arduino integration.
Examples DS18B20, DHT22, Honeywell ASDX
TMP36 , DHT11, series(differential
LM35 SHT31, pressure sensor)
HDC1080
Sensiron SF3000 series
(mass flow sensor)

II. Mechanical design, Electrical design and Software design.

1. Mechanical Design;
From all the calculations and formulas we have used above we derived our final values for our
incubator with defined and specific values for each of them as below;
 Power System Calculations;

 Induction Heating System Calculations;

 Incubator insulation Calculations;

 Incubator Sizing calculations;

2. Electrical Design;
3) Software Design;
For the operation of the Arduino board
we obtained an Arduino code that can
be used in the Arduino 3.2 IDE to be
programmed into the Arduino board
that should run the incubator and all
the appliances/devices that enable it to
work and these are shown aside.
Note; The Code reads the
temperature ,humidity , stepper motor,
battery percentage, power
generated ,airflow rate and the time
from respective sensor channels on the
Arduino board. Then it applies the PID
control by comparing the measured
values to the set-point values and
adjusting them as for each case; the
temperature, humidity, airflow
rate ,battery percentage.
In doing so it decreases or increases the power to the induction heating
coils(controlling temperature),fans (controlling airflow rate),stepper
motor at given time intervals(controlling egg
turning),humidifier(controlling humidity) and finally battery
percentage(controlling storage of excess power generated).