CHAPTER 1

BMKT 2523
Fluid Mechanics
INTRODUCTION AND BASIC
CONCEPTS
LEARNING OUTCOMES
At the end of the subject, students should be able to:
• Apply fluid mechanics concept in solving fluid statics and
fluid dynamics problem [PO1] [SK1,SK3] [SP1,SP2,SP4] [C3]
• Measure related parameter by using appropriate techniques
in fluid mechanics application [PO5] [SK6] [SP1,SP2,SP4] [P4]
• Function effectively either as a member or leader in group for
any assignment or experiment [PO9] [A3]

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SYNOPSIS
• Introduction to this subject is about the basic physical properties of
fluids.
• Then it covers the definition of pressure and head.
• Next it followed by derivation of hydrostatic equation and its application
in pressure measurement, static forces analysis on immersed surface
and buoyancy analysis.
• For fluid dynamics, it started with introduction to fluid dynamics and
fluid flow analysis.
• Then it is continued by derivation of flow equations, the application of
energy equation and Bernoulli equation in the calculation of flow
velocity, discharge, and head lost in piping systems.
• The last topic for this subject is dimensional analysis and its application.
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Objectives
• Understand the basic concepts of Fluid Mechanics.
• Recognize the various types of fluid flow problems
encountered in practice.
• Recognize the importance of dimensions and units.

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1–1 ■ INTRODUCTION
Mechanics: The oldest physical science that deals
with both stationary and moving bodies under the
influence of forces.
Statics: The branch of mechanics that deals with
bodies at rest.
Dynamics: The branch that deals with bodies in
motion.
Fluid mechanics: The science that deals with the
behavior of fluids at rest (fluid statics) or in motion
(fluid dynamics), and the interaction of fluids with
Fluid mechanics deals
solids or other fluids at the boundaries.
with liquids and gases in
Fluid dynamics: Fluid mechanics is also referred to as motion or at rest.
fluid dynamics by considering fluids at rest as a
special case of motion with zero velocity.
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Hydrodynamics: The study of the motion of fluids that can be
approximated as incompressible (such as liquids, especially water, and
gases at low speeds).
Hydraulics: A subcategory of hydrodynamics, which deals with liquid
flows in pipes and open channels.
Gas dynamics: Deals with the flow of fluids that undergo significant
density changes, such as the flow of gases through nozzles at high
speeds.
Aerodynamics: Deals with the flow of gases (especially air) over bodies
such as aircraft, rockets, and automobiles at high or low speeds.
Meteorology, oceanography, and hydrology: Deal with naturally occurring
flows.
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What Is a Fluid?
Fluid: A substance in the liquid or gas
phase.
A solid can resist an applied shear stress
by deforming.
A fluid deforms continuously under the
influence of a shear stress, no matter how
small. Deformation of a rubber block placed
In solids, stress is proportional to strain, between two parallel plates under
but in fluids, stress is proportional to the influence of a shear force.
strain rate. The shear stress shown is that on
the rubber—an equal but opposite
When a constant shear force is applied, a
shear stress acts on the upper plate.
solid eventually stops deforming at some
fixed strain angle, whereas a fluid never
stops deforming and approaches a
constant rate of strain. 8
Stress: Force per unit area.
Normal stress: The normal component of a
force acting on a surface per unit area.
Shear stress: The tangential component of a
force acting on a surface per unit area.
Pressure: The normal stress in a fluid at rest.
Zero shear stress: A fluid at rest is at a state of
zero shear stress.
When the walls are removed or a liquid
container is tilted, a shear develops as the
liquid moves to re-establish a horizontal free The normal stress and shear
surface. stress at the surface of a fluid
element. For fluids at rest,
the shear stress is zero and
pressure is the only normal
stress. 9
• In a liquid, groups of molecules can move relative
to each other, but the volume remains relatively
constant because of the strong cohesive forces
between the molecules.
• As a result, a liquid takes the shape of the
container it is in, and it forms a free surface in a
larger container in a gravitational field.

 A gas expands until it encounters the walls of the

container and fills the entire available space. Unlike a liquid, a gas
 This is because the gas molecules are widely does not form a free
spaced, and the cohesive forces between them surface, and it expands
are very small. Unlike liquids, a gas in an open to fill the entire available
container cannot form a free surface. space.

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Intermolecular bonds are strongest in solids and weakest in gases.
Solid: The molecules in a solid are arranged in a pattern that is repeated
throughout.
Liquid: In liquids, molecules can rotate and translate freely.
Gas: In the gas phase, the molecules are far apart from each other, and molecular
ordering is nonexistent.

The arrangement of atoms in different phases:

(a) Molecules are at relatively fixed positions in a solid
(b) Groups of molecules move about each other in the liquid phase
(c) Individual molecules move about at random in the gas phase.
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Gas and vapor are often used as synonymous words.

Gas: The vapor phase of a substance is customarily

called a gas when it is above the critical temperature.

Vapor: Usually implies that the current phase is not

far from a state of condensation.

Macroscopic or classical approach: Does not On a microscopic scale,

require a knowledge of the behavior of pressure is determined
individual molecules and provides a direct and by the interaction of
easy way to analyze engineering problems. individual gas
molecules.
However, we can
Microscopic or statistical approach: Based on measure the pressure
the average behavior of large groups of on a macroscopic scale
with a pressure gage.
individual molecules.
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Application Areas of Fluid Mechanics

Fluid dynamics is used extensively

in the design of artificial hearts.
Shown here is the Penn State
Electric Total Artificial Heart.
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1–2 ■ THE NO-SLIP CONDITION

A fluid flowing over a stationary surface

comes to a complete stop at the surface
The development of a velocity profile due to the
because of the no-slip condition.
no-slip condition as a fluid flows over a blunt nose.

Boundary layer: The flow region adjacent to

the wall in which the viscous effects (and
thus the velocity gradients) are significant.

Flow separation during flow over a curved surface.

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1–3 ■ CLASSIFICATION OF FLUID FLOWS
Viscous versus Inviscid Regions of Flow
Viscous flows: Flows in which the frictional effects are significant.
Inviscid flow regions: In many flows of practical interest, there are regions
(typically regions not close to solid surfaces) where viscous forces are negligibly
small compared to inertial or pressure forces.

The flow of an originally uniform fluid

stream over a flat plate,
and
the regions of viscous flow (next to the
plate on both sides) and inviscid flow (away
from the plate).

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Internal versus External Flow
External flow: The flow of an unbounded fluid over a surface such as a plate, a wire, or a pipe.

Internal flow: The flow in a pipe or duct if the fluid is completely bounded by solid surfaces.

• Water flow in a pipe is internal flow, and airflow

over a ball is external flow.
• The flow of liquids in a duct is called open-
channel flow if the duct is only partially filled with
the liquid and there is a free surface.

External flow over a tennis ball, and

the turbulent wake region behind.

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Compressible versus Incompressible Flow
Incompressible flow: If the density of flowing
fluid remains nearly constant throughout
(e.g., liquid flow).
Compressible flow: If the density of fluid
changes during flow
(e.g., high-speed gas flow)

When analyzing rockets, Schlieren image of a small

spacecraft, and other systems that model of the space shuttle
involve high-speed gas flows, the orbiter being tested at Mach 3 in
flow speed is often expressed by the supersonic wind tunnel of
Mach number the Penn State Gas Dynamics
Lab. Several oblique shocks are
Ma = 1 Sonic flow
seen in the air surrounding the
Ma < 1 Subsonic flow
spacecraft.
Ma > 1 Supersonic flow
Ma >> 1 Hypersonic flow

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LAMINAR VERSUS TURBULENT FLOW

Laminar flow: The highly ordered fluid

motion characterized by smooth layers of
fluid. The flow of high-viscosity fluids such
as oils at low velocities is typically laminar.

Turbulent flow: The highly disordered fluid

motion that typically occurs at high
velocities and is characterized by velocity
fluctuations. The flow of low-viscosity
fluids such as air at high velocities is
typically turbulent.

Transitional flow: A flow that alternates

between being laminar and turbulent.
Laminar, transitional, and turbulent flows

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 NATURAL (OR UNFORCED) VERSUS FORCED FLOW

Forced flow: A fluid is forced to

flow over a surface or in a pipe
by external means such as a
pump or a fan.

Natural flow: Fluid motion is

due to natural means such as
the buoyancy effect, which
manifests itself as the rise of
warmer (and thus lighter) fluid
and the fall of cooler (and thus
denser) fluid.

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 Steady versus Unsteady Flow
• The term steady implies no change at a point with time.
• The opposite of steady is unsteady.
• The term uniform implies no change with location over a
specified region.
• The term periodic refers to the kind of unsteady flow in
which the flow oscillates about a steady mean.
• Many devices such as turbines, compressors, boilers,
condensers, and heat exchangers operate for long
periods of time under the same conditions, and they are
classified as steady-flow devices.

Oscillating wake of a blunt-based airfoil at

Mach number 0.6. Photo (a) is an
instantaneous image, while photo (b) is a
long-exposure (time-averaged) image.

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One-, Two-, and Three-Dimensional Flows
• A flow field is best characterized by its velocity
distribution.
• A flow is said to be one-, two-, or three-dimensional if
the flow velocity varies in one, two, or three Flow over a car antenna is
dimensions, respectively. approximately two-dimensional
except near the top and bottom of
• However, the variation of velocity in certain directions the antenna.
can be small relative to the variation in other directions
and can be ignored.

The development of the velocity profile in a circular pipe. V = V(r, z) and thus the flow is
two-dimensional in the entrance region, and becomes one-dimensional downstream when
the velocity profile fully develops and remains unchanged in the flow direction, V = V(r).
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1–4 ■ SYSTEM AND CONTROL VOLUME
• System: A quantity of matter or a region in space
chosen for study.
• Surroundings: The mass or region outside the
system
• Boundary: The real or imaginary surface that
separates the system from its surroundings.
• The boundary of a system can be fixed or movable.
• Systems may be considered to be closed or open.
• Closed system (Control mass):
A fixed amount of mass, and no
mass can cross its boundary.

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 • Open system (control volume): A properly selected region in space.
• It usually encloses a device that involves mass flow such as a
compressor, turbine, or nozzle.
• Both mass and energy can cross the boundary of a control volume.
• Control surface: The boundaries of a control volume. It can be real or
imaginary.

An open system (a control volume) with one inlet and one exit. 23
1–5 ■ IMPORTANCE OF DIMENSIONS AND UNITS
• Any physical quantity can be characterized by dimensions.
• The magnitudes assigned to the dimensions are called
units.
• Some basic dimensions such as mass m, length L, time t,
and temperature T are selected as primary or
fundamental dimensions, while others such as velocity V,
energy E, and volume V are expressed in terms of the
primary dimensions and are called secondary dimensions,
or derived dimensions.
• Metric SI system: A simple and logical system based on a
decimal relationship between the various units.
• English system: It has no apparent systematic numerical
base, and various units in this system are related to each
other rather arbitrarily.
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 Summary
• The No-Slip Condition
• Classification of Fluid Flows
• Viscous versus Inviscid Regions of Flow
• Internal versus External Flow
• Compressible versus Incompressible Flow
• Laminar versus Turbulent Flow
• Natural (or Unforced) versus Forced Flow
• Steady versus Unsteady Flow
• One-, Two-, and Three-Dimensional Flows
• System and Control Volume
• Importance of Dimensions and Units

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CONTACT PERSON

BSc.

MSc.
012 - 4478296

PhD. TINGKAT 2 FTKM

Kampus Induk

POST Email: zahir@[Link]

Doc.
Thank You