Solution

MERGED QUESTION PAPER

Class 11 - Physics
Section A
1. Here r = 0.4 m, ω 0 = 0
α = 1.5rads − 2, t = 20 s
Angular displacement,
1 1
θ = ω 0t + 2 αt 2 = 0 + 2
× 1.5 × (20) 2 = 300 rad
Distance covered by the wheel,
s = rθ = 0.4 × 300 = 120 m
After 20 s, angular velocity of the wheel is
ω = ω 0 + αt = 0 + 1.5 × 20 = 30 rads-1
∴ Linear velocity of the wheel is
v = rω = 0.4 × 30 = 12 ms − 1
2. ω f = ω i + at

ω f = 0 + (4 rad s-2)(2.5 sec) = 10 rad s-1

¯ ¯ ¯
3. − v = w × r
¯
v = (3î − 4ĵ + k̂) × (5î − 6ĵ + 6k̂)
¯
v = − 18î − 13ĵ + 2k̂
4. Let the mass of comet be M and its angular speed be ω when situated at a distance r from the Sun, then its angular momentum
L = I ω = Mr 2ω
If v be the linear speed, then L = Mr 2ω = Mrv
According to the conservation law of angular momentum,
mr 1v 1 = mr 2v 2
r 1v 1 7 × 10 10 × 60
∴ v2 = = = 0.3 km / s or 300 m / s
r2 1.4 × 10 13
5. F 2 = √t 2 + N 2
= √34.62 + 1962 = 199.0N
If F2 makes an angle α with the horizontal then
N
tanα = f
= 5.6568
α = 80 ∘

6. K = ?, mass = m, length = L
Moment of inertia of the rod about an axis perpendicular to its length and passing through the centre is
mL 2
I= 12

Also, I = mK2
mL 2
∴ mK2 = 12
L L
or K = = .
√12 2√ 3

7. Here, n1 = 90 rpm, n2 = 60 rpm

Let I1 = moment of inertia of disc.

∴ I2 = I1 + mr2
From the principle of conservation of angualr momentum,
I 2ω 2 = I 1ω 1 or (I1 + mr2)2πn2 = I1 × 2π n1

1 / 46
 n1 90 3I 1
or I1 + mr2 = I 1 = I1 =
n2 60 2
3
or 2 I 1 - I1 = mr2, I1 = 2mr2 gcm2.

8. i. IA = 0.2(AB)2 + 0.1(AC)2

= 0.2 × (0.3)2 + 0.1 × (0.5)2

= 0.018 + 0.025 = 0.043 kg m2
ii. IBC = 0.3 × (A B)2 = 0.3 × (0.3)2

= 0.027 kg m2
9. Energy spent, W = 484J
60
Initial speed, ω 1 = 60 rpm = × 2π rad/s
60
360
Final speed, ω 2 = 360 rpm = 60
× 2π rad/s
Moment of inertia,I = ?
1 2 1 2
Energy spent, W = E 2 − E 1 = 2
Iω 2 - 2 Iω 1

[
1
= 2 I (12π) 2 - (2π)2 ] = 70Iπ 2
484
⇒ I= = 0.7kg m 2
70 × π 2
10. Total mass of the disc = 9M
Radius of the disc = R
M.I. of the disc about a perpendicular axis through O is
1
I1 = × Mass × radius 2
2
1 9
= 2
× 9M × R 2 = 2
MR 2
Mass of small disc removed

=
9M
πR 2
×π
() R 2
3
=M

By the theorem of parallel axes, the M.I. of the small disc about the axis through O,

I2 =
1
2
M
() ( )
R 2
3
+M
2R 2
3
=
1
2
MR 2

M.I. of the remaining disc about a perpendicular axis through O,

9 1
I = I1 − I2 = 2
MR 2 − 2 MR 2

= 4 MR2
11. Initial momentum = Final momentum
I1w1 = I2w2
I 1w 1
w2 = I2
1.9
final angular velocity w2 = 1.33 ×
0.48
New rate of rotation = 5.26 r.p.s
72 × 5
12. Here v 0 = 72kmh − 1 = = 20 ms − 1, r = 0.25 m
18
v0 20
Angular speed, ω 0 = r
= 0.25
= 80rads − 1
Angular displacement in 20 rotations, θ = 2πn = 2π × 20 = 40πrad
Also, final angular velocity, ω = 0
As ω 2 − ω 20 = 2αθ
∴ 0 − (80) 2 = 2α × 40π
( 80 ) 2
or α = − 80π
= -25.5 rads-2

2 / 46
13. V = wR
Where, v is linear velocity, w is angular velocity and R is radius of curve path.
Now, see the figure ,
At point A
Va = ω 0R along AX
where ω 0 is angular speed of rotating disc
For point B
Vb = ω 0R along BX'
At point C
R
Radius of curvature for point C = 2
ω0 × R
Vc = parallel to AX
2
The directions of motion of points A, B, and C on the disc are shown in the following figure

Since the disc is placed on a frictionless table, it will not roll. This is because the presence of friction is essential for the rolling of
a body.
14. Mass of an oxygen molecule, m = 5.30 × 10 − 26 kg
Moment of inertia, l = 1.94 × 10 − 46kgm 2
Velocity of the oxygen molecule, v = 500 m/s
The separation between the two atoms of the oxygen molecule = 2r
m
Mass of each oxygen atom = 2
Hence, moment of inertia I, is calculated as:

() ()
m
2
r2 +
m
2
r 2 = mr 2

I
r=
√ m

1.94 × 10 − 45

√ 5.36 × 10 − 28
= 0.60 × 10 − 10m

It is given that:
2
KE rot = 3
KE trave
1 2 1
2
Iω 2 = 3
× 2
× mv 2
2
mr 2ω 2 = mv 2
3
2v
ω=
√ 3r

2 500
=
√3
×
0.6 × 10 − 10

= 6.80 × 10 12rad / s
15. Given,
Length of the bar, l = 2 m
Let T1 and T2 be the tensions produced by the strings.ṁ
The free body diagram can be drawn as,

3 / 46
 For transitional equilibrium we have,ṁ
T1sin36.9 = T2sin 53.1
T1 sin 53.1 4
⇒
T2
= sin 36.9
= 3
ṁ
4
∴ T1 = T
3 2
For rotational equilibrium, on taking the torque about the centre of gravity. We have,
T 1(cos36.9) × d = T 2(cos53.1) × (2 − d)
⇒ T1 × 0.8 × d = T2 × 0.6 × (2 - d)
4
⇒ T × 0.8 × d = T 2[(0.6 × 2) − (0.6 × d)]
3 2
⇒ 1.067d + 0.6d = 1.2
1.2
∴ d= = 0.72m
1.67
Hence, Centre of gravity lies at a distance of 0.72 m from the left side of the bar.

16.

The diagrammatic representation is shown in Figure. Let reactions on two knife edges be N1 and N2 respectively. Then we have
the relation
N1 + N2 = W ...................(i)
and from principle of moments, taking moments at point A, we have
N 2 × d = W × x..................(ii)
Wx
Equation (ii) gives, N 2 = d
and substituting this value in (i), we get

N1 = W - N2 = W -
Wx
d ( )
=W 1−
x
d

17. We have given that

Length of the ladder, say AB = 3m
Weight of ladder = 20Kg
Distance of ladder from the wall, say AE = 1m
From Pythagoras theorem, BC = 2√2m. The forces on the ladder are its weight W acting at its centre of gravity D, reaction
forces F1 and F2 of the wall and the floor respectively. Force F1 is perpendicular to the wall since the wall is frictionless. Force F2
is resolved into two components, the normal reaction N and the force of friction F.
Note that F prevents the ladder from sliding away from the wall and is therefore directed toward the wall.
For translational equilibrium, taking the forces in the vertical direction,
N - W = 0 ...(i)
Taking the forces in the horizontal direction,

4 / 46
 F - F1 = 0 ...(ii)
For the rotational equilibrium, taking the moments of the forces about A,
2√2F 1 − (1 / 2)W = 0 ...(iii)
Now W = 20g = 20 × 9.8N = 196.0 N
From (i) N = 196.0 N
W 196.0
From (iii) F 1 = = = 34.6 N
4√ 2 4√ 2

From (ii) F = 1 = 34.6 N

F2 = √F 2 + N2 = 199.0N
The force F2 makes an angle α with the horizontal,
N
tan α = F
, α = tan − 1(4√2) ≈ 80 ∘
18. Here m1 = 2 kg, = 10 kg, length of rod = 1.2 m
Suppose the centre of mass lies at distance x from mass m1. Then
m1x = m2(1.2 - x)
or 2x = 10 × (1.2 - x) or x = 1 m
As the rod is weightless, its moment of inertia about any axis is zero.
M.I. of m1 about CM

= m1 x2 = 2 × (1)2 = 2 kg m2
M.I. of m2, about CM

= m2(1.2 - x)2 = 10 × (1.2 - 1)2 = 0.4 kgm2

∴ Total M.I. = 2 + 0.4 = 2.4 kg m2

19. The situation is shown in Fig. Let O be CM of the original circular plate, O1 that of the circular portion removed and O2 that of
the remaining shaded portion. Let m be the mass per unit area of the plate.
Mass of original plate,
M = π(28) 2m

Mass of the circular portion removed, m 1 = π(21) 2m

[ ]
Mass of the shaded part, m2 = M - m1 = π (28) 2 − (21) 2 m = 343πm
Masses m1 and m2 may be assumed to be concentrated at O1 and O2 respectively and O is their CM.
∴ Moment of m1 about O = Moment of m2 about O
or m 1 × O 1O = m 2 × O 2O
m1
or O 2O = × O 1O
m2
441πm
= 343πm
× (28 − 21) = 9 cm
0.3
20. Radius of the wheel, R = 2
= 0.15 m
For the attached mass
w = 0.5 kg, 77 = 0, s = 1.5 m, t = 4s
Let a be the linear acceleration of the attached mass
1
As s = ut + 2 at 2

5 / 46
 1
∴ 1.5 = 0 × 4 + 2 a × (4) 2
1.5 3
or a = = ms − 2
8 16
If α is angular acceleration of the wheel, then
a = Rα
Torque applied by the attached mass,
τ = F × R = mgR = 0.5 × 9.8 × 0.15Nm
Now τ = Iα
τ 0.5 × 9.8 × 0.15
∴ I= α
= 1.25
= 0.588 kg m2
21. Radius, R = 10cm, Thickness, f = 5 mm = 0.5 cm
Density ρ = 8g cm-3
Mass of disc, M = Area × thickness × density
22 8800
= πR 2tρ = × (10) 2 × 0.5 × 8 = g
7 7
M.I. of the disc about a transverse axis through its centre,
1 1 8800
I= MR 2 = × × (10) 2
2 2 7

= 6.28 × 104 g cm2

22. As shown in Fig. suppose the particle describes a circle of radius r with speed v. Various forces acting on the particle are
i. its weight mg acting vertically downwards
ii. normal reaction R of the smooth surface of the cone.

Let the reaction R make angle θ with the vertical. Resolving R into vertical and horizontal components, we get
R cos θ = mg ...(i)
mv 2
Rsinθ = r
...(ii)
Dividing (ii) by (i), we get
v2
tanθ = rg
From Fig.
h
tanθ = r
v2 h
∴
rg
= r

or v = √gh = √98 × 98 × 10 − 2 = 0.98 ms-1

23. i. M.I. about BC is
I = 20(AB)2 + 20(BB)2 + 20(CC)2 + 20(DC)2
= 20(5)2 + 20(0)2 + 20(0)2 + 20(5)2
= 1000 g cm2
ii. CA = √52 + 52 = 5√2 cm
M.I. about an axis through A and perpendicular to the plane of the square is
I = 20(AA)2 + 20(BA)2 + 20(CA)2 + 20(DA)2

6 / 46
 = 20(0)2 + 20(5)2 + 20(5 √2) 2 + 20(5)2

= 2000 g cm2
24. The given situation can be shown as:

NB = Force exerted on the ladder by the floor point B

NC = Force exerted on the ladder by the floor point C
T = Tension in the rope
BA = CA = 1.6 m
DE = 0. 5 m
BF = 1.2 m
Mass of the weight, m = 40 kg
Draw a perpendicular from A on the floor BC. This intersects DE at mid-point H.
ΔABI and ΔAIC are similar
∴ BI = IC

Hence, I is the mid-point of BC.

DE || BC
BC = 2 × DE = 1 m
AF = BA - BF = 0.4 m …(i)
D is the mid-point of AB.
Hence, we can write:
1
AD = 2
× BA = 0.8m ….(ii)
Using equations (i) and (ii), we get:
FE = 0.4 m
Hence, F is the mid-point of AD.
FG || DH and F is the mid-point of AD. Hence, G will also be the mid-point of AH.
ΔAFG and ΔADH are similar
FG AF
∴
DH
= AD
FG 0.4 1
DH
= 0.8
= 2
1
FG = 2
DH
1
= 2
× 0.25 = 0.125
In ΔADH:
AH = √AD2 − DH2
= √(0.8) 2 − (0.25) 2 = 0.76m
For translational equilibrium of the ladder, the upward force should be equal to the downward force.
NC + NB = mg = 392 …(iii)
For rotational equilibrium of the ladder, the net moment about A is:
− N B × BI + mg × FG + N c × CI + T × AG − T × AG = 0
− N B × 0.5 + 40 × 9.8 × 0.125 + N c × (0.5) = 0

(Nc − NB ) × 0.5 = 49
Nc - NB = 98
Adding equations (iii) and (iv), we get:
NC = 245 N

7 / 46
 NB = 147 N
For rotational equilibrium of the side AB, consider the moment about A.
− N B × BI + mg × FG + T × AG = 0
− 245 × 0.5 + 40 + 9.8 × 0.125 + T × 0.76 = 0
0.76 T = 122.5 - 49
∴ T = 96.7 N

Hence, tension in the given question will be 96.7 N from the above calculation.
25. Weight of car = 1800 Kg
Distance of COG from front axle = 1.05 m
Distance of COG from back axle = 1.8 - 1.05 = 0.75 m
Vertical forces are balanced ,
So,At translational equilibrium:
R1 + R2 = mg
R1 + R2 = 1800 × 9.8 = 17640

R1 and R2 are the forces exerted by the level ground on the front and back wheels respectively.
Angular momentum about centre of gravity is zero.
So,
R1(1.05) = R2(1.8 - 1.05)
R 1 × 1.05 = R 2 × 0.75
R1 0.75 5
R2
= 1.05
= 7
R1 7
=
R2 5
R1 = 1.4 R2 …..(ii)
Solving equations (i) and (ii), we get:
1.4 R2 + R2 = 17640
17640
R2 = 2.4
= 7350N
∴ R1 = 17640 - 7350 = 10290 N
R1 7350
Therefore, the force exerted on each front wheel = 2
= 2
= 3675N, and
R2 10290
The force exerted on each back wheel = 2
= 2
= 5145N
26. Moment of inertia, in physics, quantitative measure of the rotational inertia of a body- i.e., the opposition that the body exhibits to
having its speed of rotation about an axis altered by the application of a torque (turning force). The axis may be internal or
external and may or may not be fixed. The moment of inertia (I), however, is always specified with respect to that axis and is
defined as the sum of the products obtained by multiplying the mass of each particle of matter in a given body by the square of its
distance from the axis. The unit of moment of inertia is a composite unit of measure. In the International System (SI), m is
expressed in kilograms and r in metres, with I (moment of inertia) having the dimension kilogram-metre square.
mR = mS = m
Area of square = Area of rectangle
c 2 = ab …(i)

8 / 46
 a. ∵ I = mr 2

I xR
m⋅ () b
2
2

b2 4 b2
= = 4 c2
=
I xz c2
m ()c
2
2

∵ c > b [from (i)]

Or c 2 > b 2
b2 I xR
1> : <1
c2 I xs
Hence proved.

I yR
m ()a
2
2

a2 4 a2
b. = = ⋅ =
I ys 4 c2 c2
m ()c
2
2

a2
∵ a>c ⇒ >1
c2
I yR

I ys
>1

c. I zR − L zs = m
() dR 2

2
−m () ds 2
2

[d ] [a ]
m 2 2 m
2
I zR − I zS = 4 R − dS = 4
+ b 2 − 2c 2

(a )
m m
∴ I zR − I zS = 4
2 + b 2 − 2ab = 4 (
(a − b) 2 c 2 = ab )
m
∴ I zR − I zS > 0 ∵
4
(a − b) 2 > 0
I zR
⇒
I zS
> 1Hence proved.

27. i. M.I. of the disc about any diameter,

1 1
Id = 4
MR 2 = 4
× 500 × (10) 2 = 12500 g cm2
ii. By theorem of parallel axes, M.I. of the disc about a tangent parallel to the diameter of the disc,
5 5
I = Id + MR2 = I = I d + MR 2 = 4
MR 2 = 4
× 500 × (10) 2

= 62500 g cm2
iii. M.I. of the disc about an axis through its centre and perpendicular to its plane,
1 1
I= MR 2 = × 500 × (10) 2
2 2

= 25000 g cm2
28. Here AB = BC = CD = DA = 1 m
1 1
OA = OB = OC = OD = 2 √ 1 2 + 1 2 = √2 m
i. M.I. of the system about an axis through O and perpendicular to the plane of the square,
I = 4(OA)2 + 2(O B2) + 3(OC)2 + 5(OD)2

= (4 + 2 + 3 + 5) ×
() 1

√2
2
= 14 ×
1
2
= 7 kg m2

ii. M.I. of the system about the side AB,

I = 3(BC)2 + 5 (AD)2 = 3 × 1 + 5 × 1 = 8 kg m2
iii. M.I. of the system about the diagonal BD,
I = 4 (OA)2 + 3(OC)2
1 1
=4× 2
+3× 2
= 3.5 kg m2

9 / 46
29. For complete equilibrium, condition for translational equilibrium and condition for rotational equilibrium both must be fulfilled.
The conditions are :
→
dp →
i. For translational motion, we know that dt
= ∑ F ext
→

→
dp →
For equilibrium p = constant or = 0 or ∑ F ext = 0
dt
Hence for translational equilibrium, the vector sum of all the external forces acting on the system/body must be zero. In other
words we can say, that for an object to be in equilibrium, it must be experiencing no acceleration.
→
dL
ii. For rotational motion, we have the relation, dt
= ∑ τ ext
→

→ dL →
For equilibrium, L = constant or = 0 or ∑ τ ext = 0
dt
Hence, the vector sum of all the external torques acting on the system must be zero for rotational equilibrium.
30. A rigid body is said to be in equilibrium when its linear acceleration and angular acceleration are zero.
i. For translation equilibrium of a rigid body, the sum of all the external forces acting on it must be zero.
→
ΣF i = 0
ii. For rotational equilibrium of a rigid body, the sum of torques due to all forces acting on it must be zero.
→
Στ i = 0
31. The vector sum of all torques due all torques due to forces at a point is zero. It does not mean that the resultant of forces are zero.
E.g., Torque on sea-saw of a boy and child can be equal (can be balance). If the point of support of sea-saw changes without
changes their position, the torques will not balance the sea-saw. So it is not necessary that, if the sum of all torques due to different
forces at a point is zero, it will may not be zero for other arbitrary point.
n
Gi ∑i = 1 Fi ≠ 0
τ about a point P(let)
n → →
τ = τ 1 + τ 2 + … + τ n = ∑ i = 1 r i × F i = 0 (given)
→
τ about any other point Q1 (say) r i will be different forces
n
( →
) n
∑i = 1 r i − a × Fi = ∑i = 1 r × Fi − a ∑i = 1 F1
→ n

As a and ∑ F i are not zero. So sum of all the torques about any arbitrary point need not be zero necessarily.
d
32. = m 1 × dt ( r 1ω )
dω
= m 1r 1 dt
d 2θ
= m 1r 1
dt 2

The moment of this force about the axis of rotation

= Force × perpendicular distance
d 2θ
= m 1r 1 × r1
dt 2
Therefore, the total moment of all the forces acting on all the particles
2 2
2d θ 2d θ
= m 1r 1 + m 2r 2 +…
dt 2 dt 2
n 2 d 2θ
(i.e) torque = ∑ i = 1 m ir i ×
dt 2
or τ = Iα

10 / 46
 n 2 d 2θ
where ∑ i = 1 m 1r i = moment of inertia I of the rigid body and α = angular acceleration.
dt 2
Moment of inertia is defined as the quantity expressed by the body resisting angular acceleration which is the sum of the product
of the mass of every particle with its square of a distance from the axis of rotation.
1
33. M.I. of the disc about any diameter,I D = 4
MR 2
By the theorem of perpendicular axes,
M.I. of the disc about an axis through the centre and normal to disc = M.I. about any diameter + M.I. about perpendicular diameter
1
I = I D + I D = 2 × 4 MR 2
1
or I = 2
MR 2
34. Mass of each disc,
2 2
m = πr A tρ A = πr B tρ B
2
rA ρB
∴
2 = ρA
rB
1 2 1 2
Now, I A = 2
mr A and I B = 2
mr B
2
IA rA ρB
∴
IB
= 2 = ρA
rB
As ρ A > ρ B So IB > IA

35.

For a particle, moving in a circular path of radius r around the axis of rotation, the linear speed is given by,
v = rω, where ω is the angular velocity of a particle.
→
Vectorially, the linear velocity v is written as:
→ → →
v =ω×r
→ →
The directions of v and ω have been shown in Figure. ω is directed along the axis of rotation but the linear velocity v is
perpendicular to both ω and r and is directed along the tangent to the circle described by the particle. Thus, for a given angular
velocity ω, the linear velocity v of the particle is directly proportional to the distance of the particle from the centre of the circular
path i.e. for a body in a uniform circular motion, the angular velocity is the same for all points in the body but linear velocity is
different for different points of the body.

Pure rotation is characterised by all parts of the body having the same angular velocity at any instant of time.
36. During collapse, the total angular momentum of an isolated star is conserved, hence I 1ω 1 = I 2ω 2
2
or 5 MR 1 ω 1 =
2 2
5
MR 2 ω 2
2
[ ∵

2
I=
2
5
MR 2 ]
R1
or R 21 ω 1 = R 22 ω 2 ∴ ω2 = ω1
R 22

But R1 = 106 km, R2 = 104 km, ω 1 = 10-6 s-1

( 10 ) 6 2

∴ ω2 = × 10 − 6 = 0.01 rads-1
( 10 ) 4 2

37. As shown in Fig. let the axis of rotation be at a distance x from mass m1. Then the moment of inertia of the system about this axis
of rotation is

11 / 46
 I = m1 x2 + m2(L-x)2

Work done to set the rod rotating with angular velocity ω 0 = Increase in rotational K.E.
1 1
W = 2 Iω 0 =
2
2 [m x 1
2 + m 2(L − x) 2 ω 0 ] 2

dW
For W to be minimum dx
=0
1
or [2m1x + 2m2(L − x)( − 1) ]ω20 = 0
2

or m1 x - m2(L- x) = 0 [ ω 0 ≠ 0 ] ∵

or (m1 + m2) x = m2L

m 2L
or x = m1 + m2
38. Here M = 5 kg, R = 30 cm = 0.30 m, ω = 0, ω = ?
Angular impulse = Change in angular momentum
1
∴
(
3 = I ω2 − ω1 = ) 2 (
MR 2 ω − ω 0 )
1
or 3 = 2
× 5 × (0.30) 2(ω − 0)
3×2 40
or ω = 5 × 0.09
= 3
rad s − 1
Now ω = ω 0 + αt
40 10
∴
3
= 0 + α × 4 or α = 3
rads − 2
The angular impulse is imparted after every 4 seconds. So the pulses are imparted at t = 0, 4, 8, 12, 16, 20, 24 and 28 s. But the
last impulse continues to act upto 32 s, before the next impulse is imparted. So
10
ω = ω 0 + αt = 0 + × 32 = 106.67 rads-1
3
100
39. Here v 0 = 100rpm = 60
rps
100 10π
∴ ω 0 = 2πv 0 = 2π × 60
= 3
rads − 1
ω = 0, t = 15 s
ω − ω0 0 − 10π / 3 2π
∴ α= t
= 15
= − 9
rads − 2
1 10π 1 2π
Now θ = ω 0t + 2 αt 2 = 3
× 15 − 2
× 9
× (15) 2
= 25 π rad
Number of revolutions completed before coming to rest
θ 25π
= 2π
= 2π
= 12.5
40. For a system of n particles, the total angular momentum is given by
→ → → →
→ → →
n →
L = l 1 + l 2 + ……… + l n= ∑ i = 1 l i, where l i = r i × p i
→
→ → →
n n
L = ∑i = 1 li = ∑i = 1 ri × pi
For a single particle in rotational motion, we have, l = r × p, and after differentiating this equation we get
→ → →
dl d → →
d → →
dr → →
dv
dt
= dt
( r × p)= dt
[ r × (m v)]= dt
× (m v) + r × m dt .................................................(1)
→
→
dr dv →
But =→
v and →
v × (m→
v) must be zero. Also, =→
a and m→
a=F
dt dt
Therefore, from equation (1) we have

12 / 46
 →
dl → → →

dt
= [ r × F] = τ .........................................(2)
Hence, for the whole system, we obtain
→ →
dL d →
dl i →
n n n
dt
= dt
∑i = 1 l i = ∑i = 1 dt
= ∑i = 1 τ i
→ →
→ ext int
The force F i on ith particle is the vector sum of external forces Fi acting on the particle and internal forces F i acting on the
particle, hence

→ → →
→ → →
→ → ext int
τ = ∑ τi = ∑ τ et + Στ i nt = ∑ ri × Fi + Σ ri × Fi
i i
However, as per Newton's third law of motion, the contribution of the internal forces to the total torque on the system is zero,
since the torque resulting from each action-reaction pair is zero. Thus,
→ int
τ int = ∑ τ i = 0 and
→ ext →
τ = ∑ τi = τ ext
→ →
Hence, the relation between L and τ may be expressed as
→
dL → ext

dt
= ∑ τi ..............................(3)
Hence, we can say, that time rate of the total angular momentum of the system of particles about a point is equal to the sum of the
external torques acting on the system taken about the same point.
→
41. The torque acting on a particle: Consider a particle P in the X-Y plane. Suppose its position vector is OP = →r with respect to the
→
origin O of an inertial frame, as shown in Fig. Let F be the force acting on the particle. The torque acting on the particle is defined
as the vector product of position and force vectors. Thus the torque of F about O is defined as
→ → →
τ = r ×F

42. Angular momentum of a particle: Consider a particle P of mass m rotating about an axis through O in the X-Y plane. Suppose
→ →
→ →
the particle has linear momentum p which makes angle \theta with its position vector OP = r . The angular momentum L of the
→ →
particle about the origin O is defined as the vector product of the vectors r and p. Thus

Angular momentum is a vector quantity. Its magnitude is given by

13 / 46
 L = rpsinθ
→ → →
The direction of angular momentum L is perpendicular to the plane of vectors r and p in the sense given by right hand rule. Thus
→
in the present case, L points in Z -direction.
43. Let at a certain instant two particles be at points P and Q between two parallel lines and d is the perpendicular distance between
them, as shown in the following figure.

The angular momentum of the system about point P:

→
L p = mv × 0 + mv × d,
= mvd ….(i)
The angular momentum of the system about point Q:
→
L Q = mv × d + mv × 0
= mvd ….(ii)
Consider a point R, which is at a distance y from point Q, i.e.,
QR = y
∴ PR = d - y

The angular momentum of the system about point R:

→
L R = mv × (d − y) + mv × y
= mvd - mvy + mvy
= mvd …(iii)
Comparing equations (i), (ii), and (iii), we get:
→ → →
L p = L Q = L R …(iv)
We infer from equation (iv) that the angular momentum of a system does not depend on the point about which it is taken. So the
total angular momentum is expressed as L = mvd.
44. Here m = 9 × 1031 kg
∘

r = 0.53 A = 0.53 × 10-10 m

v = 2.2 × 106 ms-1, h = 6.6 × 10-34 Js
Angular momentum,
L= mvr
= 9 × 10 − 31 × 2.2 × 10 6 × 0.53 × 10 − 10
= 1.0494 × 10-34 Js
h 6.6 × 10 − 34
Also, 2π
= 2 × 3.142
= 1.0503 × 10 − 34Js
h
Hence L = 2π
45. Rolling can be regarded as the combination of pure rotation and pure translation. As shown in Fig. (a), in case of pure rotation the,
velocity of CM is zero and the tangential velocity at points A and B is vA = vB = R ω. As shown in Fig. (b), in case of pure
translation, vA = vB = vCM = R ω = v (say).

14 / 46
 (a) Pure rotation. (b) Pure translation (c) Rolling
As shown in Fig. (c), in case of rolling, the tangential velocity at any given point is the vector sum of the velocities in (a) and
(b) at that point.
It may be noted that in case of rolling the instantaneous velocity at the point of contact B with surface is zero, because the body is
not slipping.
46. Here M = 2 kg, R = 0.1 m
Height of inclined plane, h = 4 m
At the top of the inclined plane, the cylinder has P.E. = mgh

At the bottom of the inclined plane, the cylinder has translational K.E
( =
1
2 )
Mv 2 and rotational K.E.
( =
1
2
Iω 2
)
By conservation of energy,
1 1
2
Mv 2 + 2 Iω 2 = Mgh
1
But v = Rω and I = 2
MR 2
3 4gh
or 4 Mr 2ω 2 = Mgh or ω 2 =
3R 2
1 1 1 4gh
∴ Rotational K.E = Iω 2 = × MR 2 ×
2 2 2 3R 2
Mgh 2 × 9.8 × 4
= 3
= 3
= 26.13 J
47. Let W and W' be the respective weights of the meter stick and both the coins.

The mass of the meter stick is concentrated at its mid-point, i.e., at the 50 cm mark.
Let the mass of the meter stick = M
Mass of each coin, m = 5 g
When the coins are placed 12 cm away from the end P, due to the weights of the coin, the center of mass gets shifted by 5 cm from
point R toward the end P. The center of mass is located at a distance of 45 cm from point P.
According to the principle of moments, for equilibrium net torque on the system about the center of mass S should be zero. Hence
-10 × g(45 - 12) + m'g(50 - 45) = 0 (Using the convention; clockwise torque = -ve and anticlockwise = +ve)
hence the mass of the stick
10 × 33
∴ m′ = 5
= 66g
Hence, the mass of the metre stick is 66 g.
48. The three laws of rotational motion are:
First Law: It states that in absence of external torque, a body in rest remains static, but the body in rotation rotates with constant
angular velocity.
This inability of a rotating body to undergo any change in rotation by itself is called rotational inertia.
Second Law: The time rate of change of angular momentum of a given rotating body is directly proportional to the applied
external torque and takes place in the direction of torque.

15 / 46
 dL
Explanation: Let a torque τ applied on a body and dt
is the change in angular momentum of the body. Then, according to this law,
→
→ dL
τ ∝
dt
→ →
and it finally leads to the relation τ = I α.
Third Law: For every applied torque, there is an equal and opposite reaction torque.
→ →
Explanation: Let the torque applied by the body A on B is τ A and the torque applied by the body B on A is τ B , then according to
this law,
→ →
τA = − τB
49. The centre of gravity of a body is that point through which the resultant of the system of parallel forces formed by the weights of
all the particles constituting the body passes for all positions of the body. It is denoted as “C.G.” or “G”.
Centre of gravity is centre of a given structure but the centre of mass is a point where the whole mass of the body can be assumed
to be concentrated.
When the vertical height of the object is very small as compared to earth's radius, we call the object small otherwise it is extended.
i. Building and pond are small objects so their centre of mass and centre of gravity coincide.
ii. Deep lake and mountain are extended objects so their centre of mass does not coincide with the centre of gravity.
50. The situation is shown in Figure. Let us calculate the moment of inertia of the system about the side CD.

I = M.I. of A about CD + M.I. of B about CD + M.I. of C about CD + M.I. of D about CD

=
( 2
5
Ma 2 + Mb 2 +
) ( 2
5 ) 2
Ma 2 + Mb 2 + Ma 2 + Ma 2
5
2
5

8 2
= 5 Ma 2 + 2Mb 2 = 5 (
M 4a 2 + 5b 2 )
51. i. at axis (0 cm mark)
2 2
m 1r 1 + m 2r 2 = 3(0.3)2 + 5(0.7)2
= 0.27 + 2.45
= 2.72 kgm2
ii. at axis (100 cm mark)
2 2
m 1r 1 + m 2r 2 = 5(0.3)2 + 3(0.7)2
= 0.45 + 1.47
= 2.72 kgm2
52. Present radius of the earth, R1 = R
R
New radius of the earth after contraction R 2 = 2
T1 = 24 h, T2 = ?
By conservation of angular momentum,
I 1ω 1 = I 2ω 2
2 2 2π 2 2 2π
or 5 MR 1 ⋅
T1
= 5
MR 2 ⋅
T2

() ( )
R2 2 R/2 2 1
or T 2 = R1
⋅ T1 = R
× 24 = 4
× 24 = 6h

16 / 46
 ∴ Decrease in the duration of the day

= 24 - 6 = 18 h
53. Mass of bucket m1 = 8 kg.
Mass of cylinder, m2 = 12 kg
Radius of the cylinder, R = 20 cm = 0.20 m. When the bucket just enters water
P.E. lost by bucket = Linear K.E. of the bucket + Rotational K.E. of the cylinder
1 1
or m 1gh = 2
m 1v 2 + 2 Iω 2

=
1
2
m 1v 2 +
1
2 ( 1
2
m 2R 2
) [ v2
R2
∵ I=
1
2
m 2R 2, ω =
v
R ]
=
1
2 (
v2 m1 + 2 m2 =
1
) 1
2
v 2(8 + 6) = 7v 2

m 1gh

√
8 × 10 × 50
or v = 7
=
√ 7

4000

√ 7
= 23.9 ms-1

The angular speed of the cylinder before the bucket touches water,
v 23.9
ω= R
= 0.20
= 119.5rads − 1
54. Law of conservation of angular momentum. Suppose the external torque acting on a rigid body due to external forces is zero.
Then
dL
τ= =0
dt
Hence, L = constant
So when the total external torque acting on a rigid body is zero, the total angular momentum of the body is conserved. This is the
law of conservation of angular momentum.
Clearly, when τ = 0, L = Iω = constant
or I 1ω 1 = I 2ω 2
This means that when no external torque is acting, the angular velocity co of the body can be increased or decreased by decreasing
or increasing the moment of inertia of the body
Illustrations of the law of conservation of angular momentum:
i. Planetary motion: The angular velocity of a planet revolving in an elliptical orbit around the sun increases, when it comes
closer to the sun because its moment of inertia about the axis through the sun decreases. When it goes far away from the sun,
its moment of inertia increases and hence angular velocity decreases so as to conserve angular momentum.
ii. A man carrying heavy weights in his hands and standing on a rotating turn-table can change the angular speed of the turn-
table. As shown in Fig., if a person stands on a turn-table with some heavyweights in his hands stretched out and the table is
rotated slowly, his angular speed at once increases, as he draws his hands to his chest. The moment of inertia of man and
weights taken together decreases, as he draws his arms inward. As moment of inertia decreases, the angular speed increases so

17 / 46
 as to conserve total angular momentum.

iii. A diver jumping from a spring board exhibits somersaults in air before touching the water surface. After leaving the spring
board, a diver curls his body by pulling his arms and legs towards the centre of his body. This decreases his moment of inertia
and he spins fast in midair. Just before hitting the water surface, he stretches out his arms. This decreases his moment of
inertia and the diver enters water at a gentle speed.

iv. An ice-skater or a ballet dancer can increase her angular velocity by folding her arms and bringing the stretched leg close to
the other leg. When she stretches her hands and a leg outward [Fig.], her moment of inertia increases and hence angular speed
decreases to conserve angular momentum. When she folds her arms and brings the stretched leg close to the other leg [Fig.],
her moment of inertia decreases and hence angular speed increases.
v. The speed of the inner layers of the whirlwind in a tarnado is alarmingly high. The angular velocity of air in a tarnado
increases as it goes towards the centre. This is because as the air moves towards the centre, its moment of inertia (I) decreases
and to conserve angular momentum (L = Iω), the angular velocity co increases.
55. Torque is the twisting force that tends to cause rotation. It is the measure of how much a force acting on an object causes that
object to rotate.
→
Let us consider a particle moving along the curve PQ under the influence of a force F let a any instant r, the particle be at A and its
→
position vector is r

18 / 46
 The torque is,
→ → →
τ = r ×F
The magnitude of torque is,
τ = rFsinϕ
→ →
where ϕ be the angle between r and F.
Now
τ = rFsinϕ = r(Fsinϕ)
= rF ϕ
56. In given case, our system looks like

Forces involved are

i. weight of beam = F1 = mxg.

ii. weight of mass placed over beam = F2 = m2g.

iii. Reactions of supports F3 and F4 which we have to found.
Free body diagram of our system is

In static equilibrium problem, calculation involves the following equations

Sum of all vertical (or vertical component of) forces is zero, ∑ F v = 0
Sum of all horizontal forces or horizontal components of forces is zero, △FH = 0
Sum of all torques is zero.
∑τ = 0
You may take signs as
All forces along +y-direction are positive.
All forces along +x-direction are positive.
All forces along -y-direction are negative.
All forces along -x-direction are negative.
All anti-clockwise torques are positive.
All clockwise torques are negative.

19 / 46
 In given problem, as the beam is in equilibrium,
∑ Fv = 0
or F3 + F4 - F2 - F1 = 0
or F3 + F4 - m2g - m1g = 0 ...(i)
∑ FH = 0
As there is no horizontal force involved here so, this does not give any equation.
and ∑ τ = 0
Let us choose rotation axis through right hand corner of beam.

Sum of all torques is

4 L
F2 × 5 L + F1 × 2
− F3 × L = 0
(no torque due to force F4)
From above equation,
4
F + F1 - F3 = 0
5 2
4
or 5 m2g + m1g - F3 = 0 ...(ii)
When all the equations are formed, solve them like linear simultaneous equations to get desired results. In given problem, from
Eq. (ii) we get
4
F3 = m2g + m1g
5
4
= 5
× 5 × 10 + 20 × 10
= 20 × 12 = 240N
m1 = 20kg
and m2 = 5kg

g = 10m\s2
Substituting value of F3, m1 and m2 in Eq. (i), we get
240 + F4 - 5 × 10 - 20 × 10 = 0
or F4 = 50 + 200 - 240
F4 = 10 N
So, support reactions are 240 N on left support and 10 N on right support.
57. The centre of mass of an object is the point at which the object can be balanced. Mathematically, it is the point at which the
torques from the mass elements of an object sum to zero. The centre of mass is useful because problems can often be simplified
by treating a collection of masses as one mass at their common centre of mass. The weight of the object then acts through this
point.
To solve this problem, first we assume that the whole disc was present whose centre of mass lies at the origin from which a small
disc was cut out. So CM of remaining portion and cut out disc will lie exactly at the origin i.e Centre of Mass of the original disc
at x = 0
Mass per unit area of the original disc = σ
Radius of the original disc = R
Mass of the original disc, M = πR 2σ
The disc with the cut portion is shown in the following figure:

20 / 46
 R
Radius of the smaller disc = 2

Mass of the smaller disc, M ′ = π

()
R 2
2
σ=
1
4
πR 2σ =
M
4

Let O and O' be the respective centers of the original disc and the disc cut off from the original. As per the definition of the centre
of mass, the centre of mass of the original disc is supposed to be concentrated at O, while that of the smaller disc is supposed to be
concentrated at O'.
It is given that:
R
OO ′ = 2
After the smaller disc has been cut from the original, the remaining portion is considered to be a system of two masses. The two
masses are:
M (concentrated at O), and

( − M′ =
M
4 ) concentrated at O'

(The negative sign indicates that this portion has been removed from the original disc.)
Let x be the distance through which the centre of mass of the remaining portion shifts from point O.
The relation between the centers of masses of two masses is given as:
m 1r 1 + m 2r 2
x=
m1 + m2
For the given system

M×0−M× ( )
R
2

x= (here M' is M/4 )

M+ ( − M′ )
−M R
4 ×2 − MR 4 −R
= M = 8
× 3M
= 6
M− 4
R
Note that shift in Centre of Mass is very less(only 0.16 R or 6 ) as removed portion has very less mass as compared to the
remaining portion.
R
(The negative sign indicates that the centre of mass gets shifted toward the left of point O and lies at 6
left towards origin.)
58. A rigid body is defined as a body on which the distance between two points never changes. Whatever be the force applied on it.
Two kind of motion which rigid body can possess if translation motion and rotation motion.
Equilibrium is a state of rest or balance due to the equal action of opposing forces, equal balance between any powers, influences,
etc.; equality of effect.
The two conditions for a body to be in equilibrium are:
i. The resultant of all forces acting on a body must be zero, which is one of the two requirements for a body to be in equilibrium.
ii. All forces acting on the body should have an algebraic sum of moments about the point of rotation of zero.
59. Radius of gyration: For any body rotation about a given axis, it is possible to distance from the axis where, if whole m body is
concentrated, its moment of inertia unchanged. This radial distance is called gyration and is denoted by k. The radius of gyration
of a body about its axis of rotation may be defined as the distance from the axis of rotation at which, if the whole mass of the body
were concentrated, its moment of inertia about the given axis would be the same as with the actual distribution of mass. The
radius of gyration k is a geometrical property of the body and the axis of rotation. It gives a measure of the manner in which the
mass of a rotating body is distributed with respect to the axis of rotation. k has the dimensions of length L and is measured in
metre or cm.
Expression for k. Suppose a rigid body consists of n particles of mass m each, situated at distances r1 r2, r3 .......... rn from the axis
of rotation AB.

21 / 46
 The moment of inertia of the body about the axis AB is
2 2 2 2
I = mr 1 + mr 2 + mr 3 + … + mr n

( 2
= m r1 + r2 + r3 + … + rn
2 2 2
)
(r 2 2 2
1 + r2 + r3 + … + rn
2
)
=m×n n

( 2 2
r1 + r2 + r3 + … + rn
2 2
)
or I = M n
where M = m × n = total mass of the body.
If k is the radius of gyration about the axis AB, then
I = Mk2

( )
2 2 2 2
r1 + r2 + r3 + … + rn
∴ Mk 2 =M n

2 2 2 2

√
r1 + r2 + r3 + … + rn
or k = n

Hence the radius of gyration of a body about an axis of rotation may also be defined as the root mean square distance of its
particles from the axis of rotation.
60. The moment of inertia is defined as the quantity expressed by the body resisting angular acceleration, which is the sum of the
product of the mass of every particle with its square of the distance from the axis of rotation.
The units of M. l are kgm2 and its dimensional formula is [M1L2T0].
The moment of inertia has the same physical significance as a mass in translational motion. The mass of a body is used to
calculate inertia in translational motion.
61. When a torque acts on a body capable of rotation about an axis, it produces an angular acceleration in the body. If the angular
velocity of each particle is Q then the angular acceleration, α = dω / dt will be same for all particles of the body. The linear
acceleration will depend on their distances r1, r2, ..... rn from the axis of rotation.
As shown in Fig., consider a particle P of mass m1 at a distance r1 from the axis of rotation. Let its linear velocity be v1
Linear acceleration of the first particle, a1 = r1 α
Force acting on the first particle, F1 = m1 r1 α
Moment of force F1 about the axis rotation is
2
τ 1 = F 1r 1 = m 1r 1 α
Total torque acting on the rigid body is
τ = τ1 + τ2 + τ3 + … + τn
2 2 2 2
= m 1r 1 α + m 2r 2 α + m 3r 3 α + … + m nr n α

( 2 2
= m 1r 1 + m 2r 2 + m 3r 3 + … + m nr n α
2 2
)
= ( Σmr )α 2

62. The general expression of rotational kinetic energy of a rigid body along its axis rotating with angular velocity ω:
1
∴ KE = × I × ω2
2

22 / 46
 Now, when value of ω is 1 rad /s, we can simplify as follows:
1
⇒ KE = 2
× I × (1) 2
1
⇒ KE = 2
×I
⇒ I = 2(KE)
63. Power in rotational motion, P = τω
1
Rotational K.E. K = 2
Iω 2
Work done in rotational motion,
1
W = Energy stored as rotational K.E. = 2 Iω 2

∴ P=
dW
dt ( )
=
d
dt
1
2
Iω 2 =
1
2
I × 2ω
dω
dt

or tω = Iωα
[ ]
∵
dω
dt
=α

∴ τ = Iα
64. Let the satellite revolve around the earth with orbital speed v. Then, Centripetal force on the satellite = Gravitational force
between the earth and the satellite
M sv 2 M eM s
or =G
r r2
GM e GM e
or v 2 = r
or v =
√ r

As satellite is considered a point mass, its angular momentum is

GM e

√
2
L = M svr = M s r
,r =
√GM M r
e s

65. Let the particle with velocity v be at point P at some instant t. We want to calculate the angular momentum of the particle about an
arbitrary point O.

Let us consider that a particle of mass 'm' is moving around in a circular path about point O. The radius of the path is given by the
radius vector 'r' and the linear velocity of the particle is 'v'.
Its angular momentum is given as
L = r × mv
or L = r × p
Now, we can differentiate the above equation, thus
dL d
dt
= dt
(r × p)
dL dp dr
or dt
= r dt + p dt
dL
or dt
= (r × F) + p × v
Now, the product of p and v will be zero as these vectors are parallel (in the same direction) to each other.
thus,
dL
dt
= (r × F) = T
So, the rate of change of angular momentum would be equal to the torque.
Here, as the system is free from outside influence, no external torque applied to the system. This means that

23 / 46
 τ=0
dL
or dt
=τ=0
the rate of change of angular momentum would be zero.
This means that the angular momentum remains constant when a particle moves in a circular path about a fixed point.
Thus, angular momentum is conserved.
66. M.I of a solid sphere
2
About its diameter = MR 2
5
K = Radius of Gyration
2
I = MK 2 = 5
MR 2
2
K2 = 5
R2
2
K=
√ 5
R

67. i. The moment of inertia of a circular ring of radius R and mass M about an axis passing through the diameter is,
MR 2
l= 2
ii. Moment of inertia of a circular ring of radius R and mass M about an axis passing through the centre and perpendicular to its
plane is,
l = MR2

68.

Consider a couple as shown in the figure, acting on a rigid body. The forces F and -F act respectively at points B and A. These
points have position vectors r1 and r2 with respect to origin O. Let us take the moments of the forces about the origin.
The moment of the couple = sum of the moments of the two forces making the couple
= r 1 × ( − F) + r 2 × F
= r2 × F − r1 × F
(r 2 − r 1) × F
But r1 + AB = r2, and hence AB = r2 - r1
The moment of the couple, therefore, is AB × F
It is clear from the above equation that moment of the couple is independent of the origin that is the point about which we have to
take the moments of the forces.

69.

Torque, also called moment of a force, is the tendency of a force to rotate the body to which it is applied. The torque specified
with regard to the axis of rotation, is equal to the magnitude of the component of the force vector lying in the plane perpendicular
to the axis multiplied by the shortest distance between the axis and the direction of the force component. Turning moment of a
force about a fixed axis of rotation is called its torque. SI unit of torque is newton-metre (N-m).
→ →
If a force F is acting at a point P whose position vector is r , then torque of given force about the origin O is given by
→ →
torque τ = →r × F

24 / 46
 → →
As shown in the Figure, if r and F are inclined at an angle, then
→
| τ | = rFsinϕ= F(rsinϕ)= F(OPsinϕ)= F (ON)
= Force × (perpendicular distance of line of action of force from the axis of rotation)
→ → →
Vectorially, τ = rFsinϕ n̂, where n̂ lies perpendicular to the plane of r and F as given right-handed corkscrew rule.
70. Relation between torque and angular momentum. We know that
→ → →
Torque, τ = r × F
→ → →
Angular momentum, L = r × p
Differentiating both sides w.r.t. time t, we get
→ → →
dL d → →
dr → →
dp
dt
= dt
( r × p) = dt
×p+r× dt

[ ]
→

→ → → → dp →
= v ×p+ r ×F ∵
dt
=F

→ → → → →
=0+ τ [ ∵ v × p = v × m v = 0]
→

→ dL
∴ τ = dt
Thus the torque acting on a particle is equal to its rate of change of angular momentum. This equation is the rotational analogue of
Newton's second law of linear motion which states that the rate of change of linear momentum of a particle is equal to the force
acting on it i.e.,
→
→ dp
F= dt
71. M.I. of a hollow cylinder about its own axis. Consider a hollow cylinder of mass M and radius R. As shown in Figure, every
element of the cylinder is at the same perpendicular distance R from its axis. Hence the moment of inertia of the hollow cylinder
about its own axis is

I = ∫ r 2dm = ∫ R 2dm
= R 2∫ dm = R 2 × M
or I = MR 2
72. Proof: Consider a plane lamina lying in the XOY plane. It can be assumed to be made up of large number of particles. Consider
one such particle of mass m situated at point P(x, y). Clearly, the distances of the particle from X-, Y- and Z-axes are y, x and r
respectively such that
r2 = y2 + x2

Moment inertia of the particle about X-axis = my2

∴ Moment of inertia of whole lamina about X-axis is I = Σmy
2
x
Moment of inertia of whole lamina about Y-axis is I y = Σmx 2

25 / 46
 Moment of inertia of whole lamina about Z-axis is I z = Σmr 2 = Σm y 2 + x 2 ( )
= Σmy 2 + Σmx 2
or Iz = Ix + Iy
This proves the theorem of perpendicular axes.
73. lx = ypz - zpy
ly = zpx - xpz
lz = xpy - ypx
→
The linear momentum of the particle in cartesian coordinate, p = p xî + p yĵ + p zk̂
→
Position vector of the particle in cartesian coordiantes , r = xî + ŷ + zk̂
→
As we know the angular momentum of a moving particle about a point is given as, l = →r × →
p where p and r are linear momentum
and position vector respectively,

( ) (
= xî + ŷ ′ + zk̂ × p xî + p yĵ + p zk̂ )

| |
î ĵ k̂
= x y z
px py pz

( ) ( ) (
l xî + l yĵ + l zk̂ = î yp z − zp y − ĵ xp z − zp x + k̂ xp y − yp x )
( ) ( ) (
= = î yp z − zp y + ĵ − xp z + zp x + k̂ xp y − yp x )
Comparing the coefficients of î, ĵ, and k̂ we get the components of angular momentum as :
lx = ypz - zpy
ly = xpz - zpx …..(i)
lz = xpy - ypx
b) If the particle moves in the x-y plane only. Hence, the z-component of the position vector and z component of linear momentum
vector become zero, i.e.,
z = pz = 0
Thus, equation (i) reduces to:
lx = 0
ly = 0
lz = xpy - ypx
Therefore, when the particle is confined to move in the x-y plane, the x and y components of linear momentum are zero and hence
the direction of angular momentum is along the z-direction.
74. Consider a disc of mass M and radius R. This disc is made up of many infinitesimally small rings, as shown in the figure.
Consider one such ring of mass (dm) and thickness (dr) and radius (r). The moment of inertia (dl) of this small ring is, dI =
(dm)R2

I = ∫ dI
R 2M 2M R
I=∫ 2
r 3dr = ∫ r 3dr
0 R R2 0

26 / 46
 [] [ ]
R
2M r4 2M R4
I= 2 4
= 2 4
−0
R 0 R

1
I= 2
MR 2
75. i. The moment of inertia depends not only on the object's mass, but also the distribution of that mass in relation to the axis of
rotation.
ii. In foot operated sewing machine there are two wheels - one big and the other small. The wheels are connected by a rope. The
bigger wheel acts as a flywheel. The rope transfers the motion from this flywheel to the smaller wheel. Smaller wheel works
as a pulley and also as a small flywheel.
iii. It will run for longer period when the driving force is stopped
If the rim of the bigger wheel of foot operated sewing machine is made thicker then it will run for longer period when the
driving force is stopped. This is due to the increase of its moment of inertia.
1
iv. Kinetic energy of an object moving in a straight line is E = mv2
2
1
The kinetic energy of a spinning object is E = 2
Iω 2

v. Mass of all the wheels are same. In wheel D, the mass is distributed furthest from the axis. Since moment of inertia = ∑ mr2,
hence wheel D will have highest moment of inertia.
Section B
76. (d) No. These two points do not coincide when the body is placed in a non-uniform gravitational field
Explanation:
In a uniform gravitational field the centre of mass coincide with the center of gravity.
77. (b) At point 4
Explanation:
Since all the 3 blocks are identical, the centre of mass will be below the support but above the line joining the blocks B and C.
78. (a) Its centre of mass is within its base.
Explanation:
The Leaning Tower of Pisa does not fall because its center of mass has been carefully kept within its base.
Today, despite the inclination of about 4o (reduced from over 5o), a vertical line drawn from the center of mass still falls inside
the base.
79. (a) There is stronger gravitational force on the Moon's near side facing the earth.
Explanation:
The Moon's centre of mass is very close to its geometric centre (it is not exact because the Moon is not a perfect uniform
sphere), but its centre of gravity is slightly displaced towards Earth due to uneven gravitational field. The gravitational force is
stronger on the Moon's near side facing the earth.
80. (c) Above the geometrical centre for block 1 and below the geometrical centre for block 2
Explanation:
If an object does not have a uniform weight distribution then the center of mass will be closer to where most of the weight is
located.
81. (d) R = Mg
Explanation:
R = Mg
82. (c) All of these
Explanation:
All of these
83. (a) g is constant
Explanation:
g is constant
84. (d) not coincide
Explanation:
not coincide

27 / 46
85. (c) (6, 1.5)
Explanation:
(6, 1.5)
86. (d) to increase her moment of inertia
Explanation:
Diver stretches her arms and legs so as she prepares to enter the water. The increased moment of inertia slows down the angular
velocity and allows the diver to prepare for entry into the water in as straight a line as possible so as to produce minimum
splash.
87. (a) Its angular velocity changes
Explanation:
d
τ= dt
(Iω)
d
or τ = dt
(Iω)
So, Application of torque changes angular velocity.
88. (c) there will be an increase in angular velocity due to decreases in moment of inertia
Explanation:
Pulling the weights inward, the moment of inertia decrease and hence according to the law of conservation of angular
momentum, the angular velocity increases.

89. (d)

Explanation:
In opposition different body parts of the ballet dancer are least spread.

90. (c)

Explanation:
In position B, the diver folds her arms and legs. Her moment of inertia decreases. Consequently her angular velocity increases.
91. Here m1 = m2 = m, v = 2v and v2 = -v
m 1v 1 + m 2v 2 m × 2v + m ( − v ) v
∴ v CM = = =
m+m m+m 2
92. Vcm= m1v1+m2v2 /(m1+m2), using the given values,
31î − 34ĵ + 15k̂
Velocity of COM = 4
ms − 1
93. Here m1 = 100 g = 0.1 kg, m2 = 300 g = 0.3 kg,
→
r 1 = 2î + 5ĵ + 13k̂ m
→
r 2 = − 6î + 4ĵ − 2k̂ m
The position of CM will be
→ →

→
m1r 1 + m2r 2
R CM = m1 + m2
0.1 ( 2i + 5jˆ + 13kˆ ) + 0.3 ( − 6iˆ + 4jˆ − 2kˆ )
ˆ

= 0.1 + 0.3
− 16iˆ + 17jˆ + 7kˆ
= m
4

v 1 = 10î − 7ĵ − 3k̂ ms − 1, →

Again, → v 2 = 7î − 9ĵ + 6k̂ ms − 1
The velocity of CM will be
→ →
m 1v 1 + m 2v 2
→
v CM = m1 + m2

28 / 46
 0.1 ( 10iˆ − 7jˆ − 3kˆ ) + 0.3 ( 7iˆ − 9jˆ + 6kˆ )
= 0.1 + 0.3
31î − 34ĵ + 15k̂
= 4
ms − 1
94. We know the COM of triangle plate lies at the centroid of plate
2 2 a a
Now in given from OG = 3
OP = 3
× 2
= 3
Now COM of the whole plate is the centre mass of system of unshaded portion and shaded portion of plate
3M a
4 ×x+M× 3
⇒ O=
M

⇒
3x
4
=−3
a
⇒ x=−
()
4a
9
4a
Hence COM of remain plate is height at distance 9
left from the centre of square.

95. Let mass per unit area of the plate be σ

Mass of horizontal portion = 8 × 2 σ = 16σ
Mass of vertical portion = 6 × 2σ = 12σ
The centres O1 and O2 of these portions lie at distances 1 m and 2 + 3 = 5 m from the point O. The CM of the T-shaped plate will
lie at distance y from the point O which is given by
16σ × 1 + 12σ × 5 76σ
y= 16σ + 12σ
= 28σ
= 2.71 m
96. Choosing the X and Y axes as shown in Figure. we have the coordinates of the vertices of the L-shaped lamina as given in the
figure. We can think of the L-shape to consist of 3 squares each of length 1m. The mass of each square is 1kg, since the lamina is
1 1
uniform. The centres of mass C1, C2 and C3 of the squares are, by symmetry, their geometric centres and have coordinates ( 2 , 2 ),
3 1 1 3
( 2 , 2 ), ( 2 , 2 ) respectively. We take the masses of the squares to be concentrated at these points. The centre of mass of the whole
L shape (X, Y) is the centre of mass of these mass points.

Hence,
[ 1 ( 1 / 2 ) + 1 ( 3 / 2 ) + 1 ( 1 / 2 ) ] kgm 5
X= ( 1 + 1 + 1 ) kg
= 6
m
[ 1 ( 1 / 2 ) + 1 ( 1 / 2 ) + 1 ( 3 / 2 ) ] kg m 5
Y= (1+1+1)k[g
= 6
m
The centre of mass of the L-shape lies on the line OD.
5 5
Hence, the centre of the mass of L shape is (​6 , 6 )
97. Centre of mass of a system is a special point on which whole mass of the system is supposed to be concentrated.
Hence m1 = 1 kg (x1, y1) = (0, 0)
m2 = 2 kg (x2, y2) = (1, 0)

29 / 46
 m3 = 3 kg (x3, y3) = (1, 1)
m4 = 4 kg (x4, y4) = (0, 1)
m 1x 1 + m 2x 2 + m 3x 3 + m 4x 4
X= m1 + m2 + m3 + m4
X = (0+2+3+0)/10
X = 0.5 m
m 1y 1 + m 2y 2 + m 3y 3 + m 4y 4
Y= m1 + m2 + m3 + m4
0+0+3+4
Y=( 10
)
Y = 0.7 m
Thus centre of mass is at (0.5m, 0.7m) on which whole 10 kg mass is supposed to be acting and it lies in XY plane.
98. The center of mass is a position defined relative to an object or system of objects. It is the average position of all the parts of the
system, weighted according to their masses.
For simple rigid objects with uniform density, the center of mass is located at the [Link] all the masses were instead placed at
the centre of mass then they must give the same resultant turning moment about any point in the system as all of the individual
moments added together.
(m 1 + m 2 + . . . . )r cm = m 1r 1 + m 2r 2 + . . .
∑ m ir i
r cm = ∑ mi
→
The centre of mass of a regular n-polygon lies at it’s geometric centre. Let b is the position vector of the centre of mass of a
regular n-polygon. (n – 1) equal point mass are placed at (n – 1) vertices of n-polygon then r cmwhen mass m is placed at nth
vertex .
( n − 1 ) mb + ma
r cm = (n−1)m+m
If mass m is placed at nth remaining vertex then
r cm = 0
( n − 1 ) mb + ma
=0
(n−1)m+m
(n − 1)mb + ma = 0
ma
b= −
(n−1)m
→
→ a
⇒ b= − (n−1)
→ →
(-) sign shows that c.m. lies other side from nth vertex geometrical centre of n-polygon i.e., b is opposite to the vector a-(from
centre to nth vertex) as shown in above calculation.
99. Let mass of each small square be m. Total mass of the square will be 4m which acts at its centre of mass O. Let O1 be CM of cut
off square (shaded square of mass m) and O2 be CM of the remaining unshaded portion of mass 3 m.
Now AC = √AB 2 + BC2 = √42 + 42 = 4√2 cm
1 4√ 2
OC = 2
AC = 2
= 2√2 cm
1 2√ 2
OO 1 = 2
OC = 2
= √2 cm
Moment of unshaded portion about O = Moment of shaded portion about O
3 m × OO 2 = m × OO 1
1 1 √2
OO2 = 3
× OO 1 = 3
× √2 = 3
cm
100. Let l be the length of the cylinder and ρ its density.
Mass of carpet, M = πR 2l × ρ
When the carpet unrolls to half the radius, its mass becomes,

M=π () R 2
2
l×ρ=
M
4

Initially, mass is M and CG lies at R.

30 / 46
 M R
Finally, mass is 4
and CG lies at 2 .
Let v be horizontal velocity of the axis of the cylindrical part of the carpet. Then
Decrease in P.E. = Gain in translational K.E. + Gain in rotational K.E.
M R 1 1
MgR − 4
⋅ g⋅ 2
= 2
M ′v 2 + 2 Iω 2

7
or 8 MgR =

7
1M
2 4

1
⋅ v2 +

1
1
2 [
M
1
2
M′

R2
( ) ][ ]
R 2
2

4v 2
v
R/2
2

or 8 MgR = Mv 2 + ⋅ ⋅ ⋅
8 4 4 4 R2
7 v2 v2 3v 2
or 8 gR = 8
+ 16
= 16
14
or v =
√ 3
gR

101.

With the x–and y–axes are chosen as shown in Fig., the coordinates of points O, A and B form the equilateral triangle are
respectively (0, 0),
(0.5, 0), (0.25, 0.25√3). Let the mass 100 g is located at O, mass 150g is located at A and mass 200g is located at B Then,
m 1x 1 + m 2x 2 + m 3x 3
X= m1 + m2 + m3
100 ( 0 ) + 150 ( 0.5 ) + 200 ( 0.25 ) gm
= ( 100 + 150 + 200 ) g
75 + 50 125 5
= 450
m= 450 18
m= m
100 ( 0 ) + 150 ( 0 ) + 200 ( 0.25√3 )
Y=
450g
50√3 √3 1
= 450
m= 9
m= m
3√ 3

The centre of mass C is shown in the figure. Note that it is not the geometric centre of the triangle OAB.
102. As shown in Fig. let C1 C2 and C be the centres of mass of the boy, boat and the system (boy and boat) respectively. Let x1 and x2
be the distances of C1 and C2 from the shore. Then the centre of mass will be at a distance,
30x 1 + 90x 2
x CM = 30 + 90

As the boy C1 moves from the stem to the bow, the boat moves backward through a distance d so that position of the centre of
mass of the system remains unchanged.

′
[
30 x 1 − ( 3 − d ) ] + 90 ( x2 + d )
x CM = 30 + 90

31 / 46
 As X'CM = XCM

(
30 x 1 − 3 + d ) + 90 ( x2 + d ) 30x 1 + 90x 2
120
= 120
or -90 + 30d + 90d = 0
or d = 0.75 m
103. Since the mass of an atom is concentrated on its nucleus, they can be treated as a point masses.
We take the nucleus of a hydrogen atom at origin and nucleus of chlorine atom on the x-axis.

where, we have
Mass of hydrogen = m1 = 1 and mass of Cl atom = m2 = 35.5
o
x1 = 0, x2 = 1.27 A
Let us assume that the centre of mass of the given molecule lies at the origin and as the system is symmetrical about the x-axis, its
center of mass lies on the x-axis.
m 1x 1 + m 2x 2
Using xCM = m1 + m2
1 × 0 + 35.5 × 1.27
= 1 + 35.5
o
= 1.235 A
= 1.235 × 10-10m (from the origin)
o
Hence, the centre of mass of HCl molecule is 1.235 A from the hydrogen atom along the line joining the two atoms.
104. M.I. of the disc about its own axis
1
I= 2
mr 2
v2
As v = rω ∴ ω2 =
r2
1 1 1 v2 1
Rotational K.E. = Iω 2 = × 2 mr 2 × = mv 2
2 2 r2 4
1
Translational K.E = 2
mv 2
Total K.E. = Rotational K.E. + Translational K.E.
1 1 3
= 4 mv 2 + 2 mv 2 = 4
mv 2
105. Consider a small element of the liquid of length dx at a distance x from one end.

M
Mass of the small element = L
dx
Centripetal force associated with the element

dF =
( )
M
L
dx xω 2 [ ∵ F = mrω 2 ]
Force exerted by the liquid = Total centripetal force at the other end

[]
L
LM M x2
F = ∫ dF = ∫ 0 L ω 2xdx = L
ω2 2
0
M L2 1
= L
ω2 2
= 2
Mω 2L

32 / 46
106. Let mass of half disc is M.

π
i. Area of element = [(r + dr)
2
2 − r2 ]
[r + 2rdr − r ]
π
2
= 2
+ dr 2 2

= πrdr
2M
∴ Mass of elementary Ring dm = . πrdr
πR 2
2M
dm = r. dr
R2

Let (x, y) are the co-ordinates of c.m. of this strip (x, y) = 0,

( )
2r
π

1 R R
x = x cm = ∫ xdm = ∫ 0 0dm =
M 0
0
1 R 1 R 2r 2M
y cm = ∫ ydm
M 0
= ∫
M 0 π
× rdr
R2

[]
R
1 4M R 4 r3 4
= ⋅ ∫ r 2dr = = ⋅ R3
m πR 2 0 πR 2 3
0 3πR 2

4R
y cm = 3π

So centre of mass of circular half disc = 0,

( ) 4R
3π

ii. Mass per unit area of quarter disc

M 4M
σ= = .
πR 2 πR 2
4

1
Area of element = 2
1 2Mr
dm = 2 πrdr × σ = dr
R2
R 4R
Xcm = ∫ xdm = 3π
0
4R
Similarly Ycm = 3π
4R 4R
center of mass = ( 3π , 3π
)
107. Here, m 1 = 2 kg, m 2 = 3 kgand position vectors

r 1 = tî + 2t 2ĵ + 2tk̂

→

and r 2 = î + 2t 3ĵ + 5k̂

→

d
Now, velocity of first particle, v 1 = dt (r 1 )

33 / 46
 (tî + 2t ĵ + 2tk̂ )
d
= 2
dt

= î + 4tĵ + 2k̂
Velocity of second particle,
d
v2 = dt (r2 )
(î + 2t ĵ + 5k̂ ) = 6t ĵ
d
= 3 2
dt
∴ Velocity of centre of mass of two particles system is
m 1v 1 + m 2v 2
v CM = m1 + m2

2 × ( î + 4tĵ + 2k̂ ) + 3 × 6t 2ĵ ( )

=
2+3

(
2i + 8t + 18t 2 jˆ + 4kˆ
ˆ
)
= 5

( 8t + 18t )
[ ]
2
2 4
= 5
î + 5
ĵ + 5 k̂ m / s

Now, acceleration of first particle,

a a
dt ( 1 )
a1 = v = (î + 4tĵ + 2k̂) = 4ĵ
dt
Acceleration of second particle
d d
a2 = dt (v2 ) = dt (6t2ĵ ) = 12tĵ
∴ Acceleration of centre of mass of two particles system is calculated as
m 1a 1 + m 2a 2
a CM = m1 + m2
2 ( 4j ) + 3 ( 12tjˆ )
ˆ
=
2+3

a CM =
[ ( 8 + 36t )
5 ]
ĵ m / s 2

108. Particle: A particle is defined as an object whose mass is finite but whose size and internal structure can be neglected.
System: A system is a collection of a very large number of particles which mutually interact with one another. A body of finite
size can be regarded as a system because it is composed of a large number of particles interacting with one another.
Internal forces: The mutual forces exerted by the particles of a system on one another are called internal forces. These forces are
responsible for holding together the particles as a single object.
External forces: The outside force exerted on an object by any external agency is called an external force. Such a force changes
the velocity of an object.
109. Newton's laws of motion are applicable to point objects. The introduction of the concept of centre of mass enables us to apply
them equally well to the motion of finite or extended objects. The centre of mass of a body is a point where the whole mass of the
body is supposed to be concentrated for describing its translatory motion. The center of mass of a system of particles is that single
point that moves in the same way in which a single particle having the total mass of the system and acted upon by the same
external force would move.
110. The Centre of mass helps us to describe the behavior of a macroscopic body in terms of the laws developed for the microscopic
bodies. If we are not concerned with the internal motion and structure of a system, the gross motion of the system can be analyzed
by applying Newton's laws of motion to the CM of the system which is a point where the entire mass of the system may be
assumed to be concentrated and where all the external forces are assumed to apply.
111. If geometrical centre of a body lies outside it, then centre of mass of body lies outside the [Link] of mass of a L-shaped
lamina lies outside it on the line of symmetry.

34 / 46
112. The centre of mass (C.M.) is a point where the mass of the whole body is supposed to be concentrated. For the given geometric
shapes having a uniform mass density, the C.M. lies at their respective geometric centers.
a. geometrical centre
b. the midpoint of its axis of symmetry
c. geometrical centre
d. at the point of intersection of its diagonals
The centre of mass of a body need not necessarily lie within it. For example, the Center of the mass of bodies such as a ring, a
hollow sphere, etc., lies outside the body.
113. First of all consider a coordinate system for the given system of particles.

Now, apply the formula for the X-component of centre of mass.

a a
2m × 2 + 2m × 2 + m × a + m × a
XCM = m + 2m + m + m + 2m + m
4ma a
= 8m
= 2
Now, apply the formula for the 7-component of centre of mass.
m × a + 2m × a + m × a
YCM = 8m
4ma a
= =
8m 2
So, the coordinates of centre of mass should be written as

(XCM,YCM) =
( )
a a
2 2
,

114. i. The entire mass of the whole system may be supposed to be concentrated at the centre of mass of the system.
ii. The nature of the motion of the system shall remain unchanged if all the forces acting on the system were applied directly on
the centre of mass of the system.
115. In mechanics, the study of centre of mass of a system of particles is extremely important due to the following points :
i. Whole mass of the system may be considered to be concentrated at the centre of mass.
ii. The nature of motion executed by the system remains unaltered when the forces acting on the system are applied directly at its
centre of mass.
iii. In the absence of external forces, if any, the centre of mass of the system either remains at rest or in a state of motion having
uniform velocity.
116. Motion of the CM of fire crackers exploding in air. Initially, a fire cracker moves along a parabolic path. It explodes in flight.
Each fragment will follow its own.

117. Expression for the velocity of the centre of mass of particles is

→
m iv i
→ n
v CM = ∑i = 1 ∑ m
i

35 / 46
 Equation of Motion of Centre of Mass
dr i
where v i = dt
118. Diatomic molecule: A symmetric diatomic molecule like O2 is also an example of binary system. The internal binding force
between the two oxygen atoms is due to the chemical bond which can be regarded as a spring. When there is no external force
(i.e., no collisions between the molecules themselves or with the walls of the vessel), the centre of mass of the molecule moves
with uniform velocity in a straight line, as shown in Fig. The molecule can also have vibrational and rotational motions again due
to the internal forces. Even then the centre of mass moves like a free particle.

119. Earth-moon system. The moon moves around the earth in a circular orbit and the earth moves around the sun in an elliptical orbit.
It will be more correct to say that the centre of mass of the earth-moon system moves around the sun in an elliptical orbit, not the
earth and moon themselves. As the mass of the earth is nearly 80 times the mass of the moon, so the centre of mass divides the
earth-moon (E-M) line in the ratio 1 : 80. In fact, this point lies inside the earth, as shown in Fig.

120. Actually, it is not the external force which brings the car to rest. The internal force of the brakes on the wheel locks the wheel.
Now a large frictional force comes into play between the wheels and the ground. This force is external to the system and brings
the car to rest.
121. As the isolated particle is initially moving along x-axis, so there is no motion along y-axis. The centre of mass should remain
stationary along y-axis even after explosion.
m 1y 1 + m 2y 2
Now y CM = m1 + m2
But yCM = 0
∴ m1 y1 + m2 y2 = 0
m1
or y 2 = − m2
⋅ y1
m/4
= − 3m / 4 ⋅ 15 = -5 cm
Thus the larger fragment will be at y = - 5 cm.
122. Binary stars. Two stars bound to each other by the gravitational force and orbiting around their common centre of mass are called
binary stars. Fig.(a) shows binary stars S1 and S2 of equal mass moving in circular orbits around their common centre of mass,
which is at rest.

123. No change.
The child is running arbitrarily on a trolley moving with velocity v. However, the running of the child will produce no effect on
the velocity of the centre of mass of the trolley. Here, the boy running on the trolley(either forward or backward) will exert an
only internal force on running trolley. Only external forces can affect the centre motion of the body. This is because the force due
to the boy's motion is purely internal. Internal forces produce no effect on the motion of the bodies on which they act. Since no

36 / 46
 external force is involved in the boy-trolley system, the boy's motion will produce no change in the velocity of the centre of mass
of the trolley.
124. i. The position of the CM of the compartment will change because the passengers are external bodies for the compartment.
ii. The position of CM of the system will not change as no external force is acting on the system.
125. If in accordance with Newton's laws of motion, we form separate equations of motion of different individual particles, then the
problem will become too much complicated. To solve the problem easily, we consider that all the external forces acting on the big
body are acting at its centre of mass. Now by knowing the motion of centre of mass of the body, we can study the motion of the
big body as a whole.
126. As shown in Fig. the centre of mass of the two balls placed at A and B lies at the midpoint D of the side AB. Now we have the
system of two masses, each of mass 2m at the points C and D on the perpendicular bisector CD of side AB.

Hence the centre of mass of the system lies at the midpoint O of the perpendicular bisector CD.
127. Let us take the 4.0 cm line as the x-axis and the 3.0 cm line as the Y-axis. The coordinates of the three particles are as follows:
m x y

0.5 kg 0 0

1.0 kg 4.0 cm 0

1.5 kg 0 3.0
The x-coordinate of the centre of mass is
m 1x 1 + m 2x 2 + m 3x 3
x= m1 + m2 + m3
( 0.50 kg ) ⋅ 0 + ( 1.0 kg ) ⋅ ( 4.0 cm ) + ( 1.5 kg ) ⋅ 0
= 0.50 kg + 1.0 kg + 1.5 kg
4 kg ⋅ cm
= 3 kg
= 1.3 cm
They y-coordinate of the centre of mass is
m 1y 1 + m 2 + m 3y 3
y=
m1 + m2 + m3
( 0.50 kg ) .0 + ( 1.0 kg ) .0 + ( 1.5 kg ) ( 3.0 cm )
= 0.50 kg + 1.0 kg + 1.5 kg
4.5 kg ⋅ cm
= 3 kg
= 1.5 cm
Thus, the centre of mass is 1.3 cm right and 1.5 cm above the 0.5 kg particle.
128. Applying conservation of angular momentum about the centre of the rod,
L
I CMω = J, 2

or 2 × M ()L 2
2
ω = MV ⋅
L
2
V
or ω = L

129.

Angular velocity is the rate of velocity at which an object or a particle is rotating around a center or a specific point in a given
time period. It is also known as rotational velocity. Angular velocity is measured in angle per unit time or radians per second

37 / 46
 (rad/s). Mathematically,
→

→ Δθ dθ
Angular velocity ω = lim = .
Δt dt
Λt → 0

SI unit of angular velocity is rad s-1 and its dimensional formula is [T-1]
Angular velocity is an axial vector. As shown in Figure, if a particle is rotating in x-y plane, the direction of angular velocity is
said to be along the z-axis. If rotation in x-y plane is clockwise, the
→ →
direction of ω is taken as along negative z-axis (i.e., downward/inward). If rotation is anticlockwise, ω is along +z-axis (i.e.,
upward/outward). In other words, for rotation about a fixed axis, the angular velocity vector lies along the axis of rotation.
130. i. The second hand of a clock completes 0ne rotation in 60s.
t = 60s and θ = 2π rad
θ 2π 2 × 3.14
Hence ω = t
= 60
= 60
= 0.1047 rad s-1
ii. The minute hand of a clock completes one rotation in 60 minutes.
∴ t = 60 min = 3600 s and θ = 2π rad

θ 2π 2 × 3.14
Hence ω = t
= 3600
= 3600
= 0.0017 rad s-1
131. Centre of mass of a uniform semicircular plate (half disc). Let M be the mass and R the radius of a semicircular plate. Take its
centre O as the origin, its straight edge as the X-axis and the Y-axis in its plane.
Consider an elementary half ring whose radius varies from r to r+ dr.

Area of the half ring = πrdr

M
Mass per unit area of the plate =
πR 2 / 2
M 2M
Mass of the half ring = × πrdr = rdr
πR 2 / 2 R2
By symmetry, the x-coordinate of the semicircular plate will be zero.
xCM = 0
2R
The y-coordinate of the centre of mass of the half ring is π
. Therefore, the y -coordinate of the semicircular plate will be
1 R 2r 2M
y CM = ∫
M 0 π
× rdr
R2
4 R 4 R3 4R
= 2
πR 2 ∫ 0 r dr = πR 2
× 3
= 3π

Hence, the coordinate of the centre mass of the semicircular plate will be 0,
( ) 4R
3π
.

132. Let the point mass m1 lie at the origin of the co-ordinate system, as shown in Fig.

Then
Co-ordinates of m1 : x1 = 0, y1 = 0
Co-ordinates of m2 : x2 = a, y2= 0
a √3
Co-ordinates of m3 : x 3 = ,y =
2 3 2
a

38 / 46
 m 1x 1 + m 2x 2 + m 3x 3
∴ x CM =
m1 + m2 + m3
m 1 × 0 + m 2a + m 3 ( a / 2 )
= m1 + m2 + m3
m 2a + m 3 ( a / 2 ) m 1y 1 + m 2y 2 + m 3y 3
= m1 + m2 + m3
and y CM = m1 + m2 + m3
√3a
m1 × 0 + m2 × 0 + m3 ( 2 )
= m1 + m2 + m3
m 3√3a
=
(
2 m1 + m2 + m3 )
133. Moment of InertIa of a mass about axIs = mass × (dIstance)2
∴ Moments of InertIa of masses are

I1 = 2mr2

⇒ I2 = 3m ⋅ r2

I3 = 2m ⋅ r2

⇒ I4 = m ⋅ r2
So, total moment of InertIa of system of masses
= I1 + I2 + I3 + I4 = 8mr2
Total mass of system = 8m
If radIus of gyratIon Is K, then I = MK2
1 8mr 2
or K2 = M
= 8m
or = K = r
134. Let mass per unit area of the disc = m

∴ Total mass of the disc, M = π () D 2

2
m=
πmD 2
4

Mass of the scooped out portion of the disc,

M′ = π () D
12
2
m=
πmD 2
144

We take the centre O of the disc as the origin. The masses M and M' can be supposed to be concentrated at the centres of the disc
and scooped out portion respectively. The mass M' of the removed portion is taken negative.

Then x-coordinate of the CM of the remaining portion of the disc will be

Mx 1 − Mx 2 M×0−M(D/4)
x CM = M−M
= πmD 2 πmD 2
4 − 144
MD 144
= − ×
4 35πmD 2
πmD 2 D 144 D
= − × × = −
144 4 35πmD 2 140
Thus, the centre of mass of the remaining portion lies at a distance of D/140 towards the left of the centre O of the disc.
135. The centre of mass (CoM) is the point relative to the system of particles in an object. This is that point of the system of particles
that embarks the average position of the system in relation to the mass of the object. At the centre of mass, the weighted mass
gives a sum equal to zero.

39 / 46
 → → →
If in an n-particle system particle of masses m1, m2 ... mn be situated at r 1 , r 2 , …, r n respectively, then the position vector of the
→
centre of mass r cm is given by,
→ →
→ → →
m 1 r 1 + m 2r 2 + … + m n r n m 1 r 1 + m 2 r 2 + … + m nr n
→
r cm = m1 + m2 + … + mn
= M
.......(1)
→
As position vector r in terms of coordinates may be expressed as r = xî + yĵ + zk̂ , hence in coordinate forms, the centre of mass
of n-particle system may be specified as,
m 1x 1 + m 2x 2 + … + m nx n m 1y 1 + m 2y 2 + … + m ny n m 1z 1 + m 2z 2 + … + m nz n
X cm = M
, Y cm = M
and Z cm = M
.........(2)
where, M = m1 + m2 + ... + mn = the total mass of entire n-particle system.

136. i. Let vc be the velocity of the centre of mass.

By conservation of linear momentum,
(8m + m + 2m) vc = 2m × (-v) + m × 2v + 8m × 0
or vc = 0
ii. M.I. of the bar about the centre of mass C,
Ml 2 8m × ( 6a ) 2
Ib = 12
= 12
= 24ma 2
By conservation of angular momentum,
m1v1 r1 + m2v2 r2 = (I1 + I2 + Ib) ω
or 2 m × v × a + m × 2 v × 2 a
=[2 m × a2 + m × (2a)2 + 24 m a2] ω
or 6 mva = 30 ma2 ω
6mva v
or ω = =
30ma 2 5a
iii. As the system has no translatory motion, it has only rotational K.E
∴ Total K.E.

= Rotational K.E.

=
1
2
Iω 2 =
1
2
× 30ma 2 × () v
5a
2
=
3
5
mv 2

137. The centre of mass is a position defined relative to an object or system of objects. It is the average position of all the parts of the
system, weighted according to their masses. The given situation can be shown as:

o
Distance between H and Cl atoms = 1.27A
Mass of H atom = m
Mass of Cl atom = 35.5 m
Let the centre of mass of the system lie at a distance x from the Cl atom.
Distance of the centre of mass from the H atom = (1.27 - x)
Let us assume that the centre of mass of the given molecule lies at the origin. Therefore, we can have:
m ( 1.27 − x ) + 35.5mx
=0
m + 35.5m
m (1.27 - x) + 35.5 mx = 0
1.27 - x = -35.5 mx
− 1.27 o
∴ x= = − 0.037A
( 35.5 − 1 )
Here, the negative sign indicates that the centre of mass lies at the left of the Cl atom.
138. Let ρ be the density of the material of the hemisphere. Take its centre O as the origin. The hemisphere can be assumed to be made
of up a large number of co-axial discs. Consider one such elementary disc of radius y and thickness dx at a distance x from the
origin.

40 / 46
 Mass of the elementary disc = Volume × density

dm = πy 2dx × ρ = π R 2 − x 2 dx ⋅ ρ ( )
The coordinates of the centre of mass of the hemisphere can be determined as follows:

(R )
1 1 R
xCM = ∫ xdm = ∫ xπ 2 − x 2 ρdx
M M 0

[ ]
R
πρ R πρ x2 x4
= ∫
M 0 ( R 2x − x3 )dx = M
R2 2
− 4
0

=
πρ
M [ ] []
R4
2
−
R4
4
=
πρ
M
R4
4

= 2
πρ

3
3 πR ρ
() [ R4
4
=
3
8
R ∵ M=
2
3
πR 3 × ρ ]
Similarly, yCM = ∫ ydm = 0 and z CM = ∫ zdm = 0

Hence the coordinates of the centre of mass of the hemisphere are ( 3

8
R, 0, 0 )
139. Centre of mass of a uniform semicircular wire (half ring). Let M be the mass and R the radius of a uniform semicircular wire.
Take its centre O as the origin, the line joining its ends as X -axis and Y -axis in its plane. We consider a small element of the wire
of angular thickness d θ and its radius making an angle θ with the X -axis. Then the length of this element will be Rdθ.
M
Mass per unit length of the wire =
πR
Mass of the small element of length Rdθ
M M
dm = × Rdθ = dθ
πR π

By symmetry, the x-coordinate of the semicircular wire be zero.

xCM = 0
The y-coordinate of the centre of mass will be
1 1 π M
y CM = M
∫ ydm = ∫ Rsinθ × π dθ
M 0
R π R π
= ∫ sinθdθ = − [cosθ] 0
π 0 π
R 2R
= − π
[ − 1 − 1] = π

Hence, the centre of mass lies at 0, ( ) 2R

π

41 / 46
140. Initial position of the centre of mass of the system is given by
4M ( L ) + M ( L + 5R )
x CM = 5M
=L+R
When the smaller sphere reaches the other extreme (Fig.), the larger sphere moves to the right so that

The position of CM of the system remains unchanged (as no external force is acting in the system). The new position of the CM of
the system is
′ 4M ( x ) + M ( x − 5R )
x CM = 5M
=x−R
But xCM = x'CM
or L + R = x - R
or x = L + 2 R
∴ The Centre of the larger sphere will lie at (L + 2R, 0).

141. First consider the composite plate,

m 1x 1 + m 2x 2
x-coordinate of centre of mass of composite plate is given by XCM = m1 + m2
where,
m1 = mass of disc of radius 2R
x1 = position of centre of mass of disc with hole
m2 = mass of part removed of radius R
x2 = position of centre of mass of part removed.
Now, as centre of mass of composite plate is at origin,
so
m 1x 1 + m 2x 2
XCM = 0 = m1 + m2
or m1x1 + m2x 2 = 0
Now, we are finding x1.
m 2x 2
So, x1 = - m1
m2 density × volume of portion 2
Now, m1
=density × volume of portion 1
thickness × area of portion 2
= thickness × area of portion 1
m2 A2 πR 2 1
⇒ = = =
m1 A1 π ( 2R ) 2 − πR 2 3
Also, x2 = -R, (negative sign is w.r.t. coordinate axes)
m2
Hence, x1 = − m ⋅ x2
1

42 / 46
 1 1
= - 3 (-R) = 3R
1
So, centre of mass located at (x = R, y = 0) Point.
3
142. Let ρ be the density of the material of the cone. Take centre of base O as the origin. The cone can be assumed to be made up of a
large number of circular discs of different radii and mass. Consider one such elementary disc of radius x and mass dm at a height
y from the base.

In similar triangles AOD and ABC, we have

h R R(h−y)
h−y
= x
or x = h
The mass of the elementary disc is dm = Volume x density
R2 ( h − y )2
= πx 2dy × ρ = πρ dy
h2
The coordinates of the centre of mass can be determined as follows:
1
x CM = M
∫ xdm = 0,[ ∵ x = 0]
1 1 h R2 ( h − y )2
y CM = ∫ ydm = ∫ y
M 0
⋅ πρ dy
M h2
πρR 2 h
= ∫ y(h − y) 2dy
Mh 2 0
πpR 2 h
= ∫ y h2 + y2 −
Mh 2 0 ( 2hy dy )
πρR 2
= ∫
Mh 2 0
h
(h y + y2 3 − 2hy 2 dy )

[ | | | | | |]
h h h
πρR 2 y2 y4 y3
= h2 + − 2h
Mh 2 2
0
4
0
3
0

=
πρR 2
Mh 2 [ h4
2
+
h4
4
−
2h 4
3 ] [] =
πρR 2
Mh 2
h4
12

= 1
3
πρR 2

πR 2hρ × h 2
× 12
h4
=
h
4 [ ∵ M=
1
3
πr 2hρ
]
1
Similarly,z CM = m
∫ zdm = 0 [ ∵ z = 0]

Hence the coordinates of the centre of mass of the right circular solid cone are 0, 4 , 0 ( )
h

→
143. Velocity of CM is constant in the absence of external force. Suppose an external force F tot acts on a system of mass $M$ and

produces an acceleration →
a CM in its centre of mass. Then
→ →
F tot = M a CM
→
In the absence of any external force, F tot = 0 So
→
or M a CM = 0

43 / 46
 →
or a CM = 0
→
dv CM
or dt
=0
As the derivative of a constant is zero, so
→
v CM = constant
→
where v CM is the velocity of the centre of mass. Hence in the absence of any external force, the centre of mass of system moves
with a uniform velocity. This is Newton's first law of motion.
The position vector of the centre of mass at any instant t is given by
→ → →
R CM(t) = R CM(0) + v CMt
¯ ¯
144. Let M be the total mass concentrated at centre of mass whose position vector is r
¯
¯ Md 2 r
F=
dt 2

()
¯
¯ Md dr Md ¯
F= dt dt
= dt
(Vcm)

¯
For an isolated system F = 0
Md ¯
⇒
dt
(Vcm) = 0
d ¯
or dt
(Vcm) = 0 as M ≠ 0
¯
⇒ (Vcm) = constant
→
→ → →
145. MV = m 1 v 1 + m 2 v 2 + …m n v n ...(1)
→

→ →
dp →
p = m v and dt
=F
Now, the linear momentum of system of $n$ particle is equal to the vector sum of individual linear momentum of all particles of
the system.
→
→ → →
∴ P = p + p + …p
1 2 n

→
→ → →
→ →
P = m 1 v 1 + m 2 v 2 + …m n v n ...(ii) [ ∵ p = m v]
Comparing equation (i) and (ii),
→ →
p = MV...(iii)
Hence, the linear momentum of system of particle is equal to the product of total mass of system and velocity of centre of mass.
146. As shown in Fig. suppose the rod is placed along X-axis with its left end at the origin O. Consider a small element of thickness dx
at distance x from O.

M
Mass of the small element = L
⋅ dx
Position of the centre of mass is given by
1 L
x CM = ∫ xdm
M 0
1 L M 1 L
= ∫ x⋅
M 0 L
, dx = ∫ xdx
L 0

[]
L
1 x2 L
= L 2
= 2
0

→ →
147. As shown in figure, let v 1 and v 2 be velocities of any two particles and θ be the angle between them. As each particle has speed,
v, so

44 / 46
 →
The relative v 21 of particle 2 w.r.t. 1 is given by

v 21 = √| − v | + |v |
→
1
2 →
2
2
| →
|| | (
→
+ 2 − v 1 v 2 cos 180 ∘ − θ )
= √v 2 + v 2 − 2vvcosθ = √2v 2(1 − cosθ)
θ θ
=
√ 2v 2 × 2sin 2 2 = 2vsin 2

[1 − cos2θ = 2sin θ 2 ∴ 1 − cosθ = 2sin 2 2

θ
]
As the velocities of the particles are randomly distributed, so θ can vary from 0 to 2π. If vˉ 21 is the magnitude of the average
velocity when averaged over all pairs, then

[ ]
− cos θ / 2 2π
2π θ 2v
∫ 0 2vsin 2 dv 1/2
0
vˉ 21 = 2π = 2π
∫ 0 dθ [ θ ]0

[ ] θ 2π
− 4v cos 2
0 2v
= 2π − 0
= − π
[cosπ − cos0]
2v 4v
= − π
[ − 1 − 1] = π
= 1.273v
Clearly, vˉ 21 > v
148. As semicircular disc is symmetrical about its one of diameter, we take axes as shown. So, now we only have to calculate YCM
(As, XCM is zero by symmetry and choice of origin).

∫ ydm
Now, Ycm = ∫ dm
From our text, M ⋅ Y CM = ∫ ydm
1 ∫ ydm
YCM = M
∫ ydm = ∫ dm
Now, for a small element OAB, as element is small and it can be treated as a triangle so,
1
Area of sector OAB = 2
× r × rdθ
Height of triangle = r
Base of triangle = AB = rdθ
1 mass
So, its mass dm = 2 r2dθ ⋅ p[ ∵ P= area
]
2
As centre of mass of a triangle is at a distance of 3
from its vertex (at centroid, intersection of medians).
2
So, y = rsin θ (location of CM of small sector AOB).
3
∫ π0 ydm
So, YCM =
π1
∫ 0 2 r 2ρdθ

45 / 46
 π2 1
∫ 0 3 rsin θ × 2 r 2dθ ⋅ ρ
=
π1
∫ 0 2 r 2ρdθ
1 2 π 2r π
2 × 3 r 3 ⋅ ρ ∫ 0 sin θdθ 3 ∫ 0 sin θdθ
= 1 = π
2 π ∫ 0 dθ
2r ρ ⋅ ∫ 0 dθ
− 2r
2r
3 [ − cos θ ] 0
π
3 ( cos π − cos 0 ) ∘

= π = (π−θ)
[ θ ]0
4r
= 3π

4r
So, CM of disc is at a distance of from its centre on its axis of symmetry.
3π
149. i. No. These two points do not coincide when the body is placed in a non-uniform gravitational field. In a uniform gravitational
field the centre of mass coincide with the center of gravity.
ii. At point 4, since all the 3 blocks are identical, the centre of mass will be below the support but above the line joining the
blocks B and C.
iii. Its centre of mass is within its base.
The Leaning Tower of Pisa does not fall because its center of mass has been carefully kept within its base.
Today, despite the inclination of about 4o (reduced from over 5o), a vertical line drawn from the center of mass still falls inside
the base.

46 / 46