Solution

SYSTEMS OF PARTICLES AND ROTATIONAL MOTION ASSIGNMENT-1

Class 11 - Physics

1. (d) No. These two points do not coincide when the body is placed in a non-uniform gravitational field
Explanation:
In a uniform gravitational field the centre of mass coincide with the center of gravity.
2. (b) At point 4
Explanation:
Since all the 3 blocks are identical, the centre of mass will be below the support but above the line joining the blocks B and C.
3. (a) Its centre of mass is within its base.
Explanation:
The Leaning Tower of Pisa does not fall because its center of mass has been carefully kept within its base.
Today, despite the inclination of about 4o (reduced from over 5o), a vertical line drawn from the center of mass still falls inside
the base.
4. (a) There is stronger gravitational force on the Moon's near side facing the earth.
Explanation:
The Moon's centre of mass is very close to its geometric centre (it is not exact because the Moon is not a perfect uniform
sphere), but its centre of gravity is slightly displaced towards Earth due to uneven gravitational field. The gravitational force is
stronger on the Moon's near side facing the earth.
5. (c) Above the geometrical centre for block 1 and below the geometrical centre for block 2
Explanation:
If an object does not have a uniform weight distribution then the center of mass will be closer to where most of the weight is
located.
6. (d) R = Mg
Explanation:
R = Mg
7. (c) All of these
Explanation:
All of these
8. (a) g is constant
Explanation:
g is constant
9. (d) not coincide
Explanation:
not coincide
10. (c) (6, 1.5)
Explanation:
(6, 1.5)
11. (d) to increase her moment of inertia
Explanation:
Diver stretches her arms and legs so as she prepares to enter the water. The increased moment of inertia slows down the angular
velocity and allows the diver to prepare for entry into the water in as straight a line as possible so as to produce minimum
splash.
12. (a) Its angular velocity changes
Explanation:
d
τ = (I ω)
dt

or τ =
d

dt
(I ω)

So, Application of torque changes angular velocity.

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13. (c) there will be an increase in angular velocity due to decreases in moment of inertia
Explanation:
Pulling the weights inward, the moment of inertia decrease and hence according to the law of conservation of angular
momentum, the angular velocity increases.

14. (d)

Explanation:
In opposition different body parts of the ballet dancer are least spread.

15. (c)

Explanation:
In position B, the diver folds her arms and legs. Her moment of inertia decreases. Consequently her angular velocity increases.
16. Here m1 = m2 = m, v = 2v and v2 = -v
m1 v1 + m2 v2 m×2v+m(−v) v
∴ vCM = = =
m+m m+m 2

17. Vcm= m1v1+m2v2 /(m1+m2), using the given values,

^ ^ ^
31 i −34 j +15k
Velocity of COM = 4
ms
−1

18. Here m1 = 100 g = 0.1 kg, m2 = 300 g = 0.3 kg,

→
^ ^ ^
r1 = 2 i + 5 j + 13k m

⃗ = −6^
r2
^ ^
i + 4 j − 2k m

The position of CM will be

⃗ +m r ⃗
m1 r 1
⃗ 2 2
RCM =
m1 + m2

^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^
0.1(2 i +5 j +13k)+0.3(−6 i +4 j −2k)
=
0.1+0.3

^ ^ ^
−16 i +17 j +7k
= m
4
−1 −1
Again, v ⃗ 1
^ ^ ^
= 10 i − 7 j − 3k ms , v⃗ 2
^ ^ ^
= 7 i − 9 j + 6k ms

The velocity of CM will be

⃗ +m v⃗
m1 v 1 2 2
⃗
vCM =
m1 + m2

^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^
0.1(10 i −7 j −3k)+0.3(7 i −9 j +6k)
=
0.1+0.3

^ ^ ^
31 i −34 j +15k −1
= ms
4

19. We know the COM of triangle plate lies at the centroid of plate
Now in given from OG = OP = × = 2

3
2

3
a

2
a

Now COM of the whole plate is the centre mass of system of unshaded portion and shaded portion of plate
3M a
×x+M×

⇒ O= 4

M
3

3x
⇒
4
=− a

3
⇒ x = −( 4a

9
)

4a
Hence COM of remain plate is height at distance 9
left from the centre of square.

20. Let mass per unit area of the plate be σ

Mass of horizontal portion = 8 × 2 σ = 16σ
Mass of vertical portion = 6 × 2σ = 12σ
The centres O1 and O2 of these portions lie at distances 1 m and 2 + 3 = 5 m from the point O. The CM of the T-shaped plate will

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 lie at distance y from the point O which is given by
16σ×1+12σ×5 76σ
y= 16σ+12σ
=
28σ
= 2.71 m
21. Choosing the X and Y axes as shown in Figure. we have the coordinates of the vertices of the L-shaped lamina as given in the
figure. We can think of the L-shape to consist of 3 squares each of length 1m. The mass of each square is 1kg, since the lamina is
1 1
uniform. The centres of mass C1, C2 and C3 of the squares are, by symmetry, their geometric centres and have coordinates ( , 2 2
),
3 3
( ,
2
1

2
), ( ,
1

2 2
) respectively. We take the masses of the squares to be concentrated at these points. The centre of mass of the whole
L shape (X, Y) is the centre of mass of these mass points.

Hence,
[1(1/2)+1(3/2)+1(1/2)]kgm 5
X = = m
(1+1+1)kg 6

[1(1/2)+1(1/2)+1(3/2)] kg m 5
Y = = m
(1+1+1)k[g 6

The centre of mass of the L-shape lies on the line OD.

5 5
Hence, the centre of the mass of L shape is (​ , ) 6 6

22. Centre of mass of a system is a special point on which whole mass of the system is supposed to be concentrated.
Hence m1 = 1 kg (x1, y1) = (0, 0)
m2 = 2 kg (x2, y2) = (1, 0)
m3 = 3 kg (x3, y3) = (1, 1)
m4 = 4 kg (x4, y4) = (0, 1)
m1 x1 + m2 x2 + m3 x3 + m4 x4
X =
m1 + m2 + m3 + m4

X = (0+2+3+0)/10
X = 0.5 m
m1 y1 + m2 y2 + m3 y3 + m4 y4
Y =
m1 + m2 + m3 + m4

0+0+3+4
Y=( 10
)
Y = 0.7 m
Thus centre of mass is at (0.5m, 0.7m) on which whole 10 kg mass is supposed to be acting and it lies in XY plane.
23. The center of mass is a position defined relative to an object or system of objects. It is the average position of all the parts of the
system, weighted according to their masses.
For simple rigid objects with uniform density, the center of mass is located at the [Link] all the masses were instead placed at
the centre of mass then they must give the same resultant turning moment about any point in the system as all of the individual
moments added together.
(m1 + m2 +. . . . )rcm = m1 r1 + m2 r2 +. . .

∑ mi ri
rcm =
∑ mi

The centre of mass of a regular n-polygon lies at it’s geometric centre. Let b ⃗ is the position vector of the centre of mass of a
regular n-polygon. (n – 1) equal point mass are placed at (n – 1) vertices of n-polygon then r when mass m is placed at nth
cm

vertex .
(n−1)mb+ma
rcm =
(n−1)m+m

If mass m is placed at nth remaining vertex then

rcm = 0
(n−1)mb+ma
= 0
(n−1)m+m

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 (n − 1)mb + ma = 0
ma
b = −
(n−1)m

⃗ a⃗
⇒ b = −
(n−1)

(-) sign shows that c.m. lies other side from nth vertex geometrical centre of n-polygon i.e., b ⃗ is opposite to the vector a⃗ -(from
centre to nth vertex) as shown in above calculation.
24. Let mass of each small square be m. Total mass of the square will be 4m which acts at its centre of mass O. Let O1 be CM of cut
off square (shaded square of mass m) and O2 be CM of the remaining unshaded portion of mass 3 m.
−−−− −−−−−− −− −−−− –
Now AC = √AB 2
+ BC
2 2 2
= √4 + 4 = 4√2 cm

1 4√2 –
OC = AC = = 2√2 cm
2 2

1 2√2 –
O O1 = OC = = √2 cm
2 2

Moment of unshaded portion about O = Moment of shaded portion about O

3 m × OO2 = m × OO1

– √2
OO2 = 1

3
× O O1 =
1

3
× √2 =
3
cm

25. Let l be the length of the cylinder and ρ its density.

Mass of carpet, M = πR l × ρ 2

When the carpet unrolls to half the radius, its mass becomes,
2
R M
M = π( ) l × ρ =
2 4

Initially, mass is M and CG lies at R.

Finally, mass is and CG lies at . M

4
R

Let v be horizontal velocity of the axis of the cylindrical part of the carpet. Then
Decrease in P.E. = Gain in translational K.E. + Gain in rotational K.E.
M R 1 ′ 2 1 2
M gR − ⋅ g ⋅ = M v + Iω
4 2 2 2

2 2

or 7

8
M gR =
1

2
M

4
⋅ v
2
+
1

2
[
1

2
M (
′ R

2
) ][
v

R/2
]

2 2

or 7

8
M gR =
1

8
Mv
2
+
1

4
⋅
M

4
⋅
R

4
⋅
4v

2
R
2 2 2
7 3v
or 8
gR =
v

8
+
16
v
=
16
−−−−−
14
or v = √ 3
gR

26.

With the x–and y–axes are chosen as shown in Fig., the coordinates of points O, A and B form the equilateral triangle are
respectively (0, 0),
–
(0.5, 0), (0.25, 0.25√3). Let the mass 100 g is located at O, mass 150g is located at A and mass 200g is located at B Then,
m1 x1 + m2 x2 + m3 x3
X =
m1 + m2 + m3

100(0)+150(0.5)+200(0.25)gm
=
(100+150+200)g

75+50 125 5
= m= m= m
450 450 18

100(0)+150(0)+200(0.25√3)
Y =
450g

50√3 √3 1
= m= m= m
450 9 3√3

The centre of mass C is shown in the figure. Note that it is not the geometric centre of the triangle OAB.
27. As shown in Fig. let C1 C2 and C be the centres of mass of the boy, boat and the system (boy and boat) respectively. Let x1 and x2
be the distances of C1 and C2 from the shore. Then the centre of mass will be at a distance,

4 / 18
 30x1 +90x2
xCM =
30+90

As the boy C1 moves from the stem to the bow, the boat moves backward through a distance d so that position of the centre of
mass of the system remains unchanged.
30[ x1 −(3−d)]+90( x2 +d)
′
x =
CM 30+90

As X'CM = XCM
30( x1 −3+d)+90( x2 +d) 30x1 +90x2
=
120 120

or -90 + 30d + 90d = 0

or d = 0.75 m
28. Since the mass of an atom is concentrated on its nucleus, they can be treated as a point masses.
We take the nucleus of a hydrogen atom at origin and nucleus of chlorine atom on the x-axis.

where, we have
Mass of hydrogen = m1 = 1 and mass of Cl atom = m2 = 35.5
o
x1 = 0, x2 = 1.27 A
Let us assume that the centre of mass of the given molecule lies at the origin and as the system is symmetrical about the x-axis, its
center of mass lies on the x-axis.
m1 x1 + m2 x2
Using xCM = m1 + m2

1×0+35.5×1.27
= 1+35.5

o
= 1.235 A
= 1.235 × 10-10m (from the origin)
o
Hence, the centre of mass of HCl molecule is 1.235 A from the hydrogen atom along the line joining the two atoms.
29. M.I. of the disc about its own axis
1 2
I = mr
2
2

As v = rω ∴ ω 2
=
v

r2
2
v
Rotational K.E. = 1

2
Iω
2
=
1

2
×
1

2
mr
2
×
2
=
1

4
mv
2

Translational K.E = 1

2
mv
2

Total K.E. = Rotational K.E. + Translational K.E.

= mv + mv = mv
1

4
2 1

2
2 3

4
2

30. Consider a small element of the liquid of length dx at a distance x from one end.

Mass of the small element = M

L
dx

Centripetal force associated with the element

M 2 2
dF = ( dx) xω [∵ F = mrω ]
L

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 Force exerted by the liquid = Total centripetal force at the other end
2 L
L
F=∫ dF = ∫
0
M

L
2
ω xdx =
M

L
ω [
2 x

2
]
0
2
M 2 L 1 2
= ω = Mω L
L 2 2

31. Let mass of half disc is M.

i. Area of element = π

2
[(r + dr)
2
− r ]
2

π 2 2 2
= [r + dr + 2rdr − r ]
2

= πrdr

∴ Mass of elementary Ring dm = 2M

2
. πrdr
πR
2M
dm = r. dr
2
R

2r
Let (x, y) are the co-ordinates of c.m. of this strip (x, y) = (0, π
)

1 R R
x = xcm = ∫ xdm = ∫ 0dm = 0
M 0 0

1 R 1 R 2r 2M
ycm = ∫ ydm = ∫ × rdr
M 0 M 0 π 2
R
R
R 3
1 4M 2 4 r 4 3
= ⋅ ∫ r dr = [ ] = ⋅ R
m 2 0 2 3 2
πR πR 0 3πR

4R
ycm =
3π

So centre of mass of circular half disc = (0, 4R

3π
)

ii. Mass per unit area of quarter disc

σ = =
M
. 4M

π R2 πR
2

Area of element = 1

2
2Mr
dm = 1

2
πrdr×σ =
2
dr
R

Xcm = ∫ xdm =
4R

3π
0

4R
Similarly Ycm = 3π

4R 4R
center of mass = ( 3π
,
3π
)
32. Here, m 1 = 2 kg, m2 = 3 kg and position vectors
⃗ ^ 2^ ^
r1 = t i + 2t j + 2tk

and r ⃗ = ^i + 2t ^j + 5k
2
^ 3

Now, velocity of first particle, v 1

=
d

dt
(r1 )

= d

dt
^ 2^ ^
(t i + 2t j + 2tk)

= ^ ^ ^
i + 4t j + 2k

Velocity of second particle,

d
v2 = (r2 )
dt

= d

dt
^ 3^ ^ 2^
( i + 2t j + 5k) = 6t j

∴ Velocity of centre of mass of two particles system is

m1 v1 + m2 v2
vCM =
m1 + m2

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 ^ ^ ^ 2^
2×( i +4t j +2k)+3×(6t j )

= 2+3

^ 2 ^ ^
2 i +(8t+18t ) j +4k

= 5
2
(8t+18t )
2 4
=[ 5
^
i +
5
^
j +
5
^
k] m/s

Now, acceleration of first particle,

a a ^ ^ ^ ^
a1 = (v1 ) = ( i + 4t j + 2k) = 4 j
dt dt

Acceleration of second particle

d d 2^ ^
a2 = (v2 ) = (6t j ) = 12t j
dt dt

∴ Acceleration of centre of mass of two particles system is calculated as

m1 a1 + m2 a2
aCM =
m1 + m2

^ ^
2(4 j )+3(12t j )
= 2+3

(8+36t)
^ 2
aCM = [ j ] m/s
5

33. Particle: A particle is defined as an object whose mass is finite but whose size and internal structure can be neglected.
System: A system is a collection of a very large number of particles which mutually interact with one another. A body of finite
size can be regarded as a system because it is composed of a large number of particles interacting with one another.
Internal forces: The mutual forces exerted by the particles of a system on one another are called internal forces. These forces are
responsible for holding together the particles as a single object.
External forces: The outside force exerted on an object by any external agency is called an external force. Such a force changes
the velocity of an object.
34. Newton's laws of motion are applicable to point objects. The introduction of the concept of centre of mass enables us to apply
them equally well to the motion of finite or extended objects. The centre of mass of a body is a point where the whole mass of the
body is supposed to be concentrated for describing its translatory motion. The center of mass of a system of particles is that single
point that moves in the same way in which a single particle having the total mass of the system and acted upon by the same
external force would move.
35. The Centre of mass helps us to describe the behavior of a macroscopic body in terms of the laws developed for the microscopic
bodies. If we are not concerned with the internal motion and structure of a system, the gross motion of the system can be analyzed
by applying Newton's laws of motion to the CM of the system which is a point where the entire mass of the system may be
assumed to be concentrated and where all the external forces are assumed to apply.
36. If geometrical centre of a body lies outside it, then centre of mass of body lies outside the [Link] of mass of a L-shaped
lamina lies outside it on the line of symmetry.

37. The centre of mass (C.M.) is a point where the mass of the whole body is supposed to be concentrated. For the given geometric
shapes having a uniform mass density, the C.M. lies at their respective geometric centers.
a. geometrical centre
b. the midpoint of its axis of symmetry
c. geometrical centre
d. at the point of intersection of its diagonals
The centre of mass of a body need not necessarily lie within it. For example, the Center of the mass of bodies such as a ring, a
hollow sphere, etc., lies outside the body.

7 / 18
38. First of all consider a coordinate system for the given system of particles.

Now, apply the formula for the X-component of centre of mass.

a a
2m× +2m× +m×a+m×a

XCM = 2

m+2m+m+m+2m+m
2

= 4ma

8m
= a

Now, apply the formula for the 7-component of centre of mass.

m×a+2m×a+m×a
YCM = 8m

= 4ma

8m
= a

So, the coordinates of centre of mass should be written as

(XCM,YCM) = ( , ) a

2
a

39. i. The entire mass of the whole system may be supposed to be concentrated at the centre of mass of the system.
ii. The nature of the motion of the system shall remain unchanged if all the forces acting on the system were applied directly on
the centre of mass of the system.
40. In mechanics, the study of centre of mass of a system of particles is extremely important due to the following points :
i. Whole mass of the system may be considered to be concentrated at the centre of mass.
ii. The nature of motion executed by the system remains unaltered when the forces acting on the system are applied directly at its
centre of mass.
iii. In the absence of external forces, if any, the centre of mass of the system either remains at rest or in a state of motion having
uniform velocity.
41. Motion of the CM of fire crackers exploding in air. Initially, a fire cracker moves along a parabolic path. It explodes in flight.
Each fragment will follow its own.

42. Expression for the velocity of the centre of mass of particles is

⃗
mi v i
n
⃗
vCM = ∑
i=1 ∑ mi

Equation of Motion of Centre of Mass

dri
where v i =
dt

43. Diatomic molecule: A symmetric diatomic molecule like O2 is also an example of binary system. The internal binding force
between the two oxygen atoms is due to the chemical bond which can be regarded as a spring. When there is no external force
(i.e., no collisions between the molecules themselves or with the walls of the vessel), the centre of mass of the molecule moves
with uniform velocity in a straight line, as shown in Fig. The molecule can also have vibrational and rotational motions again due

8 / 18
 to the internal forces. Even then the centre of mass moves like a free particle.

44. Earth-moon system. The moon moves around the earth in a circular orbit and the earth moves around the sun in an elliptical orbit.
It will be more correct to say that the centre of mass of the earth-moon system moves around the sun in an elliptical orbit, not the
earth and moon themselves. As the mass of the earth is nearly 80 times the mass of the moon, so the centre of mass divides the
earth-moon (E-M) line in the ratio 1 : 80. In fact, this point lies inside the earth, as shown in Fig.

45. Actually, it is not the external force which brings the car to rest. The internal force of the brakes on the wheel locks the wheel.
Now a large frictional force comes into play between the wheels and the ground. This force is external to the system and brings
the car to rest.
46. As the isolated particle is initially moving along x-axis, so there is no motion along y-axis. The centre of mass should remain
stationary along y-axis even after explosion.
m1 y1 + m2 y2
Now y CM =
m1 + m2

But yCM = 0
∴ m1 y1 + m2 y2 = 0
m1
or y 2 = −
m2
⋅ y1

m/4
=− ⋅ 15 = -5 cm
3m/4

Thus the larger fragment will be at y = - 5 cm.

47. Binary stars. Two stars bound to each other by the gravitational force and orbiting around their common centre of mass are called
binary stars. Fig.(a) shows binary stars S1 and S2 of equal mass moving in circular orbits around their common centre of mass,
which is at rest.

48. No change.
The child is running arbitrarily on a trolley moving with velocity v. However, the running of the child will produce no effect on
the velocity of the centre of mass of the trolley. Here, the boy running on the trolley(either forward or backward) will exert an
only internal force on running trolley. Only external forces can affect the centre motion of the body. This is because the force due
to the boy's motion is purely internal. Internal forces produce no effect on the motion of the bodies on which they act. Since no
external force is involved in the boy-trolley system, the boy's motion will produce no change in the velocity of the centre of mass
of the trolley.
49. i. The position of the CM of the compartment will change because the passengers are external bodies for the compartment.
ii. The position of CM of the system will not change as no external force is acting on the system.
50. If in accordance with Newton's laws of motion, we form separate equations of motion of different individual particles, then the
problem will become too much complicated. To solve the problem easily, we consider that all the external forces acting on the big
body are acting at its centre of mass. Now by knowing the motion of centre of mass of the body, we can study the motion of the
big body as a whole.

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51. As shown in Fig. the centre of mass of the two balls placed at A and B lies at the midpoint D of the side AB. Now we have the
system of two masses, each of mass 2m at the points C and D on the perpendicular bisector CD of side AB.

Hence the centre of mass of the system lies at the midpoint O of the perpendicular bisector CD.
52. Let us take the 4.0 cm line as the x-axis and the 3.0 cm line as the Y-axis. The coordinates of the three particles are as follows:
m x y

0.5 kg 0 0

1.0 kg 4.0 cm 0

1.5 kg 0 3.0
The x-coordinate of the centre of mass is
m1 x1 + m2 x2 + m3 x3
x =
m1 + m2 + m3

(0.50 kg)⋅0+(1.0 kg)⋅(4.0 cm)+(1.5 kg)⋅0

=
0.50 kg+1.0 kg+1.5 kg

4 kg⋅cm
= = 1.3 cm
3 kg

They y-coordinate of the centre of mass is

m1 y + m2 + m3 y
1 3
y =
m1 + m2 + m3

(0.50 kg).0+(1.0 kg).0+(1.5 kg)(3.0 cm)

=
0.50 kg+1.0 kg+1.5 kg

4.5 kg⋅cm
= = 1.5 cm
3 kg

Thus, the centre of mass is 1.3 cm right and 1.5 cm above the 0.5 kg particle.
53. Applying conservation of angular momentum about the centre of the rod,
L
ICM ω = J ,
2
2

or 2 × M ( L

2
) ω = MV ⋅
L

V
or ω = L

54.

Angular velocity is the rate of velocity at which an object or a particle is rotating around a center or a specific point in a given
time period. It is also known as rotational velocity. Angular velocity is measured in angle per unit time or radians per second
(rad/s). Mathematically,
⃗

Angular velocity ω⃗ = lim

Δθ

Δt
= dθ

dt
.
Λt→0

SI unit of angular velocity is rad s-1 and its dimensional formula is [T-1]
Angular velocity is an axial vector. As shown in Figure, if a particle is rotating in x-y plane, the direction of angular velocity is
said to be along the z-axis. If rotation in x-y plane is clockwise, the
direction of ω⃗ is taken as along negative z-axis (i.e., downward/inward). If rotation is anticlockwise, ω⃗ is along +z-axis (i.e.,
upward/outward). In other words, for rotation about a fixed axis, the angular velocity vector lies along the axis of rotation.
55. i. The second hand of a clock completes 0ne rotation in 60s.
t = 60s and θ = 2π rad
= 0.1047 rad s-1
θ 2π 2×3.14
Hence ω = t
=
60
=
60

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 ii. The minute hand of a clock completes one rotation in 60 minutes.
∴ t = 60 min = 3600 s and θ = 2π rad

Hence ω = θ

t
=
2π

3600
=
2×3.14

3600
= 0.0017 rad s-1
56. Centre of mass of a uniform semicircular plate (half disc). Let M be the mass and R the radius of a semicircular plate. Take its
centre O as the origin, its straight edge as the X-axis and the Y-axis in its plane.
Consider an elementary half ring whose radius varies from r to r+ dr.

Area of the half ring = πrdr

Mass per unit area of the plate = M

2
π R /2

Mass of the half ring = M

2
× πrdr =
2M

2
rdr
π R /2 R

By symmetry, the x-coordinate of the semicircular plate will be zero.

xCM = 0
The y-coordinate of the centre of mass of the half ring is 2R

π
. Therefore, the y -coordinate of the semicircular plate will be
1 R 2r 2M
yCM = ∫ × rdr
M 0 π 2
R

R 3
4 2 4 R 4R
= ∫ r dr = × =
2 0 2 3 3π
πR πR

4R
Hence, the coordinate of the centre mass of the semicircular plate will be (0, 3π
.
)

57. Let the point mass m1 lie at the origin of the co-ordinate system, as shown in Fig.

Then
Co-ordinates of m1 : x1 = 0, y1 = 0
Co-ordinates of m2 : x2 = a, y2= 0
a √3
Co-ordinates of m3 : x 3 =
2
, y3 =
2
a

m1 x1 + m2 x2 + m3 x3
∴ xCM =
m1 + m2 + m3

m1 ×0+ m2 a+ m3 (a/2)
=
m1 + m2 + m3

m2 a+ m3 (a/2) m1 y1 + m2 y2 + m3 y3
=
m1 + m2 + m3
and y CM =
m1 + m2 + m3

√3a
m1 ×0+ m2 ×0+ m3 ( )

=
2

m1 + m2 + m3

m3 √3a
= 2( m1 + m2 + m3 )

58. Moment of InertIa of a mass about axIs = mass × (dIstance)2

∴ Moments of InertIa of masses are

I1 = 2mr2

⇒ I2 = 3m ⋅ r2

I3 = 2m ⋅ r2

⇒ I4 = m ⋅ r2
So, total moment of InertIa of system of masses
= I1 + I2 + I3 + I4 = 8mr2

11 / 18
 Total mass of system = 8m
If radIus of gyratIon Is K, then I = MK2
or K2 =
2
1

M
= 8mr

8 m

or = K = r
59. Let mass per unit area of the disc = m
2
2
D πmD
∴ Total mass of the disc, M = π( 2
) m =
4

Mass of the scooped out portion of the disc,

2 2
′ D πmD
M = π( ) m =
12 144

We take the centre O of the disc as the origin. The masses M and M' can be supposed to be concentrated at the centres of the disc
and scooped out portion respectively. The mass M' of the removed portion is taken negative.

Then x-coordinate of the CM of the remaining portion of the disc will be

Mx1 −Mx2 M×0−M(D/4)
xCM = =
M−M 2 2
π mD π mD
−
4 144
MD 144
= − ×
4 2
35πmD
2
πmD D 144 D
= − × × = −
144 4 2 140
35πmD

Thus, the centre of mass of the remaining portion lies at a distance of D/140 towards the left of the centre O of the disc.
60. The centre of mass (CoM) is the point relative to the system of particles in an object. This is that point of the system of particles
that embarks the average position of the system in relation to the mass of the object. At the centre of mass, the weighted mass
gives a sum equal to zero.
→ → →
If in an n-particle system particle of masses m1, m2 ... mn be situated at r1 , r2 , … , rn respectively, then the position vector of the
centre of mass r ⃗ cm is given by,
→ →
⃗ + m r +…+ m r ⃗
m1 r 1 ⃗ + m r +…+ m r
m1 r 1
⃗
r cm = 2 2 n n

m1 + m2 +…+ mn
= 2 2 n n

M
.......(1)
As position vector r in terms of coordinates may be expressed as r ⃗ = x^i + y^j + zk
^
, hence in coordinate forms, the centre of
mass of n-particle system may be specified as,
m1 x1 + m2 x2 +…+ mn xn m1 y1 + m2 y2 +…+ mn yn m1 z1 + m2 z2 +…+ mn zn
Xcm =
M
,Y cm =
M
and Z
cm =
M
.........(2)
where, M = m1 + m2 + ... + mn = the total mass of entire n-particle system.
61. i. Let vc be the velocity of the centre of mass.
By conservation of linear momentum,
(8m + m + 2m) vc = 2m × (-v) + m × 2v + 8m × 0
or vc = 0
ii. M.I. of the bar about the centre of mass C,
2
2 8m×(6a)
Ml 2
Ib = = = 24ma
12 12

By conservation of angular momentum,

m1v1 r1 + m2v2 r2 = (I1 + I2 + Ib) ω
or 2 m × v × a + m × 2 v × 2 a
=[2 m × a2 + m × (2a)2 + 24 m a2] ω
or 6 mva = 30 ma2 ω
6mva v
or ω = 2
=
5a
30ma

iii. As the system has no translatory motion, it has only rotational K.E
∴ Total K.E.

12 / 18
 = Rotational K.E.
2
1 2 1 2 v 3 2
= Iω = × 30ma × ( ) = mv
2 2 5a 5

62. The centre of mass is a position defined relative to an object or system of objects. It is the average position of all the parts of the
system, weighted according to their masses. The given situation can be shown as:

o
Distance between H and Cl atoms = 1.27A
Mass of H atom = m
Mass of Cl atom = 35.5 m
Let the centre of mass of the system lie at a distance x from the Cl atom.
Distance of the centre of mass from the H atom = (1.27 - x)
Let us assume that the centre of mass of the given molecule lies at the origin. Therefore, we can have:
m(1.27−x)+35.5mx
= 0
m+35.5m

m (1.27 - x) + 35.5 mx = 0
1.27 - x = -35.5 mx
o
−1.27
∴ x = = −0.037 A
(35.5−1)

Here, the negative sign indicates that the centre of mass lies at the left of the Cl atom.
63. Let ρ be the density of the material of the hemisphere. Take its centre O as the origin. The hemisphere can be assumed to be made
of up a large number of co-axial discs. Consider one such elementary disc of radius y and thickness dx at a distance x from the
origin.

Mass of the elementary disc = Volume × density

2 2 2
dm = πy dx × ρ = π (R − x ) dx ⋅ ρ

The coordinates of the centre of mass of the hemisphere can be determined as follows:
R
xCM = M
1
∫ xdm =
1

M
∫
0
xπ (R
2
− x ) ρdx
2

2 4 R
πρ R πρ
2 3 2 x x
= ∫ (R x − x ) dx = [R − ]
M 0 M 2 4
0
πρ 4 4 πρ 4
R R R
= [ − ] = [ ]
M 2 4 M 4

πρ 4
R 3 2 3
= ( ) = R [∵ M = πR × ρ]
2 3 4 8 3
πR ρ
3

Similarly, yCM = ∫ ydm = 0 and z CM = ∫ zdm = 0

Hence the coordinates of the centre of mass of the hemisphere are ( 3

8
R, 0, 0)

64. Centre of mass of a uniform semicircular wire (half ring). Let M be the mass and R the radius of a uniform semicircular wire.
Take its centre O as the origin, the line joining its ends as X -axis and Y -axis in its plane. We consider a small element of the wire
of angular thickness d θ and its radius making an angle θ with the X -axis. Then the length of this element will be Rdθ.
M
Mass per unit length of the wire = πR

Mass of the small element of length Rdθ

M M
dm = × Rdθ = dθ
πR π

13 / 18
 By symmetry, the x-coordinate of the semicircular wire be zero.
xCM = 0
The y-coordinate of the centre of mass will be
1 1 π M
yCM = ∫ ydm = ∫ R sin θ × dθ
M M 0 π

R π R π
= ∫ sin θdθ = − [cos θ]
π 0 π 0
R 2R
= − [−1 − 1] =
π π

Hence, the centre of mass lies at (0, 2R

π
)

65. Initial position of the centre of mass of the system is given by

4M(L)+M(L+5R)
xCM =
5M
=L+R
When the smaller sphere reaches the other extreme (Fig.), the larger sphere moves to the right so that

The position of CM of the system remains unchanged (as no external force is acting in the system). The new position of the CM of
the system is
4M(x)+M(x−5R)
′
x = = x − R
CM 5M

But xCM = x'CM

or L + R = x - R
or x = L + 2 R
∴ The Centre of the larger sphere will lie at (L + 2R, 0).

66. First consider the composite plate,

m1 x1 + m2 x2
x-coordinate of centre of mass of composite plate is given by XCM = m1 + m2

where,
m1 = mass of disc of radius 2R
x1 = position of centre of mass of disc with hole
m2 = mass of part removed of radius R
x2 = position of centre of mass of part removed.
Now, as centre of mass of composite plate is at origin,
so
m1 x1 + m2 x2
XCM = 0 = m1 + m2

14 / 18
 or m1x1 + m2x 2 = 0
Now, we are finding x1.
m2 x2
So, x1 = - m1

m2 density × volume of portion 2

Now, m1
=
density × volume of portion 1
thickness × area of portion 2
=
thickness × area of portion 1
m2 A2 2
πR 1
⇒
m1
= A1
= 2 2
= 3
π(2R) −π R

Also, x2 = -R, (negative sign is w.r.t. coordinate axes)

m2
Hence, x1 = − m1
⋅ x2
=- 1

3
(-R) = 1

3
R
So, centre of mass located at (x = 1

3
R, y = 0) Point.
67. Let ρ be the density of the material of the cone. Take centre of base O as the origin. The cone can be assumed to be made up of a
large number of circular discs of different radii and mass. Consider one such elementary disc of radius x and mass dm at a height
y from the base.

In similar triangles AOD and ABC, we have

h R R(h−y)

h−y
=
x
or x = h

The mass of the elementary disc is dm = Volume x density

2 2
R (h−y )
2
= πx dy × ρ = πρ dy
2
h

The coordinates of the centre of mass can be determined as follows:

1
xCM =
M
∫ xdm = 0 ,[∵ x = 0]
2 2
1 1 h R (h−y )
yCM = ∫ ydm = ∫ y ⋅ πρ dy
M M 0 2
h
2
πρR h 2
= ∫ y(h − y ) dy
2 0
Mh
2
πpR h 2 2
= ∫ y (h + y − 2hy) dy
2 0
Mh
2
πρR h 2 3 2
= ∫ (h y + y − 2hy ) dy
2 0
Mh

2 2 h 4 h 3 h
πρR y y y
2∣ ∣ ∣ ∣ ∣ ∣
= [h + − 2h ]
Mh
2 ∣ 2 ∣ ∣ 4 ∣ ∣ 3 ∣
0 0 0

2 4 4 4 2 4
πρR h h 2h πρR h
= [ + − ] = [ ]
2 2 4 3 2 12
Mh Mh
2 4
πρR h h 1 2
= × = [∵ M = πr hρ]
1 2 2 12 4 3
π R hρ× h
3

Similarly,z CM =
1

m
∫ zdm = 0 [∵ z = 0]

Hence the coordinates of the centre of mass of the right circular solid cone are (0, h

4
, 0)

68. Velocity of CM is constant in the absence of external force. Suppose an external force F tot
⃗
acts on a system of mass $M$ and
produces an acceleration a⃗ CM in its centre of mass. Then
⃗
F = M a⃗CM
tot
In the absence of any external force, F tot
⃗
= 0 So
or M a⃗ CM = 0

or a⃗ CM = 0

15 / 18
 ⃗
dv C
or M

dt
= 0

As the derivative of a constant is zero, so

⃗
vCM = constant
where v ⃗ is the velocity of the centre of mass. Hence in the absence of any external force, the centre of mass of system moves
CM

with a uniform velocity. This is Newton's first law of motion.

The position vector of the centre of mass at any instant t is given by
⃗ ⃗
⃗
RCM (t) = RCM (0) + vCM t
¯¯¯¯
¯
69. Let M be the total mass concentrated at centre of mass whose position vector is r̄ ¯

2
¯
¯¯¯ Md r̄
F =
2
dt

¯
¯¯¯ Md dr̄ Md
F = ( ) = (V ¯
¯¯¯¯¯
cm ¯
)
dt dt dt

¯
¯¯¯
For an isolated system F = 0
Md
¯
¯¯¯¯¯
¯
⇒ (V cm) = 0
dt

or d

dt
(V ¯
¯¯¯¯¯
cm ¯
)= 0 as M ≠ 0
⇒ (V cm)
¯
¯¯¯¯¯
¯
= constant
→ → →
70. ⃗
M V = m1 v1 + m2 v2 + … mn vn ...(1)
dp ⃗
p ⃗ = mv ⃗ and dt
= F
⃗

Now, the linear momentum of system of $n$ particle is equal to the vector sum of individual linear momentum of all particles of
the system.
→ → →
⃗
∴ P = p1 + p2 + … pn
→ → →
⃗
P = m1 v1 + m2 v2 + … mn vn ...(ii) [∵ p ⃗ = mv ⃗ ]
Comparing equation (i) and (ii),
p ⃗ = MV...(iii) ⃗

Hence, the linear momentum of system of particle is equal to the product of total mass of system and velocity of centre of mass.
71. As shown in Fig. suppose the rod is placed along X-axis with its left end at the origin O. Consider a small element of thickness dx
at distance x from O.

Mass of the small element = M

L
⋅ dx

Position of the centre of mass is given by

1 L
xCM = ∫ xdm
M 0

1 L M 1 L
= ∫ x ⋅ , dx = ∫ xdx
M 0 L L 0

2 L
1 x L
= [ ] =
L 2 2
0

72. As shown in figure, let v ⃗ and v ⃗ be velocities of any two particles and θ be the angle between them. As each particle has speed,
1 2

v, so

The relative v ⃗ 21 of particle 2 w.r.t. 1 is given by

−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−
2 2 ∘
v21 = √∣ ⃗ ∣
∣− v1 ∣ + ∣ ⃗ ∣
∣v2 ∣ + 2∣ ⃗ ∣
∣− v1 ∣∣ ⃗ ∣
∣v2 ∣ cos(180 − θ)
−−−−−−−−−−−−− − −−−−−−−−−− −
2 2 2
= √v + v − 2vv cos θ = √2v (1 − cos θ)
−−−−−− −−−−−
2 2 θ θ
= √2v × 2 sin = 2v sin
2 2

2 2 θ
[1 − cos 2θ = 2 sin θ ∴ 1 − cos θ = 2 sin ]
2

As the velocities of the particles are randomly distributed, so θ can vary from 0 to 2π. If v̄ 21 is the magnitude of the average
velocity when averaged over all pairs, then

16 / 18
 2π
− c os θ/2
2π θ 2v[ ]
∫ 2v sin dv 1/2
0 2 0
v̄ 21 = =
2π 2π
∫ dθ [θ]
0 0

θ 2π
−4v[cos ]
2 0 2v
= = − [cos π − cos 0]
2π−0 π

2v 4v
= − [−1 − 1] = = 1.273v
π π

Clearly, v̄ > v 21

73. As semicircular disc is symmetrical about its one of diameter, we take axes as shown. So, now we only have to calculate YCM
(As, XCM is zero by symmetry and choice of origin).

∫ ydm
Now, Ycm =
∫ dm

From our text, M ⋅ Y CM = ∫ ydm

∫ ydm
YCM = M
1
∫ ydm =
∫ dm

Now, for a small element OAB, as element is small and it can be treated as a triangle so,
Area of sector OAB = × r × rdθ 1

Height of triangle = r
Base of triangle = AB = rdθ
mass
So, its mass dm = 1
r2dθ ⋅ p [∵ P = ]
2
area
2
As centre of mass of a triangle is at a distance of 3
from its vertex (at centroid, intersection of medians).
2
So, y = 3
rsin θ (location of CM of small sector AOB).
π
∫ ydm
So, YCM = π
0

1 2
∫ r ρdθ
0 2
π 2 1 2
∫ r sin θ× r dθ⋅ρ
0
= 3

π 1
2

2
∫ r ρdθ
0 2
1 2 3 π 2r π
× r ⋅ρ ∫ sin θdθ ∫ sin θdθ
0 0

= 2 3

1 π
= 3

π
2 ∫ dθ
r ρ⋅ ∫ dθ 0
2 0

2r π −2r ∘
[− cos θ ] (cos π−cos 0 )
0

= 3

π
= 3

[θ] (π−θ)
0

= 4r

3π

So, CM of disc is at a distance of 4r

3π
from its centre on its axis of symmetry.
74. i. No. These two points do not coincide when the body is placed in a non-uniform gravitational field. In a uniform gravitational
field the centre of mass coincide with the center of gravity.
ii. At point 4, since all the 3 blocks are identical, the centre of mass will be below the support but above the line joining the
blocks B and C.

17 / 18
iii. Its centre of mass is within its base.
The Leaning Tower of Pisa does not fall because its center of mass has been carefully kept within its base.
Today, despite the inclination of about 4o (reduced from over 5o), a vertical line drawn from the center of mass still falls inside
the base.

18 / 18