CLASS 10 DEVELOPMENT PYQ AND EXTRA QUESTIONS

Q1 What do you think are non-materialis c goals? How can they be used to
improve the quality of life of ci zens.
Ans Non-materialis c goals are those things that people want in life which
cannot be measured in terms of money or income. These include freedom,
security, respect, equality, clean environment, and good social rela onships.
These goals are important because:
-Peace and Security: People feel safe when there is no fear of violence or crime.
It improves mental health and allows them to live freely.
-Equality and Respect: When people are treated equally, regardless of caste,
religion, or gender, they feel valued and confident. This builds a fair and happy
society.
-Freedom of Choice: When people have the right to express themselves and
make their own decisions, they feel more sa sfied and involved in the
development process.
-Clean Environment: Clean air, water, and surroundings improve physical health
and make life more comfortable.
Conclusion: Non-materialis c goals may not give income, but they are very
important to live a happy, healthy, and meaningful life. A society that focuses
on these goals along with economic growth ensures true development.
Q2 Environmental degrada on affects all regions, regardless of na onal or
state borders. Analyze the statement in rela on to sustainable development.
Ans Environmental degrada on is a global issue that affects all living beings,
regardless of na onal or state boundaries.
– Since the mid-20th century, scien sts have warned that the indiscriminate
use of natural resources and the current path of development are not
sustainable.
– Sustainable development means using resources in a way that meets present
needs without harming the environment or compromising the future.
– For example, underground water, though renewable, is being overused due
to urbanisa on and industrialisa on, leading to a drop in water tables across
regions.
– Similarly, air pollu on in one city can spread to neighbouring areas, affec ng
the air quality across states and even countries.
– Global warming and climate change are also results of overusing non-
renewable resources like coal and petroleum, and their effects are felt
worldwide.
Thus, environmental challenges are interconnected and require global
coopera on to ensure a sustainable future for all.
Q3 The goals of development may also be contradictory. Examine the
statement through examples.
Ans Different people have different needs, aspira ons and priori es, so their
developmental goals o en differ. What may be considered development for
one person or group may not be so for another and at mes, it can even be
harmful or contradictory.
– For example, a girl in a rural area may want freedom, equal opportuni es and
expects her brother to share household work. However, the brother may not
agree, leading to a conflict of goals even within the same family.
– Similarly, industrialists may want to build large dams to generate more
electricity, which they consider development. But this may lead to
displacement of local communi es, loss of land and livelihood, which those
affected would see as destruc on rather than development.
Thus, development goals are not universal; they vary across people and groups
and can some mes conflict, depending on individual or community interests.
Q4 Do you think comparing countries based only on per capita income gives an
incomplete picture of development . Give any 4 reasons to support your
answer.
Ans Yes, I agree. Just looking at per capita income does not show the full
picture of a country’s development. Here are four reasons:
1-It does not show inequality: Two countries may have the same per capita
income, but in one country, the rich may have most of the money while the
poor have very li le. For example, if a few people are very rich and others are
very poor, the average income will look good, but most people are s ll
suffering.
2-It ignores health and educa on :A country may have high income but poor
health services or schools. For example, people in a rich country may s ll suffer
if they do not have hospitals or clean drinking water.
[Link] does not show quality of life: Development also means how happy, safe,
and comfortable people are. Income cannot tell us if people feel secure, have
clean air to breathe, or enough food to eat.
4-It hides regional differences :In many countries, some areas are more
developed than others. For example, ci es may be rich, but villages are poor.
Per capita income gives an average and does not show these differences.
Conclusion:So, per capita income is useful, but it is not enough. We also need
to look at health, educa on, and living condi ons to understand real
development.
Q5Explain the significance and limita on of average income for comparing
different countries through examples.
Ans Significance of Average Income:
Average income (also known as ‘Per Capita Income’) helps compare the
standard of living of people across [Link] is calculated by dividing the total
income of a country by its total popula on, giving an average income per
[Link] is used by the World Bank to classify countries.
In 2019, countries with per capita income of US $49,300 or more were
considered rich countries. Countries with per capita income of US $2,500 or
less were considered low-income countries .India, with a per capita income of
around US $6,700, is classified as a lower-middle-income country.
Limita ons of average income:
It does not show income distribu on. A country may show a high average
income, yet most people could s ll live in poverty.
It hides inequali es and regional dispari es within the popula on.
It does not reflect other aspects of development like health, educa on and
quality of life.
For example, two countries may have the same average income, but one may
have be er life expectancy and literacy, making it more developed in real
terms.
While average income is a useful tool for basic comparison, it is not sufficient
alone to judge the actual development level of a country. Other indicators like
Human Development Index (HDI) provide a more comprehensive picture.
Q6Which organiza on publishes Human Development Report? What criteria
does it use to compare countries.?
Ans The United Na ons Development Programme (UNDP) publishes Human
Development Report. HDI is calculated on the following three key indicators.
– Per Capita Income:
○ It is the average income of a person, calculated by dividing the total na onal
income by the total popula on.
○ It is measured in US dollars using Purchasing Power Parity (PPP) for accurate
global comparison.
– Life Expectancy at Birth:
○ This indicates the average expected lifespan of a person.
○ It reflects the health standards and medical facili es available in a country.
– Educa on Levels:
○ Measured by literacy rate and gross enrolment ra o at primary, secondary
and higher levels.
Q7 Examine the importance of public facili es for the development.
Ans Public facili es are essen al for the overall development of a country, as
they directly impact the quality of life and human development of its people.
Many basic services such as healthcare, educa on, sanita on, housing and safe
drinking water are the primary responsibility of the government.
For example, running proper schools and ensuring quality elementary
educa on helps build a skilled and informed popula on .The availability of safe
drinking water and proper healthcare facili es improves the health of ci zens,
which is crucial for produc vity and progress.
The government must also ensure housing for the poor and manage systems
like the Public Distribu on System (PDS) to provide affordable food to low-
income families.
Special a en on must be given to the poorest and most backward regions
through targeted government investment and support.
Public facili es ensure equal access to essen al services, help reduce inequality
and promote inclusive and sustainable development.
Q8 Define IMR.
Ans IMR stands for Infant Mortality Rate. It is the number of deaths of infants
under one year of age per 1000 live births in a par cular year.