Car Rental Management System
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nazarCar Rental Management System
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nazarCar Rental Management System
Abstract
This application presents a data management system for a car rental company. This enables
the administrator to keep track of all the customers information. This system increases
customer retention and simplify vehicle and customers management in efficient way. The car
rental management system has a very user-friendly interface. Thus, the users will feel very
easy to work on it. By using this system admin can manage their rental, bookings, customer
issues and vehicle issues etc. The car rental information can be added to the system, or
existing information can be edited or deleted by the administrator. The transaction reports
of the car rental system can be retrieved by the administrator, when its required. Thus, there
is no delay in the availability of any car information, when ever needed the car rental
information can be captured very quickly and easily. Customers will be able to reserve their
vehicles from anywhere in the world due to the Car Rental System. Consumers provide
information to this application by filling in their personal information. When a consumer
creates an account on the website, he or she can reserve a car. The proposed system is an
online system that is fully integrated. It effectively and efficiently automates manual
procedures. Customers are aided by this automated method, which allows them to fill in the
specifics according to their needs. It contains information on the sort of car they want to hire
as well as the location. The goal of this system is to create a website where customers can
book their automobiles and request services from anywhere in the world. There are three
phases to this car rental system mentioned in the introduction. - The car rental program is
designed for customers to book their cars in any part of the world. This app captures
information from customers by filling out their details. The customer registered on the
website has the car reservation they [Link] proposed system is fully integrated with
online systems. It performs a hands-on process efficiently and effectively. It includes the type
of car they are trying to rent and location. The purpose of this program is to improve the
website of people who can book their cars and the needs of any part of the world.
Introduction
We aim to be pioneers in the car rental business by working exclusively with our customers,
employees, growth, innovation and efficiency. All those parts will lead the US to success and
show us a concert company that can play and offer value for money. when it comes to cable
rental services, Cool Service is the most reliable and reliable name in the travel business. the
leading mobile operators who provide cable rental and car rental in India, create full use of
data technology to maximize our efficiency. However, this is usually only 1 aspect of services.
And the project tends to strive to provide the most efficient services - individual and
machine, tourist buyers In addition, this project covers a range of cars ranging from luxury
resorts to budget cables. While, it offers an online cable rental service in company houses.
And the project says it offers the best prices, tailoring based on resources, available and
offers intercity and infra-city cab services. All vessels have proper permits and documents so
that consumers are not harassed due to lack of documents. However, this project has a
strategic support system for whatever happens. Cab drivers are educated, modest, and
dependable and trained to deal with severe crashes. The cab service covers all categories of
cars from luxury to budget. In addition, the most important thing in this project is quality.
Recognizing this, cars are well maintained and tested to deliver good and uninterrupted
operation. The management team within the tourism business allows this method of making
travel suitable for all any budget and traveler preferences. In addition, hands and drivers and
bodybuilders are well trained to perform their duties with great benefit. trying from a public
perspective gives you the opportunity tocatch more students Join them in Nursing and
accompany them throughout your ride. an android-based app. Requests deleted personal
information. As we have integrated the app in depth You need to choose the time you will
travel, departure to and from places and a list of people traveling.
As the internet improves the life of people, it also gives access to things that were
inaccessible before. The internet is one of the most important tools of communication. The
world has become a place where there is a lot of technological development which brings
the result of almost every single thing has been transformed into computerized form. These
days, individual activities have been changed into work done by information systems. One of
which is the primary objective of this project which is about car rental management system.
Renting car system exists in the previous years where people rent cars for their own reasons.
Car rentals is basic to numerous individuals’ arrangement to travel or move from one place
to another for business purposes, tour, and visit occasions. Thus, car rental is extremely
useful. My car rental management system is a web-based system for an organization that
rents out cars. This system empowers the organization to make their services accessible to
the public through the web and furthermore keep records about their services.
The information system designed to more closely manager’s needs and the system
set up as major computer application area. The Management Information System (MIS)
as a computer-based system makes information available to users with similar needs.
Manager used the output information. The earlier studies shownthat MIS couldused
to manage car rental, expected to accelerate as well as archiving services to customers
better and safer, making it easier when required at any time. The online
implementation of management information system provided and supported the
customers for reservations, assist management in knowing rental car inventory at a
specified time, to process transactions between branches car rental, transportation
transaction processing, which supports satisfactory service to customers and support
the company's operational processes. Web-based car rental information system
increases the customers, and help promotion. The aim of this research is solving the
problems that occur in Avis Indonesia; propose development of web-based car rental
management information system.
Car rental system at Avis Indonesia has done by way of the customer register by phone or
come directly to the office or Avis stand for registering rental process, so it took a lot of time
and resources required is also increased because each process requires different
resources. On rental system that has run in the Avis Indonesia, the company has tried
to set up the rental system well. However, due to limitation manual system and only
controlled by some parties within the company, thus causing the existing report
data becomes difficult to manage. Avis Indonesia as a company engaged in the car
rental requires a rental application system that is able to integrate the conventional
rental toward the concept of online rental. The concept poured on online web car rental
supported with the ability to non-stop access.
Existing System
Cool cab Service is an innovative thought to simplify the Transportation
problems of Employees of an organization. In the present System, Organization do maintain a
person for the allocating and proper functioning of transportation .The Person appointed
needs to look after the assigning and movement of cabs. Authorised person maintains the
transportation details in papers, which is a tedious task if any updations or changes need to be
done. The manual car rental system provides services only during office hours. So, customers
have limited time to make any transactions or reservation of the cars. The problem with some
of the current system is that some small companies already have a car rental system which is
not a webbased application. This is a limitation that gives them capability to store customer’s
details, but at the same time they cannot make their services more available to the public
through the internet, they rather make use of posters to advertise their services to the public.
They also make use of phone call reservations which is also limited to few features as
compare to a web base system. For example, a customer might make a phone call reservation
for a particular car, but when he/she comes to pick the car, he/she might turn not to like the
car, this could be because the customer could not see a sample picture of the car he/she wants
to rent. A car rental is a vehicle that may be rented for a price and utilised for a specific length
of time. Getting a rental automobile makes it easier for people to travel around when they
don't have access to their own vehicle or don't own one at all. A person who needs
transportation must call a rental car company and sign a contract. This method improves
client retention while also making car and employee management more straightforward.
Disadvantages
To rent a car, a prospective renter must first go to the nearest office to register as a
client, what of if the customer doesn’t have enough time to do that?
Cars that provide difficulties to rent out are normally advertised in local or national
newspaper. It involves a lot of paper work and consumes time.
The process of managing customer’s data is slow if the company is using manual
system and there might be thousands of clients.
It is very hard to keep record of all rental cars and so on.
Proposed System
In the Previous System Details are Stored Manually in papers, to share the details between
employees was a Financial drawback. Updations in the details is a tedious task. From the
above-mentioned problems, the aim is to develop a computer-based information system that
will help to address the ongoing issues from the manual information system and help to
facilitate some tasks that seems to be difficult for both the car rental company’s staff and
those who are renting the cars (customers). The main objective is to design and implement a
car rental management system for an organization. Projects provide a flexible framework for
engaging students in exploring curricular topics and developing important skills, such as
communication, teamwork, and technology skills. The car rental management system will
help to solve numerous problems associated with the manual way of doing things. Errors,
waste of precious time and energy will be eliminated with the system. This will in turn
enhance productivity and efficiency in an organization. Also, it would help students and
researchers that are working actively towards enhancing the car rental management system,
this work would serve as a reference to them as they strive to develop the car rental company
technologically. Additionally, issues of insecurity, trustfulness could be resolved, because
payment system would be linked to the system to eliminate these issues between people and
the scammers as well as customers and the company’s staffs.
Advantages
Data is Centralized which has overcome the Sharing problem in previous system.
As data is Maintained electronically, it’s easy for a person to update the details, which
has overcome the tedious updation in previous system.
Maintenance is easy and performance is good.
Mainly the system has automated the Transportation Process.
System Requirements
Hardware Requirements:
System : Pentium IV 2.4 GHz.
Hard Disk : 240 GB.
Monitor : 14’ Colour Monitor.
Mouse : Optical Mouse.
Ram : 2 GB.
Software Requirements:
Operating system : Windows 7 Ultimate.
Coding Language : [Link] with C#
Front-End : Visual Studio 2010 Professional.
Data Base : SQL Server 2008.
Software Description:
.NET Frame Work
The .NET Framework is a new computing platform that simplifies application
development in the highly distributed environment of the Internet. The .NET
Framework is designed to fulfil the following objectives:
To provide a consistent object-oriented programming environment whether object
code is stored and executed locally, but Internet-distributed, or executed remotely.
To provide a code-execution environment that guarantees safe execution of code,
including code created by an unknown or semi-trusted third party.
To provide a code-execution environment that eliminates the performance problems
of scripted or interpreted environments.
To make the developer experience consistent across widely varying types of
applications, such as Windows-based applications and Web-based applications.
To build all communication on industry standards to ensure that code based on
the .NET Framework can integrate with any other code.
The .NET Framework has two main components: the common language
runtime and the .NET Framework class library. The common language runtime is the
foundation of the .NET Framework. One can think of the runtime as an agent that
manages code at execution time, providing core services such as memory
management, thread management, and remoting, while also enforcing strict type
safely and other forms of code accuracy that ensure security and robustness.
In fact, the concept of code management is a fundamental principle of the
runtime. Code that targets the runtime is known as managed code, while code that
does not target the runtime is known as unmanaged code.
The class library, the other main component of the .NET Framework, is a
comprehensive, object-oriented collection of reusable types that you can use to
develop applications ranging from traditional command-line or graphical Voter
interface (GUI) applications to applications based on the latest innovations provided
by [Link], such as Web Forms and XML Web services.
The .NET Framework can be hosted by unmanaged components that load the
common language runtime into their processes and initiate the execution of managed
code, thereby creating a software environment that can exploit both managed and
unmanaged features.
The .NET Framework not only provides several runtime hosts, but also
supports the development of third-party runtime hosts.
The .NET Framework is a multi-language environment for building,
deploying, and running XML Web services and applications. It consists of three main
parts:
[Link]
[Link] is more than the next version of Active Server Pages (ASP); it is a
unified web development platform that provides the services necessary for developers
to build enterprise-class Web applications. While [Link] is largely syntax
compatible with ASP, it also provides a new programming model and infrastructure
for more secure, scalable and stable applications. You can feel free to augment your
existing ASP application by incremental adding [Link] functionality to them.
[Link] is a compiled, .NET-based environment; you can author
applications in any .NET compatible language, including Visual Basic .NET, and
Jscript .NET. Additionally, the entire .NET Framework is available to any [Link]
application. Developers can easily access the benefits of these technologies, which
include the managed common language runtime environment, type safely, inheritance,
and so on.
[Link] has been designed to work seamlessly with WYSIWYG HTML
editors and other programming tools, including Microsoft Visual Studio .NET. Not
only does this make Web development easier, but it is also provides all the benefits
that these tools have to offer, including a GUI that developers can use to drop server
controls onto a Web page and fully integrated debugging support.
Developers can use Web Forms or XML Web services when creating an
[Link] application, or combine these in any way they see fit. Each is supported by
the same infrastructure that allows you to use authentication schemes; caches
frequently used data, or customize your application’s configuration, to name only a
few possibilities.
Web Forms allow you to build powerful forms-based Web pages. When
building these pages, you can use [Link] server controls to create common UI
elements, and program them for common tasks. These controls allow you to rapidly
build a Web Form out of reusable built-in or custom components, simplifying the
code of a page.
An XML Web service provides the means to access server functionality
remotely. Using XML Web services, businesses can expose programmatic interfaces
to their data or business logic, which in turn can be obtained and manipulated by
client and server applications.
An XML Web services enable the exchange of data in client-server or server-
server scenarios, using standards like HTTP and XML messaging to move data across
firewalls. XML Web services are not tied to a particular component technology or
object-calling convention. As a result, programs written in any language, using any
component model, and running on any operating system can access XML Web
services. Each of these models can take full advantage of all [Link] features, as
well as the power of the .NET Framework and .NET Framework common language
runtime. These features and how you can use them are outlined as follows.
If you have ASP development skills, the new [Link] programming model
will seem very familiar to you. However, the [Link] Object model has changed
significantly from ASP, making it more structured and object-oriented. Unfortunately
this means that [Link] is not fully backward compatible; almost all existing ASP
pages will have to be modified to some extent in order to run under [Link].
In addition, major changes to Visual Basic .NET means that existing ASP
pages written with Visual Basic Scripting Edition typically will not port directly to
[Link]. In most cases, though, the necessary changes will involve only a few lines
of code. Accessing databases from [Link] Applications is an often-used technique
for displaying data to Web site visitors. [Link] makes it easier than ever to access
databases for this purpose it also allows you to manage the database from your code.
[Link] provides a simple model that enables Web developers to write logic
that runs at the application level. Developers can write this code in the Global .asax
text file or in a compiled class deployed as an assembly. This logic can include
application-level events, but developers can easily extend this model to suit the needs
of their Web application.
[Link] takes advantage of performance enhancements found in the .NET
Frame work and common language run time. Additionally, it has been designed to
offer significant performance improvements over ASP and other Web development
platforms. All [Link] code is compiled ,rather than interpreted, which allows early
binding, strong typing, and just-in-time (JIT) compilation to native code, to name only
a few of its benefits. [Link] is also easily factorable, meaning that developers can
remove modules (a session model, for instant) that are not relevant to the application
they are developing.
[Link] offers the Trace context class, which allows you to write custom
debug statements to your pages as you develop them. They appear only when you
have enabled tracing for a page or entire application. Enabling tracing also appends
details about a request to the page, or, if you so specify, to a custom trace viewer that
is stored in the root directory of your application.
The .NET Framework and [Link] provide default authorization and
authentication schemes for Web applications. You can easily remove, add to, or
replace these schemes, depending upon the needs of your application.
[Link] configuration settings are stored in XML-based files, which are
human readable and writable. Each of your applications can have a distinct
configuration file and you can extend the configuration scheme to suit your
requirements.
Applications are said to be running side by side when they are installed on the
same computer but use different versions of the .NET Framework. IS 6.0 uses a new
process model called worker process isolation mode, which is different from the
process model used in previous versions of IIS. [Link] uses this process model
default when running on windows server 2003.
[Link]:
[Link] provides consistent access to data sources such as Microsoft SQL
server, as well as data sources exposed through OLE DB and XML. Data-sharing
consumer applications can use [Link] to connect to these data source and retrieve,
manipulate update data.
[Link] cleanly factors data access from data manipulation into discrete
components that can be used separately or in tandem. [Link] includes .NET
Framework data providers for connecting to a database, executing commands and
retrieving results. Those results are either processed directly, or placed in an
[Link] Data Set object in order to be exposed to the used in an ad-hoc manner,
combined with data from multiple sources, or remote between tiers.
The [Link] classes are found in System. [Link], and are integrated with
the XML classes found in [Link]. When compiling code that uses the
system. Data namespace, reference both [Link] and [Link].
Data processing has traditionally relied primarily on a connection-based, two-
tier model. As data processing increasingly uses multi-tier architecture, programmers
are switching to a disconnected approach to provide better scalability for their
application.
Microsoft SQL 2008
Microsoft SQL is very fast reliable and flexible Database Management
System. It provides a very high performance and it is multi threaded and multi Voter
Relational Database Management System.
Microsoft SQL is one of the most popular Relational Database Management
System on the web. The Microsoft SQL Database has become the world's most
popular open source Database, because it is free and available on almost all the
platforms. The Microsoft SQL can run on UNIX, Window, and Mac OS. Microsoft
SQL is used for the internet applications as it provides good speed and is very secure.
Microsoft SQL was developed to manage large volumes of data at very high speed to
overcome the problems of existing solutions. Microsoft SQL a be used for verity of
applications but it is mostly used for the web applications on the internet.
Microsoft SQL Features:
Microsoft SQL is very fast and much reliable for any type of application.
Microsoft SQL is very Lightweight application.
Microsoft SQL command line tool is very powerful and can be used to run SQL
queries against database.
Microsoft SQL supports indexing and binary objects.
It is allow changes to structure of table while server is running.
Microsoft SQL has a wide Voter base.
It is a very fast thread-based memory allocation system.
Microsoft SQL Written in C and C++ language.
Microsoft SQL code is tested with different compilers.
Microsoft SQL is available as a separate program for use in a client/server network
environment.
SQL Server
Microsoft and Sybase released version 1.0 in 1989.
However, the partnership between these two ended in the early 1990s.
Microsoft maintained ownership rights to the name SQL Server.
Since the 1990s, subsequent versions of SQL Server have been released including SQL Server
2000, 2005, 2008, 2012, 2014, 2016, 2017, and 2019
SQL Server Editions Following editions are available
SQL Server Enterprise: It is used in the high end, large scale and mission Critical busi-
ness. It provides High-end security, Advanced Analytics, Machine Learning, etc.
SQL Server Standard: It is suitable for Mid-Tier Application and Data marts. It includes basic
reporting and analytics.
SQL Server WEB: It is designed for a low total-cost-of-ownership option for Web hosters. It
provides scalability, affordability, and manageability capabilities for small to large scale Web
properties.
SQL Server Developer: It is similar to an enterprise edition for the non-production environ-
ment. It is mainly used for build, test, and [Link] Server Express: It is for small scale ap-
plications and free to [Link] SQL Server as Client-Server Architecture
Let's have a look at the below early morning conversation between Mom and her Son, Tom.
Key Components and Services of SQL Server
Database Engine: This component handle storage, Rapid transaction Processing, and Securing
Data.
SQL Server: This service starts, stops, pauses, and continues an instance of Microsoft SQL
Server. Executable name is [Link].
SQL Server Agent: It performs the role of Task Scheduler. It can be triggered by any event or
as per demand. Executable name is [Link].
SQL Server Browser: This listens to the incoming request and connects to the desired SQL
server instance. Executable name is [Link].
SQL Server Full-Text Search: This lets user running full-text queries against Character data in
SQL Tables. Executable name is [Link].
SQL Server VSS Writer: This allows backup and restoration of data files when the SQL server
is not running. Executable name is [Link].
SQL Server Analysis Services (SSAS): Provide Data analysis, Data mining and Machine
Learning capabilities. SQL server is integrated with R and Python language for advanced analyt-
ics. Executable name is [Link].
SQL Server Reporting Services (SSRS): Provides reporting features and decision-making ca-
pabilities. It includes integration with Hadoop. Executable name is ReportingServicesSer-
[Link]
SQL Server Integration Services (SSIS): Provided Extract-Transform and Load capabilities of
the different type of data from one source to another. It can be view as converting raw informa-
tion into useful information. Executable name is [Link]
SQL Server Instances
SQL Server allows you to run multiple services at a go, with each service having separate lo-
gins, ports, databases, etc. These are divided into two:
Primary instances
Named instances.
There are two ways through which we may access the primary instance. First, we can use the
server name. Secondly, we can use its IP address. Named instances are accessed by appending a
backslash and instance name.
For example, to connect to an instance named xyx on the local server, you should use [Link]\
xyz. From SQL Server 2005 and above, you are allowed to run up to 50 instances simultane-
ously on a server.
Note that even though you can have multiple instances on the same server, only one of them
must be the default instance while the rest must be named instances. One can run all the in -
stances concurrently, and each instance runs independent of the other instances.
Importance of SQL Server Instances
The following are the advantages of SQL Server instances:
1. For installation of different versions on one machine
You can have different versions of SQL Server on a single machine. Each installation works in-
dependently from the other installations.
2. For cost reduction
Instances can help us reduce the costs of operating SQL Server, especially in purchasing the
SQL Server license. You can get different services from different instances, hence no need for
purchasing one license for all services.
3. For maintenance of development, production and test environments separately
This is the main benefit of having many SQL Server instances on a single machine. You can use
different instances for development, production and test purposes.
4. For reducing temporary database problems
When you have all services running on a single SQL Server instance, there are high chances of
having problems with the problems, especially problems that keep on recurring. When such ser-
vices are run on different instances, you can avoid having such problems.
5. For separating security privileges
When different services are running on different SQL Server instances, you can focus on secur-
ing the instance running the most sensitive service.
6. For maintaining a standby server
A SQL Server instance can fail, leading to an outage of services. This explains the importance
of having a standby server to be brought in if the current server fails. This can easily be
achieved using SQL Server instances.
Summary:
SQL Server is defined as a relational database management system (RDBMS) developed by
Microsoft
T-SQL means Transact-SQL, a propriety Language by Microsoft
Microsoft and Sybase released version 1.0 in 1989
Various Editions of SQL Server are Enterprise, Standard, Web, Developer, and Express
Critical components of SQL Server are Database Engine, SQL Server, SQL Server Agent, SQL
Server Browser, SQL Server Full-Text Search, etc.
You can run multiple instances of SQL Server the same on the same machine.
C# History
History of C# language is interesting to know. Here we are going to discuss brief history of
C# language.
C# is pronounced as "C-Sharp". It is an object-oriented programming language provided by
Microsoft that runs on .Net Framework.
Anders Hejlsberg is known as the founder of C# language.
It is based on C++ and Java, but it has many additional extensions used to perform
component oriented programming approach.
C# has evolved much since their first release in the year 2002. It was introduced with .NET
Framework 1.0 and the current version of C# is 5.0.
C# Features
C# is object oriented programming language. It provides a lot of features that are given be-
low.
1. Simple
2. Modern programming language
3. Object oriented
4. Type safe
5. Interoperability
6. Scalable and Updateable
7. Component oriented
8. Structured programming language
9. Rich Library
10. Fast speed
1) Simple
C# is a simple language in the sense that it provides structured approach (to break the prob-
lem into parts), rich set of library functions, data types etc.
2) Modern Programming Language
C# programming is based upon the current trend and it is very powerful and simple for build-
ing scalable, interoperable and robust applications.
3) Object Oriented
C# is object oriented programming language. OOPs makes development and maintenance
easier where as in Procedure-oriented programming language it is not easy to manage if code
grows as project size grow.
4) Type Safe
C# type safe code can only access the memory location that it has permission to execute.
Therefore it improves a security of the program.
5) Interoperability
Interoperability process enables the C# programs to do almost anything that a native C++ ap-
plication can do.
6) Scalable and Updateable
C# is automatic scalable and updateable programming language. For updating our application
we delete the old files and update them with new ones.
7) Component Oriented
C# is component oriented programming language. It is the predominant software develop-
ment methodology used to develop more robust and highly scalable applications.
8) Structured Programming Language
C# is a structured programming language in the sense that we can break the program into
parts using functions. So, it is easy to understand and modify.
9) Rich Library
C# provides a lot of inbuilt functions that makes the development fast.
10) Fast Speed
The compilation and execution time of C# language is fast.
C# Example: Hello World
In C# programming language, a simple "hello world" program can be written by multiple
ways. Let's see the top 4 ways to create a simple C# example:
o Simple Example
o Using System
o Using public modifier
o Using namespace
C# Simple Example
1. class Program
2. {
3. static void Main(string[] args)
4. {
5. [Link]("Hello World!");
6. }
7. }
Output:
Hello World!
Description
class: is a keyword which is used to define class.
Program: is the class name. A class is a blueprint or template from which objects are cre-
ated. It can have data members and methods. Here, it has only Main method.
static: is a keyword which means object is not required to access static members. So it saves
memory.
void: is the return type of the method. It does't return any value. In such case, return state-
ment is not required.
Main: is the method name. It is the entry point for any C# program. Whenever we run the C#
program, Main() method is invoked first before any other method. It represents start up of the
program.
string[] args: is used for command line arguments in C#. While running the C# program, we
can pass values. These values are known as arguments which we can use in the program.
[Link]("Hello World!"): Here, System is the namespace. Console is
the class defined in System namespace. The WriteLine() is the static method of Console class
which is used to write the text on the console.
C# Example: Using System
If we write using System before the class, it means we don't need to specify System names-
pace for accessing any class of this namespace. Here, we are using Console class without
specifying [Link].
C# operators
An operator is simply a symbol that is used to perform operations. There can be many types
of operations like arithmetic, logical, bitwise etc.
There are following types of operators to perform different types of operations in C# lan-
guage.
o Arithmetic Operators
o Relational Operators
o Logical Operators
o Bitwise Operators
o Assignment Operators
o Unary Operators
o Ternary Operators
o Misc Operators
Precedence of Operators in C#
The precedence of operator specifies that which operator will be evaluated first and next. The
associativity specifies the operators direction to be evaluated, it may be left to right or right to
left.
Let's understand the precedence by the example given below:
int data= 10+ 5*5
The "data" variable will contain 35 because * (multiplicative operator) is evaluated before +
(additive operator).
C# Keywords
A keyword is a reserved word. You cannot use it as a variable name, constant name etc.
In C# keywords cannot be used as identifiers. However, if we want to use the keywords as
identifiers, we may prefix the keyword with @ character.
A list of Reserved Keywords available in C# programming language is given below:
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weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-
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Modules
Admin module
HR module
Maintenance module
Movement module
Finance module
Quality Assurance module
Module Description
1. Admin Module
Admin is the Super user of the system, he is responsible for the creation and maintenance of
the accounts to the [Link] is responsible for the creation of different kind of
[Link] looks after the maintenance of these accounts. He has a feature of getting
the password of a username ..
2. HR Manager
In Real world,Hr manager is responsible for the human resources of employees in
an [Link] Transportation is also an facilities provided to an employee, HR is
responsible for providing the transportation by cab .Here HR is Mainly used to register the
employees for the cab facility ,after registering employees,he is the person to make shifts and
Batches .Totally the functionalities of HR manager is to Maintain the Employee, Shift details
and Batch scheduling.
3. Maintenance Manager
Maintenance manager is one of the user in the system,main functionalities of this manager is
to add vehicles,drivers and vendors of the [Link] manager is responsible for
maintenance of the these details and making the spare parts billing to the vehicles. The
Maintenance manager is responsible for the Spare parts billing, registering the vehicles ,
drivers to the vehicles, mostly the vendor details and date of purchase of vehicles. These
details provide Manager whether the cabs are providing profit or loss.
4. Movement Manager
Movement Manager is one kind of user in the system who is responsible for the creation of
Driver shift details,route [Link] is responsible for the Vehicle allocation and maintenance
of the tripsheets of the Cabs. Here Movement Manager has facility to search shift details and
the Route [Link] manager is not only to create but also responsible for the
maintenance of the driver shift details,route details ,trip sheets and Vehicle allocated details.
5. Finance Manager
Finance Manager is a type of user in the system, he is responsible for the cost estimation of
the vendor,vehicle billing and viewing the feedbacks posted by the employees on the events
as accidents and the driving nature of a particular [Link] Feedbacl posted by employers give
the quality and performance of the cabs,by this result managers get a chance to improve the
performance of the transportation to get profits.
6. Quality Assurance Manager
Quality Assurance Manager is a user in the System,He is responsible for the Maintaining the
Quality in the transportation, to provide Quality he checks the performance by maintaining
the feedbacks from employees and the accident details of the Cab. Here Quality Assurance
Manager is responsible for inserting and maintaining the Accident details, by this details he
requests for the finance manager to provide the Amount to the damage .Thus by amintaing all
these details,Quality Assurance manager can give the Quality transportation facility to its
employees.
Data Flow Diagram
Flow diagram is a collective term for a diagram representing a flow or set of dynamic
relationships in a system. The term flow diagram is also used as a synonym for flowchart, and
sometimes as a counterpart of the flowchart. Example of a flow diagram of a nuclear
submarine propulsion system. A data flow diagram shows the way information flows through
a process or system. It includes data inputs and outputs, data stores, and the various
subprocesses the data moves through.
List OF DFD in this project
1. Admin side Data Flow Diagram
2. User Side Data Flow Diagram
Implementation
Home
<%@ Page Language="C#" AutoEventWireup="true" CodeFile="[Link]" Inher-
its="home" %>
<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Transitional//EN"
"[Link]
<html xmlns="[Link] >
<head runat="server">
<title>Welcome to [Link]</title>
</head>
<body>
<form id="form1" runat="server">
<div style="background-color: #ffffcc">
<asp:ImageButton ID="ImageButton3" runat="server" ImageUrl="~/images/
[Link]"
<asp:LinkButton ID="LinkButton3" runat="server" OnClick="LinkButton3_Click"
style="color: green" Font-Bold="True" Font-Size="10pt">Home</asp:LinkBut-
ton>
<asp:LinkButton ID="LinkButton4" runat="server" On-
Click="LinkButton4_Click" style="color: green" Font-Bold="True" Font-
Size="10pt">About Us</asp:LinkButton>
<asp:LinkButton ID="LinkButton5" runat="server" On-
Click="LinkButton5_Click" style="color: green" Font-Bold="True" Font-
Size="10pt">Developers</asp:LinkButton>
<asp:LinkButton ID="LinkButton7" runat="server" On-
Click="LinkButton7_Click" style="color: green" Font-Bold="True" Font-
Size="10pt">Contact Us</asp:LinkButton>
<asp:LinkButton ID="LinkButton6" runat="server" On-
Click="LinkButton6_Click" style="color: green" Font-Bold="True" Font-
Size="10pt">Help</asp:LinkButton><br />
<asp:TextBox ID="TextBox1" runat="server" Font-Bold="True" Font-
Names="Times New Roman"
Font-Size="32pt" Height="52px" Style="background-color: transpar-
ent" Width="283px">CAR RENTAL</asp:TextBox><br />
<table>
<tr>
<td style="width: 755px; height: 33px; background-color:
transparent;">
<asp:AdRotator ID="AdRotator4" runat="server" Data-
SourceID="XmlDataSource4" Height="33px"
Width="755px" OnAdCreated="AdRotator4_AdCreated" />
<asp:XmlDataSource ID="XmlDataSource4" runat="server"
DataFile="~/[Link]"></asp:XmlDataSource>
</td>
</tr>
</table>
<asp:HyperLink ID="HyperLink1" runat="server" Font-Bold="True" Font-
Size="14pt" ForeColor="Red"
NavigateUrl="~/[Link]">**SERVICES**</asp:HyperLink>
<br />
<br />
<table>
<tr>
<td align="left" style="width: 211px; height: 173px">
<asp:AdRotator ID="AdRotator1" runat="server" Data-
SourceID="XmlDataSource2" Height="330px" Width="200px" />
<asp:XmlDataSource ID="XmlDataSource2" runat="server"
DataFile="~/[Link]"></asp:XmlDataSource>
</td>
<td style="width: 25px; height: 173px">
<asp:ImageButton ID="ImageButton2" runat="server" Height="30px" Im-
ageUrl="~/images/[Link]" OnClick="ImageButton2_Click"
Width="30px" /><br />
<asp:ImageButton ID="ImageButton1" runat="server" ImageUrl="~/images/
[Link]" Height="30px" OnClick="ImageButton1_Click" Width="30px" /></td>
<td style="width: 325px; height: 173px">
<br />
<asp:LinkButton ID="LinkButton2" runat="server" On-
Click="LinkButton2_Click" Width="87px" Font-Bold="True" Font-Size="16pt"
style="color: black">Administrator</asp:LinkButton><br />
<br />
<asp:LinkButton ID="LinkButton1" runat="server" Height="14px" On-
Click="LinkButton1_Click" Font-Bold="True" Font-Size="16pt" style="color:
black">User</asp:LinkButton></td>
<td style="width: 241px; height: 173px">
<asp:AdRotator ID="AdRotator2" runat="server" Data-
SourceID="XmlDataSource1" Height="330px"
Width="220px" />
<asp:XmlDataSource ID="XmlDataSource1" runat="server"
DataFile="~/[Link]"></asp:XmlDataSource>
</td>
</tr>
</table>
<table style="width: 710px; height: 70px">
<tr>
<td style="width: 255px; height: 85px">
<asp:AdRotator ID="AdRotator3" runat="server" Data-
SourceID="XmlDataSource3" Height="80px"
Width="733px" />
<asp:XmlDataSource ID="XmlDataSource3" runat="server"
DataFile="~/[Link]"></asp:XmlDataSource>
</td>
</tr>
</table>
</div>
</form>
</body>
</html>
using System;
using [Link];
using [Link];
using [Link];
using [Link];
using [Link];
using [Link];
using [Link];
using [Link];
using [Link];
using [Link];
public partial class adminupdt : [Link]
{
protected void Page_Load(object sender, EventArgs e)
{
}
protected void Button1_Click(object sender, EventArgs e)
{
OleDbConnection cnn = new OleDbConnection();
[Link] = "provider=msdaora.1; Data Source=shikha; User
ID=scott; Password=tiger;Unicode=True";
[Link]();
OleDbCommand cmd,cmd1;
string query,query1;
cmd = new OleDbCommand();
[Link] = cnn;
cmd1 = new OleDbCommand();
[Link] = cnn;
query = "SELECT max(sno) FROM CITY";
OleDbDataAdapter da;
da = new OleDbDataAdapter(query, cnn);
DataSet ds = new DataSet();
[Link](ds, "city");
DataTable dt = new DataTable();
dt = [Link]["city"];
int ii;
ii = [Link]([Link][0]["max(sno)"].ToString());
int iii;
iii = ii + 1;
query1="insert into city values(" + iii + ",'" + [Link] + "')";
cmd1 = new OleDbCommand(query1, cnn);
[Link]();
[Link]();
}
protected void Button2_Click(object sender, EventArgs e)
{
OleDbConnection cnn = new OleDbConnection();
[Link] = "provider=msdaora.1; Data Source=shikha; User
ID=scott; Password=tiger;Unicode=True";
[Link]();
OleDbCommand cmd, cmd1;
string query, query1;
cmd = new OleDbCommand();
[Link] = cnn;
cmd1 = new OleDbCommand();
[Link] = cnn;
query = "insert into rent values('" + [Link] + "','" + Text-
[Link] + "')";
cmd = new OleDbCommand(query, cnn);
[Link]();
query1 = "insert into vehicle values('" + [Link] + "','" +
[Link] + "','" + [Link] + "','" + [Link] + "')";
cmd1 = new OleDbCommand(query1, cnn);
[Link]();
[Link]();
}
}
Payments
<%@ Page Language="C#" AutoEventWireup="true" CodeFile="[Link]"
Inherits="custpayment" %>
<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Transitional//EN"
"[Link]
<html xmlns="[Link] >
<head runat="server">
<title>Untitled Page</title>
<script language="javascript" type="text/javascript">
// <!CDATA[
function TABLE1_onclick() {
// ]]>
</script>
</head>
<body>
<form id="form1" runat="server">
<div style="background-color: #ccccff">
<asp:ImageButton ID="ImageButton1" runat="server" ImageUrl="~/images/
[Link]" />
<asp:Label ID="Label1" runat="server" Font-Bold="True" Font-
Size="24pt" Text="CUSTOMER PAYMENT"
Width="358px"></asp:Label>
<asp:Button ID="Button2" runat="server" OnClick="Button2_Click"
Style="color: white;
background-color: black" Text="LOGOUT" /><br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<asp:TextBox ID="TextBox1" runat="server" Width="125px">Enter Customer
No. </asp:TextBox>
<asp:TextBox ID="TextBox2" runat="server"></asp:TextBox>
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<asp:GridView ID="GridView1" runat="server" AutoGenerate-
Columns="False" DataSourceID="SqlDataSource1">
<Columns>
<asp:CommandField ShowSelectButton="True" />
<asp:BoundField DataField="PUD" HeaderText="PUD" SortExpres-
sion="PUD" />
<asp:BoundField DataField="DOD" HeaderText="DOD" SortExpres-
sion="DOD" />
<asp:BoundField DataField="NOD" HeaderText="NOD" SortExpres-
sion="NOD" />
<asp:BoundField DataField="AC" HeaderText="AC" SortExpres-
sion="AC" />
<asp:BoundField DataField="DRIVER" HeaderText="DRIVER" SortEx-
pression="DRIVER" />
<asp:BoundField DataField="RATE" HeaderText="RATE" SortExpres-
sion="RATE" />
</Columns>
</asp:GridView>
<asp:SqlDataSource ID="SqlDataSource1" runat="server" Connection-
String="<%$ ConnectionStrings:ConnectionString16 %>"
ProviderName="<%$ ConnectionStrings:[Link]-
Name %>" SelectCommand='SELECT "NOD", "DRIVER", "RATE", "AC", "PUD", "DOD"
FROM "CUSTINF" WHERE ("CNO" = :CNO)'>
<SelectParameters>
<asp:ControlParameter ControlID="TextBox2" Name="CNO" Proper-
tyName="Text" Type="Decimal" />
</SelectParameters>
</asp:SqlDataSource>
<asp:Label ID="Label3"
runat="server" Font-Bold="True"
Font-Underline="True" Text="Your Total Bill is:" Vis-
ible="False"></asp:Label>
<asp:Label ID="Label2" runat="server" Font-Bold="True" Font-
Size="14pt" Font-Underline="False" Height="22px" Width="62px"></asp:Label><br
/>
<br />
<br />
<asp:Button ID="Button1" runat="server" BorderStyle="Outset" Font-
Bold="True" Font-Size="12pt"
OnClick="Button1_Click" Style="color: white; background-color:
black" Text="GENERATE BILL" />
<asp:TextBox ID="TextBox3" runat="server" Visible="False"></asp:Text-
Box><br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
</div>
</form>
</body>
</html>
using System;
using [Link];
using [Link];
using [Link];
using [Link];
using [Link];
using [Link];
using [Link];
using [Link];
using [Link];
using [Link];
public partial class custpayment : [Link]
{
protected void Page_Load(object sender, EventArgs e)
{
}
protected void Button1_Click(object sender, EventArgs e)
{
[Link] = true;
int ac, driver,nod1,rate;
string nod,ac1,driver1,pud,dod;
Double ttl=0,tax;
pud=[Link][1].Text;
dod=[Link][2].Text;
nod = [Link][3].Text;
rate =[Link]([Link][6].Text);
ac1 = [Link][4].Text;
driver1 =[Link][5].Text;
nod1 = Convert.ToInt16(nod);
ac = [Link](ac1);
driver = [Link](driver1);
if (ac != 0)
ttl = ttl + 500;
if (driver != 0)
ttl = ttl + 500;
ttl = ttl + (nod1 * rate);
tax = (ttl * 12.54)/100;
ttl = ttl + tax;
[Link] = [Link]();
OleDbConnection cnn = new OleDbConnection();
[Link] = "provider=msdaora.1; Data Source=shikha; User
ID=scott; Password=tiger;Unicode=True";
[Link]();
OleDbCommand cmd,cmd2,cmd3,cmd4;
string query,query2,query3,query4;
cmd = new OleDbCommand();
cmd2 = new OleDbCommand();
cmd3 = new OleDbCommand();
cmd4 = new OleDbCommand();
[Link] = cnn;
[Link] = cnn;
[Link] = cnn;
[Link] = cnn;
query = "insert into billing values(" + [Link]([Link]) +
",'" + pud + "', '" + dod + "', '" + nod1 + "', " + ac + ", " + driver + ",'"
+ [Link]() + "','" + [Link] + "')";
cmd = new OleDbCommand(query, cnn);
[Link]();
query2 = "select model from custinf where cno='" + [Link] +
"'";
cmd2 = new OleDbCommand(query2, cnn);
OleDbDataReader dr2;
dr2 = [Link]();
if ([Link]())
{
[Link] = dr2["model"].ToString();
}
query3 = "update vehicle set available=1 where model='" +
[Link] + "'";
cmd3 = new OleDbCommand(query3, cnn);
[Link]();
query4 ="delete from CUSTINF where cno=" + [Link]([Link])
+ "";
cmd4 = new OleDbCommand(query4, cnn);
[Link]();
[Link]();
protected void Button2_Click(object sender, EventArgs e)
{
[Link]("[Link]");
}
}
Customers
<%@ Page Language="C#" AutoEventWireup="true" CodeFile="[Link]"
Inherits="custdetail" %>
<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Transitional//EN"
"[Link]
<html xmlns="[Link] >
<head runat="server">
<title>Untitled Page</title>
</head>
<body>
<form id="form1" runat="server">
<div style="background-color: #ccccff">
<asp:ImageButton ID="ImageButton1" runat="server" ImageUrl="~/images/
[Link]" />
<asp:Button ID="Button1" runat="server" OnClick="Button1_Click1"
Style="color: white; background-color: #000000" Text="LOGOUT" /
><br />
<asp:Label ID="Label1" runat="server" Font-Bold="True" Font-
Size="24pt" Font-Underline="True"
Text=" CUSTOMER DETAIL"></asp:Label><br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<asp:GridView ID="GridView1" runat="server"
AutoGenerateColumns="False"
BackColor="White" BorderColor="#999999" BorderStyle="None" Border-
Width="1px"
CellPadding="3" DataSourceID="SqlDataSource1" GridLines="Vertical"
Width="440px">
<FooterStyle BackColor="#CCCCCC" ForeColor="Black" />
<Columns>
<asp:BoundField DataField="CNO" HeaderText="CNO"
ReadOnly="True" SortExpression="CNO" />
<asp:BoundField DataField="NAME" HeaderText="NAME" SortExpres-
sion="NAME" />
<asp:BoundField DataField="PHONE" HeaderText="PHONE" SortEx-
pression="PHONE" />
<asp:BoundField DataField="EMAILID" HeaderText="EMAILID" Sor-
tExpression="EMAILID" />
<asp:BoundField DataField="ADDRESS" HeaderText="ADDRESS" Sor-
tExpression="ADDRESS" />
<asp:BoundField DataField="EMAILID" HeaderText="EMAILID" Sor-
tExpression="EMAILID" />
<asp:BoundField DataField="PUD" HeaderText="PUD" SortExpres-
sion="PUD" />
<asp:BoundField DataField="DOD" HeaderText="DOD" SortExpres-
sion="DOD" />
<asp:BoundField DataField="NOD" HeaderText="NOD" SortExpres-
sion="NOD" />
<asp:BoundField DataField="PIC" HeaderText="PIC" SortExpres-
sion="PIC" />
<asp:BoundField DataField="DOC" HeaderText="DOC" SortExpres-
sion="DOC" />
<asp:BoundField DataField="AC" HeaderText="AC" SortExpres-
sion="AC" />
<asp:BoundField DataField="DRIVER" HeaderText="DRIVER" SortEx-
pression="DRIVER" />
<asp:BoundField DataField="MODEL" HeaderText="MODEL" SortEx-
pression="MODEL" />
<asp:BoundField DataField="RATE" HeaderText="RATE" SortExpres-
sion="RATE" />
</Columns>
<RowStyle BackColor="#EEEEEE" ForeColor="Black" />
<SelectedRowStyle BackColor="#008A8C" Font-Bold="True" Fore-
Color="White" />
<PagerStyle BackColor="#999999" ForeColor="Black" HorizontalA-
lign="Center" />
<HeaderStyle BackColor="#000084" Font-Bold="True" Fore-
Color="White" />
<AlternatingRowStyle BackColor="Gainsboro" />
</asp:GridView>
<asp:SqlDataSource ID="SqlDataSource1" runat="server" Connection-
String="<%$ ConnectionStrings:ConnectionString15 %>"
ProviderName="<%$ ConnectionStrings:[Link]-
Name %>" SelectCommand='SELECT * FROM "CUSTINF"'>
</asp:SqlDataSource>
</div>
</form>
</body>
</html>
Debit
<%@ Page Language="C#" AutoEventWireup="true" CodeFile="[Link]" Inher-
its="debit" %>
<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Transitional//EN"
"[Link]
<html xmlns="[Link] >
<head runat="server">
<title>Untitled Page</title>
</head>
<body>
<form id="form1" runat="server">
<div style="background-color: #ccff99">
<asp:ImageButton ID="ImageButton1" runat="server" ImageUrl="~/images/
[Link]" />
<asp:AdRotator ID="AdRotator1" runat="server" DataSourceID="XmlDataSource1" />
<asp:XmlDataSource ID="XmlDataSource1" runat="server" DataFile="~/deb-
[Link]"></asp:XmlDataSource>
<asp:Label ID="Label3" runat="server" Font-Bold="True" Text="Account
Type"></asp:Label>
<asp:RadioButton ID="RadioButton1" runat="server"
Text="Savings"
Width="68px" />
<asp:RadioButton ID="RadioButton2" runat="server" Text="Current"
Width="72px" /><br />
<br />
<asp:Label ID="Label2" runat="server" Font-Bold="True" Text="Card
No."></asp:Label>
<asp:TextBox ID="TextBox2" runat="server" Width="151px"
MaxLength="4" TextMode="Password"></asp:TextBox>
<asp:RequiredFieldValidator ID="RequiredFieldValidator1"
runat="server" ControlToValidate="TextBox2"
ErrorMessage="*Mandatory Field" Font-Bold="True" Font-
Size="10pt"></asp:RequiredFieldValidator>
<asp:Label ID="Label1" runat="server" Font-Bold="True" Text="Amount"></asp:La-
bel>
<asp:TextBox ID="TextBox1" runat="server" On-
TextChanged="TextBox1_TextChanged1" Width="151px"></asp:TextBox>
<asp:Label ID="Label4" runat="server" Font-Bold="True" Style="color:
red" Text="Enter the correct amount"
Visible="False" Width="172px"></asp:Label>
<asp:Button ID="Button1" runat="server"
Font-Bold="True" Font-Size="11pt" OnClick="Button1_Click"
Style="color: white;
background-color: black" Text="PAY NOW" />
<asp:Label ID="Label5" runat="server" Font-Bold="True" Font-
Size="12pt" Text="PAYMENT RECEIVED..."
Visible="False" Width="187px"></asp:Label><br />
<asp:LinkButton ID="LinkButton1" runat="server" Font-Bold="True" On-
Click="LinkButton1_Click">Home</asp:LinkButton>
<br />
<br />
<br />
<asp:AdRotator ID="AdRotator2" runat="server" DataSourceID="XmlData-
Source2" />
<asp:XmlDataSource ID="XmlDataSource2" runat="server" DataFile="~/
[Link]"></asp:XmlDataSource>
</div>
</form>
</body>
</html>
using System;
using [Link];
using [Link];
using [Link];
using [Link];
using [Link];
using [Link];
using [Link];
using [Link];
using [Link];
public partial class debit : [Link]
{
protected void Page_Load(object sender, EventArgs e)
{
}
protected void TextBox1_TextChanged(object sender, EventArgs e)
{
protected void Button1_Click(object sender, EventArgs e)
{
if ([Link]([Link]) != 500)
{
[Link] = "";
[Link] = true;
else
{
[Link] = false;
[Link] = true;
}
if ([Link])
{
[Link] = false;
}
}
protected void LinkButton1_Click(object sender, EventArgs e)
{
[Link]("[Link]");
}
protected void TextBox1_TextChanged1(object sender, EventArgs e)
{
}
}
Search
<%@ Page Language="C#" AutoEventWireup="true" CodeFile="[Link]" In-
herits="search1" %>
<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Transitional//EN"
"[Link]
<html xmlns="[Link] >
<head runat="server">
<title>Untitled Page</title>
<script language="javascript" type="text/javascript">
// <!CDATA[
// ]]>
</script>
</head>
<body>
<form id="form1" runat="server">
<div style="font-family: Georgia; background-color: #ffffff;">
<asp:ImageButton ID="ImageButton3" runat="server" ImageUrl="~/images/
[Link]" TabIndex="25"
/>
<asp:TextBox ID="TextBox1" runat="server" Font-Bold="True" Font-
Size="32pt" Font-Underline="True"
Style="font-family: Georgia; background-color: transparent;"
Width="379px" EnableViewState="False" TabIndex="26" ReadOnly="True">BOOKING
FORM</asp:TextBox>
<br />
<asp:AdRotator ID="AdRotator1" runat="server" DataSourceID="XmlData-
Source1" Height="63px"
Width="755px" TabIndex="27" />
<asp:XmlDataSource ID="XmlDataSource1" runat="server" DataFile="~/
[Link]"></asp:XmlDataSource>
<br />
<br />
<asp:Label ID="Label2" runat="server" Font-Bold="True" Font-
Size="11pt" Text="YOUR CUSTOMER NO IS: "
Visible="False" TabIndex="28"></asp:Label>
<asp:Label ID="Label3" runat="server" Font-Bold="True" Font-
Size="24pt" Text="Label"
Visible="False" TabIndex="29"></asp:Label> <asp:Button
ID="Button1" runat="server"
Font-Bold="True" Font-Size="16pt" OnClick="Button1_Click"
Style="color: red;
background-color: black" Text="GO...!!" Visible="False" Ta-
bIndex="34" /><br />
<table id="TABLE1" onclick="return TABLE1_onclick()" style="back-
ground-image: none">
<tr>
<td style="width: 314px; height: 21px">
<asp:TextBox ID="TextBox5" runat="server" Font-Bold="True"
Font-Size="10pt" Style="color: black;
background-color: white" Width="136px" TabIndex="14"
ReadOnly="True">NAME OF CUSTOMER </asp:TextBox></td>
<td style="width: 79px; height: 21px">
<asp:TextBox ID="TextBox9" runat="server"
MaxLength="15"></asp:TextBox></td>
<td style="width: 55px; height: 21px">
<asp:RequiredFieldValidator ID="RequiredFieldValidator1"
runat="server" ControlToValidate="TextBox9"
ErrorMessage="INFORMATION REQUIRED" Font-Bold="True"
Font-Italic="True" Font-Size="8pt"
Style="color: red; background-color: transparent"
Width="169px"></asp:RequiredFieldValidator></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="width: 314px; height: 21px">
<asp:TextBox ID="TextBox6" runat="server" Font-Bold="True"
Font-Size="10pt" Width="72px" ReadOnly="True" TabIndex="15">PHONE NO.</
asp:TextBox></td>
<td style="width: 79px; height: 21px">
<asp:TextBox ID="TextBox10" runat="server" TabIndex="1"
MaxLength="11"></asp:TextBox></td>
<td style="width: 314px; height: 21px">
<asp:RequiredFieldValidator ID="RequiredFieldValidator2"
runat="server" ControlToValidate="TextBox10"
ErrorMessage="INFORMATION REQUIRED" Font-Bold="True"
Font-Italic="True" Font-Size="8pt"
Style="color: red; background-color: transparent"></
asp:RequiredFieldValidator>
<asp:RegularExpressionValidator ID="RegularExpressionVal-
idator2" runat="server" ControlToValidate="TextBox10"
ErrorMessage="ENTER THE CORRECT NO." Font-Bold="True"
Font-Italic="True" Font-Size="8pt"
ValidationExpression="\d{11}" Width="215px"></asp:Reg-
ularExpressionValidator></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="width: 314px; height: 21px">
<asp:TextBox ID="TextBox7" runat="server" Font-Bold="True"
Font-Size="10pt" Width="56px" ReadOnly="True" TabIndex="16">Email-Id</
asp:TextBox></td>
<td style="width: 79px; height: 21px">
<asp:TextBox ID="TextBox11" runat="server" Ta-
bIndex="2"></asp:TextBox></td>
<td style="width: 55px; height: 21px">
<asp:RequiredFieldValidator ID="RequiredFieldValidator3"
runat="server" ControlToValidate="TextBox11"
ErrorMessage=" INFORMATION REQUIRED" Font-Bold="True"
Font-Italic="True" Font-Size="8pt" Width="176px"></asp:RequiredFieldValidator>
<asp:RegularExpressionValidator ID="RegularExpressionVal-
idator1" runat="server" ControlToValidate="TextBox11"
ErrorMessage=" " Font-Bold="True" Font-Italic="True"
Font-Size="8pt" ValidationExpression="\w+([-+.']\w+)*@\w+([-.]\w+)*\.\w+([-.]\
w+)*"
Width="129px">INVALID Email-Id</asp:RegularExpression-
Validator></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="width: 314px; height: 21px">
<asp:TextBox ID="TextBox8" runat="server" Font-Bold="True"
Font-Size="10pt" Width="62px" TabIndex="17" ReadOnly="True">ADDRESS</asp:Text-
Box></td>
<td style="width: 79px; height: 21px">
<asp:TextBox ID="TextBox19" runat="server" Ta-
bIndex="3"></asp:TextBox></td>
<td style="width: 55px; height: 21px">
<asp:Calendar ID="Calendar1" runat="server" BackColor="White" Border-
Color="#3366CC"
BorderWidth="1px" CellPadding="1" DayNameFormat="Shortest" Font-
Names="Verdana"
Font-Size="8pt" ForeColor="#003399" Height="54px" Visible="False"
Width="20px" OnSelectionChanged="Calendar1_SelectionChanged" TabIndex="31">
<SelectedDayStyle BackColor="#009999" Font-Bold="True" Fore-
Color="#CCFF99" />
<TodayDayStyle BackColor="#99CCCC" ForeColor="White" />
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Font-Size="10pt" ForeColor="#CCCCFF" Height="25px" />
</asp:Calendar>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="width: 314px; height: 21px">
<asp:TextBox ID="TextBox12" runat="server" Font-
Bold="True" Font-Size="10pt" Width="91px" TabIndex="18" ReadOnly="True">PICK
UP DATE</asp:TextBox></td>
<td style="width: 79px; height: 21px">
<asp:TextBox ID="TextBox2" runat="server" Width="149px"
TabIndex="4"></asp:TextBox><asp:ImageButton ID="ImageButton1" runat="server"
OnClick="ImageButton1_Click" ImageUrl="~/images/[Link]" ImageAlign="Top" Ta-
bIndex="39" />
</td>
<td style="width: 55px; height: 21px">
<asp:CustomValidator ID="CustomValidator1"
runat="server" ControlToValidate="TextBox2"
Font-Bold="True" Font-Italic="True" Font-Size="8pt"
OnServerValidate="CustomValidator1_ServerValidate1"
Width="125px"></asp:CustomValidator><br />
<asp:Label ID="Label5" runat="server" Font-Bold="True"
Font-Italic="True" Font-Size="8pt"
ForeColor="Red" Text="PLZ ENTER THE CORRECT DATE" Vis-
ible="False" Width="203px"></asp:Label><br />
<asp:Calendar ID="Calendar2" runat="server" Back-
Color="White" BorderColor="#3366CC"
BorderWidth="1px" CellPadding="1" DayName-
Format="Shortest" Font-Names="Verdana"
Font-Size="8pt" ForeColor="#003399" Height="50px"
OnSelectionChanged="Calendar2_SelectionChanged"
Visible="False" Width="15px" TabIndex="32">
<SelectedDayStyle BackColor="#009999" Font-Bold="True"
ForeColor="#CCFF99" />
<TodayDayStyle BackColor="#99CCCC" ForeColor="White"
/>
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/>
<WeekendDayStyle BackColor="#CCCCFF" />
<OtherMonthDayStyle ForeColor="#999999" />
<NextPrevStyle Font-Size="8pt" ForeColor="#CCCCFF" />
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Color="#336666" Height="1px" />
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BorderWidth="1px" Font-Bold="True"
Font-Size="10pt" ForeColor="#CCCCFF" Height="25px"
/>
</asp:Calendar>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="width: 314px; height: 22px">
<asp:TextBox ID="TextBox13" runat="server" Font-
Bold="True" Font-Size="10pt" Width="106px" TabIndex="19" ReadOnly="True">DROP
OFF DATE</asp:TextBox></td>
<td style="width: 79px; height: 22px">
<asp:TextBox ID="TextBox3" runat="server" TabIndex="5"></
asp:TextBox><asp:ImageButton ID="ImageButton2" runat="server" ImageUrl="~/im-
ages/[Link]" OnClick="ImageButton2_Click" TabIndex="40" />
</td>
<td style="width: 55px; height: 22px">
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="width: 314px; height: 12px">
<asp:TextBox ID="TextBox4" runat="server" Font-Bold="True"
Width="86px" TabIndex="20" ReadOnly="True">NO. OF DAYS</asp:TextBox></td>
<td style="width: 79px; height: 12px">
<asp:TextBox ID="TextBox22" runat="server" Ta-
bIndex="6"></asp:TextBox>
<asp:Label ID="Label4" runat="server" Font-Bold="True"
Font-Size="9pt" Text="(dd:hh:mm:ss)"
Width="86px" TabIndex="43"></asp:Label></td>
<td style="width: 55px; height: 12px">
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="width: 314px; height: 42px">
<asp:TextBox ID="TextBox14" runat="server" Font-
Bold="True" Font-Size="10pt" Width="83px" TabIndex="21" ReadOnly="True">PICK-
IN CITY</asp:TextBox></td>
<td align="left" style="width: 79px; height: 42px">
<asp:DropDownList ID="DropDownList11" runat="server"
AutoPostBack="True" TabIndex="7" DataSourceID="SqlDataSource2" DataText-
Field="CNAME" DataValueField="CNAME">
<asp:ListItem>Mumbai</asp:ListItem>
<asp:ListItem>Delhi</asp:ListItem>
<asp:ListItem>Bangluru</asp:ListItem>
<asp:ListItem>Jaipur</asp:ListItem>
<asp:ListItem>Chennai</asp:ListItem>
<asp:ListItem>Kolkata</asp:ListItem>
<asp:ListItem>Ahmedabad</asp:ListItem>
<asp:ListItem>Nagpur</asp:ListItem>
<asp:ListItem>Pune</asp:ListItem>
<asp:ListItem>Kanpur</asp:ListItem>
<asp:ListItem>Indore</asp:ListItem>
</asp:DropDownList><asp:SqlDataSource ID="SqlDataSource2"
runat="server" ConnectionString="<%$ ConnectionStrings:ConnectionString21 %>"
ProviderName="<%$ ConnectionStrings:Connection-
[Link] %>" SelectCommand='SELECT "CNAME" FROM "CITY"'>
</asp:SqlDataSource>
</td>
<td style="width: 55px; height: 42px">
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="width: 314px; height: 24px;">
<asp:TextBox ID="TextBox15" runat="server" Font-
Bold="True" Font-Size="10pt" Width="102px" TabIndex="22" ReadOnly="True">DROP
OFF CITY</asp:TextBox></td>
<td style="width: 79px; height: 24px;">
<asp:DropDownList ID="DropDownList12" runat="server"
AutoPostBack="True" TabIndex="8" DataSourceID="SqlDataSource2" DataText-
Field="CNAME" DataValueField="CNAME">
<asp:ListItem>Mumbai</asp:ListItem>
<asp:ListItem>Delhi</asp:ListItem>
<asp:ListItem>Ahmedabad</asp:ListItem>
<asp:ListItem>Bangaluru</asp:ListItem>
<asp:ListItem>Kanpur</asp:ListItem>
<asp:ListItem>Indore</asp:ListItem>
<asp:ListItem>Chennai</asp:ListItem>
<asp:ListItem>Jaipur</asp:ListItem>
<asp:ListItem>Kolkata</asp:ListItem>
<asp:ListItem>Nagpur</asp:ListItem>
<asp:ListItem>Pune</asp:ListItem>
</asp:DropDownList></td>
<td style="width: 55px; height: 24px">
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="width: 314px; height: 40px">
<asp:CheckBox ID="CheckBox2" runat="server" Font-
Bold="True" ForeColor="#FFFFFF"
Style="color: white"
Width="1px" Height="1px" OnChecked-
Changed="CheckBox2_CheckedChanged" TabIndex="9" /><asp:TextBox ID="TextBox16"
runat="server" Font-Bold="True" Font-Size="10pt" Width="110px" TabIndex="41"
ReadOnly="True">AC(Extra Rs 500/-)</asp:TextBox></td>
<td style="width: 314px; height: 40px">
<asp:CheckBox ID="CheckBox3" runat="server" Font-
Bold="True" Style="color: white" Width="1px" Height="1px" TabIndex="10" /
><asp:TextBox ID="TextBox17" runat="server" Font-Bold="True" Font-Size="10pt"
Width="139px" TabIndex="42" ReadOnly="True">DRIVER(Extra Rs 500/-)</asp:Text-
Box></td>
<td style="width: 55px; height: 40px">
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="width: 314px; height: 77px">
<asp:TextBox ID="TextBox18" runat="server" Font-
Bold="True" Font-Size="10pt" Width="78px" TabIndex="23" ReadOnly="True">CAR
MODEL</asp:TextBox></td>
<td style="width: 79px; height: 77px">
<asp:DropDownList ID="DropDownList1" runat="server"
AutoPostBack="True" OnSelectedIndexChanged="DropDownList1_SelectedIndex-
Changed1" TabIndex="11" DataSourceID="SqlDataSource1" DataTextField="MODEL"
DataValueField="MODEL" >
</asp:DropDownList><asp:SqlDataSource ID="SqlDataSource1"
runat="server" ConnectionString="<%$ ConnectionStrings:ConnectionString19 %>"
ProviderName="<%$ ConnectionStrings:Connection-
[Link] %>" SelectCommand='SELECT "MODEL" FROM "RENT"'>
</asp:SqlDataSource>
</td>
<td style="width: 55px; height: 77px">
<asp:Label ID="Label1" runat="server" Font-Bold="True"
Font-Italic="True" Font-Size="9pt"
Style="color: red; background-color: transparent"
Text="Car Not Available" Visible="False" Width="119px"></asp:Label></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="width: 314px; height: 40px" align="top">
<asp:TextBox ID="TextBox20" runat="server" Font-
Bold="True" Font-Size="10pt" Width="38px" TabIndex="24"
ReadOnly="True">RENT</asp:TextBox></td>
<td style="width: 79px; height: 40px">
<br />
<br />
<asp:TextBox ID="TextBox21" runat="server" Ta-
bIndex="12"></asp:TextBox>
</td>
<td style="width: 55px; height: 40px">
</td>
</tr>
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<td style="width: 314px; height: 53px">
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<td style="width: 79px; height: 53px" align="left">
<asp:LinkButton ID="LinkButton1" runat="server" Font-
Bold="True" OnClick="LinkButton1_Click"
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bIndex="13">BOOK</asp:LinkButton></td>
<td style="width: 55px; height: 53px">
</td>
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<asp:LinkButton ID="LinkButton2" runat="server" Font-Bold="True" Font-
Size="9pt"
OnClick="LinkButton2_Click1" Style="color: green" Width="32px" Ta-
bIndex="33">Home</asp:LinkButton>
<asp:LinkButton ID="LinkButton3" runat="server" Font-Bold="True" Font-
Size="9pt"
OnClick="LinkButton3_Click" Style="color: green" Ta-
bIndex="34">About Us</asp:LinkButton>
<asp:LinkButton ID="LinkButton4" runat="server" Font-Bold="True" Font-
Size="9pt"
OnClick="LinkButton4_Click" Style="color: green" TabIndex="35">De-
velopers</asp:LinkButton>
<asp:LinkButton ID="LinkButton5" runat="server" Font-Bold="True" Font-
Size="9pt"
OnClick="LinkButton5_Click" Style="color: green" Ta-
bIndex="36">Contact Us</asp:LinkButton>
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Size="9pt"
OnClick="LinkButton6_Click" Style="color: green" Ta-
bIndex="37">Help</asp:LinkButton><br />
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Source2" TabIndex="38" />
<asp:XmlDataSource ID="XmlDataSource2" runat="server" DataFile="~/
[Link]"></asp:XmlDataSource>
</form>
</body>
</html>
System Testing And Validation
Testing
The various levels of testing are
1. White Box Testing
2. Black Box Testing
3. Unit Testing
4. Functional Testing
5. Performance Testing
6. Integration Testing
7. Objective
8. Integration Testing
9. Validation Testing
10. System Testing
11. Structure Testing
12. Output Testing
13. User Acceptance Testing
White Box Testing
White-box testing (also known as clear box testing, glass box testing, transparent
box testing, and structural testing) is a method of testing software that tests internal struc-
tures or workings of an application, as opposed to its functionality (i.e. black-box testing). In
white-box testing an internal perspective of the system, as well as programming skills, are
used to design test cases. The tester chooses inputs to exercise paths through the code and de-
termine the appropriate outputs. This is analogous to testing nodes in a circuit, e.g. in-circuit
testing (ICT).
While white-box testing can be applied at the unit, integration and system levels of
the software testing process, it is usually done at the unit level. It can test paths within a unit,
paths between units during integration, and between subsystems during a system–level test.
Though this method of test design can uncover many errors or problems, it might not detect
unimplemented parts of the specification or missing requirements.
White-box test design techniques include:
Control flow testing
Data flow testing
Branch testing
Path testing
Statement coverage
Decision coverage
White-box testing is a method of testing the application at the level of the source code.
The test cases are derived through the use of the design techniques mentioned above: control
flow testing, data flow testing, branch testing, path testing, statement coverage and decision
coverage as well as modified condition/decision coverage. White-box testing is the use of
these techniques as guidelines to create an error free environment by examining any fragile
code.
These White-box testing techniques are the building blocks of white-box testing, whose
essence is the careful testing of the application at the source code level to prevent any hidden
errors later on. These different techniques exercise every visible path of the source code to
minimize errors and create an error-free environment. The whole point of white-box testing is
the ability to know which line of the code is being executed and being able to identify what
the correct output should be.
Levels
1. Unit testing. White-box testing is done during unit testing to ensure that the code is
working as intended, before any integration happens with previously tested code.
White-box testing during unit testing catches any defects early on and aids in any de-
fects that happen later on after the code is integrated with the rest of the application
and therefore prevents any type of errors later on.
2. Integration testing. White-box testing at this level are written to test the interactions of
each interface with each other. The Unit level testing made sure that each code was
tested and working accordingly in an isolated environment and integration examines
the correctness of the behavior in an open environment through the use of white-box
testing for any interactions of interfaces that are known to the programmer.
3. Regression testing. White-box testing during regression testing is the use of recycled
white-box test cases at the unit and integration testing levels.
White-box testing's basic procedures involve the understanding of the source code that
you are testing at a deep level to be able to test them. The programmer must have a deep un -
derstanding of the application to know what kinds of test cases to create so that every visible
path is exercised for testing. Once the source code is understood then the source code can be
analysed for test cases to be created. These are the three basic steps that white-box testing
takes in order to create test cases:
1. Input, involves different types of requirements, functional specifications, detailed de-
signing of documents, proper source code, security specifications. This is the prepara-
tion stage of white-box testing to layout all of the basic information.
2. Processing Unit, involves performing risk analysis to guide whole testing process,
proper test plan, execute test cases and communicate results. This is the phase of
building test cases to make sure they thoroughly test the application the given results
are recorded accordingly.
3. Output; prepare final report that encompasses all of the above preparations and re-
sults.
Black Box Testing
Black-box testing is a method of software testing that examines the functionality of
an application (e.g. what the software does) without peering into its internal structures or
workings (see white-box testing). This method of test can be applied to virtually every level
of software testing: unit, integration, system and acceptance. It typically comprises most if
not all higher level testing, but can also dominate unit testing as well
Test procedures
Specific knowledge of the application's code/internal structure and programming
knowledge in general is not required. The tester is aware of what the software is supposed to
do but is not aware of how it does it. For instance, the tester is aware that a particular input
returns a certain, invariable output but is not aware of how the software produces the output
in the first place.
Test cases
Test cases are built around specifications and requirements, i.e., what the application
is supposed to do. Test cases are generally derived from external descriptions of the software,
including specifications, requirements and design parameters. Although the tests used are pri-
marily functional in nature, non-functional tests may also be used. The test designer selects
both valid and invalid inputs and determines the correct output without any knowledge of the
test object's internal structure.
Test design techniques
Typical black-box test design techniques include:
Decision table testing
All-pairs testing
State transition tables
Equivalence partitioning
Boundary value analysis
Unit testing
In computer programming, unit testing is a method by which individual units
of source code, sets of one or more computer program modules together with associated con-
trol data, usage procedures, and operating procedures are tested to determine if they are fit for
use. Intuitively, one can view a unit as the smallest testable part of an application. In proce-
dural programming, a unit could be an entire module, but is more commonly an individual
function or procedure. In object-oriented programming, a unit is often an entire interface,
such as a class, but could be an individual method. Unit tests are created by programmers or
occasionally by white box testers during the development process.
Ideally, each test case is independent from the others. Substitutes such as method
stubs, mock objects, fakes, and test harnesses can be used to assist testing a module in isola-
tion. Unit tests are typically written and run by software developers to ensure that code meets
its design and behaves as intended. Its implementation can vary from being very manual
(pencil and paper)to being formalized as part of build automation.
Testing will not catch every error in the program, since it cannot evaluate every exe-
cution path in any but the most trivial programs. The same is true for unit testing. Addition-
ally, unit testing by definition only tests the functionality of the units themselves. Therefore,
it will not catch integration errors or broader system-level errors (such as functions performed
across multiple units, or non-functional test areas such as performance).
Unit testing should be done in conjunction with other software testing activities, as
they can only show the presence or absence of particular errors; they cannot prove a complete
absence of errors. In order to guarantee correct behaviour for every execution path and every
possible input, and ensure the absence of errors, other techniques are required, namely the ap-
plication of formal methods to proving that a software component has no unexpected behav-
iour.
Software testing is a combinatorial problem. For example, every Boolean decision statement
requires at least two tests: one with an outcome of "true" and one with an outcome of "false".
As a result, for every line of code written, programmers often need 3 to 5 lines of test code.
This obviously takes time and its investment may not be worth the effort. There are
also many problems that cannot easily be tested at all – for example those that are nondeter-
ministic or involve multiple threads. In addition, code for a unit test is likely to be at least as
buggy as the code it is testing. Fred Brooks in The Mythical Man-Month quotes: never take
two chronometers to sea. Always take one or three. Meaning, if two chronometers contradict,
how do you know which one is correct?
Another challenge related to writing the unit tests is the difficulty of setting up realis-
tic and useful tests. It is necessary to create relevant initial conditions so the part of the appli -
cation being tested behaves like part of the complete system. If these initial conditions are not
set correctly, the test will not be exercising the code in a realistic context, which diminishes
the value and accuracy of unit test results.
To obtain the intended benefits from unit testing, rigorous discipline is needed
throughout the software development process. It is essential to keep careful records not only
of the tests that have been performed, but also of all changes that have been made to the
source code of this or any other unit in the software. Use of a version control system is essen-
tial. If a later version of the unit fails a particular test that it had previously passed, the ver-
sion-control software can provide a list of the source code changes (if any) that have been ap -
plied to the unit since that time.
It is also essential to implement a sustainable process for ensuring that test case fail-
ures are reviewed daily and addressed immediately if such a process is not implemented and
ingrained into the team's workflow, the application will evolve out of sync with the unit test
suite, increasing false positives and reducing the effectiveness of the test suite.
Unit testing embedded system software presents a unique challenge: Since the soft-
ware is being developed on a different platform than the one it will eventually run on, you
cannot readily run a test program in the actual deployment environment, as is possible with
desktop programs.
Functional testing
Functional testing is a quality assurance (QA) process and a type of black box test-
ing that bases its test cases on the specifications of the software component under test. Func-
tions are tested by feeding them input and examining the output, and internal program struc-
ture is rarely considered (not like in white-box testing). Functional Testing usually de-
scribes what the system does.
Functional testing differs from system testing in that functional testing "verifies a program by
checking it against ... design document(s) or specification(s)", while system testing "vali-
date a program by checking it against the published user or system requirements" (Kaner,
Falk, Nguyen 1999, p. 52).
Functional testing typically involves five steps .The identification of functions that the
software is expected to perform
1. The creation of input data based on the function's specifications
2. The determination of output based on the function's specifications
3. The execution of the test case
4. The comparison of actual and expected outputs
Performance testing
In software engineering, performance testing is in general testing performed to de-
termine how a system performs in terms of responsiveness and stability under a particular
workload. It can also serve to investigate, measure, validate or verify other quality at-
tributes of the system, such as scalability, reliability and resource usage.
Performance testing is a subset of performance engineering, an emerging computer
science practice which strives to build performance into the implementation, design and ar-
chitecture of a system.
Testing types
Load testing
Load testing is the simplest form of performance testing. A load test is usually con-
ducted to understand the behaviour of the system under a specific expected load. This load
can be the expected concurrent number of users on the application performing a specific
number of transactions within the set duration. This test will give out the response times of all
the important business critical transactions. If the database, application server, etc. are also
monitored, then this simple test can itself point towards bottlenecks in the application soft-
ware.
Stress testing
Stress testing is normally used to understand the upper limits of capacity within the
system. This kind of test is done to determine the system's robustness in terms of extreme
load and helps application administrators to determine if the system will perform sufficiently
if the current load goes well above the expected maximum.
Soak testing
Soak testing, also known as endurance testing, is usually done to determine if the sys -
tem can sustain the continuous expected load. During soak tests, memory utilization is moni-
tored to detect potential leaks. Also important, but often overlooked is performance degrada-
tion. That is, to ensure that the throughput and/or response times after some long period of
sustained activity are as good as or better than at the beginning of the test. It essentially in-
volves applying a significant load to a system for an extended, significant period of time. The
goal is to discover how the system behaves under sustained use.
Spike testing
Spike testing is done by suddenly increasing the number of or load generated by,
users by a very large amount and observing the behaviour of the system. The goal is to deter -
mine whether performance will suffer, the system will fail, or it will be able to handle dra -
matic changes in load.
Configuration testing
Rather than testing for performance from the perspective of load, tests are created to
determine the effects of configuration changes to the system's components on the system's
performance and behaviour. A common example would be experimenting with different
methods of load-balancing.
Isolation testing
Isolation testing is not unique to performance testing but involves repeating a test exe-
cution that resulted in a system problem. Often used to isolate and confirm the fault domain.
Integration testing
Integration testing (sometimes called integration and testing, abbreviated I&T) is
the phase in software testing in which individual software modules are combined and tested
as a group. It occurs after unit testing and before validation testing. Integration testing takes
as its input modules that have been unit tested, groups them in larger aggregates, applies tests
defined in an integration test plan to those aggregates, and delivers as its output the integrated
system ready for system testing.
Purpose
The purpose of integration testing is to verify functional, performance, and reliabil-
ity requirements placed on major design items. These "design items", i.e. assemblages (or
groups of units), are exercised through their interfaces using black box testing, success and
error cases being simulated via appropriate parameter and data inputs. Simulated usage of
shared data areas and inter-process communication is tested and individual subsystems are
exercised through their input interface.
Test cases are constructed to test whether all the components within assemblages in-
teract correctly, for example across procedure calls or process activations, and this is done af-
ter testing individual modules, i.e. unit testing. The overall idea is a "building block" ap-
proach, in which verified assemblages are added to a verified base which is then used to sup-
port the integration testing of further assemblages.
Some different types of integration testing are big bang, top-down, and bottom-up.
Other Integration Patterns are: Collaboration Integration, Backbone Integration, Layer Inte-
gration, Client/Server Integration, Distributed Services Integration and High-frequency Inte-
gration.
Big Bang
In this approach, all or most of the developed modules are coupled together to form a
complete software system or major part of the system and then used for integration testing.
The Big Bang method is very effective for saving time in the integration testing process.
However, if the test cases and their results are not recorded properly, the entire integration
process will be more complicated and may prevent the testing team from achieving the goal
of integration testing.
A type of Big Bang Integration testing is called Usage Model testing. Usage Model
Testing can be used in both software and hardware integration testing. The basis behind this
type of integration testing is to run user-like workloads in integrated user-like environments.
In doing the testing in this manner, the environment is proofed, while the individual compo-
nents are proofed indirectly through their use.
Usage Model testing takes an optimistic approach to testing, because it expects to
have few problems with the individual components. The strategy relies heavily on the compo-
nent developers to do the isolated unit testing for their product. The goal of the strategy is to
avoid redoing the testing done by the developers, and instead flesh-out problems caused by
the interaction of the components in the environment.
For integration testing, Usage Model testing can be more efficient and provides better
test coverage than traditional focused functional integration testing. To be more efficient and
accurate, care must be used in defining the user-like workloads for creating realistic scenarios
in exercising the environment. This gives confidence that the integrated environment will
work as expected for the target customers.
Top-down and Bottom-up
Bottom Up Testing is an approach to integrated testing where the lowest level com-
ponents are tested first, then used to facilitate the testing of higher level components. The
process is repeated until the component at the top of the hierarchy is tested.
All the bottom or low-level modules, procedures or functions are integrated and then
tested. After the integration testing of lower level integrated modules, the next level of mod-
ules will be formed and can be used for integration testing. This approach is helpful only
when all or most of the modules of the same development level are ready. This method also
helps to determine the levels of software developed and makes it easier to report testing
progress in the form of a percentage.
Top Down Testing is an approach to integrated testing where the top integrated mod-
ules are tested and the branch of the module is tested step by step until the end of the related
module.
Sandwich Testing is an approach to combine top down testing with bottom up test-
ing.
The main advantage of the Bottom-Up approach is that bugs are more easily found. With
Top-Down, it is easier to find a missing branch link.
Validation
In that case, you can use the CustomValidator control. The CustomValidator control in
[Link] allows you to create your own custom logic to validate user data. The
CustomValidator Control can be used on the client side and server side. JavaScript is used for
client validation; you can use any. Some of the popular [Link] validators
are RequiredFieldValidator, CompareValidator, RangeValidator, RegularExpressionValidator,
ValidationSummary, and CustomValidator. Server-side validation helps prevent users from
bypassing validation by disabling or changing the client script. Security Note: By default,
[Link] Web pages automatically validate that malicious users are not attempting to send
script or HTML elements to your application.
Introduction
This article explains validation in the Web API. Here I show the step-by-step procedure to
create the application using validation.
Validation
How validation works is like testing to determine that what the user entered in the field is
valid. After validating the entered field, it checks that it is in the correct format, specified
length, and you can compare the input value in various fields or against values. We can use
the validation for various types of information. That will be explained by the sample applica-
tion.
Types of Validation
Here we define the various types of validation that we can be use in our application. These
are as follows:
1. Required entry: It ensures the required field. The user cannot skip the entry.
2. Compare Value: It is ensures that the comparison of the user's entry with the constant
value or against the value of another constant or a specific data type. We use the com-
parison operator like equal, greater than, less than.
3. Range checking: It checks the range of the input values with the minimum and max-
imum range that is required for the input value. We can use the range checker with the
pairs of numbers, dates and alphabetic characters.
4. Pattern matching: It is used for checking the pattern of an input value that specifies the
sequence of characters.
5. Remote: It is used for checking whether the value exists on the server side.
System Maintenance
Software implementation C# is a new computing platform that simplifies application
development in the highly distributed environment of the Internet. Computing relies on
sharing of resources to achieve coherence and economies of scale, similar to a utility over a
network.
This section describes the five software implementation process as:
1. The implementation processes contains software preparation and transition activities, such
as the conception and creation of the implementation plan, the preparation for handling
problems identified during development, and the follow-up medical records management,
2. The problem and modification analysis process, which is executed once the applications
has become the responsibility of the implementation group.
3. The process considering the implementation of the modification itself.
4. The process acceptance of the modification, by confirming the modified work with the
individual who submitted the request in order to make sure the modification provided a
solution.
5. Finally, the last implementation process, also an event which does not occur on daily basis,
is the retirement of a piece of software.
Snapshots
Dashboard
Index
Home
Conclusion
Cool Cab Services is a Web application and it is restricted to only limited type of users. In
this application ,Different types of managers have been given access rights and they are
restricted up to their functionalities, so that the data is maintained securely and redundant
data is prevented. As the Data is stored electronically, it is necessary to have a Computer and
Network connection to access the Application. Here The Details of Employees and Drivers,
cabs are maintained but accounts to these people are not created. using this application
mangers do assign or update the batch, shift of cabs to drivers and employees. But employees
are unable to view their details.
Future Enhancement
Every Edition of an book comes with new topics and modifications if any errors are
present. In the similar way, in near future ,our application will overcome the flaws if
occurred, and attains new features offered to employees for the Flexible and easy
Transportation. Following are the Enhancements to the application.
Providing Good User Interface.
Providing access permissions to the employees
Try to Implement the GPS system in the Cabs.
Bibliography
[1] Thakur, A., & Dhiman, K. (2021). Chat Room Using HTML, PHP, CSS, JS, AJAX. International
Research Journal of Engineering and Technology (IRJET), 08(June), 1948–1951.
[Link]
[2] Thakur, Amey and Karan Dhiman. “Chat Room Using HTML, PHP, CSS, JS, AJAX.” ArXiv
abs/2106.14704 (2021): n. pag.
[3] Waspodo, Bayu, Qurrotul Aini, and Syamsuri Nur. "Development of car rental management
information system." In Proceeding International Conference on Information Systems For Business
Competitiveness (ICISBC), pp. 101-105. 2011.
[4] Osman, Mohd Nizam, Nurzaid Md Zain, Zulfikri Paidi, Khairul Anwar Sedek, Mohamad
NajmuddinYusoff, and Mushahadah Maghribi. "Online Car Rental System Using Web-Based and SMS
Technology." Computing Research & Innovation (CRINN) 2 (2017): 277.
[5] Fink, Andreas, and Torsten Reiners. "Modeling and solving the short-term car rental logistics
problem." Transportation Research Part E: Logistics and Transportation Review 42, no. 4 (2006): 272-
292.
[6] Khaled, Mr Shah Mostafa, Shamsil Arefin, Datta Sree Rajib Kumar, and Ariful Hossain Tuhin.
"Software Requirements Specification for Online Car Rental System." (2015).
[7] Harwani, Bintu. "Installing XAMPP and Joomla." In Foundations of Joomla, pp. 9-51. Apress,
Berkeley, CA, 2015.
[8] Friends, Apache. "XAMPP Apache+ MariaDB+ PHP+ Perl." Apache Friends (2017).
[9] Soares, Hécio A., and Raimundo S. Moura. "A methodology to guide writing Software
Requirements Specification document." In 2015 Latin American Computing Conference (CLEI), pp. 1-
11. IEEE, 2015.
[10] Carroll, William J., and Richard C. Grimes. "Evolutionary change in product management:
Experiences in the car rental industry." Interfaces 25, no. 5 (1995): 84-104
Web Reference
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[Link]
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