Motion

1) Distance:

↳ length covered irrespective of direction.

↳ SI unit = meter (m)
↳ scalar quantity.

2) Displacement:
↳ length covered in a specific direction.
↳ shortest distance between two points.
↳ SI unit = meter (m)
↳ Vector quantity.
distance

↳ displacement

3) Speed

↳ distance covered per unit time.

↳ rate of change of distance.
↳ Scalar quantity.
↳ SI unit = m/s.

Formula:

V = & where v = speed.

s = distance
t = time

☆ average speed = total distance travelled

total time taken.
4) Velocity

↳ displacement covered per unit time.

↳ rate of change of displacement.
↳ Vector quantity
↳ SI unit = m/s.

Formula:

✓ = S/t where ✓ = velocity

s = displacement
t = time.

e.g
50m, 2min

A 20M C 30m, 305.

speed velocity

1) AB. 1) AB
V: Slf = 50/2, = 0.417 m/s. ✓ = 51 = 50/20 = 0-417 m/s

2) BC 2) BC
v:S/t = 3% = 1m/s ✓ = 5/2 = 3%0 = Im/s

3) AC 3) AC
v:S/f = 8%5, = 0.53m/s. V-Slt = 29, 50 = 0.13 m/s.
5) Acceleration:
speed is covered in this
↳ rate of change of velocity. definition.
↳ change in velocity per unit time
↳ SI unit = m/5
↳ Vector quantity.

formula:
-
a = v-u where ⇒ a = acceleration
t v = final velocity.
U = initial velocity
t = time.
e.g Omls
a car accelerates from rest to a speed of 14 m/s
in 20s • Find its acceleration?

Sl: a = ¥ = 142% = 0.7 m/5.

+5 +4 + 3.

6) Deceleration 5m Is 10m/s 14m/s 17m/s

↳ negative acceleration. 5m/s unls 3m/s

- 1 1

deceleration = - acceleration.

e.g acceleration = -5m/5

deceleration = - (-5) m/s' = 5m15

7) Distance- time graphs.

↳ n-axis → time
↳ y-axis → distance.

s (m) m ⇒ gradient = ya-ye = change in y

N2-N1 change in N

tain) = 52-51
ta-ti
speed. ⇐ change in distance
tins,)
change in time
t (s)
☆ in a distance-time graph, the
gradient represents speed.
Case/

s (m) 1) no change in y value ⇒ no change in distance.

⇒ horizontal line ⇒ gradient is zero.

⇒ speed is zero
object at- rest.

t (s)

Case 2

s (m) 1) straight slanted line.

2) constant non zero gradient

(tain)
⇒ object is moving at constant speed.

(tins,)

t (s)

case 3
1) upward curve ⇒ increasing gradient.
s (m)
⇒ object is accelerating.
⇒ speed is increasing.

t (s)

case 4

s (m) 1) downward curve → gradient is decreasing.

↳ m = 1

↳v = 1
→ m⇒ → speed is decreasing.
↳v= 5 → object is decelerating.

↳ m=5⇒v=5

t (s)
 Speed-time Graphs

↳ x-axis → time
↳ y-axis → speed.

✓ (m/s)
(triva) m ⇒ gradient = yo-yo - V2-v.
Nz-N, Ez-ti
= change in seed
,
(tim) change in time
= acceleration.
☆ gradient for a speed-time graph

↳area under t (s) is acceleration.

the graph. area = ½bxh

- ½×txV = ½ ↳ distance
constant
situation. of

☆ area under a speed-time graph is distance travelled.

case 1:
1) horizontal straight line.
✓ (m/s) 2) gradient is zero.
↳ acceleration is zero
↳ object is at constant speed.

3) area = Lxw
w txv =Vt = distance.

d t (s)

case 2
1) slanted straight line.
✓ (m/s) (tz, V2 2) constant non-zero gradient
↳ constant non-zero acceleration.

(tim) e.g t 0 1 2 3 4 5
✓ 0 3 6 9 12 15
3) area = ½vt ⇒ distance.

↳area under t (s)

the graph.
 case 3
1) upward curve ⇒ increasing gradient.
✓ (mls)
↳ object has increasing acceleration.

cog t 0 I 2 3 4 5
✓ 0 3 7 13 23 38

+3 + 4
+ 6 + 10 + 15

t (s)

case 4

✓ (m/s) 1) downward curve → gradient is decreasing.

↳ m = 1

↳ a = 1
→ m⇒ → acceleration is decreasing.
↳a = 5
e.g t ◦ 1 2 3 4 5
↳ m=5⇒a.=5 ✓ 0 5 9 12 14 15
>
+ 5 + 4 + 3 +2

t (s)

cases > a =-5

1) we start with a steep negative gradient.
✓(m/s) m =-5→dec=5
2) the gradient becomes less negative
a =-3
↳ gradient is increasing.
m =-3 dec =3
acceleration ⇒ increasing.
m =-1
7 dec = 1
deceleration ⇒ decreasing
t (s)

case 6 a =-1
1) we
start with a shallow negative
✓ (m/s) dec = +1
gradient.
M =-1
9=-3 2) the gradient becomes more negative.
M =-3
dec-3 ↳ gradient is decreasing.
acceleration ⇒ decreasing.
> a =-5
- •

M =-5
dec = 5 deceleration ⇒ increasing.

t (s)