IV B.

Tech 2021-22 Aurora’s Technological & Research Institute

COURSE FILE
on

CLOUD COMPUTING
(Course Code: CS714PE)

[Link]. IV Year I Semester

R18 Regulation

Prepared by

MS. Rajashri
Assistent Professor, CSE

Department of Computer Science and

Engineering

AURORA’S TECHNOLOGICAL AND RESEARCH

INSTITUTE
Approved by AICTE and Affiliated to JNTUH) (Accredited by NAAC with ‘A’Grade)
IV [Link] 2021-22 Aurora’s Technological & Research Institute
Parvathapur, Uppal, Medipally (M), Medchal (D), Telangana, Hyderabad - 500 098
IV [Link] 2021-22 Aurora’s Technological & Research Institute

Contents:
1. Objectives
2. Outcomes
3. Prerequisites
4. Syllabus
5. Session plan
6. For each unit
i. Assignments questions
ii. Descriptive questions
iii. Objective type questions
iv. Lecture notes

Course Objectives:
 This course provides an insight into cloud computing
 Topics covered include- distributed system models, different cloud
servicemodels, service-oriented architectures, cloud programming
and software environments, resource management.

Course Outcomes:
 Ability to understand various service delivery models of a cloud
computing architecture.
 Ability to understand the ways in which the cloud can be programmed
and deployed.
 Understanding cloud service providers.

Pre-requisites:
 A course on “Computer Networks”
 A course on “Operating Systems”
 A course on “Distributed Systems”
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Syllabus:

UNIT - I
Computing Paradigms: High-Performance Computing, Parallel Computing, Distributed
Computing, Cluster Computing, Grid Computing, Cloud Computing, Bio computing,
Mobile Computing, Quantum Computing, Optical Computing, Nano computing.

UNIT - II
Cloud Computing Fundamentals: Motivation for Cloud Computing, The Need for Cloud
Computing, Defining Cloud Computing, Definition of Cloud computing, Cloud
Computing Is a Service, Cloud Computing Is a Platform, Principles of Cloud computing,
Five Essential Characteristics, Four Cloud Deployment Models

UNIT - III
Cloud Computing Architecture and Management: Cloud architecture, Layer, Anatomy
of the Cloud,Network Connectivity in Cloud Computing, Applications, on the Cloud,
Managing the Cloud, Managing the Cloud Infrastructure Managing the Cloud
application, Migrating Application to Cloud, Phases of Cloud Migration Approaches for
Cloud Migration.

UNIT - IV
Cloud Service Models: Infrastructure as a Service, Characteristics of IaaS. Suitability of
IaaS, Pros and Cons of IaaS, Summary of IaaS Providers, Platform as a Service,
Characteristics of PaaS, Suitability of PaaS, Pros and Cons of PaaS, Summary of PaaS
Providers, Software as a Service, Characteristics of SaaS, Suitability of SaaS, Pros and
Cons of SaaS, Summary of SaaS Providers, Other Cloud Service Models.

UNIT V
Cloud Service Providers: EMC, EMC IT, Captiva Cloud Toolkit, Google, Cloud Platform,
Cloud Storage, Google Cloud Connect, Google Cloud Print, Google App Engine, Amazon
Web Services, Amazon Elastic Compute Cloud, Amazon Simple Storage Service, Amazon
Simple Queue ,service, Microsoft, Windows Azure, Microsoft Assessment and Planning
Toolkit, SharePoint, IBM, Cloud Models, IBM Smart Cloud, SAP Labs, SAP HANA Cloud
Platform, Virtualization Services Provided by SAP, Sales force, Sales Cloud, Service
Cloud: Knowledge as a Service, Rack space, VMware, Manjrasoft, Aneka Platform

TEXT BOOK:
1. Essentials of cloud Computing: K. Chandrasekhran, CRC press, 2014

REFERENCE BOOKS:
1. Cloud Computing: Principles and Paradigms by Rajkumar Buyya,
James Broberg andAndrzej
M. Goscinski, Wiley, 2011.
2. Distributed and Cloud Computing, Kai Hwang, Geoffery C. Fox,
Jack [Link], Elsevier,2012.
3. Cloud Security and Privacy: An Enterprise Perspective on Risks and
Compliance,Tim Mather,Subra Kumaraswamy, Shahed Latif,
O’Reilly, SPD, rp 2011.
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[Link] Date Topic Sub Topic Mode of Teaching Lecture/ITL No Learning Groups Text Books
(Lecture/ITL) References
UNIT I Introduction, Lecture L1 T1-Ch1
Cloud computing Examples of cloud
paradigms computing
2 High-performance Introduction of high Lecture L2 T1-Ch1
computing performance
computing,
Advantages and
disadvantages
3 Parallel Computing, Introduction Lecture L3 T1-Ch1
,
Advantages
and
disadvantag
es
4 Distributed Introduction Lecture L4 T1-Ch1
Computing ,
Advantages
and
disadvantag
es
5 Cluster Computing Introduction Lecture L5 T1-Ch1
,
Advantages
and
disadvantag
es
6 Grid Computing Introduction Lecture SS1 LG1 T1-Ch1
, SS2 ,
Advantages SS3 LG2
and ,
disadvantag LG3
es
7 Cloud Introduction Lecture RP1 LG4, T1-Ch1
Computing , RP2 LG5
, Nano Advantages RP3 LG6,
computing. and LG7
disadvantag LG8,
es LG9
8 Bio Introduction Lecture L6 T1-Ch1
computing ,
, Mobile Advantages
Computin and
g, disadvantag
es
[Link] Date Topic Sub Topic Mode of Lecture/ITL No Learning Groups Text Books
Teaching and
(Lecture/ITL) References
9 Quantum Computing, Introduction, Lecture L7 T1- Ch1
IV [Link]
Optical 2021-22
Computing Advantages Aurora’s Technological Research Institute
and
disadvantages
10 UNIT II: Lecture L8 T1- Ch2

Cloud History of cloud computing

Computing
Fundamentals
11 Motivation for Cloud Reasons to usage of cloud Lecture RP4 LG10,LG11 T1- Ch2
Computing, computing RP5 LG12,LG13
SS4 LG14
12 The Need for Necessity of cloud Lecture RP6 LG15,LG1 T1- Ch2
Cloud SS5 LG4
Computing, SS6 LG5
13 Defining Cloud Formal and technical Lecture T1- Ch2
Computing, Definition of definition of cloud and
Cloud computing, cloud computing
14 Cloud Computing Is a Introduction, examples, Lecture T1- Ch2
Service, Characteristics
advantages,
disadvantages
15 Cloud Computing Is a Introduction, examples, Lecture T1- Ch2
Platform, Characteristics
advantages,
disadvantages
16 Principles of Cloud principles Lecture CS1 LG6 T1- Ch2
computing, SS7 LG7
CS2 LG8
17 Five Essential Basic characteristics of Lecture CS3 LG9 T1- Ch2
Characteristics cloud CS4 LG10
CS5 LG11
18 Four Cloud Types of Lecture T1- Ch2
Deployment Models deployment models
Public cloud, Private
cloud,
[Link] Topic Sub Topic Mode of Lecture/ITL No Learning Groups Text Books
Teaching and
(Lecture/ITL) References
Hybrid cloud

19 UNIT – III: Detailed architecture of Lecture T1- Ch3

Cloud Computing cloud
Architecture and
Management
20 Cloud architecture, Diagram and layers Lecture T1- Ch3
Layer, explanation

21 Anatomy of the Cloud, Components of cloud Lecture T1- Ch3

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22 Network Connectivity Types of network Lecture CS6 CS7 CS8 LG12 LG13 LG14 T1- Ch4
in Cloud Computing, connectivity

23 Applications, on the Applications Lecture RP7 RP8 SS8 LG2 LG3 LG15 T1- Ch4
Cloud

24 Managing the Cloud, Management of cloud Lecture T1- Ch4

25 Managing the Cloud Infrastructure of cloud, Lecture T1- Ch4

Infrastructure application installation
Managing the Cloud
application,
26 Migrating Application Migrations of application Lecture T1- Ch4
to Cloud, on cloud

27 Phases of Cloud various phases of migration Lecture GD1 LG1,LG2 LG3,LG4 T1- Ch4
Migration Approaches approaches, advantages, LG5,LG6,LG15
for Cloud Migration. disadvantages
28 UNIT – IV: Lecture Debate1 LG7,LG8 LG9,LG10 T1- Ch5
LG11,LG12
Cloud Service Models:
LG13,LG14
[Link] Topic Sub Topic Mode of Lecture/ITL No Learning Groups Text Books
Teaching and
(Lecture/ITL) References
29 Infrastructure as a Characteristics of IaaS, Lecture T1- Ch5
Service, Summary of IaaS Providers,
Suitability of IaaS, Pros and
Cons of IaaS
30 Platform as a Service, Characteristics of PaaS, Lecture T1- Ch5
Suitability of PaaS, Pros
and Cons of PaaS,
Summary of PaaS
Providers,
31 Software as a Service Characteristics of SaaS, Lecture T1- Ch5
Suitability of SaaS, Pros and
Cons of SaaS,
Summary of SaaS
Providers,
32 Other Cloud Service Real time examples of Lecture CS9 CS10 CS11 LG4 LG5 LG15 T1- Ch5
Models. cloud service models.

33 UNIT V : Lecture T1- Ch7

Cloud Service
Providers: EMC,
34 EMC, Lecture T1- Ch8
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35 EMC IT Lecture T1- Ch8

36 Captiva Cloud Toolkit Lecture T1- Ch8

37 Google Cloud Platform, Cloud Lecture Debate2 CS12 LG1,LG2 LG3,LG4 T1- Ch9
Storage,

Google Google Cloud Connect, Lecture Debate3 CS12 LG5,LG6,LG15 T1- Ch9
Google cloud print, LG7(CS)
Examples companies
[Link] Topic Sub Topic Mode of Lecture/ITL No Learning Groups Text Books
Teaching and
(Lecture/ITL) References
38 Amazon Web Services, Amazon Elastic Compute Lecture T1- Ch10
Cloud,
Amazon Simple Storage
Service,
Amazon Web Services, Amazon Simple Queue, Lecture T1- Ch11
Service.

39 Microsoft Windows Azure, Microsoft Lecture T1- Ch11

Assessment and

40 Microsoft Planning Toolkit, Lecture QUIZ LG1-LG15 T1- Ch11

SharePoint in microsoft

41 Sales force, Sales Cloud Lecture T1- Ch12

42 Service Cloud: Knowledge as a Service, Lecture T1- Ch12

43 IBM, Cloud Models, IBM Smart Lecture T1- Ch12

Cloud

44 SAP Labs SAP HANA Cloud Platform, Lecture CS13 CS14 CS15 LG2 LG3 LG1 T1- Ch12

45 SAP Labs Virtualization Services Lecture T1- Ch12

Provided by SAP

46 Rack space, Introduction of Rack space, Lecture T1- Ch12

Services, advantages of
application
47 VMware, Introduction, Services Lecture T1- Ch12
provided by VMware
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48 Manjra soft Introduction, Lecture SS9 LG6 T1- Ch12

[Link] Date Topic Sub Topic Mode of Lecture/ITL No Learning Groups Text Books and
Teaching References
(Lecture/ITL)
Services provided by SS10 LG8
Manjra SS11 LG9
49 Aneka Platform Architecture of Aneka Lecture T1- Ch12
50 Aneka Platform Services provided by Lecture T1- Ch12
Aneka
51 Hypervisor Introductio Lecture T1-Ch6
n Definition
Types of hypervisors
52 Types of Introduction of Lecture T1-Ch6
hypervisors hypervisor
Services,Examples,
Advantages, Dis
advantages

S. No Case Studies Seminars Role Plays Debates Group Discussions Quizzes

1 AWS IBM, Cloud storage 2.5 Units, before I mid

2 SAP LABS Cloud 2.5 Units, before II mid

computing

3 Hypervisor hypervisors

4 Manjra soft
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CLOUD COMPUTING ASSIGNMENT QUESTIONS

1. Explain services by cloud computing

2. Explain deployment models of cloud computing
3. Explain architecture of cloud computing in detail
4. Explain about google app Engine
5. What is cloud print
6. Explain about IBM cloud
7. What is cloud storage
8. Write about different approaches in cloud migration
9. Write the characteristics of PaaS
10. write its merits and demerits
11. Explain services provided by AWS cloud in detail.. List any two services provided by EMC
12. Write brief note on network connectivity in cloud computing.
13. What is virtualization
14. Explain virtualization services provided by SAP
15. Write the characteristics of IaaS
16. write its merits and demerits
17. List the services provided by Microsoft and explain them in brief
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DESCRIPTIVE TYPE QUESTIONS

UNIT -1
1. Explain high performance computing in detail?
2. Explain parallel computing in detail?
3. Explain distributed computing in detail?
4. Explain Grid Computing in detail?
5. Explain Cloud Computing in detail?
6. Explain Bio Computing in detail?
7. Explain mobile Computing in detail?
8. Explain Quantum Computing in detail?
9. Explain optical Computing in detail?
10. Explain Nano Computing in detail?

UNIT-II
1. What is the motivation of cloud computing?
2. What is the need of cloud computing, explain in detail?
3. Define cloud computing, give example of cloud
4. Explain how cloud computing is a service?
5. Explain how cloud computing is a platform?
6. Explain principles of cloud computing in detail?
7. Explain five essential characteristics of cloud computing?
8. Explain private deployment model in detail?
9. Explain hybrid deployment model in detail?
10. Explain deployment models in cloud computing with examples?

UNIT-III
1. Explain cloud architecture in detail?
2. Explain layered architecture of cloud in detail?
3. Explain network connectivity in cloud computing in detail?
4. What are the applications of cloud computing, Explain?
5. Explain migration of applications on cloud in detail?
6. Explain phases of cloud migration approaches in detail?
7. How to manage the application on cloud, Explain in detail/
8. Explain Anatomy of the Cloud in detail?
9. What is cloud migration how it can achieve in cloud computing
10. How infrastructure can be managed on cloud , Explain in detail?
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UNIT-IV
1. Explain IaaS in detail on cloud computing?
2. Explain Characteristics of IaaS and Suitability of IaaS in detail
3. Explain Pros and Cons of IaaS in detail?
4. Explain PaaS in detail on cloud computing?
5. Explain Characteristics of PaaS and Suitability of PaaS in detail
6. Explain Pros and Cons of PaaS in detail?
7. Explain SaaS in detail on cloud computing?
8. Explain Characteristics of SaaS and Suitability of SaaS in detail
9. Explain Pros and Cons of SaaS in detail?
10. Explain Cloud service model in detail with neat diagram

UNIT-V
1. Explain EMC with captiva tool kit in detail?
2. Explain Google cloud platform in detail?
3. Explain Google cloud connect, cloud storage in detail/
4. Explain cloud print and google engine in detail
5. Explain Amazon web services in detail
6. Explain amazon Elastic compute cloud in detail
7. Explain Micro Soft Azure with share point
8. Explain IBM cloud in detail
9. Explain virtualization services provided by SAP in detail
10. Explain following:
 Rack space
 VMware
 Manjrasoft
 Aneka platform
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OBJECTIVE TYPE QUESTION

UNIT-I

1) What type of computing technology refers to services and applications that typically run
on a distributed network through virtualized resources?

a) Distributed Computing
b) Cloud Computing
c) Soft Computing
d) Parallel Computing

2) Which one of the following options can be considered as the Cloud?

a) Hadoop
b) Intranet
c) Web Applications
d) All of the mentioned

3) Cloud computing is a kind of abstraction which is based on the notion of combining physical
resources and represents them as resources to users.

a) Real
b) Cloud
c) Virtual
d) none of the mentioned

4) Which of the following has many features of that is now known as cloud computing?

a) Web Service
b) Softwares
c) All of the mentioned
d) Internet

5) Which one of the following cloud concepts is related to sharing and pooling the resources?

a) Polymorphism
b) Virtualization
c) Abstraction
d) None of the mentioned
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6) Which one of the following statements is not true?

a) The popularization of the Internet actually enabled most cloud computing systems.
b) Cloud computing makes the long-held dream of utility as a payment possible for you, with
an infinitely scalable, universally available system, pay what you use.
c) Soft computing addresses a real paradigm in the way in which the system is deployed.
d) All of the mentioned

7) Which one of the following can be considered as a utility is a dream that dates from
the beginning of the computing industry itself?

a) Computing
b) Model
c) Software
d) All of the mentioned

8) Which of the following is an essential concept related to Cloud?

a) Reliability
b) Abstraction
c) Productivity
d) All of the mentioned

9) Which one of the following is Cloud Platform by Amazon?

a) Azure
b) AWS
c) Cloudera

d) All of the mentioned

10) Which of the following statement is not true?

a) Through cloud computing, one can begin with very small and become big in a rapid manner.
b) All applications benefit from deployment in the Cloud.
c) Cloud computing is revolutionary, even though the technology it is built on is evolutionary.
d) None of the mentioned
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11) In the Planning Phase, Which of the following is the correct step for performing the
analysis? a)Cloud Computing Value Proposition
b) Cloud Computing Strategy Planning
c) Both A and B
d) Business Architecture Development

12) In which one of the following, a strategy record or Document is created respectively to
the events, conditions a user may face while applying cloud computing mode.

a) Cloud Computing Value Proposition

b) Cloud Computing Strategy Planning
c) Planning Phase
d) Business Architecture Development

13) What is Business Architecture Development?

a) We recognize the risks that might be caused by cloud computing application from a
business perspective.
b) We identify the applications that support the business processes and the technologies
required to support enterprise applications and data systems.
c) We formulate all kinds of plans that are required to transform the current business to
cloud computing modes.
d) None of the above

14) Which one of the following refers to the non-functional requirements like disaster
recovery, security, reliability, etc.

a) Service Development
b) Quality of service
c) Plan Development
d) Technical Service

15) Which one of the following is a phase of the Deployment process?

a) Selecting Cloud Computing Provider

b) IT Architecture Development
c) Business Architecture Development
d) Transformation Plan Development
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16) This phase involves selecting a cloud provider based on the Service Level Agreement
(SLA), which defines the level of service the provider receives.

a) Maintenance and Technical Service

b) Selecting Cloud Computing Provider
c) Both A and B
d) None of the above

17) In which one of the following phases, IT Architecture Development came?

a) Strategy Phase
b) Planning Phase
c) Deployment Phase
d) Development Phase

18) Which of the model involves the special types of services that users can access on a
Cloud Computing platform?

a) Service
b) Planning
c) Deployment
d) Application

19) Which one of the following is related to the services provided by Cloud?

a) Sourcing
b) Ownership
c) Reliability
d) PaaS

20) How many phases are present in Cloud Computing Planning?

a) 2
b) 3
c) 4
d) 5
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21) Cloud computing architecture is a combination of?

a)service-oriented architecture and grid
computing
b) Utility computing and event-driven architecture.
c) Service-oriented architecture and event-driven architecture.
d) Virtualization and event-driven architecture.

22) In how many parts we can broadly divide the architecture of the Cloud?

a) 4
b) 3
c) 2
d) 5

23) Which one of the following refers to the user's part of the Cloud Computing system?

a) back End
b) Management
c) Infrastructure
d) Front End

24) Which one of the following can be considered as the example of the Front-end?

a) Web Browser
b) Google Compute Engine
c) Cisco Metapod
d) Amazon Web Services

25) By whom is the backend commonly used?

a) Client
b) User
c) Stockholders
d) service provider
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26) Through which, the backend and front-end are connected with each other?

a) Browser
b) Database
c) Network
d) Both A and B

27) How many types of services are there those are offered by the Cloud Computing to the users?

a) 2
b) 4
c) 3
d) 5

28) The [Link] and windows Azure are examples of which of the following?

a) IaaS
b) PaaS
c) SaaS
d) Both A and
B

29) Which of the following is one of the backend's built-in components of cloud computing?

a) Security
b) Application
c) Storage
d) Service

30) Which of the following provides the Graphic User Interface (GUI) for interaction with the cloud?

a) Client
b) Client Infrastructure
c) Application

d) Server
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31) Which one of the following a technology works behind the cloud computing platform?

a) Virtualization
b) SOA
c) Grid Computing
d) All of the above
32) Which one of the following is a kind of technique that allows sharing the single
physical instance of an application or the resources among multiple
organizations/customers?

a) Virtualization
b) Service-Oriented Architecture
c) Grid Computing
d) Utility Computing

33) Which one of the following statement is true about the Virtualization?

a) It provides a logical name for a physical resource, and on-demand provides an indicator of
that physical resource.
b) In Virtualization, we analyze the strategy related problems that customers may face.
c) In Virtualization, it is necessary to compile the Multitenant properly.
d) All of the above

34) In Virtualization, which architecture provides the virtual isolation between the several tenants?

a) IT Architecture
b) Multitenant
c) Deployment
d) Business Architecture

35) On which one of the following utility computing is based?

a) Grid Computing Model

b) SOA Model
c) virtual isolation Model
d) Pay-per-Use model
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36) Which one of the following statement is true about the Service-Oriented Architecture?

a) It is possible to exchange data between applications from different vendors without

using additional programming.
b) It provides computational resources on-demand as a metered service.
c) Service-Oriented Architecture allows using the application as a service for other applications.
d) Both A and C

37) In Grid Computing, which types of computer resources are there?

a) heterogeneous dispersed.
b) geographically dispersed.
c) Both A and B
d) None of the above

38) Managed IT services are based on the concept of which one of the following?

a) Virtualization
b) Utility Computing
c) Grid Computing
d) SOA

39) Which one of the following refers to the Distributed Computing, in which several sets of
computers distributed on multiple geographical locations and are connected with each other
to achieve a common goal?

a) Virtualization
b) SOA
c) Grid Computing

d) Utility Computing

40) Which one of the following statement is true about Grid Computing?

a) Pieces combine small tasks into complex tasks

b) The subscription tier plays an important role in grid computing.
c) Breaks complex tasks into small operations
d) Both A and C

41) Which one of the following given programs provides the isolation (abstraction) and partitioning?

a) System hypervisor
b) Software hypervisor
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c) Hardware hypervisor
d) Virtualization hypervisor

42) On which one of the following hypervisor runs directly on the underlying
host system, it is also known as ?

a) Bare metal hypervisor

b) Hosted Hypervisor
c) Native Hypervisor
d) Both A and C

43) Which of the following behaves like the monitor's entry point and reroutes the instructions
of the virtual machine?

a) Dispatcher
b) Allocator
c) Interpreter
d) Both A and B

44) Which one of the following is also known as a Hypervisor?

a) VMA

b) VMM
c) VMS

d) VMR

45) How many kinds of Hypervisor are there?

a) 4
b) 3
c) 2
d) 5

46) Which one of the following is not an example of the Type1-Hypervisor?

a) VMware ESXi
b) Citrix XenServer
c) Microsoft Hyper-V hypervisor
d) VMware Player
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47) How many main modules are needed to coordinate in order to emulate the underlying hardware?

a) 3
b) 2
c) 4
d) 5

48) Which one of the following is used to call the allocator?

a) INTERPRETER

b) TYPE-2 Hypervisor
c) Both A and B
d) DISPATCHER

49) The Parallels Desktop can be considered as the example of which of the following?

a) TYPE-2 Hypervisor
b) DISPATCHER
c) TYPE-1 Hypervisor
d) INTERPRETER

50) Which one of the following statements is not true?

a) Whenever a command begins a process, immediately the process virtual machine gets
instantiated.
b) Usually, the guest operating systems are mores faster in full virtualization as compared
to other virtualization schemes.
c) It is necessary for the full virtualization that the host OS (Operating System ) offers a
Virtual Machine Interface for the guest operating system by which the guest operating
system can access the hardware through the host VM.
d) All of the above
IV [Link] 2021-22 Aurora’s Technological & Research Institute

UNIT-II

51) Which of the following statements is not true?

a) Load balancing virtualizes systems and resources by mapping a logical address to a

physical address
b) Multiple instances of various Google applications are running on different hosts

c) Google uses hardware virtualization

d) All of the above

52) Which one of the following can be considered as the example of the Type2 Virtual Machine
monitors?
a) KVM
b) Microsoft Hyper V
c) Parallels Desktop
d) All of the above

53) Which one of the following is a type of software that supports the virtual machine?

a) Kernel
b) Hypervisor
c) VMM
d) Both B and C

54) Which one of the following runs on Xen Hypervisor?

a) Azure
b) AWS EC2
c) C AWS EC3
d) All of the above

55) Which one of the following is the type of a service that manages and creates virtual
network interfaces?

a) VMware vStorage
b) Application services
c) VMware vCompute
d) VMware vNetwork
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56) In which one of the following, the virtual machine simulates hardware, through which it can
be independent of the underlying system hardware?

a) Para-virtualization
b) Full virtualization
c) Emulation
d) None of the above

57) Which one of the following will be the host operating system for Windows Server?

a) VirtualLogix VLX
b) Microsoft Hyper-V
c) Xen
d) All of the above

58) In Which Type of VM, full virtualization can be possible?

a) Type4
b) Type2
c) Type3

d) Type1

59) Which one of the following can be considered as another name of Virtual Machine?

a) Software virtual machine

b) Real machine
c) process virtual machine
d) Virtualization hypervisor

60) Which of the following is the correct full form of SaaS?

a) Storage-as-a-Service
b) Server-as-a-Software
c) Software-as-a-Service
d) None of the above

61) Through which one of the following models, SaaS supports multiple users and offers a shared
data model?

a) single-tenancy
b) multiple-instance
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c) multi-tenancy
d) None of the above

62) Which of the following is the SaaS's Characteristics?

a) Usually, the license is subscription-based or usage-based and is billed on a recurring basis.

b) The software and the service are observed and maintained usually by the vendor.
c) Software mostly available over the internet across the world and can be provided according
to the demand through the browser.
d) All of the above

63) Which of the following is a characteristic of the SaaS applications?

a) SaaS applications are reliable

b) SaaS applications are not customizable
c) SaaS applications are customizable
d) Non-reliable

64) Which types of issues are associated with the SaaS?

a) Modest software tools

b) Multitenant solutions
c) Centralized management and data
d) Network dependence

65) Which one of the following statements can be considered as the true characteristics of
software as a Service (SaaS) model?

a) Software applications are generally maintained by the service provider (or vendor)
b) SaaS provides the best cost-effective applications because they do not need any
maintenance at the customer side.
c) They can easily scale up or scale down according to the conditions.
d) All of the above

66) Which one of the following is not the correct statement?

a) SaaS may be also be described as software deployed on a hosted service.

b) The platform can be based on the types of software development languages, frameworks,
and several other constructs.
c) SaaS is the cloud-based equivalent of shrink-wrapped software
d) All of the above
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67) Which one of the following can be considered as the most complete cloud computing service
model?

a) PaaS
b) IaaS
c) CaaS
d) SaaS

68) In SaaS, the used open-source software are also known as

a) Closed
b) Free
c) Open
d) all of the mentioned

69) Which one of the following statements is not true about SaaS?

a) SaaS applications are offered in all shapes and sizes.

b) All users with a little knowledge or know how to operate a computer also know about
the SaaS.
c) SaaS software is not customizable.
d) None of the above

70) Which type of PaaS does not contains any type of license or technical dependencies on
specific SaaS applications?

a) Add-on development facilities

b) Application delivery-only environments
c) Open Platform as a service
d) Stand-alone development environments

71) Which one of the following is associated heavily with vendor lock-in?

a) DaaS

b) SaaS
c) IaaS
d) PaaS
IV [Link] 2021-22 Aurora’s Technological & Research Institute

72) Which one of the following is a type of PaaS that usually allows customizing the existing SaaS
platform?
a) Stand-alone development environments
b) Add-on development facilities
c) Open Platform as a service
d) Application delivery-only environments

73) Which one of the following of PaaS type that involves on-demand scaling and application security?

a) Stand-alone development environments

b) Open Platform as a service
c) Application delivery-only environments
d) Add-on development facilities

74) How many types of PaaS are there?

a) 4
b) 3
c) 2
d) 5

75) Which one of the following can be considered as the benefit of PaaS?

a) Lower administrative overhead

b) Lower total cost of ownership
c) More current system software
d) All of the above

76) In AWS, which of the following is the AWS Management Console?

a) CAS
b) CDSS

c) CCS
d) CDA
IV [Link] 2021-22 Aurora’s Technological & Research Institute

77) Which of the following can be considered PaaS offering?

a) Youtube
b) Google Earth
c) Google Adsense
d) Google Maps

78) Which one of the following is not the correct statement?

a) The customer assumes no responsibility for maintaining the hardware, software or the
development of applications.
b) Google's App Engine platform is one of the IaaS offerings.
c) The vendor is usually responsible for all operational aspects of the services.
d) All of the above

79) Which one of the following statements is correct about the PaaS?

a) The platform as a service (or PaaS) systems usually support standards like JavaScript,
HTML, and several other rich media technologies.
b) Platform as a service provides the runtime environment for the applications.
c) The platform as a service is a completely integrated development environment.
d) All of the above

80) The terms "Iaas" stand for?

a) IT-as-a-Service
b) Infrastructure-as-a-Service
c) Internet-as-a-Service
d) Interoperability-as-a-Service

81) The resources like IP addresses and VLANs are provided to the end-users by which of the following?

a) Server virtualization.
b) Client virtualization.
c) End-user virtualization.
d) IaaS
IV [Link] 2021-22 Aurora’s Technological & Research Institute

82) Which one of the following is a kind of open standard protocol?

a) SOAP

b) WSDL
c) DHML
d) SIMPLE

83) In the virtual appliance, the content can be .

a) structured
b) unstructured
c) Both A and B
d) None of the above

84) How many kinds of virtual private server instances are there partitioned in the IaaS stack?

a) 3
b) 2
c) 4
d) 5

85) Which of the following forms the basis for almost all web services stacks?

a) WSDL

b) SOAP
c) UDDI
d) VMCC. SOA

86) Which of the following is the most commonly used model for description and discovery and is
also used with SOAP messaging?

a) DHML

b) VMC
c) WSDL
d) SOA
IV [Link] 2021-22 Aurora’s Technological & Research Institute

87) The Infrastructure as a service (IaaS) provides a type of isolated environment to each
customer individually by using .

a) renting
b) virtual machine sprawl
c) security vulnerabilities
d) hypervisor
88) IaaS usually shares issues with the .

a) PaaS

b) SaaS
c) Both A and B
d) None of the above

89) Which of the following is an advantage of IaaS (Infrastructure as service)?

a) Efficient and flexible renting of computer hardware.

b) Portability, interoperability with legacy applications.
c) Complete control of the computing resources through administrative access to VMs.
d) All of the above

90) Which one of the following is not a correct statement?

a) The Distributed Audit Service offers accountability for users accessing a system.
b) The CardSpace and OpenID specifications support the authentication type of data object.
c) Distributed transaction systems like as Cloud Computing Systems, Internetworks and several
others usually increases the obstacles faced by identity management systems.
d) All of the above

91) Which one of the following frameworks uses i-Card metaphor?

a) Higgins
b) Hughes
c) Hinges
d)XACML
IV [Link] 2021-22 Aurora’s Technological & Research Institute

92) Which of the following is a type of XML request or response language commonly used to
integrate and interrupt services that handle requests?

a) XACML

b) FIDM
c) SSP
d) SPML

93) In order to provide more secure authentication, which of the following is required at least?

a) three-factor authentication.
b) two -factor authentication.
c) four-factor authentication.
d) None of the above

94) Which one of the following groups is usually dedicated to supporting technologies that
implement enterprise mashups?

a) Open Mashup Alliance

b) Open Alliance Apache
c) Open Tech Alliance
d) None of the above

95) Which one of the following statements is correct about the FIDM?

a) SAML have access control

b) It typically uses the Security Markup Language (SAML) for packaging the user's security
credentials.
c) It describes the protocols and technologies.
d) All of the above

96) Which of the following allows the users to login into a several different websites with the same
single account ?

a) OpenID
b) FIDM
c) SSO
d) Identity
IV [Link] 2021-22 Aurora’s Technological & Research Institute

97) Which one of the following statements is true about the SSO?

a) It has multiple authentication servers

b) It manages single accesses to other systems
c) In SSO, User sends the ticket to intranet server.
d) All of the above

98) Among the following, which one has the single authentication server and manages multiple
accesses to the other systems?

a) SOAP
b) IDaaS
c) SSO
d) SOA

99) The term "IDaaS" stands for?

a) ID-as-a-Service
b) Interoperability-as-a-Service
c) Intranet-as-a-service
d) Identity-as-a-Service
100) BAAS full form
a)busy as a system
b) business as a system

c) bio as a system

d) big as a system

UNIT-III

101) Which of the following can be referred to the location and management of the
cloud's infrastructure?

a) Service
b) Deployment
c) Application
d) None of the mentioned
IV [Link] 2021-22 Aurora’s Technological & Research Institute

102) model consists of the particular types of services that you can access on a
cloud computing platform.

a) Service
b) Deployment
c) Application
d) None of the mentioned

103) Which one of the following statements is wrong?

a) The use of the word "cloud" makes reference to the two essential concepts.
b) Cloud computing abstracts systems by pooling and sharing resources
c) Cloud computing is nothing more than the Internet.
d) All of the mentioned

104) Which of the following is the deployment model?

a) Public
b) Private
c) Hybrid
d) All of the mentioned

105) Which one of the following statements is wrong?

a) Cloud Computing has two distinct sets of models.

b) Amazon has built a worldwide network of data centers to service its search engine.
c) Azure enables .NET Framework applications to run over the Internet.
d) None of the mentioned

106) Which one of the following is considered the best-known service model?

a) SaaS

b) IaaS
c) PaaS
d) All of the mentioned

107) The model originally did not require a cloud to use virtualization to pool resources.

a) NEFT
b) NIST
IV [Link] 2021-22 Aurora’s Technological & Research Institute

c) NIT
d) All of the mentioned

108) Which one of the following dimensions is related to the organization's boundaries?

a) The physical location of data

b) Ownership
c) Security boundary
d) All of the mentioned

109) How many types of dimensions exist in the Cloud Cube Model?

a) One
b) Two
c) Three
d) Four
110) model attempts to categorize a cloud network based on four-dimensional factors.

a) Cloud Square
b) Cloud Service
c) Cloud Cube
d) All of the mentioned

111) A hybrid cloud combines multiple clouds where those clouds retain their
unique identities but are bound together as a unit.

a) Public
b) Private
c) Community
d) Hybrid

112) Which one of the following is the wrong statement?

a) A deployment model defines the purpose of the cloud and the nature of how the cloud is
located.
b) The service model defines the purpose of the cloud and the nature of how the cloud is located.

c) Cloud Square Model is meant to show us that the traditional notion of a network
boundary being the network's firewall no longer applies in cloud computing.
d) All of the mentioned
IV [Link] 2021-22 Aurora’s Technological & Research Institute

113) Which one of the following is the wrong statement?

a) Public Cloud may be managed by the constituent organization(s) or by a third party.

b) A community cloud may be managed by the constituent organization(s) or by a third party.
c) Private clouds may be either on- or off-premises
d) None of the mentioned

114) How many types of security threshold values are actually present in the cloud cube model?

a) 1
b) 2
c) 3
d) None of the mentioned
115) Which of the following is offered by the ownership dimension of the Cloud Cube Model?

a) Proprietary
b) Owner
c) P
d) All of the mentioned

116) Which of the following is a measure of knowing whether the operation is inside
or outside the security limits?

a) Per
b) P
c) Pre
d) All of the mentioned

117) Which one of the following is related to the services offered by the Cloud?

a) Sourcing
b) Ownership
c) Reliability
d) AaaS

118) Which one of the following dimensions corresponds to two different states in
the possible eight cloud forms?

a) The physical location of data

b) Ownership
c) Security boundary
IV [Link] 2021-22 Aurora’s Technological & Research Institute

d) None of the mentioned

119) Which one of the following options is correct cloud infrastructure operated for
the exclusive use of an organization?

a) Public
b) Private
c) Community
d) All of the mentioned

120) Which one of the following is a type of the Cloud that is organized in such a way to
serve the common purpose or the functions?
a) Public

b) Private

c) Community
d) All of the mentioned

121) Which one of the following is the wrong statement?

a) Everything from application to infrastructure is the responsibility of the vendor.

b) AaaS provides several sources such as the applications, development frameworks, operating
systems, virtual machines, control structures, transactions, etc.

c) In the deployment model, different types of clouds are referred to as an expression of

the infrastructure's approach.
d) All of the mentioned

122) Which one of the following provides the resources or services such as the
virtual infrastructure, virtual machines, virtual storage, and several other hardware
assets?

a) IaaS

b) SaaS

c) PaaS
d) All of the mentioned

123) Which one of the following offers the control structures and development frameworks?

a) IaaS

b) SaaS
c) PaaS
d) All of the mentioned
IV [Link] 2021-22 Aurora’s Technological & Research Institute

124) Which one of the following is the wrong statement?

a) The Platform as a service includes the integration features, middleware, and several other
orchestrations choreography services to the IaaS model.
b) Hybrid Cloud Computing offers xaas or "anything as a service" as the delivery of IT as a service.
c) MaaS (or the Monitoring as a Service) is currently still an emerging piece of Cloud Jigsaw.
d) None of the mentioned

125) Which one of the following was owned by an organization that sells cloud

services? a)Hybrid

b) Private
c) Community
d) Public

126) Find out which one can be considered the complete operating environment with
applications, management?

a) IaaS
b) SaaS
c) PaaS
d) All of the mentioned

127) Which one of the following is considered a type of cloud computing model involving
the three different service models together?

a) CPI

b) SIP

c) SPI
d) All of the mentioned

128) The term "Caas" stands for as a service?

a) Compliance as a service
b) Computer as a service
c) Community as a service
d) Communication as a service
IV [Link] 2021-22 Aurora’s Technological & Research Institute

129) Which one of the following is a type of infrastructure as a service?

a) EC2

b) EC1
c) EC10
d) Hybrid

130) Which one of the following was one of the top 5 cloud applications in late 2010?

a) Cloud backup
b) Web applications
c) Business applications
d) All of the mentioned

131) Which one of the following statements is not true?

a) Google's cloud involves approx ten data-centers in all over the world.
b) Data centers are sited in such a way that the overall system latency can be optimized.
c) The online shopping website, such as [Link], has the infrastructure built so that it
can support the elastic demand so the system will be capable of accommodating peak
traffic.
d) All of the above

132) Which of the following benefits is related to creating stored resources together in
a system that supports multi-tenant use?

a) On-demand self-service
b) Extensive network access
c) Resource pooling
d) All of the above

133) Which one of the following is something that a user can obtain it under the
contract from his/her vendor?

a) PoS

b) SoS

c) QoS
d) All of the mentioned
IV [Link] 2021-22 Aurora’s Technological & Research Institute
134) All cloud computing
applications suffer from the inherent that is intrinsic in their WAN
IV [Link] 2021-22 Aurora’s Technological & Research Institute

connectivity.

a) Propagation
b) Latency
c) Noise
d) All of the mentioned

135) Which of the following architectural standards is working with the cloud computing industry?

a) Service-oriented architecture
b) Standardized Web services
c) Web-application frameworks

d) All of the mentioned

136) Which one of the following is the most important subject of concern in cloud computing?

a) Security
b) Storage
c) Scalability
d) All of the mentioned

137) You cannot rely on a cloud provider for maintaining its in the event of government work.

a) Scalability
b) Reliability
c) Privacy
d) None of the mentioned

138) enables batch processing, which greatly speeds up high-processing applications.

a) Scalability
b) Reliability
c) Elasticity
d) Utility

139) feature allows you to optimize your system and capture all possible transactions.

a) Scalability
b) Reliability
c) Elasticity
IV [Link] 2021-22 Aurora’s Technological & Research Institute

d) none of the mentioned

140) is a pay-as-you-go model matches resources to need on an ongoing basis.

a) Utility
b) Elasticity
c) Low barrier to entry
d) All of the mentioned

141) Which of the following is the most refined and restrictive service model?

a) IaaS
b) CaaS
c) PaaS
d) All of the mentioned

142) When you add a software stack, such as an operating system and
applications to the service, the model shifts to model.

a) SaaS

b) PaaS

c) IaaS
d) All of the mentioned

143) Which one of the following is a false statement?

a) A cloud is defined as the combination of the infrastructure of a data-center with the ability
to provision hardware and software.
b) High touch applications are best done on-premises.
c) The Google App Engine follows IaaS.
d) None of the mentioned

144) Service that generally focuses on the hardware follows which one of the
following service models?

a) IaaS

b) CaaS

c) PaaS
d) All of the mentioned

e)
IV [Link] 2021-22 Aurora’s Technological & Research Institute

145) Which of the following types of applications works with cloud computing that has
low risks, low margins?

a) High touch
b) Low touch
c) Moderate touch
d) All of the mentioned

146) Which one of the following statements is false?

a) Service Level Agreements (SLAs) is a small aspect of cloud computing.

b) Cloud computing does not have an impact on Software licensing.
c) Cloud computing present new opportunities to users and developers.
d) All of the mentioned

147) Which one of the following is a special attribute of cloud computing?

a) utility type of delivery

b) elasticity
c) low barrier to entry

d) all of the mentioned

148) Who is the father of cloud computing?

a) Sharon B. Codd
b) Edgar Frank Codd
c) J.C.R. Licklider
d) Charles Bachman

149) Which of the following is not a type of cloud server?

a) Public Cloud Servers
b) Private Cloud Servers
c) Dedicated Cloud Servers
d) Merged Cloud Servers

150) Which of the following is the application of cloud computing?

a) Adobe
b) Paypal
c) Google G Suite
d) All of the above
IV [Link] 2021-22 Aurora’s Technological & Research Institute

UNIT-IV

151. Which of the following is not a type of

cloud? A : Private
B : Public
C : Protected
D : Hybrid

152. Which of the following architectural standards is working with cloud computing
industry? A : Service-oriented architecture
B : Standardized Web services
C : Web-application
frameworks D : Web-based
archietectrure

153. Which of the following provides evidence that the message received is the same as created
by its rightful sender ?
A : Trusted Signature
B : Analog Signature
C : Digital Signature
D : Encryption

154. Point out the correct statement:

A : Google’s cloud includes perhaps some 10 datacenters worldwide
B : [Link]’s infrastructure was built to support elastic demand so the system
could accommodate peak traffic
C : Datacenters have been sited to optimize the overall system latency
D : Datacenters don’t optimize the system latency

155. The mechanism to convert Plaintext data into Ciphertext data is known as
? A : Identity Management
B : Credential Management
C : Decryption
D : Encryption

156. OVF Stands for

A : Open Virtualization
Format B : Open Virualization
File
C : Over Virtualization
Format D : Over
Virtualization File

157. XML standard is used

for A : Web development
B : Send structured data over
network C : Messaging
D : Run Server
IV [Link] 2021-22 Aurora’s Technological & Research Institute

158. When you add operating system and applications to the service, the model called as
.
A : PaaS
B :
CaaS
C :
SaaS
D : IaaS

159. Which organization supports the development of standards for the cloud
computing? A : IEEE
B : OMG
C : OCC
D : Stateless

160. JSON stands for

A : Java Script Object Notation
B : Java Source Object
Notation C : Java Script Object
Name
D : Java Script Open Notation

161. Which of the following mechanisms are contained by Cloud API for accessing cloud
services? A : Abstraction
B : Authentication
C : Replication
D : Segmentation

162. Which of the following Cloud Security Characteristic states that data not having been altered
by an unauthorized party ?
A : Integrity
B : Confidentiality
C : Authenticity
D : Availability

163. Google is a collection of applications and utilities under development and

testing. A : Code
B : Labs
C : Hash
D : Platform

164. Volume mapping maps the host server’s directory into the Docker container. The data
will remain in a safe and accessible place if you do which of the following?
A : re-create the
container B : migrate the
container C : delete the
container
D : backup the container

165. Which is not true about Docker

Hub? A : The Hub is a network service
IV [Link] 2021-22 Aurora’s Technological & Research Institute
B : Docker Hub is a network storage
IV [Link] 2021-22 Aurora’s Technological & Research Institute

C : It gives access to Docker

images D : It’s a totally private
repository

166. Name the cloud developed by

SGI A : Nebula
B : Andromeda
C : Cyclone
D : STANDARDS

Q. 167. Which of the following is a photo and video sharing service by MobileMe?
A : iDisk
B : Find My iPhone
C : iWeb Publish
D : MobileMe Gallery

168. is a paradigm of distributed computing to provide the customers

on- demand, utility based computing service.
A : Distributed
System B : Cloud
Computing C :
Remote Sensing
D : Private Computing

169. The process of converting Ciphertext data to Plaintext data is known as

? A : Encryption
B : Decryption

170. LAMP standard includes

A : Linux, Apache, MySQL,
PHP B : Linux, Apache, MySQL
C : Linux, MySQL, PHP
D : Linux, Apache, PHP

171. When did the Clustered systems first appear

in? A : 1980
B : 1990
C : 2000
D : 2010

172. PaaS stands for?

A : Product as a service
B : Platform application and services
C : Platform as a system
D : Platform as a service

173. Point out the incorrect statement:

A : All delivery models provide similar security services
B : Different types of cloud computing service models provide different levels of security services
C : Adapting your on-premises systems to a cloud model requires that you determine what security
IV [Link] 2021-22 Aurora’s Technological & Research Institute

mechanisms are required and mapping those to controls that exist in your chosen cloud service
provider
D : Data should be transferred and stored in an encrypted format for security purpose

174. The characteristic of something having been provided by an authorized source in the context
of security is known as ?
A : Avaialbility
B : Consistency
C : Authenticity
D : Integrity

175. Which of the following is used for sending structured data over
network? A : LAMP
B : LAPP
C : XML
D : Ajax

176. What is the operating state of a

cloudlet? A : Only soft state
B : Only hard state
C : Both hard and soft state
D : GAE

177. Fundamental Architecture of Docker is :

A : Standlone Systems
B : Mainframes
Systems C : Peer-to-
Peer
D : Simple Client-Server

178. Which of the following occurs when data being transferred to or within a cloud (usually
from the cloud consumer to the cloud provider) is passively intercepted by a malicious service
agent for illegitimate information gathering
purposes
A : Insufficient Authorization Attack
B : Virtualization Attack
C : Traffic Eavesdropping
D : Denail-of-Service

179. Which of the following is used for the packaging and distribution of one or more
virtual appliances?
A : OVF
B:
SMTP
C : Ajax
D:
LAMP
IV [Link] 2021-22 Aurora’s Technological & Research Institute

180. Which of the following are cloud related working

groups? A : Open Cloud Consortium
B : Distributed Management Task Force
C : Only 1
D : Both 1 and 2

181. is XML based protocol used for near-real-time, extensible instant messaging and
Presence information.
A : TCP
B:
SIMPLE
C : HTTP
D : XMPP

182. The purpose of the Open Cloud Consortium is to

A : support development of standards for cloud computing
B : develop a framework for inteoperability among variuos cloud
C : Only 1
D : Both 1 and 2

183. Point out the correct statement.

A : Yahoo search is the most popular search engine on the Web
B : Google Ad Planner is a free media planning tool that can help you identify websites your audience
is likely to visit so you can make better-informed advertising decisions
C : Google AdSense is a free media planning tool that can help you identify websites your audience is
likely to visit so you can make better-informed advertising decisions
D : All Google products are freely accessible

184. Which of the following is not Cloud

Stakeholder? A : Cloud Providers
B : Clients
C : End users
D : Cloud users

185. Which of the following Integrates local computational environments and public cloud
services on-demand
A : Docker
B : Mobile Cloud Computing
C : Cloud TV
D : CometCloud autonomic cloud engine

186. Monitor body functions such as blood pressure, blood sugar levels, stress, and more, and
notify the person and adjust the environment to affect those functions. Which Cloud Application
does this example represents ?
A : Intelligent
Fabrics B : Cloud TV
C : Power-aware Cloud Application
D : Jungle Computing
IV [Link] 2021-22 Aurora’s Technological & Research Institute

187. What is the example of P2P

networks? A : Gmail
B : Azure
C : Amazon
D : Facebook

188. Which of the following is most refined and restrictive service model
? A : IaaS
B :
CaaS
C :
PaaS
D :
SaaS

189. Which of the following is a more sophisticated load

balancer? A : Rack server managers
B : Workload managers
C : Workspace managers
D : Network server managers

190. What is the compound metric for cloud platform

performace? A : QoC
B : QoCS
C : QoS
D : COC

191. When a teenager enters his or her room, for example, the music will play louder, lights may
dim, and the computer might initiate specific Skype connections. If a parent enters the room,
the volume will lower, lights will turn on, and the Skype page might
A : Energy aware Cloud
Computing B : Multimedia Cloud
Computing C : Home Based Cloud
Computing D : Cloud TV
Computing

192. Which type of computing provides mobile users with data storage and processing services
in clouds, obviating the need to have a powerful device configuration (e.g. CPU speed, memory
capacity etc), as all resource-intensive computing can be performed in th
A : Energy aware Cloud Computing
B : Mobile Cloud Computing
C : Home Based Cloud Computing
D : Cloud TV Computing

193. Which of the following is used to transmit structured data over

network? A : XML
B : JSON
C : Only 1
D : Both 1 and 2

194. In this type of cloud, an organization rents cloud services from cloud providers on-
IV [Link] 2021-22 Aurora’s Technological & Research Institute
demand basis.
A : Private
B : Public
IV [Link] 2021-22 Aurora’s Technological & Research Institute

C : Protected
D : Hybrid

195. Which type of computing provides the user to use all computing resources available in this
environment, which contains clusters, clouds, grids, desktop grids, supercomputers, stand-
alone machines and mobile devices.
A : Autonmic Computing
B : Home-based Cloud
Computing C : Jungle Computing
D : Mobile Computing

Q. 196. Which of the following storage is presented to a user as if it is a ready-touse disk

drive? A : Managed
B :
Unmanaged
C : Unavailable
D : Unreliable

197. These cloud services are of the form of utility computing i.e. the uses these
services pay-as-you-go model.
A : Cloud Providers
B : Clients
C : End users
D : Cloud users

198. Azure Storage plays the same role in Azure that _ plays in Amazon Web
Services. A : S3
B :
EC2
C :
EC3
D : S2

199. Which of the following mechanism addresses the challenge of propogating the
authentication and authorization information for a cloud service consumer across multiple cloud
services ?
A : Hashing
B : Singel-Sign On
C : Digital Signatures
D : Public-Key Cryptography

200. Which among the following is a type of Computing which is a form of selfmanaging
systems A : Jungle Computing
B : Autonomic Computing
C : Mobile Computing
D : Home-based Cloud Computing
IV [Link] 2021-22 Aurora’s Technological & Research Institute

UNIT-V

201. is the protocol specification for exchanging structured information in the

implementaiton of Web services in Computer Network.
A : RSS
B : APP
C :
SOAP
D : REST

202. Which of the following is the operational domain of

CSA? A : Reliability
B : Scalability
C : Portability and
interoperability D : Flexibility

203. Cloud provides multiple cloud consumers with access to IT resources that share underlying
hardware but are logically isolated from each [Link] among the following is an inherent
risk that cloud consumers could abuse this access to attack the underlying
A : Denial of Service attack
B : Virtualization attack
C : Traffic Eavesdropping attack
D : Malicious Intermediary
attack

204. In which of the following clients must have continuous connection to host to receive
the messages?
A:
SMTP
B : POP
C : IMAP
D : Both 1 and 2

Q. 205. Which port does Docker registry use?

A : Port 3000
B : Port 5000
C : Port 8000
D : Docker Compose

206. Which of the following Cloud Issue addresses If you’re using a virtual network between
servers, does your virtualized NIC (Network Interface Card) even support promiscuous mode to
allow you to examine the data flows?
A : Partner Quality
B : Business Continuity
C : Regulatory Issues and Accountability
D : Quality-Of-Service

207. enable multiple users to access the same application logic

simultaneously. A : Multitenant technology
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B : Virtualization technology
C : Web technology
D : Service Technology
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208. Cost, Reliability, Availability, aspect ratio, frame rate – these parameters refers to what
? A : Quality of Service
B : Stability
C : Maintanability
D : Service
Integrity

209. Most of the cloud architectures are built on this type of

architecture. A : Skeleton
B : grid
C:
linear
D : template

210. The technology used to distribute service requests to resources is referred to

as A : Load Scheduling
B : Load Performing
C : Load Balancing
D : Load Measuring

211. The term refers to a Network or Internet.

A. Cloud Computing
B. Cloud
C. Computing
D. CRM

212. Cloud Computing refers to?

A. accessing the hardware

B. configuring the hardware
C. manipulating the hardware
D. All of the above

213. Which of the following is true about cloud computing?

A. Cloud computing is platform dependent

B. Cloud Computing makes our business applications mobile and collaborative.
C. Cloud Computing provides us means of accessing the applications as utilities over
computer only.
D. All of the above

214. Which of the following is the working modelsfor cloud computing?

A. Deployment Models
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B. Configuring Model
C. Collaborative Model
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D. All of the above

215. How many types of Cloud are there in Deployment Models?

A. 2
B. 3
C. 4
D. 5

216. The allows systems and services to be accessible by a group of organizations.

A. Private cloud
B. Public cloud
C. Community cloud
D. Hybrid cloud

217. The allows systems and services to be accessible within an organization.

A. Private cloud
B. Public cloud
C. Community cloud
D. Hybrid cloud

218. Which of the following is a type of Service Models?

A. Public-as-a-Service
B. Platform-as-a-Service
C. Community-as-a-Service
D. Public-as-a-Service

219. provides the runtime environment for applications, development and

deployment tools, etc.

A. IaaS
B. PaaS
C. SaaS
D. XaaS

220. is yet another service model, which includes Network-as-a-

Service, Business-as-a-Service, Identity-as-a-Service, Database-as-a-Service or Strategy-as-
a-Service.

A. IaaS
B. PaaS
C. SaaS
D. XaaS
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221. What widely used service is built on cloud-computing

technology? [Link]
[Link]
[Link]
[Link] of the above

222. What type of computing technology refers to services and applications that typically run on
a distributed network through virtualized resources?

A. Distributed Computing
B. Soft Computing
C. Cloud Computing
D. Parallel Computing

223. Which model consists of the particular types of services that you can access on a
cloud computing platform.

A. Service
B. Deployment
C. Application
D. None of the mentioned

224. Which of the following is the working models for cloud computing?

A. Deployment Models
B. Configuring Model
C. Collaborative Model
D. All of the above

225. Cloud computing is a system and it is necessarily unidirectional in nature.

A. Reliable system
B. Stateless system
C. Stateful system
D. None of the above

226. What is the most important area of concern in cloud computing?

A. Security
B. Scalability
C. Storage
D. None of the mentioned

227. Which of these should a company consider before implementing cloud computing technology?

A. Employee satisfaction
B. Potential cost reduction
C. Information sensitivity
D. All of the above
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228. A larger cloud network can be built as either a layer 3 or layer 4 networks.

A. True
B. Flase

229. Which one of the following refers to the non-functional requirements like disaster
recovery, security, reliability, etc.

A. Service Development
B. Quality of service
C. Plan Development
D. Technical Service

230. Which of the following is the best-known service model?

A. SaaS
B. IaaS
C. PaaS
D. All of the mentioned

231. Which cloud allows systems and services to be accessible by a group of organizations?

A. Private cloud
B. Public cloud
C. Community cloud
D. Hybrid cloud

234. Which one of the following options can be considered as the Cloud?

a) Hadoop
b) Intranet
c) Web Applications

d) All of the mentioned

235. Cloud computing is a kind of abstraction which is based on the notion of combining physical
resources and represents them as resources to users.

a) Real
b) Cloud
c) Virtual
D) none of the mentioned
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236. Which one of the following cloud concepts is related to sharing and pooling the
resources? a)Polymorphism
b) Virtualization
c) Abstraction
d) None of the mentioned

237. Which one of the following statements is not true?

a) The popularization of the Internet actually enabled most cloud computing systems.
b) Cloud computing makes the long-held dream of utility as a payment possible for you, with
an infinitely scalable, universally available system, pay what you use.
c) Soft computing addresses a real paradigm in the way in which the system is deployed.
d) All of the mentioned

238. Which one of the following can be considered as a utility is a dream that dates from the
beginning of the computing industry itself?

a) Computing
b) Model
c) Software
d) All of the mentioned

239. Which of the following is an essential concept related to Cloud?

a) Reliability
b) Abstraction
c) Productivity
d) All of the mentioned

240. Which one of the following is Cloud Platform by Amazon?

a) Azure
b) AWS
c) Cloudera

d) All of the mentioned

241. In the Planning Phase, Which of the following is the correct step for performing the analysis?

a) Cloud Computing Value Proposition

IV [Link] 2021-22 Aurora’s Technological & Research Institute

b) Cloud Computing Strategy Planning

c) Both A and B
d) Business Architecture Development

[Link] is Business Architecture

Development?

a) We recognize the risks that might be caused by cloud computing application from a
business perspective.
b) We identify the applications that support the business processes and the technologies
required to support enterprise applications and data systems.
c) We formulate all kinds of plans that are required to transform the current business to
cloud computing modes.
d) None of the above

243. Which one of the following refers to the non-functional requirements like disaster recovery,
security, reliability, etc.

a) Service Development
b) Quality of service
c) Plan Development
d) Technical Service

244. Which one of the following is a phase of the Deployment process?

a) Selecting Cloud Computing Provider

b) IT Architecture Development
c) Business Architecture Development
d) Transformation Plan Development

245. This phase involves selecting a cloud provider based on the Service Level Agreement (SLA),
which defines the level of service the provider receives.

a) Maintenance and Technical Service

b) Selecting Cloud Computing Provider
c) Both A and B
d) None of the above

246. Which of the model involves the special types of services that users can access on a Cloud
Computing platform?
IV [Link] 2021-22 Aurora’s Technological & Research Institute

a) Service
b) Planning
c) Deployment
d) Application

247. Which one of the following is related to the services provided by Cloud?

a) Sourcing
b) Ownership
c) Reliability
d) PaaS

248. Cloud computing architecture is a combination of?

a) service-oriented architecture and grid computing

b) Utility computing and event-driven architecture.
c) Service-oriented architecture and event-driven architecture.

d) Virtualization and event-driven architecture.

249. Which one of the following refers to the user's part of the Cloud Computing system?

a) back End
b) Management
c) Infrastructure
d) Front End

250. y whom is the backend commonly used?

a) Client
b) User
c) Stockholders
d) service provider
IV [Link] 2021-22 Aurora’s Technological & Research Institute

LECTURE NOTES
UNIT -1

Computing Paradigms
1.1 High-Performance Computing
In high-performance computing systems, a pool of processors (processor machines or central processing units [CPUs])
connected (networked) with other resources like memory, storage, and input and output devices, and the deployed
software is enabled to run in the entire system of connected components.
The processor machines can be of homogeneous or heterogeneous type. The legacy meaning of high-performance
computing (HPC) is the supercomputers; however, it is not true in present-day computing scenarios.
Therefore, HPC can also be attributed to mean the other computing paradigms that are discussed in the forthcoming
sections, as it is a common name for all these computing systems.
Thus, examples of HPC include a small cluster of desktop computers or personal computers (PCs) to the fastest
supercomputers.
HPC systems are normally found in those applications where it is required to use or solve scientific problems. Most of
the time, the challenge in working with these kinds of problems is to perform suitable simulation study,
and this can be accomplished by HPC without any difficulty.
Scientific examples such as protein folding in molecular biology and studies on developing models and applications
based on nuclear fusion are worth noting as potential applications for HPC.

1.2 Parallel Computing

Parallel computing is also one of the facets of HPC. Here, a set of processors work cooperatively to solve a
computational problem.
These processor machines or CPUs are mostly of homogeneous type. Therefore, this definition is the same as that of
HPC and is broad enough to include supercomputers that have hundreds or thousands of processors interconnected
with other resources.
One can distinguish between conventional (also known as serial or sequential or Von Neumann) computers and parallel
computers in the way the applications are executed.
In serial or sequential computers, the following apply:
• It runs on a single computer/processor machine having a single CPU.
• A problem is broken down into a discrete series of instructions.
• Instructions are executed one after another. In parallel computing, since there is simultaneous use of
multiple processor machines, the following apply:
• It is run using multiple processors (multiple CPUs).
• A problem is broken down into discrete parts that can be solved concurrently.
• Each part is further broken down into a series of instructions.
• Instructions from each part are executed simultaneously on different processors.
• An overall control/coordination mechanism is employed.
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1.3 Distributed Computing

Distributed computing is also a computing system that consists of multiple computers or processor machines connected
through a network, which can be homogeneous or heterogeneous, but run as a single system.
The connectivity can be such that the CPUs in a distributed system can be physically close together and connected by
a local network, or they can be geographically distant and connected by a wide area network.
The heterogeneity in a distributed system supports any number of possible configurations in the processor machines,
such as mainframes, PCs, workstations, and minicomputers.
The goal of distributed computing is to make such a network work as a single computer. Distributed computing systems
are advantageous over centralized systems, because there is a support for the following characteristic features:
1. Scalability: It is the ability of the system to be easily expanded by adding more machines as needed, and
viceversa, without affecting the existing setup.
2. Redundancy or replication: Here, several machines can provide the same services, so that even if one
is unavailable (or failed), work does not stop because other similar computing supports will be available.

1.4 Cluster Computing

A cluster computing system consists of a set of the same or similar type of processor machines connected using a
dedicated network infrastructure.
All processor machines share resources such as a common home directory and have a software such as a message passing
interface (MPI) implementation installed to allow programs to be run across all nodes simultaneously.
This is also a kind of HPC category. The individual computers in a cluster can be referred to as nodes.
The reason to realize a cluster as HPC is due to the fact that the individual nodes can work together to solve a problem
larger than any computer can easily solve. And, the nodes need to communicate with one another in order to
work cooperatively and meaningfully together to solve the problem in hand.

1.5 Grid Computing

The computing resources in most of the organizations are underutilized but are necessary for certain operations.
The idea of grid computing is to make use of such nonutilized computing power by the needy organizations, and thereby
the return on investment (ROI) on computing investments can be increased.
Thus, grid computing is a network of computing or processor machines managed with a kind of software such as
middleware, in order to access and use the resources remotely.
The managing activity of grid resources through the middleware is called grid services.
Grid services provide access control, security, access to data including digital libraries and databases, and access to large-
scale interactive and long-term storage facilities.
Electrical Power Grid:
Never worry about where the electricity that we are using comes from; that is, whether it is from coal in Australia, from
wind power in the United States, or from a nuclear plant in France, one can simply plug the electrical appliance into
the wall-mounted socket and it will get the electrical power that we need to operate the appliance
The infrastructure that makes this possible is called the power grid. It links together many different kinds of power
plants with our home, through transmission stations, power stations, transformers, power lines, and so forth.
The power grid is pervasive: electricity is available essentially everywhere, and one can simply access it through a
standard wall-mounted socket.
The power grid is a utility: we ask for electricity and we get it. We also pay for what we get.

Grid Computing:
Never worry about where the computer power that we are using comes from; that is, whether it is from a
supercomputer in Germany, a computer farm in India, or a laptop in New Zealand, one can simply plug in the
computer and the Internet and it will get the application execution done.
The infrastructure that makes this possible is called the computing grid. It links together computing resources, such as
IV [Link] 2021-22 Aurora’s Technological & Research Institute

PCs, workstations, servers, and storage elements, and provides the mechanism needed to access them via the
Internet
The grid is also pervasive in the sense that the remote computing resources would be accessible from different
platforms, including laptops and mobile phones, and one can simply access the grid computing power through
the web browser.
The grid computing is also a utility: we ask for computing power or storage capacity and we get it. We also pay for what
we get.

1.6 Cloud Computing

The computing trend moved toward cloud from the concept of grid computing, particularly when large computing
resources are required to solve a single problem, using the ideas of computing power as a utility and other
allied concepts.
However, the potential difference between grid and cloud is that grid computing supports leveraging several computers
in parallel to solve a particular application, while cloud computing supports leveraging multiple resources, including
computing resources, to deliver a unified service to the end user.
In cloud computing, the IT and business resources, such as servers, storage, network, applications, and processes, can be
dynamically provisioned to the user needs and workload.
In addition, while a cloud can provision and support a grid, a cloud can also support nongrid environments, such as
a three-tier web architecture running on traditional or Web 2.0 applications.

1.7 Biocomputing
Biocomputing systems use the concepts of biologically derived or simulated molecules (or models) that perform
computational processes in order to solve a problem.
The biologically derived models aid in structuring the computer programs that become part of the application.
Biocomputing provides the theoretical background and practical tools for scientists to explore proteins and DNA.
DNA and proteins are nature’s building blocks, but these building blocks are not exactly used as bricks; the function of
the final molecule rather strongly depends on the order of these blocks.
Thus, the Biocomputing scientist works on inventing the order suitable for various applications mimicking biology.
Biocomputing shall, therefore, lead to a better understanding of life and the molecular causes of certain diseases.

1.8 Mobile Computing

In mobile computing, the processing (or computing) elements are small (i.e., handheld devices) and the communication
between various resources is taking place using wireless media.
Mobile communication for voice applications (e.g., cellular phone) is widely established throughout the world and
witnesses a very rapid growth in all its dimensions including the increase in the number of subscribers of various
cellular networks.
An extension of this technology is the ability to send and receive data across various cellular networks using small
devices such as smartphones.
There can be numerous applications based on this technology; for example, video call or conferencing is one of the
important applications that people prefer to use in place of existing voice (only) communications on mobile phones.
Mobile computing–based applications are becoming very important and rapidly evolving with various technological
advancements as it allows users to transmit data from remote locations to other remote or fixed locations.
IV [Link] 2021-22 Aurora’s Technological & Research Institute

1.9 Quantum Computing

Manufacturers of computing systems say that there is a limit for cramming more and more transistors into smaller and
smaller spaces of integrated circuits (ICs) and thereby doubling the processing power about every 18 months.
This problem will have to be overcome by a new quantum computing–based solution, wherein the dependence is on
quantum information, the rules that govern the subatomic world.
Quantum computers are millions of times faster than even our most powerful supercomputers today.
Since quantum computing works differently on the most fundamental level than the current technology, and although
there are working prototypes, these systems have not so far proved to be alternatives to today’s silicon-based
machines.

1.10 Optical Computing

Optical computing system uses the photons in visible light or infrared beams, rather than electric current, to perform
digital computations.
An electric current flows at only about 10% of the speed of light. This limits the rate at which data can be
exchanged over long distances and is one of the factors that led to the evolution of optical fiber.
By applying some of the advantages of visible and/or IR networks at the device and component scale, a computer can be
developed that can perform operations 10 or more times faster than a conventional electronic computer.

1.11 Nanocomputing
Nanocomputing refers to computing systems that are constructed from nanoscale components. The silicon
transistors in traditional computers may be replaced by transistors based on carbon nanotubes.
The successful realization of nanocomputers relates to the scale and integration of these nanotubes or components.
The issues of scale relate to the dimensions of the components; they are, at most, a few nanometers in at least
two dimensions.
The issues of integration of the components are twofold: first, the manufacture of complex arbitrary patterns may
be economically infeasible, and second, nanocomputers may include massive quantities of devices. Researchers
are working on all these issues to bring nanocomputing a reality.

1.12 Network Computing

Network computing is a way of designing systems to take advantage of the latest technology and maximize its positive
impact on business solutions and their ability to serve their customers using a strong underlying network of
computing resources.
In any network computing solution, the client component of a networked architecture or application will be with the
customer or client or end user, and in modern days, they provide an essential set of functionality necessary to
support the appropriate client functions at minimum cost and maximum simplicity.
Unlike conventional PCs, they do not need to be individually configured and maintained according to their intended use.
The other end of the client component in the network architecture will be a typical server environment to push the
services of the application to the client end.
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SYSTEM MODELS FOR DISTRIBUTED AND CLOUD COMPUTING

o Distributed and cloud computing systems are built over a large number of
autonomous computer nodes. These node machines are interconnected by
SANs,
LANs, or WANs
o A massive system is with millions of computers connected to edge networks.
o Massive systems are considered highly scalable
o massive systems are classified into four groups: clusters, P2P networks, computing
grids, and Internet clouds

Computing cluster
o A computing cluster consists of interconnected stand-alone computers
which work cooperatively as a single integrated computing resource.

Cluster Architecture
o the architecture consists of a typical server cluster built around a low-latency,
high bandwidth interconnection network.
o build a larger cluster with more nodes, the interconnection network can be built
with multiple levels of Gigabit Ethernet, Myrinet, or InfiniBand switches.
o Through hierarchical construction using a SAN, LAN, or WAN, one can build scalable
clusters with an increasing number of nodes
o cluster is connected to the Internet via a virtual private network (VPN) gateway.
o gateway IP address locates the cluster
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o Clusters have loosely coupled node computers.

o All resources of a server node are managed
by their own OS.
o Most clusters have multiple system images as a
result of having many autonomous nodes under different
OS control

Single-System Image -Cluster

o an ideal cluster should merge multiple system images intoa single-system image (SSI)
o acluster operating system or some middleware have to support SSI at various
levels, including the sharing of CPUs, memory, and I/O across all cluster
nodes.
o illusion created by software or hardware that presents a collection of resources
as one integrated, powerful resource
o SSI makes the cluster appear like a single machine to the user.
o A cluster with multiple system images is nothing but a collection
of independent computers.

Hardware, Software, and Middleware Support –Cluster

o Clusters exploring massive parallelism are commonly known as MPPs –Massive
Parallel Processing
o The building blocks are computer nodes (PCs, workstations, servers, or SMP),
special communication software such as PVM or MPI, and a network interface card
in each computer node.
o Most clusters run under the Linux OS.
o nodes are interconnected by a high-bandwidth network
o Special cluster middleware supports are needed to create SSI or high availability (HA).
o all distributed memory to be shared by all servers by forming distributed
shared memory (DSM).
o SSI features are expensive
o achieving SSI, many clusters are loosely coupled machines
o virtual clusters are created dynamically, upon user demand
Grid Computing
 A web service such as HTTP enables remote access of remote web pages
 computing grid offers an infrastructure that couples computers,
software/middleware, special instruments, and people and sensors together
 Enterprises or organizations present grids as integrated computing resources. They
can also beviewed as virtual platforms to support virtual organizations.
 The computers used in a grid are primarilyworkstations, servers,
clusters, and supercomputers
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Peer-to-Peer Network-P2P
 P2P architecture offers a distributed model of networked systems.
 P2P network is client-oriented instead of server-oriented
 In a P2P system, every node acts as both a client and a server
 Peer machines are simply client computers connected to the Internet.
 All client machines act autonomously to join or leave the system freely. This implies that
no master-slave relationship exists among the peers.
 No central coordination or central database is needed. The system is self-
organizing with distributed control.
 P2P two layer of abstractions as given in the figure

 Each peer machine joins or leaves the

P2P network voluntarily
 Only the participatingpeers form
the physical network at any time.
 Physical network is simply an ad hoc
networkformed at various Internet
domains randomly using the TCP/IP
and NAI protocols.

Peer-to-Peer Network-Overlay network

 Data items or files are distributed in the participating peers.

 Based on communication or file-sharing needs, the peer IDs form an overlay network at the
logical level.
 When a new peer joins the system, its peer ID is added as a node in the overlay network.
 When an existing peer leaves the system, its peer ID is removed from the overlay
network automatically.
 An unstructured overlay network is characterized by a random graph. There is no fixed
route to send messages or files among the nodes. Often, flooding is applied to send a query
to all nodes in an unstructured overlay, thus resulting in heavy network traffic and
nondeterministic search results.
 Structured overlay networks follow certain connectivity topology and rules for inserting
and removing nodes (peer IDs) from the overlay graph

Cloud Computing
 A cloud is a pool of virtualized computer resources.
 A cloud can host a variety of different workloads, including batch-style backend jobs and
interactive and user-facing applications.”
 Cloud computing applies a virtualized platform with elastic resources on demand by
provisioning hardware, software, and data sets dynamically
IV [Link] 2021-22 Aurora’s Technological & Research Institute

The Cloud Landscape Infrastructure as

a Service (IaaS)
 This model puts together infrastructures demanded by users—namely servers, storage,
networks, and the data center fabric.
 The user can deploy and run on multiple VMs running guest OSes on specific applications.
 The user does not manage or control the underlying cloud infrastructure, but can
specify when to request and release the needed resources.
Platform as a Service (PaaS)
 This model enables the user to deploy user-built applications onto a virtualized cloud
platform.
 PaaS includes middleware, databases, development tools, andsome runtime support
such as Web 2.0 and Java.
 The platform includes both hardware andsoftware integrated with specific
programming interfaces.
 The provider supplies the API andsoftware tools (e.g., Java, Python, Web 2.0, .NET). The
user is freed from managing the cloudinfrastructure.
Software as a Service (SaaS)
 This refers to browser-initiated application software overthousands of paid cloud customers.
 The SaaS model applies to business processes, industryapplications, consumer
relationship management (CRM), enterprise resources planning (ERP),human resources
(HR), and collaborative applications.
 On the customer side, there is no upfrontinvestment in servers or software licensing.
 On the provider side, costs are rather low, comparedwith conventional hosting of
user applications
Internet clouds offer four deployment modes: private, public, managed, and hybrid

SOFTWARE ENVIRONMENTS FOR DISTRIBUTED SYSTEMSAND

CLOUDS
Service-Oriented Architecture (SOA)
 In grids/web services, Java, and CORBA, an entity is, respectively, a service, a Java object,
and a CORBA distributed object in a variety of languages.
 These architectures build on the traditional seven Open Systems Interconnection
(OSI) layers that provide the base networking abstractions.
 On top of this we have a base software environment, which would be
o .NET or Apache Axis for web services,
o the Java Virtual Machine for Java, and a broker network for CORBA
 On top of this base environment one would build a higher level environment reflecting the
special features of the distributed computing environment.
 SOAapplies to building grids, clouds, grids of clouds, clouds of grids, clouds of clouds
(also known asinterclouds),
 SS (sensor service : A large number of sensors provide data-collectionservices (ZigBee
device, a Bluetoothdevice, WiFi access point, a personal computer, a GPA, or a
wireless phoneetc
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 Filter services : to eliminate unwanted raw data, in orderto respond to specific requests
from the web, the grid, or web services

Layered Architecture for Web Services and Grids

 Entity Interfaces
 Java methodinterfaces correspond to the Web Services Description Language (WSDL),
 CORBA interface - definition language (IDL) specifications
 These interfaces are linked with customized, high-level communication systems:
SOAP, RMI, and IIOP
 These communication systems support features including particular message patterns (such
as Remote Procedure Call or RPC), fault recovery, and specialized routing.
 Communication systems are built on message-oriented middleware
(enterprise bus) infrastructure such as Web-Sphere MQ or Java Message
Service (JMS)

Cases of fault tolerance- the features in the Web Services

Reliable Messaging (WSRM)
Security -reimplements the capabilities seen in concepts such
as Internet Protocol Security (IPsec)
Several models with, for example, JNDI (Jini and Java
Naming and DirectoryInterface) illustrating
different approaches within the Java distributed
object model. The CORBA TradingService, UDDI (Universal
Description, Discovery, and Integration), LDAP (Lightweight
Directory
Access Protocol), and ebXML (Electronic Business using
eXtensibleMarkup Language
earlier years, CORBA and Java approaches were used in
distributed systems rather than today’sSOAP, XML, or REST
(Representational State Transfer).

Web Services and Tools REST

approach:
 delegates most ofthe difficult problems to application (implementation-specific) software.
In a web services language
 minimal information in the header, and the message body (that is opaque
to genericmessage processing) carries all the needed information.
 architectures are clearly more appropriatefor rapid technology environments.
 REST can use XML schemas but not those that are part of SOAP; “XML overHTTP” is
a popular design choice in this regard.
 Above the communication and managementlayers, we have the ability to
compose new entities or distributed programs by integrating severalentities
together.

CORBA and Java:

 the distributed entities are linked with RPCs, and the simplest way to
buildcomposite applications is to view the entities as objects and use the traditional
ways of linking themtogether.
IV [Link] 2021-22 Aurora’s Technological & Research Institute
 For Java, this could be as simple as writing a Java program with method calls replaced
IV [Link] 2021-22 Aurora’s Technological & Research Institute

byRemote Method Invocation (RMI),

 CORBA supports a similar model with a syntax reflecting theC++ style of its entity (object)
interfaces.
Parallel and Distributed Programming Models

PERFORMANCE, SECURITY, AND ENERGY EFFICIENCY

Performance Metrics:
 In a distributed system, performance is attributed to a large numberof factors.
 System throughput is often measured in MIPS, Tflops (tera floating-
point operations persecond), or TPS (transactions per second).
 Systemoverhead is often attributed to OS boot time, compile time, I/O data rate,
and the runtime support systemused.
 Other performance-related metrics include the QoS for Internet and web
services; systemavailability and dependability; and security resilience for system
defense against network attacks

Dimensions of Scalability
Any resource upgrade ina system should be backward compatible with existing hardware and software
resources. System scaling can increase or decrease resources depending on many practicalfactors

Size scalability
 This refers to achieving higher performance or more functionality by increasingthe
machine size.
 The word “size” refers to adding processors, cache, memory, storage, or I/Ochannels.
The most obvious way to determine size scalability is to simply count the number
ofprocessors installed.
IV [Link] 2021-22 Aurora’s Technological & Research Institute

 Not all parallel computer or distributed architectures are equally sizescalable.

 For example, the IBM S2 was scaled up to 512 processors in 1997. But in 2008,
theIBMBlueGene/L system scaled up to 65,000 processors.
• Software scalability
 This refers to upgrades in the OS or compilers, adding mathematical
andengineering libraries, porting new application software, and installing more
user- friendlyprogramming environments.
 Some software upgrades may not work with large systemconfigurations.
 Testing and fine-tuning of new software on larger systems is a nontrivial job.
• Application scalability
 This refers to matching problem size scalability with machine sizescalability.
 Problem size affects the size of the data set or the workload increase. Instead of
increasingmachine size, users can enlarge the problem size to enhance system
efficiency or cost-effectiveness.
• Technology scalability
 This refers to a system that can adapt to changes in building technologies,such as
the component and networking technologies
 Whenscaling a system design with new technology one must consider three
aspects: time, space, andheterogeneity.
 (1) Time refers to generation scalability. When changing to new-generation
processors,one must consider the impact to the motherboard, power supply,
packaging and cooling,and so forth. Based on past experience, most systems upgrade
their commodity processors everythree to five years.
 (2) Space is related to packaging and energy concerns. Technology
scalabilitydemands harmony and portability among suppliers.
 (3) Heterogeneity refers to the use ofhardware components or software packages from
different vendors. Heterogeneity may limit thescalability.

Amdahl’s Law
 Let the program has been parallelized or partitioned for parallelexecution on a
cluster of many processing nodes.
 Assume that a fraction α of the code must be executedsequentially, called
the sequential bottleneck.
 Therefore, (1 − α) of the code can be compiledfor parallel execution by n
processors. The total execution time of the program is calculated byα T + (1 −
α)T/n, where the
first term is the sequential execution time on a single processor and thesecond term is
the parallel execution time on n processing nodes.
 I/O time or exception handling timeis also not included in the following speedup analysis.

 Amdahl’s Law states that the speedup factorof using the n-processor system over
the use of a single processor is expressed by:
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 the code is fully parallelizable with α = 0. As the cluster becomes sufficiently large,
that is, n →∞, S approaches 1/α, an upper bound on the speedup S.

 this upper bound is independentof the cluster size n. The sequential bottleneck
is the portion of the code that cannot be parallelized.

Gustafson’s Law
 To achieve higher efficiency when using a large cluster, we must consider scaling the
problem sizeto match the cluster capability. This leads to the following speedup law
proposed by John Gustafson(1988), referred as scaled-workload speedup.
 Let W be the workload in a given program.
 When using an n-processor system, the user scales the workload to W′ = αW + (1 −
α)[Link] workload W′ is essentially the sequential execution time on a single
processor. The parallelexecution time of a scaled workload W′ on n processors is
defined by a scaled-workload speedupas follows:

Network Threats and Data Integrity

ENERGY EFFICIENCY IN DISTRIBUTED COMPUTING

Primary performance goals in conventional parallel and distributed computing systems are highperformance and
high throughput, considering some form of performance reliability (e.g.,
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fault toleranceand security). However, these systems recently encountered new challengingissues
includingenergy efficiency, and workload and resource outsourcing

Energy Consumption of Unused Servers: To run a server farm (data center) a company has to spend a
huge amount of money for hardware,software, operational support, and energy every year. Therefore,
companies should thoroughlyidentify whether their installed server farm (more specifically, the volume
of provisioned resources)is at an appropriate level, particularly in terms of utilization.

Reducing Energy in Active Servers: In addition to identifying unused/underutilized servers for energy
savings, it is also necessary toapply appropriate techniques to decrease energy consumption in active
distributed systems with negligibleinfluence on their performance.

Application Layer: Until now, most user applications in science, business, engineering, and financial
areas tend toincrease a system’s speed or quality. By introducing energy-aware applications,
the challenge is todesign sophisticated multilevel and multi-domain energy management
applications without hurtingperformance.

Middleware Layer: The middleware layer acts as a bridge between the application layer and the
resource layer. Thislayer provides resource broker, communication service, task analyzer, task
scheduler, securityaccess, reliability control, and information service capabilities. It is also responsible
for applyingenergy-efficient techniques, particularly in task scheduling.

Resource Layer: The resource layer consists of a wide range of resources including computing nodes and
storageunits. This layer generally interacts with hardware devices and the operating system; therefore,
itis responsible for controlling all distributed resources in distributed computing systems. Dynamic power
management (DPM) and dynamic voltage-frequency scaling (DVFS) are two popular methods
incorporated into recent computer hardware systems. In DPM, hardware devices, such as the CPU, have
the capability to switch from idle mode to oneor more lower power modes. In DVFS, energy savings are
achieved based on the fact that the power consumptionin CMOS circuits has a direct relationship with
frequency and the square of the voltage supply.

Network Layer: Routing and transferring packets and enabling network services to the resource layer
are the mainresponsibility of the network layer in distributed computing systems. The major challenge
to buildenergy-efficient networks is, again, determining how to measure, predict, and create a
balancebetween energy consumption and performance.

Clustering for Massive Parallelism.

 A computer cluster is a collection of interconnected stand-alone computers which can work
together collectively and cooperatively as a single integrated computing resource pool.
 Clustering explores massive parallelism at the job level and achieves high availability
(HA) through stand-alone operations.
 Benefits of computer clusters and massively parallel processors (MPPs) include
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 Scalable performance, HA, fault tolerance, modular growth, and use of commodity
components. These features can sustain the generation changes experienced in hardware,
software, and network components.

Design Objectives of Computer

Clusters Scalability:
 Clustering of computers is based on the concept of modular growth. To scale a cluster
from hundreds of uniprocessor nodes to a supercluster with 10,000 multicore nodes is a
nontrivial task.
 The scalability could be limited by a number of factors, such as the multicore chip
technology, cluster topology, packaging method, power consumption, and cooling
scheme applied.
Packaging
 Cluster nodes can be packaged in a compact or a slack fashion. In a compact cluster, the
nodes are closely packaged in one or more racks sitting in a room, and the nodes are not
attached to peripherals (monitors, keyboards, mice, etc.).
 In a slack cluster, the nodes are attached to their usual peripherals (i.e., they are complete
SMPs, workstations, and PCs), and they may be located in different rooms, different
buildings, or even remote regions.
 Packaging directly affects communication wire length, and thus the selection of
interconnection technology used.
 While a compact cluster can utilize a high-bandwidth, low-latency communication network
that is often proprietary, nodes of a slack cluster are normally connected through standard
LANs or WANs.

Control
 A cluster can be either controlled or managed in a centralized or decentralized fashion.
A compact cluster normally has centralized control, while a slack cluster can be
controlled either way.
 In a centralized cluster, all the nodes are owned, controlled, managed, and administered
by a central operator.
 In a decentralized cluster, the nodes have individual owners. This lack of a single point of
control makes system administration of such a cluster very difficult. It also calls for special
techniques for process scheduling, workload migration, checkpointing, accounting, and
other similar tasks.

Homogeneity
 A homogeneous cluster uses nodes from the same platform, that is, the same
processor architecture and the same operating system; often, the nodes are from
the same vendors.
 A heterogeneous cluster uses nodes of different platforms. Interoperability is an important
issue in heterogeneous clusters.
 In a homogeneous cluster, a binary process image can migrate to another node
and continue execution.
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 This is not feasible in a heterogeneous cluster, as the binary code will not be
executable when the process migrates to a node of a different platform.

Security
 Intracluster communication can be either exposed or enclosed.
 In an exposed cluster, the communication paths among the nodes are exposed to the
outside world. An outside machine can access the communication paths, and thus individual
nodes, using standard protocols (e.g., TCP/IP).
 Such exposed clusters are easy to implement, but have several disadvantages:

• Being exposed, intracluster communication is not secure, unless the

communication subsystemperforms additional work to ensure privacy and
security.

 Outside communications may disrupt intracluster communications in an unpredictable

fashion.
 Standard communication protocols tend to have high overhead.
 In an enclosed cluster, intracluster communication is shielded from the outside world, which
 alleviates the aforementioned problems.
 A disadvantage is that there is currently no standard for efficient, enclosed intracluster
communication. Consequently, most commercial or academic clusters realize fast
communications through one-of-a-kind protocols

Fundamental Cluster Design Issues

1. Scalable Performance: Scaling of resources (cluster nodes, memory capacity, I/O

bandwidth, etc.) leads to a proportional increase in performance. Both scale-up
and scale-down capabilities are needed, depending on application demand or cost-
effectiveness considerations. Clustering is driven by scalability

2. Single-System Image (SSI): A set of workstations connected by an Ethernet network

is not necessarily a cluster. A cluster is a single system.

3. Availability Support: Clusters can provide cost-effective HA capability with lots of

redundancy in processors, memory, disks, I/O devices, networks, and operating system
images

4. Cluster Job Management: Clusters try to achieve high system utilization from
traditional workstations or PC nodes that are normally not highly utilized. Job
management software is required to provide batching, load balancing, parallel
processing,and other functionality

5. Inter node Communication: The inter node physical wire lengths are longer in a cluster
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than in an MPP. A long wire implies greater interconnect network latency. But, longer
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wires have more problems in terms of reliability, clock skew, and cross talking. These problems
call for reliable and secure communication protocols, which increase overhead. Clusters often
use commodity networks (e.g., Ethernet) with standard protocols such as TCP/IP.

6. Fault Tolerance and Recovery: Clusters of machines can be designed to eliminate all
single points of failure. Through redundancy, a cluster can tolerate faulty conditions up
to a certain extent. Heartbeat mechanisms can be installed to monitor the running
condition of all nodes. In case of a node failure, critical jobs running on the failing
nodes can be saved by failing over to the surviving node machines. Rollback recovery
schemes restore the computing results through periodic checkpointing.

7. Cluster Family Classification:computer clusters are divided into three classes

 Compute clusters:
o These are clusters designed mainly for collective computationover a single large job.
The compute clusters do not handle many I/O operations, such as database services.
When a single compute job requires frequent communication among the
clusternodes, the cluster must share a dedicated network, and thus the nodes are
mostly homogeneous and tightly coupled. This type of clusters is also known as a
Beowulf cluster
 High-Availability clusters HA (high-availability)
o clusters are designed to be fault-tolerant and achieve HA of services. HA clusters
operate with many redundant nodes to sustain faults or failures.
 Load-balancing clusters
o These clusters shoot for higher resource utilization through load balancing among all
participating nodes in the cluster. All nodes share the workload or function as a
single virtual machine (VM).
o Requests initiated from the user are distributed to all node computers to form a
cluster. This results in a balanced workload among different machines, and thus
higher resource utilization or higher performance. Middleware is needed to
achieve dynamic load balancing by job or process migration among all the cluster
nodes

Basic Cluster Architecture

 simple cluster of computers built with commodity components supported

with desired SSI features and HA capability
 commodity nodes are easy to replace or upgrade with new generations of hardware
 node operating systems should be designed for multiuser, multitasking,
and multithreaded applications.
 nodes are interconnected by one or more fast commodity networks and
use standard communication protocols
 network interface card is connected to the node’s standard I/O bus
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When the processor or the operating system is

changed, only the driver software needs to
change.
a cluster OS is not commercially available.
Instead, we can deploy some
cluster
middleware to glue together all node
platforms at the user space
 middleware offers HA services
 An SSI layer provides a single entry point,
a single file hierarchy, a single point of
control
 idealized cluster is supported by
three subsystems
 conventional databasesand OLTP monitors
 A user interface subsystemis needed
to combine the advantages of the web
interface and the Windows GUI.
 cluster supports parallel
programming based on standard
languages and communication
libraries using PVM, MPI, or OpenMP.
The programming environment
also includes tools for debugging,
profiling,
monitoring

Resource Sharing in Clusters

Clustering improves both availability and performance. Some HA clusters use hardware redundancy for
scalable performance. The nodes of a cluster can be connected in one of three ways
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Part (a) simply connects two or more autonomous comp

Part (b): shared-disk cluster Part
(c) shared-memory cluster

DESIGN PRINCIPLES OF COMPUTER CLUSTERS

General-purpose computers and clusters of cooperative computers should be designed for scalability,
availability, Single System Image, High Availability, Fault tolerance, and Rollback recovery

 Single System Image: A single system image is the illusion, created by software or
hardware, that presents a collection of resources as an integrated powerful resource. SSI
makes the cluster appear like a single machine to the user, applications, and network. A
cluster with multiple system images is nothing but a collection of independent computers
Single-System- Image Features

 Single System: The entire cluster is viewed by the users as one system, which
has multiple processors.
 Single Control: Logically, an end user or system user utilizes services from one
place with a single interface.
 Symmetry: A user can use a cluster service from any node. All cluster services
and functionalities are symmetric to all nodes and all users, except those
protected by access rights.
 Location Transparent: The user is not aware of the whereabouts of the physical
device that eventually provides a service.

Basic SSI Services

A. Single Entry Point

telnet [Link]
telnet [Link]
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1. Four nodes of a cluster are used as host nodes to receive users’ login requests.
2. To log into the cluster a standard Unix command such as “telnet
[Link]”, using the symbolic name of the cluster system is issued.
3. The symbolic name is translated by the DNS, which returns with the IP
address [Link] of the least-loaded node, which happens to be node
Host1.
4. The user then logs in using this IP address.
5. The DNS periodically receives load information from the host nodes to make
load- balancing translation decisions.

B. Single File Hierarchy: xFS, AFS, Solaris MC Proxy

The illusion of a single, huge file system image that transparently integrates local and
global disks and other file devices (e.g., tapes). Files can reside on 3 types of
locations in a cluster:
Local storage - disk on the local node.
Remote storage - disks on remote nodes.
Stable storage -
Persistent - data, once written to the stable storage, will stay there at least for a
period of time (e.g., a week), even after the cluster shuts down.
Fault tolerant - to some degree, by using redundancy and periodical backup to tapes.

Three types of storage in a single file hierarchy. Solid lines show what process P can access
and thedashed line shows what P may be able to access

C. Single I/O, Networking, and Memory Space: To achieve SSI, we need a:

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• single control point

• single address space
• single job management system
• single user interface
• single process control

Single Networking: A properly designed cluster should behave as one system. Any process on any node
can use any network and I/O device as though it were attached to the local node. Single networking
means any node can access any network connection.

Single Point of Control: The system administrator should be able to configure, monitor, test, and
control the entire cluster and each individual node from a single point. Many clusters help with this
through a system console that is connected to all nodes of the cluster

Single Memory Space: Single memory space gives users the illusion of a big, centralized main memory,
which in reality may be a set of distributed local memory spaces.

Single I/O Address Space: A single I/O space implies that any node can access the RAIDs

A cluster with single networking, single I/O space, single memory, and single point of control

Other Services

Single Job Management: All cluster jobs can be submitted from any node to a single job
management system. GlUnix, Codine, LSF, etc.

Single User Interface: The users use the cluster through a single graphical interface. Such an
interface is available for workstations and PCs like CDE in Solaris/NT

Single process spaceAll user processes created on various nodes form a single process space and
share a uniform process identification scheme. A process on any node can create(e.g., through a UNIX
fork) or communicate with (e.g., through signals, pipes, etc.) processes
on remote nodes.
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Middleware support for SSI clusteringSSI features aresupported by middleware developed at

three cluster application levels:

• Management level This level handles user applications and provides a job
management system such as GLUnix, MOSIX, Load Sharing Facility (LSF), or Codine.

• Programming levelThis level provides single file hierarchy (NFS, xFS, AFS, Proxy)
and distributed shared memory (TreadMark, Wind Tunnel).

• Implementation level This level supports a single process space, checkpointing, process
migration, and a single I/O space. These features must interface with the cluster
hardware and OS platform.

Relationship among clustering middleware at the job management, programming, and implementation levels.

 High Availability through Redundancy:

• Reliability measures how long a system can operate without a breakdown.

• Availability indicates the percentage of time that a system is available to the user,
that is, thepercentage of system uptime.
• Serviceability refers to how easy it is to service the system, including hardware
and softwaremaintenance, repair, upgrades, and so on.

A system’s reliability is measured by the mean time to failure (MTTF), which is the
average time of normal operation before the system (or a component of the system) fails. The metricfor
serviceability is the mean time to repair (MTTR), which is the average time it takes to repair thesystem
and restore it to working condition after it fails.
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The availability of a system is defined by:

Availability = MTTF/ (MTTF +MTTR)

Failure is any event that prevents the system from normal operation
• Unplanned failures The system breaks, due to an operating system crash, a
hardware failure, anetwork disconnection, human operation errors, a power outage,
and so on. All these are simplycalled failures. The system must be repaired to
correct the failure.
• Planned shutdownsThe system is not broken, but is periodically taken off
normal operationfor upgrades, reconfiguration, and maintenance.
Transient versus Permanent Failures
A lot of failures are transient in that they occur temporarily and then disappear. They can be dealtwith
without replacing any components. A standard approach is to roll back the system to a known state
and start over.
Permanent failures cannot be corrected by rebooting. Some hardwareor software component must
be repaired or replaced. For instance, rebooting will not work ifthe system hard disk is broken.

Partial versus Total Failures

A failure that renders the entire system unusable is called a total failure. A failure that only affectspart
of the system is called a partial failure if the system is still usable, even at a reduced capacity

Redundancy Techniques

Isolated Redundancy: A key technique to improve availability in any system is to use redundant
components. When acomponent (the primary component) fails, the service it provided is taken over by
another component(the backup component). Furthermore, the primary and the backup components
should be isolatedfrom each other, meaning they should not be subject to the same cause of failure.
Clustersprovide HA with redundancy in power supplies, fans, processors, memories, disks, I/O devices,
networks,operating system images, and so on. In a carefully designed cluster, redundancy is also
isolated.

N-Version Programming to Enhance Software Reliability

A common isolated-redundancy approach to constructing a mission-critical software system is

calledN-version programming. The software is implemented by N isolated teams who may not even
knowthe others exist. Different teams are asked to implement the software using different
algorithms,programming languages, environment tools, and even platforms In a fault-tolerant
system, the N versions all run simultaneously and their results are constantly compared. If the results
differ, thesystem is notified that a fault has occurred.

 Fault-Tolerant Cluster Configurations: The cluster solution was targeted to provide

availability support for two server nodes with threeascending levels of availability:
hot
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standby, active takeover, and fault-tolerant. The level of availabilityincreases from standby to active
and fault-tolerant cluster configurations. The shorter is the recoverytime, the higher is the cluster
availability. Failback refers to the ability of a recovered node returningto normal operation after
repair or maintenance. Activeness refers to whether the node is used inactive work during normal
operation.

• Hot standby server clusters: In a hot standby cluster, only the primary node is actively
doing all the useful work normally. The standby node is powered on (hot) and running
some monitoring programs to communicate heartbeat signals to check the status of the
primary node, but is not actively running other useful workloads. The primary node must
mirror any data to shared disk storage, which is accessible by the standby node. The
standby node requires a second copy of data.
• Active-takeover clusters: In this case, the architecture is symmetric among multiple
server nodes. Both servers are primary, doing useful work normally. Both failover and
failback are often supported on both server nodes. When a node fails, the user
applications fail over to the available node in the cluster. Depending on the time required
to implement the failover, users may experience some delays or may lose some data that
was not saved in the last checkpoint.

• Failover cluster: When a component fails, this technique allows the remaining system
to take over the services originally provided by the failed component. A failover
mechanism mustprovide several functions, such as failure diagnosis, failure notification,
and failure [Link] diagnosis refers to the detection of a failure and the location
of the failed componentthat caused the failure. A commonly used technique is heartbeat,
whereby the cluster nodessend out a stream of heartbeat messages to one another. If the
system does not receive thestream of heartbeat messages from a node, it can conclude
that either the node or the networkconnection has failed.

Recovery Schemes

Failure recovery refers to the actions needed to take over the workload of a failed component.
Thereare two types of recovery techniques. In backward recovery, the processes running on a cluster
periodicallysave a consistent state (called a checkpoint) to a stable storage. After a failure, the systemis
reconfigured to isolate the failed component, restores the previous checkpoint, and resumes
normaloperation. This is called rollback. Backward recovery is relatively easy to implement in an
application-independent, portable fashion

If execution time is crucial,such as in real-time systems where the rollback time cannot be tolerated, a
forward recovery schemeshould be used. With such a scheme, the system is not rolled back to the
previous checkpoint upon afailure. Instead, the system utilizes the failure diagnosis information to
reconstruct a valid system stateand continues execution. Forward recovery is application-dependent
and may need extra hardware
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Checkpointing and Recovery Techniques

Checkpointingisthe process of periodically saving the state of an executing program to stable storage,
from whichthe system can recover after a failure. Each program state saved is called a checkpoint.
The disk filethat contains the saved state is called the checkpoint file.
Checkpointing techniques are useful not only for availability, but also for program debugging,
process migration, and load balancing

Checkpointing can be realized by the operating system at the kernel level, where the OS transparentlycheckpoints
and restarts processes
A less transparent approach linksthe user code with a checkpointinglibrary in the user space.
Checkpointing and restarting are handled by this runtime support. This approach is used widely because
it has the advantage thatuser applications do not have to be modified.

A third approach requires the user (or the compiler) to insert checkpointingfunctions in the
application; thus, the application has to be modified, and the transparencyis lost. However, it has the
advantage that the user can specify where to checkpoint. This is helpful to reduce checkpointing
overhead.
Checkpointing incurs both time and storage overheads.

Checkpoint Overheads
During a program’s execution, its states may be saved many times. This is denoted by the
time consumedto save one checkpoint. The storage overhead is the extra memory and disk space
requiredfor checkpointing. Both time and storage overheads depend on the size of the checkpoint file.

Choosing an Optimal Checkpoint Interval

The time period between two checkpoints is called the checkpoint interval. Making the interval larger
can reduce checkpoint time overhead.
Wong and Franklin derived an expression for optimal checkpoint interval Optimal

checkpoint interval = Square root (MTTF x tc)/h

MTTF is the system’s mean time to failure. This MTTF accounts the time consumed to save
one checkpoint, and h is the average percentage of normal computation performed in a
checkpointinterval before the system fails. The parameter h is always in the range. After a system
isrestored, it needs to spend h × (checkpoint interval) time to recompute.

Incremental Checkpoint
Instead of saving the full state at each checkpoint, an incremental checkpoint scheme saves only
theportion of the state that is changed from the previous checkpoint In full-state checkpointing, only
one checkpoint file needs to be kepton disk. Subsequent checkpoints simply overwrite this file. With
incremental checkpointing, old filesneeded to be kept, because a state may span many files. Thus, the
total storage requirement is larger

Forked Checkpointing
Most checkpoint schemes are blocking in that the normal computation is stopped while checkpointingis
in progress. With enough memory, checkpoint overhead can be reduced by
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making a copy ofthe program state in memory and invoking another asynchronous thread to perform
the checkpointingconcurrently. A simple way to overlap checkpointing with computation is to use the
UNIXfork( ) system call. The forked child process duplicates the parent process’s address space
andcheckpoints it. Meanwhile, the parent process continues execution.
Overlapping is achieved sincecheckpointing is disk-I/O intensive

User-Directed Checkpointing
The checkpoint overheads can sometimes be substantially reduced if the user inserts code (e.g., library
or system calls) to tell the system when to save, what to save, and what not to save. What should be the
exact contents of a checkpoint? It should contain just enough information to allow asystem to recover.
The state of a process includes its data state and control state

Checkpointing Parallel Programs The state of a parallel program is usually much larger than that of a
sequential program, as it consists of the set of the states of individual processes, plus thestate of the
communication network. Parallelism also introduces various timing and consistency problems

Consistent Snapshot
A global snapshot is called consistent if there is no message that is received by the checkpoint of
one process, but not yet sent by another process. Graphically, this corresponds to the case that no
arrow crosses a snapshot line from right to left

Coordinated versus Independent Checkpointing

Checkpointing schemes for parallel programs can be classified into two types. In coordinated
checkpointing(also called consistent checkpointing), the parallel program is frozen, and all processes
arecheckpointed at the same time. In independent checkpointing, the processes are checkpointed
independentof one another.

Cluster Job Scheduling and Management

A Job Management System (JMS) should have three parts:

 A user server lets the user submit jobs to one or more queues, specify resource
requirements for each job, delete a job from a queue, inquire about the status of a
job or a queue.
 A job scheduler that performs job scheduling and queuing according to job
types, resource requirements, resource availability, and scheduling policies.
 A resource manager that allocates and monitors resources, enforces scheduling
policies, and collects accounting information.

JMS Administration

 JMS should be able to dynamically reconfigure the cluster with minimal impact
on the running jobs.
 The administrator’s prologue and epilogue scripts should be able to run before
and after each job for security checking, accounting, and cleanup.
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 Users should be able to cleanly kill their own jobs.

 The administrator or the JMS should be able to cleanly suspend or kill any job.
 Clean means that when a job is suspended or killed, all its processes
must be included.
 Otherwise some “orphan” processes are left in the system,
wasting cluster resources and may eventually render the system
unusable.

Several types of jobs execute on a cluster.

 Serial jobs run on a single node.

 Parallel jobs use multiple nodes.
 Interactive jobs are those that require fast turnaround time, and
their input/output is directed to a terminal.
 These jobs do not need large resources, and the users expect them
to execute immediately, not made to wait in a queue.
 Batch jobs normally need more resources, such as large memory space and
long CPU time.
 But they do not need immediate response.
 They are submitted to a job queue to be scheduled to run when
the resource becomes available (e.g., during off hours).

Multi-Job Scheduling Schemes

 Cluster jobs may be scheduled to run at a specific time (calendar scheduling) or when
a particular event happens (event scheduling).
 Jobs are scheduled according to priorities based on submission time,
resource nodes, execution time, memory, disk, job type, and user identity.
 With static priority, jobs are assigned priorities according to a predetermined,
fixed scheme.
 A simple scheme is to schedule jobs in a first-come, first-serve fashion.
 Another scheme is to assign different priorities to
users. With dynamic priority, the priority of a job may change over
time.
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Job Scheduling Issues and Schemes for Cluster Nodes

Scheduling Modes
Dedicated Mode:
 Only one job runs in the cluster at a time, and at most one process of the job
is assigned to a node at a time.
 The single job runs until completion before it releases the cluster to run other jobs.

Space Sharing:
Multiple jobs can run on disjoint partitions (groups) of nodes simultaneously.
 At most one process is assigned to a node at a time.
 Although a partition of nodes is dedicated to a job, the interconnect and
the I/O subsystem may be shared by all jobs.

Time sharing :
 Multiple user processes are assigned to the same node.
Time-sharing introduces the following parallel scheduling
policies:

 Independent Scheduling (Independent): Uses the operating system of

each cluster node to schedule different processes as in a traditional
workstation.
 Gang Scheduling: Schedules all processes of a parallel job together. When
one process is active, all processes are active.
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 Competition with Foreign (Local) Jobs: Scheduling becomes more

complicated when both cluster jobs and local jobs are running. The local jobs
should have priority over cluster jobs.

1. Migration Scheme IssuesNode Availability: Can the job find another available node
to migrate to?

 Berkeley study : Even during peak hours, 60% of workstations in a cluster

are available.

2. Migration Overhead: The migration time can significantly slow down a parallel job.
 Berkeley study : a slowdown as great as 2.4 times.
 Slowdown is less if a parallel job is run on a cluster of twice the size.
 e.g. a 32-node job on a 60-node cluster – migration slowdown no more
than 20%, even when migration time of 3 minutes.

3. Recruitment Threshold: the amount of time a workstation stays unused

before the cluster considers it an idle node.
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UNIT-2
Cloud Computing Fundamentals
2.1 Motivation for Cloud Computing:
The users who are in need of computing are expected to invest money on computing resources such as hardware,
software, networking, and storage;
this investment naturally costs a bulk currency to the users as they have to buy these computing resources, keep these
in their premises, and maintain and make it operational—all these tasks would add cost.
And, this is a particularly true and huge expenditure to the enterprises that require enormous computing power and
resources, compared with classical academics and individuals.
On the other hand, it is easy and handy to get the required computing power and resources from some provider (or
supplier) as and when it is needed and pay only for that usage.
This would cost only a reasonable investment or spending, compared to the huge investment when buying the entire
computing infrastructure.
This phenomenon can be viewed as capital expenditure versus operational expenditure. As one can easily assess the
huge lump sum required for capital expenditure (whole investment and maintenance for computing infrastructure)
and compare it with the moderate or smaller lump sum required for the hiring or getting the computing infrastructure
only to the tune of required time, and rest of the time free from that.
Therefore, cloud computing is a mechanism of bringing–hiring or getting the services of the computing power or
infrastructure to an organizational or individual level to the extent required and paying only for the consumed
services. One can compare this situation with the usage of electricity (its services) from its producer-cum-distributor
(in India, it is the state-/government-owned electricity boards that give electricity supply to all residences and
organizations) to houses or organizations; here, we do not generate electricity (comparable with electricity
production–related tasks); rather, we use it only to tune up our requirements in our premises, such as for our lighting
and usage of other electrical appliances, and pay as per the electricity meter reading value.
Therefore, cloud computing is needed in getting the services of computing resources.
Thus, one can say as a one-line answer to the need for cloud computing that it eliminates a large computing investment
without compromising the use of computing at the user level at an operational cost.
Cloud computing is very economical and saves a lot of money. A blind benefit of this computing is that even if we lose
our laptop or due to some crisis our personal computer—and the desktop system—gets damaged, still our data and
files will stay safe and secured as these are not in our local machine (but remotely located at the provider’s place—
machine).

2.1.1 The Need for Cloud Computing

The main reasons for the need and use of cloud computing are convenience and reliability. In the past, if we wanted
to bring a file, we would have to save it to a Universal Serial Bus (USB) flash drive, external hard drive, or compact
disc (CD) and bring that device to a different place.
Instead, saving a file to the cloud e.g., use of cloud application Dropbox) ensures that we will be able to access it
with any computer that has an Internet connection.
The cloud also makes it much easier to share a file with friends, making it possible to collaborate over the web.
While using the cloud, losing our data/file is much less likely.
However, just like anything online, there is always a risk that someone may try to gain access to our personal data, and
therefore, it is important to choose an access control with a strong password and pay attention to any privacy settings
for the cloud service that we are using.

2.2 Defining Cloud Computing

In the simplest terms, cloud computing means storing and accessing data and programs over the Internet from a
remote location or computer instead of our computer’s hard drive. This so called remote location has several
properties such as scalability, elasticity etc., which is significantly different from a simple remote machine. The cloud is
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just a metaphor for the Internet. When we store data on or run a program from the local computer’s hard
drive, that is called local
storage and computing. For it to be considered cloud computing, we need to access our data or programs over
the Internet. The end result is the same; however, with an online connection, cloud computing can be done
anywhere, anytime, and by any device.
2.2.1 NIST Definition of Cloud Computing
The formal definition of cloud computing comes from the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST):
“Cloud computing is a model for enabling ubiquitous, convenient, on-demand network access to a shared
pool of configurable computing resources (e.g., networks, servers, storage, applications, and services) that can be
rapidly provisioned and released with minimal management effort or service provider interaction. This cloud
model is composed of five essential characteristics, three service models, and four deployment models.
2.2.2 Cloud Computing Is a Service
The simplest thing that any computer does is allow us to store and retrieve information. We can store our family
photographs, our favorite songs, or even save movies on it, which is also the most basic service offered by cloud
computing. Let us look at the example of a popular application called Flickr to illustrate the meaning of this section.
While Flickr started with an emphasis on sharing photos and images, it has emerged as a great place to store those
images.
In many ways, it is superior to storing the images on your computer:
1. First, Flickr allows us to easily access our images no matter where we are or what type of device we are using.
While we might upload the photos of our vacation from our home computer, later, we can easily access them from
our laptop at the office.
2. Second, Flickr lets us share the images. There is no need to burn them to a CD or save them on a flash drive.
We can just send someone our Flickr address to share these photos or images.
3. Third, Flickr provides data security. By uploading the images to Flickr, we are providing ourselves with data
security by creating a backup on the web. And, while it is always best to keep a local copy— either on a computer, a
CD, or a flash drive—the truth is that we are far more likely to lose the images that we store locally than Flickr is of
losing our images.

2.2.3 Cloud Computing Is a Platform

The World Wide Web (WWW) can be considered as the operating system for all our Internet-based applications.
However, one has to understand that we will always need a local operating system in our computer to access webbased
applications.
The basic meaning of the term platform is that it is the support on which applications run or give results to the users.
For example, Microsoft Windows is a platform. But, a platform does not have to be an operating system. Java is a
platform even though it is not an operating system.
Through cloud computing, the web is becoming a platform. With trends (applications) such as Office 2.0, more and
more applications that were originally available on desktop computers are now being converted into web–cloud
applications.
Word processors like Buzzword and office suites like Google Docs are now available in the cloud as their
desktop counterparts. All these kinds of trends in providing applications via the cloud are turning cloud
computing into a platform or to act as a platform.
2.3 5-4-3 Principles of Cloud computing
The 5-4-3 principles put forth by NIST describe
(a) the five essential characteristic features that promote cloud computing,
(b) the four deployment models that are used to narrate the cloud computing opportunities for customers
while looking at architectural models, and
(c) the three important and basic service offering models of cloud computing.
2.3.1 Five Essential Characteristics
Cloud computing has five essential characteristics, WE can note the word essential, which means that if any of these
characteristics is missing, then it is not cloud computing:
1. On-demand self-service: A consumer can unilaterally provision computing capabilities, such as server time and
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network storage, as needed automatically without requiring human interaction with each service’s provider.
2. Broad network access: Capabilities are available over the network and accessed through standard mechanisms
that promote use by heterogeneous thin or thick client platforms (e.g., mobile phones, laptops, and personal
digital assistants
[PDAs])
3. Elastic resource pooling: The provider’s computing resources are pooled to serve multiple consumers
using a multitenant model, with different physical and virtual resources dynamically assigned and reassigned
according to consumer demand. There is a sense of location independence in that the customer generally has no
control or knowledge over the exact location of the provided resources but may be able to specify the location at a
higher level of abstraction (e.g., country, state, or data center). Examples of resources include storage, processing,
memory, and network bandwidth.
4. Rapid elasticity: Capabilities can be rapidly and elastically provisioned, in some cases automatically, to quickly
scale out and rapidly released to quickly scale in. To the consumer, the capabilities available for provisioning
often appear to be unlimited and can be purchased in any quantity at any time.
5. Measured service: Cloud systems automatically control and optimize resource use by leveraging a metering
capability at some level of abstraction appropriate to the type of service (e.g., storage, processing, bandwidth, and
active user accounts). Resource usage can be monitored, controlled, and reported providing transparency for both
the provider and consumer of the utilized service.

2.3.2 Four Cloud Deployment Models

Deployment models describe the ways with which the cloud services can be deployed or made available to its
customers, depending on the organizational structure and the provisioning location.
One can understand it in this manner too: cloud (Internet)-based computing resources—that is, the locations where
data and services are acquired and provisioned to its customers— can take various forms.
Four deployment models are usually distinguished, namely, public, private, community, and hybrid cloud service usage:
1. Private cloud: The cloud infrastructure is provisioned for exclusive use by a single organization comprising
multiple consumers (e.g., business units). It may be owned, managed, and operated by the organization, a third
party, or some combination of them, and it may exist on or off premises.
2. Public cloud: The cloud infrastructure is provisioned for open use by the general public. It may be owned,
managed, and operated by a business, academic, or government organization, or some combination of them. It exists
on the premises of the cloud provider.
3. Community cloud: The cloud infrastructure is shared by several organizations and supports a specific
community that has shared concerns (e.g., mission, security requirements, policy, and compliance considerations).
It may be managed by the organizations or a third party and may exist on premise or off premise.
4. Hybrid cloud: The cloud infrastructure is a composition of two or more distinct cloud infrastructures (private,
community, or public) that remain unique entities but are bound together by standardized or proprietary
technology that enables data and application portability (e.g., cloud bursting for load balancing between clouds).

2.3.3 Three Service Offering Models

The three kinds of services with which the cloud-based computing resources are available to end customers are as
follows: Software as a Service (SaaS), Platform as a Service (PaaS), and Infrastructure as a Service (IaaS). It is also
known as the service–platform–infrastructure (SPI) model of the cloud .
SaaS is a software distribution model in which applications (software, which is one of the most important
computing resources) are hosted by a vendor or service provider and made available to customers over a network,
typically the Internet.
PaaS is a paradigm for delivering operating systems and associated services (e.g., computer aided software engineering
[CASE] tools, integrated development environments [IDEs] for developing software solutions) over the Internet
without downloads or installation.
IaaS involves outsourcing the equipment used to support operations, including storage, hardware, servers,
and networking components.
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1. Cloud SaaS: The capability provided to the consumer is to use the provider’s applications running on a
cloud infrastructure, including network, servers, operating systems, storage, and even individual application
capabilities, with the possible exception of limited user-specific application configuration settings. The applications
are accessible from various client devices through either a thin client interface, such as a web browser (e.g., web-
based e-mail), or a program interface. The consumer does not manage or control the underlying cloud infrastructure.
Typical applications offered as a service include customer relationship management (CRM), business intelligence
analytics, and online
accounting software.
2. Cloud PaaS: The capability provided to the consumer is to deploy onto the cloud infrastructure consumer-created
or acquired applications created using programming languages, libraries, services, and tools supported by the
provider. The consumer does not manage or control the underlying cloud infrastructure but has control over the
deployed applications and possibly configuration settings for the application-hosting environment. In other words, it is
a packaged and ready-to-run development or operating framework. The PaaS vendor provides the networks, servers,
and storage and manages the levels of scalability and maintenance. The client typically pays for services used.
Examples of PaaS providers include Google App Engine and Microsoft Azure Services.
3. Cloud IaaS: The capability provided to the consumer is to provision processing, storage, networks, and other
fundamental computing resources on a pay-per-use basis where he or she is able to deploy and run arbitrary
software, which can include operating systems and applications. The consumer does not manage or control the
underlying cloud infrastructure but has control over the operating systems, storage, and deployed applications
and possibly limited control of select networking components (e.g., host firewalls). The service provider owns the
equipment and is responsible for housing, cooling operation, and maintenance. Amazon Web Services (AWS) is a
popular example of a large IaaS provider

2.4 Cloud Ecosystem

Cloud ecosystem is a term used to describe the complete environment or system of interdependent components or
entities that work together to enable and support the cloud services. To be more precise, the cloud computing’s
ecosystem is a complex environment that includes the description of every.
item or entity along with their interaction; the complex entities include the traditional elements of cloud computing
such as software (SaaS), hardware (PaaS and/or IaaS), other infrastructure (e.g., network, storage), and also
stakeholders like consultants, integrators, partners, third parties, and anything in their environments that has a
bearing on the other components of the cloud. The cloud ecosystem of interacting components and organizations
with individuals, together known as the actors who could be responsible for either providing or consuming cloud
services, can be categorized in the following manner:
1. Cloud service users (CSUs): A consumer (an individual/person), enterprise (including enterprise administrator),
and/or government/ public institution or organization that consumes delivered cloud services; a CSU can include
intermediate users that will deliver cloud services provided by a cloud service provider (CSP) to actual users of
the cloud service, that is, end users. End users can be persons, machines, or applications.
2. CSPs: An organization that provides or delivers and maintains or manages cloud services, that is, provider of
SaaS, PaaS, IaaS, or any allied computing infrastructure. 3. Cloud service partners (CSNs): A person or organization
(e.g., application developer; content, software, hardware, and/or equipment provider; system integrator; and/or
auditor) that provides support to the building of a service offered by a CSP (e.g., service integration).

2.5 Requirements for Cloud Services

From the concepts illustrated in the earlier sections, one can understand that the cloud services or service offering
models require certain features to be exhibited in order to be considered as services.
The following are the basic requirements for anything that can be considered as a service by the actors of the cloud
computing ecosystem, which can be offered or provisioned through the cloud:
1. Multitenancy: Multitenancy is an essential characteristic of cloud systems aiming to provide isolation of the
different users of the cloud system (tenants) while maximizing resource sharing. It is expected that multitenancy
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be
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supported at various levels of a cloud infrastructure. As an example, at the application level, multitenancy is a feature
that allows a single instance of an application (say, database system) and leverages the economy of scale to satisfy
several users at the same time.
2. Service life cycle management: Cloud services are paid as per usage and can be started and ended at any
time. Therefore, it is required that a cloud service support automatic service provisioning. In addition, metering
and charging or billing settlement needs to be provided for services that are dynamically created, modified, and
then released in virtual environments.
3. Security: The security of each individual service needs to be protected in the multitenant cloud environment; the
users (tenants) also support the needed secured services, meaning that a cloud provides strict control for tenants’
service access to different resources to avoid the abuse of cloud resources and to facilitate the management of
CSUs by CSPs.
4. Responsiveness: The cloud ecosystem is expected to enable early detection, diagnosis, and fixing of
service- related problems in order to help the customers use the services faithfully.
5. Intelligent service deployment: It is expected that the cloud enables efficient use of resources in service
deployment, that is, maximizing the number of deployed services while minimizing the usage of resources and still
respecting the SLAs. For example, the specific application characteristics (e.g., central processing unit [CPU]-intensive,
input/ output [IO]-intensive) that can be provided by developers or via application monitoring may help CSPs in
making efficient use of resources.
6. Portability: It is expected that a cloud service supports the portability of its features over various underlying
resources and that CSPs should be able to accommodate cloud workload portability (e.g., VM portability) with limited
service disruption.
7. Interoperability: It is expected to have available well-documented and well-tested specifications
that allow heterogeneous systems in cloud environments to work together.
8. Regulatory aspects: All applicable regulations shall be respected, including privacy protection.
9. Environmental sustainability: A key characteristic of cloud computing is the capability to access, through a
broad network and thin clients, on-demand shared pools of configurable resources that can be rapidly provisioned
and released. Cloud computing can then be considered in its essence as an ICT energy consumption consolidation
model, supporting mainstream technologies aiming to optimize energy consumption (e.g., in data centers) and
application performance. Examples of such technologies include virtualization and multitenancy.
10. Service reliability, service availability, and quality assurance: CSUs demand for their services end-to-end quality
of service (QoS) assurance, high levels of reliability, and continued availability to their CSPs.
11. Service access: A cloud infrastructure is expected to provide CSUs with access to cloud services from any
user device. It is expected that CSUs have a consistent experience when accessing cloud services.
12. Flexibility: It is expected that the cloud service be capable of supporting multiple cloud deployment
models and cloud service categories.
13. Accounting and charging: It is expected that a cloud service be capable to support various accounting
and charging models and policies.
14. Massive data processing: It is expected that a cloud supports mechanisms for massive data processing (e.g.,
extracting, transforming, and loading data). It is worth to note in this context that distributed and/or parallel
processing systems will be used in cloud infrastructure deployments to provide large-scale integrated data storage
and processing capabilities that scale with software-based fault tolerance.

2.6 Cloud Application

A cloud application is an application program that functions or executes in the cloud; the application can exhibit some
characteristics of a pure desktop application and some characteristics of a pure web-based application. A desktop
application resides entirely on a single device at the user’s location (it does not necessarily have to be a desktop
computer), and on the other hand, a web application is stored entirely on a remote server and is delivered over the
Internet through a browser interface.
2.7 Benefits and Drawbacks
One of the attractions of cloud computing is accessibility. If our applications and documents are in the cloud and are
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not saved on an office server, then we can access and use them at anytime, anywhere for our working, whether
we are at work, at home, or even at a friend’s house. Cloud computing also enables precisely the right
amount of computing power and resources to be used for applications.
Cloud computing vendors provide computing-related services as a bundle of computing power and parcel it out on
demand.
Customers can draw and make use as much or as little computing power as they need, being charged only for the usage
time/computing power; accordingly, this scheme can save money. This also implies that scalability is one of the cloud
computing’s big benefits.
When we need more computing power, cloud computing can give instant access to exactly what we need. In the cloud
model, an organization’s core computer power resides offsite and is essentially subscribed to rather than
owned.
There is no capital expenditure, only operational expenditure. It also relieves us from the responsibility and costs of
maintenance of the entire computing infrastructure and pushes all these to the cloud vendor or provider. The cloud also
offers a new level of reliability.
A consolidated set of points briefing the benefits of cloud computing can be as follows:
1. Achieve economies of scale: We can increase the volume output or productivity with fewer systems
and thereby reduce the cost per unit of a project or product.
2. Reduce spending on technology infrastructure: It is easy to access data and information with minimal
upfront spending in a pay-as-you-go approach, in the sense that the usage and payment are similar to
an electricity meter reading in the house, which is based on demand.
3. Globalize the workforce: People worldwide can access the cloud with Internet connection.
4. Streamline business processes: It is possible to get more work done in less time with less resource.
5. Reduce capital costs: There is no need to spend huge money on hardware, software, or licensing fees.
6. Pervasive accessibility: Data and applications can be accessed anytime, anywhere, using any smart
computing device, making our life so much easier.
7. Monitor projects more effectively: It is possible to confine within budgetary allocations and can be
ahead of completion cycle times.
8. Less personnel training is needed: It takes fewer people to do more work on a cloud, with a minimal
learning curve on hardware and software issues.
9. Minimize maintenance and licensing software: As there is no too much of on-premise computing
resources, maintenance becomes simple and updates and renewals of software systems rely on the cloud
vendor or provider.
10. Improved flexibility: It is possible to make fast changes in our work environment without serious issues at stake.
Drawbacks to cloud computing are obvious. The main point in this context is that if we lose our Internet connection,
we have lost the link to the cloud and thereby to the data and applications. There is also a concern about security as
our entire working with data and applications depend on other’s (cloud vendor or providers) computing
power. Also, while cloud computing supports scalability (i.e., quickly scaling up and down computing resources
depending on the need), it does not permit the control on these resources as these are not owned by the user or
customer. Depending on the cloud vendor or provider, customers may face restrictions on the availability of
applications, operating systems, and infrastructure options. And, sometimes, all development platforms may not be
available in the cloud due to the fact that the cloud vendor may not aware of such solutions. A major barrier to cloud
computing is the interoperabebility of applications, which is the ability of two or more applications that are required
to support a business need to work together by sharing data and other business-related resources. Normally, this
does not happen in the cloud as these applications may not be available with a single cloud vendor and two different
vendors having these applications do not cooperate with each other.
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 function of the software layer for virtualization is to virtualize the physical hardware
of a host machine into virtual resources to be used by the VMs
 Common virtualization layers include the instruction set architecture (ISA) level,
hardware level, operating system level, library support level, and application level

Instruction Set Architecture Level

 At the ISA level, virtualization is performed by emulating a given ISA by the ISA of the host
machine. For example, MIPS binary code can run on an x86-based host machine with the
help of ISA emulation. With this approach, it is possible to run a large amount of legacy
binary code written for various processors on any given new hardware host machine.
 Instruction set emulation leads to virtual ISAs created on any hardware machine. The
basic emulation method is through code interpretation. An interpreter program interprets
the source instructions to target instructions one by one. One source instruction may
require tens or hundreds of native target instructions to perform its function. Obviously,
this process is relatively slow. For better performance, dynamic binary translation is
desired.
 This approach translates basic blocks of dynamic source instructions to target instructions.
The basic blocks can also be extended to program traces or super blocks to increase
translation efficiency.
 Instruction set emulation requires binary translation and optimization. A virtual
instruction set architecture (V-ISA) thus requires adding a processor-specific software
translation layer to the compiler.

Hardware Abstraction Level

 Hardware-level virtualization is performed right on top of the bare hardware.
 Thisapproach generates a virtual hardware environment for a VM.
 The process managesthe underlying hardware through virtualization. The idea is
to virtualize a computer’s resources, such asits processors, memory, and I/O
devices.
 The intention is to upgrade the hardware utilization rate bymultiple users concurrently.
The idea was implemented in the IBM VM/370 in the 1960s.
 Morerecently, the Xen hypervisor has been applied to virtualize x86-based machines to run
Linux or otherguest OS applications.
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Operating System Level

 This refers to an abstraction layer between traditional OS and user applications.
 OS-level virtualizationcreates isolated containers on a single physical server and the OS
instances to utilize the hardwareand software in data centers.
 The containers behave like real servers.
 OS-level virtualization iscommonly used in creating virtual hosting environments to
allocate hardware resources among alarge number of mutually distrusting users.
 It is also used, to a lesser extent, in consolidating serverhardware by moving services
on separate hosts into containers or VMs on one server.

Library Support Level

 Most applications use APIs exported by user-level libraries rather than using lengthy
system callsby the OS.
 Since most systems provide well-documented APIs, such an interface
becomes anothercandidate for virtualization.
 Virtualization with library interfaces is possible by controlling the communicationlink
between applications and the rest of a system through API hooks.

User-Application Level
 Virtualization at the application level virtualizes an application as a VM.
 On a traditional OS, anapplication often runs as a process. Therefore, application-level
virtualization is also known as process-level virtualization.
 The most popular approach is to deploy high level language (HLL)VMs. In this scenario,
the virtualization layer sits as an application program on top of the operatingsystem,
 The layer exports an abstraction of a VM that can run programs written and compiledto
a particular abstract machine definition.
 Any program written in the HLL and compiled for thisVM will be able to run on it. The
Microsoft .NET CLR and Java Virtual Machine (JVM) are twogood examples of this class
of VM.

VMM Design Requirements and Providers

 layer between real hardware and traditional operating systems. This layer
is commonly called the Virtual Machine Monitor (VMM)
 three requirements for a VMM
 a VMM should provide an environment for programs which is essentially identical to
the original machine
 programs run in this environment should show, at worst, only minor decreases in speed
 VMM should be in complete control of the system resources.
 VMM includes the following aspects:
 (1) The VMM is responsible for allocating hardware resources for programs;
 (2) it is not possible for a program to access any resource not explicitly allocated to it;
 (3) it is possible under certain circumstances for a VMM to regain control of resources
already allocated.
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Virtualization Support at the OS Level

 Why OS-Level Virtualization? :
o it is slow to initialize a hardware-level VM because each VM creates its own
image from scratch.
 OS virtualization inserts a virtualization layer inside an operating system to partition a
machine’s physical resources.
 It enables multiple isolated VMs within a single operating system kernel.
 This kind of VM is often called a virtual execution environment (VE), Virtual Private
System (VPS), or simply container
 The benefits of OS extensions are twofold:
o (1) VMs at the operating system level have minimal startup/shutdown costs,
low resource requirements, and high scalability;
o (2) for an OS-level VM, it is possible for a VM and its host environment to
synchronize state changes when necessary.

Middleware Support for Virtualization

 Library-level virtualization is also known as user-level Application Binary
Interface (ABI) or API emulation.
 This type of virtualization can create execution environments for running
alien programs on a platform

Hypervisor and Xen Architecture

 The hypervisor software sits directly between the physical hardware and its OS.
 This virtualization layer is referred to as either the VMM or the hypervisor

Xen Architecture
 Xen is an open source hypervisor program developed by Cambridge University.
 Xen is a microkernel hypervisor
 The core components of a Xen system are the hypervisor, kernel, and applications
 The guest OS, which has control ability, is called Domain 0, and the others are called
Domain U
 Domain 0 is designed to access hardware directly and manage devices
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• VM state is akin to a tree: the current state of the machine is a point that progresses
monotonically as the software executes.
• VMs are allowed to roll back to previous states in their execution (e.g., to fix
configuration errors) or rerun from the same point many times

Full virtualization
 Full virtualization, noncritical instructions run on the hardware directly while critical
instructions are discovered and replaced with traps into the VMM to be emulated
by software
 VMware puts the VMM at Ring 0 and the guest OS at Ring 1.
 The VMM scans the instruction stream and identifies the privileged,
control- and behavior-sensitive instructions.
 When these instructions are identified, they are trapped into the VMM, which emulates
the behavior of these instructions.
 The method used in this emulation is called binary translation.
 Therefore, full virtualization combines binary translation and
direct execution.
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Para-Virtualization
• Para-virtualization needs to modify the guest operating systems
• A para-virtualized VM provides special APIs requiring substantial OS modifications in
user applications

CPU Virtualization
• A CPU architecture is virtualizable if it supports the ability to run the VM’s privileged
and unprivileged instructions in the CPU’s user mode while the VMM runs in
supervisor mode.
• Hardware-Assisted CPU Virtualization: This technique attempts to simplify virtualization
because full or paravirtualization is complicated

Memory Virtualization
• Memory Virtualization :the operating system maintains mappings of virtual memory to
machine memory using page table
• All modern x86 CPUs include a memory management unit (MMU) and a
translation lookaside buffer (TLB) to optimize virtual memory performance
• Two-stage mapping process should be maintained by the guest OS and the VMM,
respectively: virtual memory to physical memory and physical memory to
machine memory.
• The VMM is responsible for mapping the guest physical memory to the actual
machine memory.
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I/O Virtualization
• I/O Virtualization managing the routing of I/O requests between virtual devices and
the shared physical hardware
• managing the routing of I/O requests between virtual devices and the shared physical
hardware
• Full device emulation emulates well-known, real-world devices All the functions of a
device or bus infrastructure, such as device enumeration, identification, interrupts, and
DMA, are replicated in software. This software is located in the VMM and acts as a
virtual device
• Two-stage mapping process should be maintained by the guest OS and the VMM,
respectively: virtual memory to physical memory and physical memory to
machine memory.
• The VMM is responsible for mapping the guest physical memory to the actual
machine memory.

Virtualization in Multi-Core Processors

• Muti-core virtualization has raised some new challenges
• Two difficulties: Application programs must be parallelized to use all cores fully, and
software must explicitly
• Assign tasks to the cores, which is a very complex problem
• The first challenge, new programming models, languages, and libraries are needed
to make parallel programming easier.
• The second challenge has spawned research involving scheduling algorithms
and resource management policies
• Dynamic heterogeneity is emerging to mix the fat CPU core and thin GPU cores on
the same chip
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• In many-core chip multiprocessors (CMPs)

• Instead of supporting time-sharing jobs on one or a few cores, use the abundant cores
space-sharing, where single-threaded or multithreaded jobs are simultaneously assigned
to separate groups of cores

Physical versus Virtual Clusters

• Virtual clusters are built with VMs installed at distributed servers from one or
more physical clusters.
• Assign tasks to the cores, which is a very complex problem
• Fast deployment
• High-Performance Virtual Storage
• reduce duplicated blocks

Virtual Clusters
• Four ways to manage a virtual cluster.
• First, you can use a guest-based manager, by which the cluster manager resides on a
guest system.
• The host-based manager supervises the guest systems and can restart the guest system on
another physical machine
• Third way to manage a virtual cluster is to use an independent cluster manager on both
the host and guest systems.
• Finally, use an integrated cluster on the guest and host systems.
• This means the manager must be designed to distinguish between virtualized resources and
physical resources

Virtualization for data-center automation

• Data-center automation means that huge volumes of hardware,software, and database

resources in these data centers can be allocated dynamically to millions of Internet
users simultaneously, with guaranteed QoS and cost-effectiveness
• This automation process is triggered by the growth of virtualization products and
cloud computing services.
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• The latest virtualization development highlights high availability (HA), backup services,
workload balancing, and further increases in client bases.
Server Consolidation in Data Centers
• heterogeneous workloads -chatty workloads and noninteractive workloads
• Server consolidation is an approach to improve the low utility ratio of hardware
resources by reducing the number of physical servers

Virtual Storage Management

• storage virtualization has a different meaning in a system virtualization environment
• system virtualization, virtual storage includes the storage managed by VMMs
• and guest OSes data stored in this environment
• can be classified into two categories: VM images and application data.

Cloud OS for Virtualized Data Centers

• Data centers must be virtualized to serve as cloud providers
• Eucalyptus for Virtual Networking of Private Cloud :
• Eucalyptus is an open source software system intended mainly for supporting
Infrastructure as a Service (IaaS) clouds
• The system primarily supports virtual networking and the management of VMs;
• virtual storage is not supported.
• Its purpose is to build private clouds
• three resource managers
o Instance Manager
o Group Manager
o Cloud Manager
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UNIT -3
Introduction to Cloud Computing
• Cloud computing allowing access to large amounts of computing power in a
fully virtualized manner, by aggregating resources and offering a single system
view
• Cloud computing has been coined as an umbrella term to describe a category of
sophisticated on-demand computing services initially offered by commercial providers,
such as Amazon, Google, and Microsoft.
• The main principle behind this model is offering computing, storage, and software “as a
service
• Cloud is a parallel and distributed computing system consisting of a collection of inter-
connected and virtualised computers that are dynamically provisioned
• The National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) characterizes cloud
computing as “. . . a pay-per-use model for enabling available, convenient, on-demand
network access to a shared pool of configurable computing resources
Common characteristics a cloud should have:
• pay-per-use (no ongoing commitment, utility prices);
• elastic capacity and the illusion of infinite resources;
• self-service interface; and
• resources that are abstracted or virtualised.
•

ROOTS OF CLOUD COMPUTING

• Autonomic Computing: seeks to improve systems by decreasing human involvement
in their operation
• Autonomic, or self-managing, systems rely on monitoring probes and gauges (sensors),
on an adaptation engine (autonomic manager) for computing optimizations based on
monitoring data, and on effectors to carry out changes on the system.
• IBM’s Autonomic Computing Initiative - four properties of autonomic systems:
self- configuration, selfoptimization, self-healing, and self-protection.
• Reference model for autonomic control loops of autonomic managers, called MAPE-K
(Monitor Analyze Plan Execute—Knowledge)
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LAYERS AND TYPES OF CLOUDS

• Cloud computing services are divided into three classes:
• (1) Infrastructure as a Service,
• (2) Platform as a Service, and
• (3) Software as a Service.
• Infrastructure as a Service :A cloud infrastructure enables on-demand provisioning of
servers running several choices of operating systems and a customized software stack.
• Amazon Web Services mainly offers IaaS, which in the case of its EC2 service
means offering VMs with a software stack that can be customized similar to how
an ordinary physical server would be customized.
• Platform as a Service: A cloud platform offers an environment on which developers create
and deploy applications
• Google AppEngine, an example of Platform as a Service, offers a scalable
environment for developing and hosting Web applications
Software as a Service: Traditional desktop applications such as word processing and spreadsheet can
now be accessed as a service in the Web. This model of delivering applications, known as Software as a
Service (SaaS)
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Deployment Models

• Public cloud as a “cloud made available in a pay-as-you-go manner to the general

public” and
• Private cloud as “internal data center of a business or other organization, not
made available to the general public.”
• A community cloud is “shared by several organizations and supports a specific
community that has shared concerns
• A hybrid cloud takes shape when a private cloud is supplemented with computing
capacity from public clouds.
• The approach of temporarily renting capacity to handle spikes in load is known as “cloud-
bursting”

• Features of a cloud
• are essential to enable services that truly represent the cloud computing model
• Self-Service : clouds must allow self-service access so that customers can request,
customize, pay, and use services (expect on-demand, nearly instant access to
resources) without intervention of human operators
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• Per-Usage Metering and Billing : Services must be priced on a shortterm basis (e.g., by
the hour), allowing users to release (and not pay for) resources as soon as they are not
needed
• Elasticity : users expect clouds to rapidly provide resources in any quantity at any time.
In particular, it is expected that the additional resources can be
• (a) provisioned, possibly automatically, when an application load increases and
• (b) released when load decreases (scale up and down)
Customization: resources rented from the cloud must be highly customizable.
• In the case of infrastructure services, customization means allowing users to
deploy specialized virtual appliances and to be given privileged (root) access to the
virtual servers

MIGRATING INTO THE CLOUD

• Why Migrate?
• There are economic and business reasons why an enterprise application can
be migrated into the cloud, and there are also a number of technological
reasons.
• Initiatives in adoption of cloud technologies in the enterprise,
• resulting in integration of enterprise applications running off the captive data
centers with the new ones that have been developed on the cloud.

Migration can happen at one of the five levels of

 application,
 code,
 design,
 architecture,
 usage
The migration of an enterprise application is best captured by the following

where
 P is the application before migration running in captive data center,
 P’C is the application part after migration either into a (hybrid) cloud,
 P’l is the part of application being run in the captive local data center, and
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 P’OFC is the application part optimized for cloud

SEVEN-STEP MODEL OF MIGRATION INTO A CLOUD

Iterative Step
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Migration Risks and Mitigation

• The biggest challenge to any cloud migration project is how effectively the migration
risks are identified and mitigated.
• Migration risks for migrating into the cloud fall under two broad categories:
• the general migration risks
• the security-related migration risks
• several issues identifying all possible production level deviants:
– the business continuity and disaster recovery in the world of cloud
computing service;
– the compliance with standards and governance issues; the IP and licensing issues;
– the quality of service (QoS) parameters as well as the corresponding
SLAs committed to;
– the ownership, transfer, and storage of data in the application;
– the portability and interoperability issues which could help mitigate potential
vendor lock-ins;

On the security front - as addressed in the guideline document published by the Cloud

Security Alliance.

– Issues include

– security at various levels of the enterprise application as applicable on the

cloud in addition to issues of trust and issues of privacy.

– There are several legal compliances that a migration strategy and

implementation has to fulfill,

– including obtaining the right execution logs as well as retaining the rights to all

audit trails at a detailed level

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Challenges in the Cloud

• Security
• Costing model
• Charging model
• Service level agreement
• Cloud interoperability issue

– Use of cloud computing means dependence on others and that could possibly
limit flexibility and innovation:
• The others are likely become the bigger Internet companies like Google and IBM,
who may monopolise the market.
• Some argue that this use of supercomputers is a return to the time of
mainframe computing that the PC was a reaction against.
– Security could prove to be a big issue:
• It is still unclear how safe out-sourced data is and when using these
services ownership of data is not always clear.
– There are also issues relating to policy and access:
• If your data is stored abroad whose policy do you adhere to?
• What happens if the remote server goes down?
• How will you then access files?
• There have been cases of users being locked out of accounts and losing access to data.
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UNIT -4

INFRASTRUCTURE AS A SERVICE PROVIDERS (IAAS)

• Public Infrastructure as a Service providers commonly offer virtual servers containing
one or more CPUs, OS, software stack, storage space and communication facilities
• The most relevant features are:
• (i) geographic distribution of data centers;
• (ii) variety of user interfaces and APIs to access the system;
• (iii) specialized components and services that aid particular applications (e.g.,
loadbalancers,)
• (iv) choice of virtualization platform and operating systems;
• (v) different billing methods and period

Geographic Presence: To improve availability and responsiveness, a provider of worldwide services

would typically build several data centers distributed around the world.
• Availability zones are “distinct locations that are engineered to be
insulated from failures in other availability zones and provide
inexpensive, low-latency network connectivity to other availability zones
in the same region.”
• User Interfaces and Access to Servers.
• Ideally, a public IaaS provider must provide multiple access means to its cloud,
thus catering for various usersand their preferences.
• Different types of user interfaces (UI) provide different levels of abstraction, the most
common being
• graphical user interfaces (GUI),
• command-line tools (CLI), and
• Web service (WS) APIs.

Advance Reservation of Capacity.

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• Advance reservations allow users to request for an IaaS provider to reserve

resourcesfor a specific time frame in the future, thus ensuring that cloud resources
will be availableat that time
• Amazon Reserved Instances is a form of advance reservation of capacity,
allowing users to pay a fixed amount of money in advance to guarantee
resource availability
• Automatic Scaling and Load Balancing.
• As mentioned earlier in this chapter, elasticity is a key characteristic of the cloud
computing model.
• Applications often need to scale up and down to meet varying load conditions.
• Service-Level Agreement.
• Service-level agreements (SLAs) are offered by IaaS providers to express their
commitment to delivery of a certain QoS.
• To customers it serves as a warranty.
• Amazon EC2 states that “if the annual uptime Percentage for a customer
drops below 99.95% for the service year, that customer is eligible to receive a
service credit equal to 10% of their bill.3”

• Hypervisor and Operating System Choice:

– Traditionally, IaaS offerings have been based on heavily customized open-source
Xen deployments.
– IaaS providers needed expertise in Linux, networking, virtualization, metering,
resource management, and many other low-level aspects to successfully
deploy and maintain their cloud offerings.

Public Cloud and Infrastructure Services

• Public cloud or external cloud
• describes cloud computing - resources are dynamically provisioned via publicly
accessible Web applications/Web services (SOAP or RESTful interfaces) from an off-
sitethird-party provider,
• who shares resources and bills on a fine-grained utility computing basis,
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• the user pays only for the capacity of the provisioned resources at a particular time

Amazon Elastic Compute Cloud (EC2) is an IaaS service that provides elastic compute capacity in
the cloud

Private Cloud and Infrastructure Services

• A private cloud aims at providing public cloud functionality, but on private
resources, while maintaining control over an organization’s data and resources to
meet security and governance’s requirements in an organization.
• Private clouds exhibit the following characteristics:
– Allow service provisioning and compute capability for an organization’s users
in a self-service manner.
– Automate and provide well-managed virtualized environments.
– Optimize computing resources, and servers’ utilization.
– Support specific workloads.
• Examples are Eucalyptus and OpenNebula

“Hybrid cloud”
• in which a combination of private/internal and external cloud resources exist together
by enabling outsourcing of noncritical services and functions in public cloud and
keeping the critical ones internal
• Release resources from a public cloud and to handle sudden demand usage, which
is called “cloud bursting

Cloud and Virtualization Standardization Efforts

• Standardization is important to ensure interoperability between
• virtualization mangement vendors,
• the virtual machines produced by each one of them,
• and cloud computing
• Distributed Management Task Force(DMTF)
• initiated the VMAN (Virtualization Management Initiative),
• delivers broadly supported interoperability and portability standards for managing
the virtual computing lifecycle.
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OVF (Open Virtualization Format

• VMAN’s OVF (Open Virtualization Format) in a collaboration between industry
key players: Dell, HP, IBM, Microsoft, XenSource, and Vmware.
• OVF specification provides a common format to package and securely distribute virtual
appliances across multiple virtualization platforms.
• VMAN profiles define a consistent way of managing a heterogeneous
virtualized environment
• Standardization effort has been initiated by Open Grid Forum (OGF) through organizing
an official new working group to deliver a standard API for cloud IaaS, the Open Cloud
Computing Interface Working Group (OCCIWG)

VIRTUAL MACHINES PROVISIONING

• Typical life cycle of VM and its major possible states of operation, which make the
management and automation of VMs in virtual and cloud environments easier
Process:
• Steps to Provision VM. Here, we describe the common and normal steps of provisioning
a virtual server:
• Firstly, you need to select a server from a pool of available servers (physical servers
with enough capacity) along with the appropriate OS template you need to provision
the virtual machine.
• Secondly, you need to load the appropriate software (operating system you selected
in the previous step, device drivers, middleware, and the needed applications for the
service required).

•
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• Thirdly, you need to customize and configure the machine (e.g., IP address, Gateway)
to configure an associated network and storage resources.
• Finally, the virtual server is ready to start with its newly loaded software

VIRTUAL MACHINE MIGRATION SERVICES

Migration service,
• in the context of virtual machines, is the process of moving a virtual machine from one
host server or storage location to another
• There are different techniques of VM migration,
• hot/life migration,
• cold/regular migration, and
• live storage migration of a virtual machine

VM Migration, SLA and On-Demand Computing:

• virtual machines’ migration plays an important role in data centers
• once it has been detected that a particular VM is consuming more than its fair
share of resources at the expense of other VMs on the same host,
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• it will be eligible, for this machine, to either be moved to another underutilized host
or assign more resources for it
• There should be an integration between virtualization’s management tools (with its
migrations and performance’s monitoring capabilities), and SLA’s management
tools to achieve balance in resources by migrating and monitoring the workloads, and
accordingly, meeting the SLA

Migration of Virtual Machines to Alternate Platforms

• Advantages of having facility in data center’s technologies is
• to have the ability to migrate virtual machines from one platform to another
• For example, the VMware converter that handles migrations between ESX hosts;
• the VMware server; and the VMware workstation.
• The VMware converter can also import from other virtualization platforms, such as
Microsoft virtual server machines

Deployment Scenario:
• ConVirt deployment consists of at least one ConVirt workstation,
• whereConVirt is installed and ran, which provides the main console for managing the
VM life cycle, managing images, provisioning new VMs, monitoring machine resources,
and so on.
• There are two essential deployment scenarios for ConVirt:
• A, basic configuration in which the Xen or KVM virtualization platform is on the local
machine, where ConVirt is already installed; B,
• An advanced configuration in which the Xen or KVM is on one or more remote servers.
Installation. The installation process involves the following:
• Installing ConVirt on at least one computer.
• Preparing each managed server to be managed by ConVirt.
• We have two managing servers with the following Ips
• (managed server 1, IP:[Link]; and
• managed server 2, IP:[Link]) as shown in the deployment diagram
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Environment, Software, and Hardware. ConVirt 1.1, Linux Ubuntu 8.10, three machines, Dell core 2
due processor, 4G RAM.
• Adding Managed Servers and Provisioning VM.
• Once the installation is done and you are ready to manage your virtual
infrastructure, then you can start the ConVirt management console :
• Select any of servers’ pools existing (QA Lab in our scenario) and on its context
menu, select “Add Server.”
• You will be faced with a message asking about the virtualization platform you want to
manage (Xen or KVM), as shown in Figure
• Choose KVM, and then enter the managed server information and credentials
(IP, username, and password) as shown in Figure
• Once the server is synchronized and authenticated with the management console, it
will appear in the left pane/of the ConVirt,

• Live Migration Effect on a Running Web Server.

• Clark et al. did evaluate the above migration on an Apache 1.3 Web server; this served
static content at a high rate, as illustrated in Figure 5.6.
• The throughput is achieved when continuously serving a single 512-kB file to a set of
one hundred concurrent clients.
• This simple example demonstrates that a highly loaded server can be migrated with
both controlled impact on live services and a short downtime

• VMware Vmotion.
• This allows users to
• (a) automatically optimize and allocate an entire pool of resources
for maximum hardware utilization, flexibility, and availability and
• (b) perform hardware’s maintenance without scheduled downtime along with
migrating virtual machines away from failing or underperforming servers
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• Citrix XenServerXenMotion.
• This is a nice feature of the Citrix XenServer product, inherited from the Xen live
migrate utility, which provides the IT administrator with the facility to move a running
VM from one XenServer to another in the same pool without interrupting the service

Regular/Cold Migration.
Cold migration is the migration of a powered-off virtual machine.

• Main differences between live migration and cold migration are that
• 1) live migration needs a shared storage for virtual machines in the server’s pool,
but cold migration does not;
• 2) live migration for a virtual machine between two hosts, there would be certain CPU
compatibility checks to be applied; while in cold migration this checks do not apply
• The cold migration process (VMware ) can be summarized as follows:
• The configuration files, including the NVRAM file (BIOS settings), log files, as well
as the disks of the virtual machine, are moved from the source host to the
destination host’s associated storage area.
• The virtual machine is registered with the new host.
• After the migration is completed, the old version of the virtual machine is deleted
from the source host.

Live Storage Migration of Virtual Machine.

 This kind of migration constitutes moving the virtual disks or configuration file of a
running virtual machine to a new data store without any interruption in the
availability of the virtual machine’s service

Aneka
• Manjrasoft Aneka is a .NET-based platform and framework designed for building and
deploying distributed applications on clouds.
• It provides a set of APIs for transparently exploiting distributed resources and
expressing the business logic of applications by using the preferred
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programming
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abstractions.
• Aneka also provides support for deploying and managing clouds.
• By using its Management Studio and a set ofWeb interfaces, it is possible to set up
either public or private clouds, monitor their status, update their configuration,
and perform the basic management operations.
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UNIT-5
SAAS
• SaaS is a model of software deployment where an application is hosted as a
service provided to customers across the Internet.
• Saas alleviates the burden of software maintenance/support but users relinquish
control over software versions and requirements
SaaS Maturity Model
Level 1: Ad-Hoc/Custom – One Instance per customer Level
2: Configurable per customer
Level 3: configurable & Multi-Tenant-Efficient
Level 4: Scalable, Configurable & Multi-Tenant-Efficient

SaaS INTEGRATION PRODUCTS AND PLATFORMS

• Cloud-centric integration solutions are being developed and demonstrated
for showcasing their capabilities for integrating enterprise and cloud
applications.
• Composition and collaboration will become critical and crucial for the mass adoption of
clouds

Jitterbit:
• Jitterbit is a fully graphical integration solution that provides users a versatile platform
• suite of productivity tools to reduce the integration efforts sharply.
• Jitterbit can be used standalone or with existing EAI infrastructures
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• Help us quickly design, implement, test, deploy, and manage the integration projects
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• Two major components :

• Jitterbit Integration Environment
• An intuitive point-and-click graphical UI that enables to quickly
configure, test, deploy and manage integration projects on the Jitterbit
server.
• Jitterbit Integration Server
• A powerful and scalable run-time engine that processes all the
integration operations, fully configurable and manageable from
the Jitterbit application.

Linkage with On premise and on demand Applications

Google APP Engine

 The app engine is a Cloud-based platform, is quite comprehensive and
combines infrastructure as a service (IaaS), platform as a service (PaaS)
and software as a service (SaaS).
 The app engine supports the delivery, testing and development of software
on demand in a Cloud computing environment that supports millions of
users and is highly scalable.
 The company extends its platform and infrastructure to the Cloud through
its app engine. It presents the platform to those who want to develop
SaaS solutions at competitive costs.
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Google is a leader in web-based applications,

so it’s not surprising that the company also offers cloud development [Link] services come
in the form of the Google App Engine, which enables developers to build their own web
applications utilizing the same infrastructure that powers Google’s powerful applications.
 The Google App Engine provides a fully integrated application
environment. Using Google’s development tools and computing cloud,
App Engine applications are easy to build, easy to maintain, and easy to
scale.
All you have to do

Features of App Engine

 These are covered by the depreciation policy and the service-level

agreement of the app engine. Any changes made to such a feature are
backward-compatible and implementation of such a feature is usually
stable. These include data storage, retrieval, and search;
communications; process management; computation; app configuration
and management.

 Data storage, retrieval, and search include features such as HRD migration tool,
Google Cloud SQL, logs, datastore, dedicated Memcache, blobstore,
Memcache and search.

 Communications include features such as XMPP. channel, URL fetch, mail,

and Google Cloud Endpoints.

 Process management includes features like scheduled tasks and task queue

 Computation includes images.

 App management and configuration cover app identity, users, capabilities, traffic
splitting, modules, SSL for custom domains, modules, remote access, and
multitenancy

Centralizing email Communications

 The key here is to enable anywhere/anytime access to email.
 Precloud computing, your email access was via a single computer, which
also stored all your email messages. For this purpose, you probably used a
program like Microsoft Outlook or Outlook Express, installed on your
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home computer.
 To check your home email from work, it took a bit of juggling and perhaps
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the use of your ISP’s email access web page. That web page was never
in sync with the messages
on your home PC, of course, which is just the start of the problems with trying to
communicate in this fashion.
 A better approach is to use a web-based email service, such as
Google’s Gmail ([Link]), Microsoft’s Windows Live Hotmail
([Link]), or Yahoo! Mail ([Link]). These services place
your email inbox in the cloud; you can access it from any computer
connected to the Internet.

Collaborating via Web-Based

Communication Tools GMAIL
 Gmail offers a few unique features that set it apart from the web-based email crowd.
 First, Gmail doesn’t use folders. With Gmail you can’t organize your
mail into folders, as you can with the other services.
 Instead, Gmail pushes the search paradigm as the way to find the
messages you want— not a surprise, given Google’s search-centric
business model.
 Gmail does, however, let you “tag” each message with one or more
labels. This has the effect of creating virtual folders, as you can search and
sort your messages by any of their labels.
 In addition, Gmail groups together related email messages in what
Google calls conversations
Yahoo! Mail Yahoo! Mail ([Link])
 is another web mail service, provided by the popular Yahoo! search site.
 The basic Yahoo! Mail is free and can be accessed from any PC,
using any web browser.
 Yahoo! also offers a paid service called Yahoo! Mail Plus that lets
you send larger messages and offers offline access to your messages
via POP email clients

Web Mail Services

 AOL Mail ([Link])
 BigString ([Link]) E
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
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 xcite Mail ([Link])

 FlashMail ([Link])
 GMX Mail ([Link])
 [Link] ([Link])
 Lycos Mail ([Link])
 [Link] ([Link])
 Zoho Mail ([Link])

Data Security
 Information in a cloud environment has much more dynamism and fluidity
than information that is static on a desktop or in a network folder
 Nature of cloud computing dictates that data are fluid objects, accessible
froma multitude of nodes and geographic locations and, as such, must
have a datasecurity methodology that takes this into account while
ensuring that this fluidity is not compromised
 The idea of content-centric or information-centric protection, being an
inherent part of a data object is a development out of the idea of the
“de- perimerization” of the enterprise.
 This idea was put forward by a group of Chief Information Officers (CIOs)
who formed an organization called the Jericho Forum

CLOUD COMPUTING AND IDENTITY

Digital identity
 holds the key to flexible data security within a cloud Environment
 A digital identity represents who we are and how we interact with others on-line.
 Access, identity, and risk are three variables that can become inherently
connected when applied to the security of data, because access and risk
are directly proportional:As access increases, so then risk to the security
of the data increases.
 Access controlled by identifying the actor attempting the access is the
most logical manner of performing this operation.
 Ultimately, digital identity holds the key to securing data, if that digital
identity can be programmatically linked to security policies controlling
the
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post-access usage of data.

Identity, Reputation, and Trust

 Reputation is a real-world commodity; that is a basic requirement of
human-to-human relationships
 Our basic societal communication structure is built upon the idea of reputation
and trust.
 Reputation and its counter value, trust, is easily transferable to a digital realm:
o eBay, for example, having partly built a successful business model on the
strength of a ratings system, builds up the reputation of its buyers and
sellers through successful (or unsuccessful) transactions.
 These types of reputation systems can be extremely useful when used
with a digital identity.
 They can be used to associate varying levels of trust with that identity,
which in turn can be used to define the level (granular variations) of
security policy applied to data resources that the individual wishes to
access

User-Centric Identity:
 Digital identities are a mechanism for identifying an individual,
particularly within a cloud environment ; identity ownership being placed
upon the individual is known as user-centric identity
 It allows users to consent and control how their identity (and
the individual identifiers making up the identity, the claims) is
used.
 This reversal of ownership away from centrally managed
identity platforms (enterprise-centric) has many advantages.
 This includes the potential to improve the privacy aspects of a digital
identity, by giving an individual the ability to apply permission policies
based on their identity and to control which aspects of that identity are
divulged
 An identity may be controllable by the end user, to the extent that the
user can then decide what information is given to the party relying on the
identity
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Information Card:
 Information cards permit a user to present to a Web site or other service
(relying party) one or more claims, in the form of a software token,
which may be used to uniquely identify that user.

 They can be used in place of user name/ passwords, digital certificates,

and other identification systems, when user identity needs to be
established to control access to a Web site or other resource, or to permit
digital signing
Information cards are part of an identity meta-system consisting of:
• 1. Identity providers (IdP), who provision and manage
information cards,with specific claims, to users.
• 2. Users who own and utilize the cards to gain access to Web sites and
other resources that support information cards.
• An identity selector/service, which is a piece of software on the user’s
desktop or in the cloud that allows a user to select and manage their
cards.
• 4. Relying parties. These are the applications, services, and so on, that
can use an information card to authenticate a person and to then
authorize an action such as logging onto a Web site, accessing a
document, signing content, and so on

Each information card is associated with a set of claims which can be used toidentify the
user. These claims include identifiers such as name, email address,post code

Using Information Cards to Protect Data

 Information cards are built around a set of open standards devised by
a consortium that includes Microsoft, IBM, Novell, and so on.
 The original remit of the cards was to create a type of single sign on
system for the Internet, to help users to move away from the need to
remember multiple passwords.
 However, the information card system can be used in many more ways.
 Because an information card is a type of digital identity, it can be used
in the same way that other digital identities can be used.
For example, an information card can be used to digitally sign data and content and to
control access to data and content. One of the more sophisticated uses of an information
IV [Link] 2021-22 Aurora’s Technological & Research Institute
card is the advantage given to the cards by way of the claims system.
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Cloud Computing and Data Security Risk

 Cloud computing is a development that is meant to allow more open
accessibility and easier and improved data sharing.

 Data are uploaded into a cloud and stored in a data center, for access by
users from that data center; or in a more fully cloud-based model, the
data themselves are created in the cloud and stored and accessed from
the cloud (again via a data center).
 The most obvious risk in this scenario is that associated with the storage of
that data. A user uploading or creating cloud-based data include those
data that are stored and maintained by a third-party cloud provider such
as Google, Amazon, Microsoft, and so on.
This action has several risks associated with it:
• Firstly, it is necessary to protect the data during upload into the data
center to ensure that the data do not get hijacked on the way into the
database.
• Secondly, it is necessary to the stores the data in the data center to
ensure that they are encrypted at all times.
• Thirdly, and perhaps less obvious, the access to those data need to be
controlled; this control should also be applied to the hosting
company, including the administrators of the data center.
• In addition, an area often forgotten in the application of security to a data
resource is the protection of that resource during its use

Data security risks are compounded by the open nature of cloud computing.

• Access control becomes a much more fundamental issue in cloud-based

systems because of the accessibility of the data

• Information-centric access control (as opposed to access control lists) can

help to balance improved accessibility with risk, by associating access rules
with different data objects within an open and accessible platform, without
losing the Inherent usability of that platform

• A further area of risk associated not only with cloud computing, but
IV [Link] 2021-22 Aurora’s Technological & Research Institute
also with traditional network computing, is the use of content after
access.
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• The risk is potentially higher in a cloud network, for the simple reason
that the information is outside of your corporate walls

Data-centric mashupsare those

• that are used to perform business processes around data creation and
dissemination—by their very nature, can be used to hijack data,
leaking sensitive information and/or affecting integrity of that data

• Cloud computing, more than any other form of digital communication

technology, has created a need to ensure that protection is applied at
the inception of the information, in a content centric manner, ensuring
that a security policy becomes an integral part of that data throughout its
life cycle.

Encryption

• is a vital component of the protection policy, but further controls over

the access of that data and on the use of the data must be met.

• In the case of mashups, the controlling of access to data resources, can

help toalleviate the security concerns by ensuring that mashup access is
authenticated.
• Linking security policies, as applied to the use of content, to the
access control method offer a way of continuing protection of
data, post access and throughout the life cycle; this type of
data security philosophy must be incorporated into the use of
cloud computing to alleviate security risks.