CHAPTER Z
Integers, Rational Numbers and Real Numbers
The coldest continent on Earth is
Antarctica, where temperatures range
from 10 °C in summer to -80°C (read
negative 80 degrees Celsius) in winter.
‘80 °C’ represents 80 °C below 0°C.
Altitude refers to the height of an
object using sea level as a reference.
Mount Everest, the highest mountain
on Fart, has an altitude of 8848 m
above sea level. The Dead Sea has an
altitude of -430 m (read negative 430
metres). This signifies that the shores
of the Dead Sea are 430 m below sea
level.
Are there other real-life examples of
negative numbers that you can think
off
In this chapter, we will learn how
to perform operations (e.g. add or
subtract) on negative numbers, and
discover other types of numbers called
rational numbers and real numbers.
Learning Outcomes
What will we learn in this chapter?
+ What negative, rational and real numbers are
+ How to order these numbers and perform operations on them
+ Why these numbers ha
;seful applications in real-world contexts In the Chapter Opener, we learnt that Mount Everest is the highest mountain on Earth and its altitude (or height) is
8848 m above sea level. However, it is not the tallest mountain.
Mauna Kea, a volcanic mountain on the island of Hawaii, has an altitude of 4207 m above sea level, and appears
shorter than Mount Everest.
However, the height ofa mountain is measured from its base. Part of Mauna Kea is submerged underwater, and
hence its total height from the ocean floor is more than what appears above sea level.
seallevel
ocean floor
As the ocean floor is not level, we can only estimate that the altitude of the ocean floor is over -5793 m.
(i) Find the minimum height of Mauna Kea.
(ii) Which is taller? Mount Everest or Mauna Kea?
In this chapter, we will learn how to solve such problems involving operations on negative numbers, rational
numbers and real numbers.
In primary school, we have learnt about whole numbers, decimals and fractions, ==
€g.0,7, 1.6and 4. These numbers are greater than or equal to 0. Numbers that are Negative is diferent from
Seta oeptiratear
greater than O are called positive numbers. the tate of the number, while
‘mins’ refers to the operat
Numbers that are less than 0 are called negative numbers. of subtraction.
[As we have seen in the Chapter Opener and the Introductory Problem, we do
encounter negative numbers in the real world, eg, -80 °C and 5793 m. The negative number, ~80, is read as
negative 80, Other examples of negative numbers are -4 and 14.
When measuring temperature, 0 °C is the reference temperature, Temperatures above 0 °C are positive while
temperatures below 0 °C are negative. A temperature of -80 °C means that the temperature is 80 °C below 0°C.
When measuring altitudes, the sea level is used as a reference level. Heights above sea level are given positive values
while heights below sea level are given negative values.
132 carme +s Rational Numbers and Real Numbers Uses of negative numbers in real-world contexts
represents ‘more than’ (or greater than), and the symbol < represents
‘less than’ (or ‘smaller than’).
5 is more than 2, so we write: 5 > 2.
2isless than 5, so we write: <5.
‘The symbol > represents ‘more than or equal to’, and the symbol < represents ‘ess
than or equal to.
3. Look at the number line in Fig. 2.2 and answer each of the following questions.
Use ‘>" or “<' to represent the relationship between the two numbers in each
question and explain your answer.
(a) Is -3 more or less than 2?
(b) Is-3 more or less than -5?
Diagrams
‘The number line is used to
represent numbers and allows
ts to visualise how they are
related to each other.
| In some countries, the number
line is drawn with an arrow at
each end to indicate thatthe
line goes on indefinitely in
both directions
You can also draw a number
line vertically
ations, such as >, <, =
and <, help to represent the
relationships between numbers
concisely and precisely.
for you.
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Gacy © 4@- (@) 6) -100
2. Use a dot to represent each of the following numbers on the number line below.
‘An example is given.
5, 4, 0, 14, 1.665, -3.8, 3
1.666
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4321012345
Hence, arrange the numbers in ascending order, ie. from th
1e smallest to the greatest. 1. What do L already know about negative numbers in the real world that could help me to order positive and
negative numbers on a number line?
2, What have I learnt in this section that I am still unclear of?
Exercise I
0, ~2,4.33,-12, 10001, -14,-2026,4 (6 (a) 1£6m represents 6 m above sea level, what does
From the given numbers, list the numbers that are =101m represent?
(positive integers, (ii) negative integers, (b) If +$40 represents depositing $40 in the bank,
i) positive numbers, (iv) negative numbers. ‘what doet=$25:repeeseatt
(©) If -60° represents a clockwise rotation of 60°,
@ (a) Absolute zero, defined as 0 Kelvin, is the what does +30° represent?
theoretical lowest possible temperature. (d) Ifa score of +2 represents an increment of
0 Kelvin is273.15°C below zero. Represent 2 marks ina test, what does a score of -4
this temperature using a negative number. represent?
(b) The lowest point in North America is the oe
Badwater Basin which is 86 m below sea level. @ Fill in each box with ‘>’ or ‘<
Represent this altitude using a negative number. (a) -4 6 (b) -11 -15
(©) An investment portfolio suffers a loss of o lg @ -@p-5
$85 000 in the year 2020. Represent this loss yaa; 3 6
using a negative number.
a) tar ce nn Ug ep @ Usea bet m to illustrate each of the following,
this loss in mass using a negative number. (@) -$,25,13,1,-02,0.1
(b) positive odd integers less than 20
Fill in each box with ‘> or ‘< (0) prime numbers more than or equal to 2 but
(a) 16) 60 () 3.132 less than 10
© os (a) 306-31 (d)_ common positive factors of 12 and 16
© Go (9 98—B-99 (a) Write down two integers less than -100.
Use a number line to illustrate each of the following. (0) Write down three non-negative integers greater
7 than —10.
(@) 22,0,-4,6,-28 (©) Write down four integers between ~7 and 0
1 inclusive
(0) 085.4 75922 Hints ‘Between ~7 and 0 inclusive’ means the
(©)_ integers between ~4 to.4 numbers can be ~7 or 0.
(A) positive integers less than 10 (a) Write down two numbers between ~5 and ~4
Hint: ‘Between ~§ and 4” means the numbers
@ Using a number line, arrange each of the following cannot be -5 or 4.
in ascending order.
(a) 230,-13,23,-3,30 Bernard said, “Since 7 is greater than 4, then ~7
() 05, 150,15,-10, -3- should also be greater than -4”
Is this statement true or false? Explain,
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and Real Numb ‘CHAPTER 35: