Roll
no -13606135
PROJECT
FILE
HYSicS
CReçtifier)
by:Arashdeeb Kaux
Gubmitled
Submitedto ;MrsNirmaljit
Kaws
las XI|-A
:2019-20
Besiorn
g Sbstana
Clhagiiation
1.Cónchictors
Thee oHc thosc
solids whic fawe
and Jow tesiSHivity
highconductivity Tharc
ws nocnKqy qab bluw valanc band and
Conductaanband'um cabe c conductors
For cq e,Pl,
Cu,Ag etc
2.5n5ulotorsi bolids
ThcbcwDxe thesc
Juhich haue YeH
and lowconducvity
high Hebistivity
Jarqe enHay qab blwvalancbord
Thoc ub
incabdunslabrs
conduuchionband
[Link].
Forca,-libbee, blastic,
Thebe. Qse,thesc
Semiconductors:
solidbwhichhanc
uConducos
conductivity
Hebstivityond b neu itlle
omd mbuulators There
bard & (dhduction
tgy 9ap bjavalencc
Conductors
tand in'ase df bcmi
B ede
Eq Gc, Si,
Jemcanducdo
They form4 cov alentbonda
withothoGe atoms
bes,gSeniorguors
1Srtrnsic
Apre bemiconuuctors
bemLconducto ofuch b frec
s
grom evy cmpuity calledJntrins,ic
SUmico ncudtor
Eq-qc,Si
Sn"Ce&Sitharus Roue alencceledrons
Thoc Rorm 4 covalcnt bond bysharing
electrons
Sayec boundcd bv COValcntondhe
thoumal vibrationubecsponsible for
Cuwent producion by movement e'holes
emicand uctors:
2.€xtrinbic
A Scmiconâuctorwhich isobaincd
by addingsuitablc umpuxityun busc
semicondctor is calld extrinsic
&emic
conductor Tuo dupinpuxatcatc
add- elctron eichSclectton deficient
in wpich clectrons 8holesäe
tivtvo
AC sbonsible Aoe the conductivhycf
Semiconducarconduc
p-tybe demiconcustor
JN-tyebamiconeluak
Etringie
Kfese
Benaruo
1PIybeJemiconductor:
tDalent mpusityCB,A,Ga)
hem
habing aleny 3 ibadded to pune
ilicon orqoumanium cystaC wc qct
dpe &emi conductor3A Jhudhes
molement ¢holes
[Link]
felectricy
condlction
HCSbonbiblc Ror,thc
3n
Sn thu d the mgokhy caouch ae
holcs
2N-TybcSemiconductor
impuuty[P,Ar]
whem bentavalent
hapingalncy5 isaddcd o bunc.
gcth
qeamionmum cctal. luc
ailicon"Or
ondhuor Jn hub themov emdnt
ube bcmu
dcttonbalong the dupstalMsponsible
Ror thc conductin
detrictyA
dupedhe ma CauRs
gity ae
Sn this
elcctron
PN JundtonDiode
ohen ptab bemconductorcxubtalus brought
anto cloccontact uuithanndyb beni
Conducor wustal,thetesullnqavangcmcrt
ub called þ-hjundionor jundiongodc"
Deblçtion Reqion&Barrio.
Electricficldinp-hjunction&
Juo imþofantprocsbcbocceduung
|hckomalion bh unctionidilbion&
duktWhen p-h juñciop, Bomd duc to
im carned
concentrationgcharge
culonencc
in the tuuoJHCGIONs c p-njucktian,the
Rrom r ucqion
elcctrons d ubc throughthe
uncHon intop-Caion g hdlesrom
b-Jtcgion.
n- xcqionT he motioncharg:
diRuscinto thir
carriersdue to dieencc
traioninHhcdudcaion&
in oncen
abnjucian
auemt
.
qivcs t
Hisc oa duusTon
[Link]
when an cdubeRrom n cqion do
þHcqion dtLcwcs behindon ionized
donor atom hawing tvcchargc
immobil
whích s
As dRutionokescontinucb
psitivc
more chargc donor atoma crcaftd
inn-cqion tcbtta Jaycr q tvc charge
Similcsehy,a
Layec Ye chorge crcatdin
p-kcqion3o the Sbåce chargc HCqjoNs on
boththe bidcs fp-njunctioraohuch has
immobi le ions allcddeblction
JAcq ionor
dcbleion Layex
Dift Cu'enti>
Duc to tvechargeHcoion
chargc tgion
ncqative Inb-bide ,
on n-side8
an clcctric
tothis
Ricldus bet ub acerossthejunctienduc
oncon the Sidc junchion
dlecricRield jundon
to n-side8 aholcon n-Sidc
movco
HeSultsinduft cusKent
movcs tobSido
PotentialBawiet thc charqeCait:
The baieeLn ohich
by the
ub btobcd
inPN jundiondiode
Rorce ws fRnoun
aspofential
Obstructryc
baxri
* ForDarlBiasng
iabino
tnbnJunction Diodesi)
Biasing
Biobingun qemoal mçanb g
the abblication
dc voltagc atcrosbthcteCHminalsadevic
Ro a pastticulas kbcs
obOatton Tuwo
Diabingare possibl<inþn junciðndiod
ForsandBiasinq
forwond biabing occuS ohen basitive
cnd
th:d odc us conn cctcdtote tormingls
he batlery3 it5-vccnd to-Vctoaminal
battexy Hexc,majoitycasucb(romboth
8
Side movcb towaHds Crosstheiuntion
CLueent1lousThah cuent b CallcdauQrd.
CUUent% ss the ordox lo3A Thc bze q
[Link] dccrcasoinforuardBiasing
Reverse Biasing cdioole
whcn tye cnd
Rcvcxbc biasingoccufd batcryXvice
b COnncctcdto-vctcrminal
[rom
couuics bothside
VeHSa tHcrc majerity
rom 8thusno
thejuncHion
moy cb oway
[Link] flousthrouah
thejuncton-Avcry.
dac to
ajuncton.
mall nade
auoctduill JO
chargc acuresthe
carniers
movcment d minority junction.
Cars Designer
V-JCurve
-
Current
Knec Voltag
Breakdaun
voltage
Peverse8orlard
Characlerists
bnuncion Dite'
tquneally
[Link]
blsbias
voltdq
Cwbntmt diodc ThcV-IchaHacteustics 'an.
lbcRowad or tevesC
The qrabh shouingforuuardbiascdvol age 8
The [Link] ševoHscbiasvoltag &
|HOVObC CURHOnt us veKbcchaxcacdeiktis
TheRouaQkd dhaacoixthfdicdehnen
incan fhefowand cuncnt inqreasessbuly
nthcbeainning.8bhouud0 buddenAc.a a
1coctaintaluc fouboud volHige-lhusvcliage.
b tncc voliaqc
called Ihus [Link]
4tancCUb Voty low
he GuxHenf inJHVOHSE biasisduc to loo
minority calC TheCVeHsc Cueent shod
a suddcn increase atabaxiculat tcoion
he coucasponding voltaqe tocmcd
Mcvexbc brcakdounrolig
O1diode
AC
Source
RL
Brinay
Coil
D diode
[Link] toil
Full
19aveRecifter
JJuodiodesae ubed
liodes
ane
Rectijier
Rectißicxub
to Tonvota c intod cicalterhating
UsLemt to duecct cuwemt
Biniplei
tusotes
on theprinabethat
p-Njuncionduod Conduds
ohchit cis Roisadbiakd 8it docs not
Conduct uohan vHbc balbed
;3t us g two byfpesi>
ll auc ecbifiek.
Noraing
hhalf
Durung dhe tve. alyclk,CussKeTigraa
inthe brima coil, 8o inkcdmandia
Rlax seLondttuy(oiCchangsdue 'to
nutualunductiop,bo EMF s producadin
&uch a oay that uppor end beome HYC
lowex end becomc -Ye,
thereßore D bilL.
Loncluct asttab ßorwand biobcd,es uPtcd
inD:[Link]
0SPare Designer
Ac
Ac
Fallnecbfied wae
Dising-VC halfcuclc,ouont again
9OUS pimasy coil,
m dutoshich
EMF produced in beconda, Coif dn buch
us
2a dbau thatulppetcnd bccOme -ve
loueH end become tVe Jnthis. casc Ds
it
conductbccausc us Roroard
diode uwill
biabcd bo uc gctoutþudD
Halfwaue Hecifiex
Diode
2
AC
Sourc
RL
Pimoy
Coil
Secondary
Conl -On
CO
A:C
Dc
wase
Halfecified
Sn hal wa0c Kcctific
only oncde ode is
Jorfung.
Rung tNe halfcye as the ucntarou)
inþrimary coil,thclinkcd
magnctcflis
6econdary coil changcsduucto rmutuatinduict
on,thecßorc cmfsbroducedan sccondary
in
col, buch a ay thatubbex cnd betome
tVc8louwCH cnd bccomcs-Yc
s o
1Now cliode Roruardbiascd itwillcanduct
utbutvoltaqe accrossthcload
8wc qet
CSISTancc(Re)
Duwanq- vchalyclcas theaucdgrows,
iheialacdmagrcteflux cfbecondaryoil
away
chang cb EM Ub broducccum such
cnd cfcoilbccome -Ve & louec
that &bbe
Chd becomet Ve odicde do not condud
notConducd g we do nolct
&ciodc do
any out bat
A3'
RADesic
Phplucatops
oRedfir
3t db Borfouexina
usecd
abpliangas.
Thebcoxculbcdinlanaformos
iamsfomots
tih
9 [Link]
uuhileboldering
cirauts
* 9t us bcd uin AM Hadio
3+ s uLbcd formodulafion demodulatay
*3t cs ubed invaltagemultibliex