Chapter 1
THE PROBLEM AND ITS SETTINGS
Introduction
In today’s generation, peoples world only revolves around the media, es-
pecially on social media. Social media has become a major part of numerous
lives, especially the lives of the students. And at this point, social media had a
such huge impact on our society, to the point that people couldn’t live without it.
Early 21st century marked the emergence and growth of social networking
sites in the Philippines. Many students are using social media., especially face-
book, to build relationship, connect with the world, share and gain knowledge and
information, build stronger personalities and have better social lives (Boyd,
2007).
Moreover, self-esteem refers to a person’s positive or negative evaluation
of the self. It is an important development task that students need to acquire. A
student’s self-esteem is an important prediction of a healthy peer attachment
(Gorrese & Ruggure, 2013), psychological well-being (Kernis, 2005), and suc-
cess later in life (Orth & Robins 2004).
With the above-mentioned situations, the researchers aim to determine
the significant relationship of the extent of social media use and students' self-es-
teem of Glan Padidu National High School.
Statement of the Problem
1
The researchers aimed to find out the relationship of extent use of social
media and students' self-esteem of Glan-Padidu National High School.
Specifically, this research sought to answers the following quires:
1. What is the extent use of social media in Glan-Padidu National High School?
2. What is the level of students' self-esteem of Glan-Padidu National High
School?
3. Is there a significant relationship between the extent of social media use and
students' self-esteem of Glan-Padidu National High School?
Scope and Delimitation
This study would determine the extent use of social media and the stu-
dents' self-esteem. This study was conducted at Glan-Padidu National High
School S.Y. 2022-2023. The respondents of the study was limited to the selected
students who are using social media especially Facebook in Glan-Padidu Na-
tional High School.
Significance of the Study
The significant point of this study is to explore the relationship, of the ex-
tent use of social media and students' self-esteem. The findings of this study
would serve as a source of information and will guide the students. The result of
this study are a helped and beneficial to:
2
Students. It will help them know if the extent use of social media will do
good or bad to them and they will realize the responsibilities in using social me-
dia.
Community. It helps community to know the advantages and disadvan-
tages on using social media especially to the students' self-esteem in the com-
munity.
Teacher. It helps the teachers know what are the response that they
should do about the extent use of social media and boosting students self-es-
teem.
Researchers. It will give more knowledge and better understanding about
the extent use of social media and student’s self-esteem.
3
Chapter 2
Review of Related Literature and Studies
This chapter presents the literature and studies relevant to this research.
This gives the researchers better understanding and ideas to the said research
topic.
Related Literature
The advent of social media, which allows us to share content where we al-
ways appear in our best light, has led many researchers to consider the possibil-
ity that this amplifies unrealistic comparisons. Research shows that the more
time people spend on Facebook and Instagram, the more they compare them-
selves socially. This social comparison is linked, among other things, to lower
self-esteem and higher social anxiety (Laplante, S. 2022).
However, Auld, S. (2019) stated that, social media is sometimes touted to
combat loneliness, a significant body of research suggests it may have the oppo-
site effect. By triggering comparison with others, it can raise doubts about self-
worth, potentially leading to mental health issues such as anxiety and depres-
sion.
Furthermore, young people use social media as mode of visual communica-
tion, including posting pictures and videos of themselves and commenting on pic-
tures and videos others have posted. Unfortunately, utilizing photos and videos
as the primary form of self-representation can increase the importance of physi-
4
cal appearance among young people and ultimately create negative emotions
and self-esteem issues (Jiang, S., & Ngien, A., 2020)
Despite the convenience being brought by different technological advance-
ments such as social media, there have been studies that revealed that social
media has both positively and negatively impacted the self-esteem of its users
(Zafra, T. M. C. and Sandalan, R., 2017)
Foreign Studies
The present study aimed to test a model developed to uncover the relation-
ship among social media addiction, cognitive absorption, and self-esteem. This
study sample consisted of 361 university students 198 of whom were females,
and 163 were males. Data were collected using the social media addiction scale
(SMAS), the Cognitive Absorption Scale (CAS); and the Rosenberg Self-Esteem
Scale (RSES). Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) was used to analyze the
data. The result showed a positive and significant relationship between cognitive
absorption predicted social media addiction; thus, cognitive absorption predicted
social media addiction. A negative and significant relationship between self-es-
teem and social media addiction was also found; thus, self-esteem predicted so-
cial media addiction (Zeynep, A.C–2021).
5
Local Studies
The advancement in social media use is undeniable and there are many
contradictory views on the effects of frequent use. The Philippines was the top
among other countries with 83.1% of Filipinos belonging to social networking
sites. Also, Filipinos were considered the top users in sharing photos and videos.
Thus, this study examined if body image mediates the relationship of social me-
dia use and self-esteem of 107 Filipino college student who were conveniently
chosen from different departments of a university. A descriptive design using an
adopted questionnaire and a constructed questionnaire for literature was em-
ployed to gather data. Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) was used to generate
a model for college student’s self-esteem. The respondents spent an average of
5.06 hours per day in which majority are constantly connected. They have a very
good body image as well as high self-esteem. However, the daily time spent of
visit to social media negatively relate to their age and gender, do not affect their
self-esteem. SEM revealed that the relationship between social media as to daily
time spent and self-esteem was partially mediated by body image. Social media
has to affect the body image of the Filipino College students first before it can af -
fect their self-esteem (Polancos, J.G. 2018)
Conceptual Framework
6
The conceptual paradigm of this study showed the relationship between the
variable under study. Wherein the independent variable is the extent use of so-
cial media and the students' self-esteem of Glan- Padidu National High School is
the independent variable the arrow shows the relationship of the two variables
under study. The students' self-esteem specifically realying on extent of the so-
cial media use in Glan- Padidu National High School.
Independent Variable Dependent Variable
7
Extent of social media use Students' Self-esteem of Glan-
Padidu National High School
Figure 1: The Conceptual Framework of the Study
8
Hypothesis
There is no significant relationship between the extent use of social media
and students' self-esteem in Glan-Padidu National High School.
Definition of Terms
Social Media- refers to a computer-based technology that facilitates the sharing
of ideas, thoughts, and information through virtual networks and communities.
Self- Esteem- confidence in one’s own worth or abilities; self-respect.
Facebook- Facebook is a website which allows users, who sign-up for free pro-
files, to connect with friends, work colleagues or people they don't know, online. It
allows users to share pictures, music, videos, and articles, as well as their own
thoughts and opinions with however many people they like.
9
Chapter 3
METHODOLOGY
This chapter presents the methods used in the study. It is composed of research
design, locale of the study, research instrument, respondents and sampling used,
data gathering procedure, and statistical treatment of data.
Research Design
The researchers used the descriptive method (Barrot, 2017). It involves gath -
ering of data analysis of profile of the secondary students in Glan Padidu Na-
tional High School as well as their social media use and their self-esteem. Ac-
cording to Gewell (1994), in this type of research, the investigator gather informa-
tion about the present existing condition. The data would gave understanding
about the students extent use of social media and their self-esteem S. Y. 2022-
2023.
Locale of the Study
This study was conducted at Glan-Padidu National High School located at
Glan-Padidu, Glan, Sarangani Province, 250 meters away from the national high-
way.
Research Subject
The subjects of the study are the 10 selected students of every year grade
level of Glan-Padidu National High School S.Y. 2022-2023.
10
Table 1
Respondents of the Study
in Glan-Padidu National High School S.Y. 2022-2023
Year Level No. of Respondents
7 10
8 10
9 10
10 10
11 10
12 10
Total 60
Research Instrument
This study utilized a questionnaire. This can be done by giving a question-
naires to the 10 selected students per year grade level in order to the researcher
to gain more information if there is a significant relationship between the extent
use of social media and students' self-esteem.
11
Data Gathering Procedure
The researchers followed the following steps in gathering the data needed for
the study.
Ask permission to conduct the study. The researcher asked permission to
do the survey and dissiminate the questionnaire to the respondents.
Distribution of the questionnaire. In distributing the questionnaire the re-
search gave the validated questionnaire to the selected respondents.
Retrieval of the questionnaire. The researchers retrieved the questionnaire
after the respondents answered the questionnaire.
Tallying of data. Upon retrieval, the researchers tallied the result and submit-
ted it to the statistician for statistical analysis and interpretation.
Statistical Treatment
To analyze the data objectively. The following statistical tool will be utilized in
the study.
Frequency count and percentage. The following tool will be used to deter-
mine the extent use of social media and students self-esteem.
Pearson r. Their will be used to determine the significant relationship be-
tween the extent use of social media and students self-esteem.
Weighted mean. This will be used to determine the extent use of social me-
dia and students' self-esteem.
12
Chapter 4
PRESENTATION, ANALYSIS, AND INTERPRETATION OF DATA
This chapter deals with presentation, analysis, and interpretation of
the data gathered in this study. The various results are presented in the succeed-
ing tables with corresponding discussions and explanations. It also answers spe-
cific problems stated in the previous chapter.
Table 2
Respondents of the Study
in Glan-Padidu National High School S.Y. 2022-2023
Year Level No. of Respondents
7 10
8 10
9 10
10 10
11 10
12 10
Total 60
13
Table 1 present the respondents of the study. In school year 2022-
2023, the researchers get a 60 random students in Glan-Padidu National High
School. In every year level the researcher get a 10 random students to answer
the questionnaires provided.
Table 3
Extent Use of Social Media
in Glan-Padidu National High School S. Y. 2022-2023
Indicators Mean Description
1. I prefer to spend time in browsing my facebook 2.58 Rarely
than spending time with my family.
2. I use social media when I feel down. 3.53 Sometimes
3. I do not access social media, I get stressed. 2.86 Rarely
4. I prefer relationship that I have created through 2.5 Rarely
social media than to face-to-face.
5. I use social media enough to forget eating. 2.8 Rarely
6. I prefer social media to go to school. 1.78 Never
7. I cannot control social media usage time. 2.85 Rarely
8. I am curious what happened in social media. 3.05 Sometimes
9. I delay my school works because of spending 2.7 Rarely
much time on social media.
10. I feel tired from using social media all night.. 3.03 Sometimes
Total 2.76 Rarely
Adapted from: Mehmet Ali Gazi, Muharrem Çetin, and Caner Çakı
This study aimed to determine if there is a significant relationship between
the extent use of social media and students' self-esteem in Glan-Padidu National
14
High School. It is shown in the Table 2, that it has an overall mean of 2.76. It can
be gleaned from the result that the extent use of social media is rarely perceived
by the students in Glan-Padidu National High School during school year 2022-
2023.
In details, it is reflected in the table that indicator 2 has the highest com -
puted mean among all the indicators (3.53). This implies that sometimes students
are using social media when they feel down (3.53). They are also sometimes cu-
rious about what happened in the social media (3.05) and sometimes they feel
tired from using social media (3.03), respectively .
Table 4
The Students' Self-Esteem
in Glan-Padidu National High School S. Y. 2022- 2023
Indicators Mean Description
1. I participated to the class actively. 3.88 Sometimes
2. I actively socialize to my classmates and to other persons. 3.9 Sometimes
3. I am good at holding people's attention and interest. 3.35 Sometimes
4. I am popular among my peers or classmates. 3.11 Sometimes
5. I find it very hard to talk in front of a group of people especially in my class. 3.43 Sometimes
6. I prefer to read books than socializing others. 3.28 Sometimes
7. I feel good when I am talking to someone respectedly. 4.05 Often
8. I feel embarrassed when I am answering to my class. 2.88 Rarely
9. I prefer talking ideas in talking someone than browsing on the internet. 3.26 Sometimes
10. I feel okay asking the teacher a question in front of the class. 3.45 Sometimes
Total 3.45 Sometimes
15
Adapted from: Psychological Scales
Now, Table 4 presents the students' self-esteem in Glan-Padidu Na -
tional High School as perceived by the respondents. It is shown in the table
above that it has an overall mean of 3.52. This generally implies that the students
self-esteem in Glan-Padidu National High School is sometimes during school
year 2022-2023.
Particularly, it is shown that the indicator No. 7 has the highest computed
mean among all indicators (4.05). This means that often students feel good when
they are talking to someone respectively (4.05). They often actively socialize with
their classmates and to other persons (3.9) and they are sometimes participating
to the class actively (3.88).
Table 5
The Pearson Product Moment Correlation Coefficient
Between the Extent Use of Social Media and Students' Self-Esteem
in Glan-Padidu National High School
Social Media Self-esteem
Social Media 1 -0.23
Self-esteem -0.23 1
16
r=-0.23
In this part of the study, the researchers have the general objective of
determining if there is a significant relationship between the extent use of social
media and students' self-esteem in Glan-Padidu National High School. This study
utilized the Pearson Product Moment Correlation Coefficient.
The table shows that the computed value of -0.23 denotes that the
two variables have a slightly negative relationship. Therefore, there is an oppos-
ing relationship between the two variables. This means that the lesser the usage
of social media the higher the students' self-esteem in Glan-Padidu National High
School and the higher the usage of social media the lower the students' self-es-
teem in Glan-Padidu National High School.
17
Chapter 5
SUMMARY, FINDINGS, CONCLUSIONS, AND RECOMMENDATIONS
This chapter presents the summary of the study, findings, conclusions and some
suggestions.
Summary
The researcher attempted to find out if there is a significant relationship
between the extent use of social media and students' self-esteem in Glan-Padidu
National High School S.Y. 2022-2023.
Specifically, this research sought to answers the following quires:
1. What is the extent of social media use in Glan-Padidu National High School?
2. What is the level of students' self-esteem of Glan-Padidu National High
School?
3. Is there a significant relationship between the extent of social media use and
students' self-esteem of Glan-Padidu National High School?
The sources of data about the extent use of social media and stu -
dents self esteem are delimited only to the students of Glan-Padidu National
High School S.Y. 2022-2023. The students were the subject of the study.
18
Findings
The following were the results of the study:
1. The data gathered clearly showed that it has an overall mean of 2.76. It
can be gleaned from the result that the extent use of social media is rarely per-
ceived by the students.
In details, it is reflected from the table that indicator 2 has the highest
computed mean among all indicators. This implies that sometimes students are
using social media when they feel down (3.53). They are also sometimes curious
about what happened in the social media (3.05) and sometimes they feel tired
from using social media (3.03), respectively .
2. The data gathered clearly showed that the students' self-esteem is
sometimes as perceived by the students. This generally implies that the students'
self-esteem in Glan-Padidu National High School is sometimes during school
year 2022-2023.
Particularly, it is shown that the indicator No. 7 has the highest com -
puted mean among all indicators (4.05). This means that often students feel good
when they are talking to someone respectively (4.05). They often actively social-
ize with their classmates and to other persons (3.9) and they are sometimes par-
ticipating to the class actively (3.88).
19
3. The result of this study clearly showed that the two variables have a
slightly negative relationship. The computed value of -0.23 denotes that the two
variables have a slightly negative relationship. Therefore, there is an opposing
relationship between the two variables. This means that the lesser the usage of
social media the higher the students' self-esteem in Glan-Padidu National High
School and the higher the usage of social media the lower the students' self-es-
teem in Glan-Padidu National High School.
Conclusion
The following are the conclusions formulated by the proponent with re -
gard to the findings accumulated by this study.
1. The result revealed that the extent use of social media is rarely as
perceived by the students of Glan-Padidu National High School S.Y. 2022-2023.
2. The result revealed that the students' self-esteem is sometimes as
perceived by the students of Glan-Padidu National High School S.Y. 2022-2023.
3. The result revealed that the extent use of social media and students'
self-esteem have a slightly negative relationship.
Recommendations
20
In the light of the findings and conclusions, the following are recom -
mended:
1. The students should know more about the effect of using social media too
much and should limit their selves in using it.
2. Parents should guide their children in using social media.
3. The teachers should use more effective strategies to help the students to
boost their self-esteem.
4. It is recommended among the future researchers to conduct similar study in a
wide scope and larger population.
SURVEY QUESTIONNAIRE
21
Extent Use of Social Media and Student Self- Esteem of Glan-Padidu National High School
Name: (Optional)
Instructions: Below are the questions about tudent self-esteem. Please put a check mark on the space provided using
the Legend below.
I. Social Media
Legend
Scale Description
5 Always
4 Often
3 Sometimes
2 Rarely
1 Never
Indicators 5 4 3 2 1
1. I prefer spend time on browsing my facebook than spending time
with my family.
2. I use social media when I feel down.
3. I do not access social media, I get stressed.
4. I prefer relationship that I have created through social media than
to face-to-face.
5. I use social media enough to forget eating.
6. I prefer social media than to go to school.
7. I cannot control social media usage time.
8. I am curios what happened in social media.
9. I delay my school works because of spending much time on social
media .
10. I feel tired from using social media all night.
SURVEY QUESTIONNAIRE
22
Extent Use of Social Media and Student Self- Esteem of Glan-Padidu National High School
Name: (Optional)
Instructions: Below are the questions about tudent self-esteem. Please put a check mark on the space provided using
the Legend below.
II. Self- esteem
Legend
Scale Description
5 Always
4 Often
3 Sometimes
2 Rarely
1 Never
Indicators 5 4 3 2 1
1. I participated to the class actively.
2. I actively socialize to my classmates and to other persons.
3. I am good at holding people’s attention and interest.
4. I am popular among my peers and classmates.
5. I find it very hard to talk in front of a group of people especially in
my class
6. I prefer to read books than socializing with others.
7. I feel good when I am talking to someone respectedly.
8. I feel embarrassed when I am answering to my class.
9. I prefer talking ideas in talking someone than browsing to internet.
10. I feel okay asking the teacher a question in front of the class.
23