Python Notes Class XI String
In Python a string is a collection of either ASCII characters or Unicode characters stored one variable name
in the RAM. However, string is a fundamental data type like int or float. A string is also called sequence,
and iterable type. A string similar to tuple rather than list since string is an immutable type. A string is created
in the following way:
strname='Kuwait' #creates a non-empty string
OR,
strname="Kuwait" #creates a non-empty string
OR,
strname='' #creates an empty string
OR,
strname="" #creates an empty string
OR,
strname=str() #creates an empty string
>>> str1='49 South Street, Ahamdi-61010, Kuwait'
>>> str2='शुभ भात'
>>> str3='সু ভাত'
String str1 contains ASCII characters and string str2 and str3 contains Unicode characters. However, will
work with strings that contains ASCII characters. A string is a sequence hence it supports index (both non-
negative and negative index). String is a homogeneous collection since it contains only characters (string with
single element). A string literal is enclosed with single quote (') or double quote (") or triple single quote (''')
or triple double quote (""").
Suppose str1 is string containing 'MANGO'
0 1 2 3 4 A string with 5 characters, characters
str1 M A N G O are assigned indices 0, 1, 2, 3, 4 or they
-5 -4 -3 -2 -1 are assigned indices -1, -2, -3, -4, -5.
>>> print(str1)
Displays the string str1 as MANGO. Kindly note, when a string displayed, the delimiters are not displayed.
How to access a character in a string? To access a character in a string we need to do the following:
strname[index]
Data type for index must be an int. If a string has n characters then indices are:
0, 1, 2, …, n-3, n-2, n-1 Non-negative index
-n, -(n-1), -(n-2), …, -3, -2, -1 Negative index
If index is out of range (access a character with an invalid index), will trigger a run-time error.
>>> str1='MNAGO'
>>> for k in range(5): print(str1[k],end=' ')
Displays the string left to right: M A N G O
>>> for k in range(1,5): print(str1[-k],end=' ')
Displays the string right to left: O G N A M
>>> for ch in str1: print(ch,end=' ')
Displays the string left to right: M A N G O
>>> print(str1[6])
>>> print(str1[-6])
Displays run-time error: string index out of range since a string has only 5 characters.
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Python Notes Class XI String
Using operators and keyword del with type
Creates a new string but cannot update a value stored in the string
>>> str1, str2='India, New Delhi', 'SONDAY'
>>> print(str1)
=
Displays India, New Delhi
>>> str1[1]='U'
Displays run-time error because the string is an immutable type.
Concatenate two or more strings
>>> str1='India,'+' New'+' Delhi'
+ >>> print(str1)
Displays India, New Delhi
Updates an existing string by concatenating another string
>>> str1='New'
>>> print(str1, id(str1))
+= Displays New, 2273046316016
>>> str1+=' Delhi'
>>> print(str1, id(str1))
Displays New Delhi 2273041112864 since string is an immutable type, ID changes
Replicate a string
>>> str1='Kuwait'
>>> print(str1*3)
Displays KuwaitKuwaitKuwait
>>> print(str1*0)
* Displays an empty string
>>> print(str1*-3)
Displays an empty string
>>> print(str1*2.5)
Triggers an error
A string can be multiplied with an integer value.
Updates an existing string by replicating values stored in the string
>>> str1='Delhi'
>>> str1*=3
*= The string str1 is updated triplicating values stored in the string.
>>> print(str1)
Displays DelhiDelhiDelhi
Deletes a string
>>> str1='Mangaf'
>>> del str1
>>> print(str1)
del
Displays run-time error because the string str1 has been deleted from the memory.
>>> str1='Mangaf'
>>> del str1[2]
Displays run-time error because the string is an immutable type.
Check whether a sub-string is a member of tuple
>>> str1='MANGAF'
>>> print('MAN' in str1, 'G' in str1)
in
Displays True True since 'ANG' and 'G' are present in the string str1
>>> print('GN' in str1)
Displays False since 'GN' is present in the string str1
Built-in functions for string data type
print()
As discussed earlier, function print() displays string on the screen without the delimiters.
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Python Notes Class XI String
len()
Function len() returns number of characters present in a string.
>>> str1,str2='FAIPS-DPS',""
>>> print(len(str1), len(str2))
Display 9 0
max(), min()
Function max() returns the character with highest ASCII code / Unicode from a string. Function min()
returns the character with lowest ASCII Code (Unicode) from a string.
>>> str1='FAIPS'
>>> print(max(str1), min(str1))
Display S A
sorted()
Function sorted() returns a list containing characters present in the string sorted in ascending order but
does not sort the characters present in the string. Using reverse=True returns a list sorted in descending
order.
>>> str1='FAIPS'
>>> sorted(str1)
Displays ['A', 'I', 'F', 'P', 'S']
>>> sorted(str1, reverse=True)
Displays ['S', 'P', 'I', 'F', 'A']
>>> print(str1)
Displays FAIPS
Methods from string objects:
Function name Use of the function of the function
Returns a string converted to uppercase. Only lowercase is converted to uppercase.
address='GH-14/783,Paschim Vihar,New Delhi-110087'
upper()
print([Link]())
Displays GH-14/783,PASCHIM VIHAR,NEW DELHI-110087
Returns a string converted to lowercase. Only uppercase is converted to lowercase.
lower(), address='GH-14/783,Paschim Vihar,New Delhi-110087'
casefold() print([Link]())
Displays gh-14/783,paschim vihar,new delhi-110087
Checks whether the string contains uppercase. Returns True if str does not contains any
lowercase. Returns False if a string contains lowercase.
isupper() a,b,c='FAIPS', 'FaIpS', 'PO BOX-9951'
print([Link](), [Link](), [Link]())
Displays True False True
Checks whether the string contains lowercase. Returns True if str does not contains any
uppercase. Returns False if a string contains uppercase.
islower() a,b,c='faips', 'fAiPs', 'po box-9951'
print([Link](), [Link](), [Link]())
Displays True False True
Checks whether the string contains either uppercase or lowercase. Returns True if a string
contains either uppercase or lowercase or both. Returns False if a string contains either
digits or special characters or both.
isalpha()
a,b,c,d='DPS','dps','DpS','PO Box-9951'
print([Link](),[Link](),[Link](),[Link]())
Displays True True True False
isdigit() Checks whether the string contains digit. Returns True if a string contains only digit.
Return False if a string contains either alphabets or special characters or both.
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Python Notes Class XI String
a,b,c,d='1234','FLAT24','flat24','Flat-24'
print([Link](),[Link](),[Link](),[Link]())
Displays True False False False
Checks whether the string contains either alphabet or digit or both. Returns True if a
string contains either alphabet or digit or both. Return False if a string contains special
characters.
isalnum()
a,b,c,d='Flat24','FLAT24','flat24','Flat-24'
print([Link](),[Link](),[Link](),[Link]())
Displays True True True False
Checks for whitespace characters space(' '), tab('\t') or new line('\n')
present in a string. A whitespace character is not visible on the screen. Returns True if a
isspace() string contains only whitespace character(s).
a,b,c,d=' ',' \t',' \t \n', 'New - Delhi'
print([Link](),[Link](),[Link](),[Link]())
Displays True True True False
Returns a string by converts the first character of a string to uppercase and rest of the
alphabetic characters are converted to lowercase.
str1,str2,str3='NEW DELHI','new delhi','NeW dElHi'
capitalize()
print([Link](), [Link](), end=' ')
print([Link]())
Displays New delhi New delhi New delhi
Return a string by converting first character of every word (sub string separated by white-
space character(s)) present in a string converted to uppercase, rest of the alphabetic
characters in the word will be converted to lowercase.
title()
str1,str2,str3='NEW DELHI','new delhi','NeW dElHi'
print([Link](),[Link](), [Link]())
Displays New Delhi New Delhi New Delhi
Exactly same as count() method of list and it returns occurrence of a sub-string present
within another string. Returns 0 (zero) if the sub-string could not be located in the string.
count() s='NEW DELHI'
print([Link]('E'),[Link]('DEL'),[Link]('IN'))
Displays 2 1 0
Almost similar to index() method list and it returns lowest non-negative index of a
sub-string present within another string. Unlike index() method of list, it returns -1
when the sub-string could not be located in the string.
s='NEW DELHI'
print([Link]('E'),[Link]('DEL'),[Link]('IN'))
find()
Displays 1 4 -1
print([Link]('E',4),[Link]('E',6))
Displays 5 -1
print([Link]('E'),[Link]('E',4),[Link]('E',6,10))
Displays 1 5 -1
Exactly similar to index() method list and it returns lowest non-negative index of a
sub-string present within another string. If a sub-string is not present in the string, it will
trigger a run-time error.
s='NEW DELHI'
print([Link]('E'),[Link]('DEL'),[Link]('E',4))
index()
Displays 1 4 5
print([Link]('D',2,7))
Displays 4
print([Link]('Z'))
Triggers a run-time error
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Python Notes Class XI String
Removes all the white-space characters from the both ends of a string.
s=' Mangaf, Kuwait '
strip()
print([Link]())
Display Mangaf, Kuwait removing white space characters from both ends
Removes all the white-space characters from the left (beginning) of a string.
s=' Mangaf, Kuwait '
lstrip()
print([Link]())
Display Mangaf, Kuwait removing white space characters from left
Removes all the white-space characters from the right (end) of a string.
s=' Mangaf, Kuwait '
lstrip()
print([Link]())
Display Mangaf, Kuwait removing white space characters from right
Creates a list containing sub-string from a string separated by white space character(s) by
default or separated by a delimiter. Delimiter is not included in the list.
s='Sun Mon Tue Wed Thu Fri Sat'
wlist=[Link]()
print(wlist)
Displays ['Sun', 'Mon', 'Tue', 'Wed', 'Thu', 'Fri', 'Sat'] since
parameter is missing from split() method, the default delimiter is white-space
s='Sun,Mon,Tue,Wed,Thu,Fri,Sat'
split()
wlist=[Link](',')
print(wlist)
Displays ['Sun', 'Mon', 'Tue', 'Wed', 'Thu', 'Fri', 'Sat']
s='FAIPS,DPS,Kuwait'
wlist=[Link]('*')
print(wlist)
Displays [FAIPS,DPS,Kuwait] since delimited '*' is missing, list contains only one
element, the entire string
The partition() method searches for a specified sub-string, and splits the string into a
tuple containing three elements. The first element contains the part before the specified
string. The second element contains the specified string. The third element contains the
part after the string.
s='MangafFahaheelAhmadi'
alist=[Link]('Fahaheel')
print(alist)
Displays ('Mangaf', 'Fahaheel', 'Ahmadi')
partition() alist=[Link]('Mangaf')
print(alist)
Displays ('', ' MangafFahaheel', 'Ahmadi')
alist=[Link]('Ahmadi')
print(alist)
Displays ('MangafFahaheel', 'Ahmadi', '')
alist=[Link]('Delhi')
print(alist)
Displays ('MangafFahaheelAhmadi', '', '')
The join() method takes all items (all items must be string) from an iterable (list / tuple /
dictionary) and joins them into one string. A string must be specified as the separator.
alist=['10','ASHOK','89.0']
blist=('21','ROOPA','75.5')
join()
astr=','.join(alist) #',' is the separator
bstr='~'.join(blist) #'~' is the separator
print(astr, bstr)
Displays 10,ASHOK,89.0 21~ROOPA~75.5
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Python Notes Class XI String
The replace() method replaces a specified phrase with another specified phrase.
s='ABCD , 1234 , efgh , {()}'
t=[Link](' , ', '<->')
replace() print(t)
Displays ABCD<->1234<->efgh<->{()}
By default replaces all occurrence of ' , ' with '<->'
The startswith() method returns True if the string starts with the specified value,
otherwise False.
s='Hello, Python'
startswith() print([Link]('Hell'), [Link]('Python'))
Displays True False
print([Link]('Python', 7))
Displays True
The endswith() method returns True if the string ends with the specified value, otherwise
False.
s='Hello, Python'
endswith() print([Link]('Hell'), [Link]('Python'))
Displays False True
print([Link]('Hell',0))
Displays True
#Obtain a new string by converting an inputted string into uppercase
astr=input('Input a string? ')
bstr=''
for ch in astr:
if 'a'<=ch<='z':
ch=chr(ord(ch)-32)
bstr+=ch
print('Uppercase string=',bstr)
OR,
astr=input('Input a string? ')
bstr=''
for x in range(len(astr)):
ch=astr[x]
if 'a'<=ch<='z':
ch=chr(ord(ch)-32)
bstr+=ch
print('Uppercase string=',bstr)
#Obtain a new string by converting an inputted string into lowercase
astr=input('Input a string? ')
bstr=''
for ch in astr:
if 'A'<=ch<='Z':
ch=chr(ord(ch)+32)
bstr+=ch
print('Lowercase string=',bstr)
OR,
astr=input('Input a string? ')
bstr=''
for x in range(len(astr)):
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Python Notes Class XI String
ch=astr[x]
if 'A'<=ch<='Z':
ch=chr(ord(ch)+32)
bstr+=ch
print('Lowercase string=',bstr)
#Obtain a new string by toggling the case of letters present in the
#inputted string
astr=input('Input a string? ')
bstr=''
for ch in astr:
if 'a'<=ch<='z':
ch=chr(ord(ch)-32)
elif 'A'<=ch<='Z':
ch=chr(ord(ch)+32)
bstr+=ch
print('Toggled string=',bstr)
OR,
astr=input('Input a string? ')
bstr=''
for x in range(len(astr)):
ch=astr[x]
if 'a'<=ch<='z':
ch=chr(ord(ch)-32)
elif 'A'<=ch<='Z':
ch=chr(ord(ch)+32)
bstr+=ch
print('Toggled string=',bstr)
#Obtain a new string by reversing the characters present in the inputted
#string
astr=input('Input a string? ')
bstr=''
for ch in astr: bstr=ch+bstr
print('Reversed String=', bstr)
OR,
astr=input('Input a string? ')
bstr=''
for x in range(len(astr)): bstr=astr[x]+bstr
print('Reversed String=', bstr)
#Check whether the inputted string is Palindrome or not
astr=input('Input a string? ')
bstr=''
for ch in astr:
bstr=ch+bstr
if astr==bstr:
print(astr, 'Palindrome')
else:
print(astr, 'Not Palindrome')
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Python Notes Class XI String
OR,
astr=input('Input a string? ')
bstr=''
for x in range(len(astr)):
bstr=astr[x]+bstr
if astr==bstr:
print(astr, 'Palindrome')
else:
print(astr, 'Not Palindrome')
OR,
astr=input('Input a string? ')
n=len(astr)
for x in range(n//2):
if astr[x]!=astr[-x-1]:
print(astr, 'Not Palindrome')
break
else:
print(astr, 'Palindrome')
#Count uppercase, lowercase, digits and special characters
astr=input('Input a string? ')
uc==lc=dc=sc=0
for ch in astr:
if 'A'<=ch<='Z': uc+=1
elif 'a'<=ch<='z': lc+=1
elif '0'<=ch<='9': dc+=1
else: sc+=1
print('Uppercase=', uc)
print('Lowercase=', lc)
print('Digit=', dc)
print('Special Characters=', sc)
OR,
astr=input('Input a string? ')
uc==lc=dc=sc=0
for x in range(len(astr)):
ch=astr[x]
if 'A'<=ch<='Z': uc+=1
elif 'a'<=ch<='z': lc+=1
elif '0'<=ch<='9': dc+=1
else: sc+=1
print('Uppercase=', uc)
print('Lowercase=', lc)
print('Digit=', dc)
print('Special Characters=', sc)
#Count uppercase, lowercase, digits white-space characters and special
#characters (excluding white-space characters
astr=input('Input a string? ')
uc=lc=dc=wc=sc=0
for ch in astr:
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Python Notes Class XI String
if 'A'<=ch<='Z': uc+=1
elif 'a'<=ch<='z': lc+=1
elif '0'<=ch<='9': dc+=1
elif ch in ' \t\n': wc+=1
else: sc+=1
print('Uppercase=', uc)
print('Lowercase=', lc)
print('Digit=', dc)
print('White-space Characters=', wc)
print('Special Characters=', sc)
OR,
astr=input('Input a string? ')
uc=lc=dc=wc=sc=0
for x in range(len(astr)):
ch=astr[x]
if 'A'<=ch<='Z': uc+=1
elif 'a'<=ch<='z': lc+=1
elif '0'<=ch<='9': dc+=1
elif ch in ' \t\n': wc+=1
else: sc+=1
print('Uppercase=', uc)
print('Lowercase=', lc)
print('Digit=', dc)
print('White-space Characters=', wc)
print('Special Characters=', sc)
#Counting words in an inputted string
astr=input('Input a string? ')
wlist=[Link]()
c1=c2=c3=c4=c5=c6=c7=0
for word in wlist:
if len(word)==4: c1+=1
if len(word)>4: c2+=1
if len(word)<4: c3+=1
if word[0] in 'AEIOUaeiou': c4+=1
if word[0] not in 'AEIOUaeiou': c5+=1
if word[-1] in 'AEIOUaeiou': c6+=1
if word[-1] not in 'AEIOUaeiou': c7+=1
print('Number of words with exactly 4 characters=', c1)
print('Number of words with more than 4 characters=', c2)
print('Number of words with less than 4 characters=', c3)
print('Number of words starting with vowel=', c4)
print('Number of words not starting with vowel=', c5)
print('Number of words ending with vowel=', c6)
print('Number of words not ending with vowel=', c7)
#Counting words containing at least two consonants
astr=input('Input a string? ')
wlist=[Link]()
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Python Notes Class XI String
wc=0
for word in wlist:
cc=0
for ch in word:
if 'A'<=ch<='Z' or 'a'<=ch<='z':
if ch not in 'AEIOUaeiou': cc+=1
if cc>1: wc+=1
print('Number of words containing at least 2 consonants=', wc)
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Python slice: is creating a subset from either a string or a list or a tuple. The concept of slice is valid for
list, string and tuple. How to create a slice?
A slice is created as var[beg:end:step]
var is the name of the list (tuple / string) variable
beg is the start index from where extraction of element start
end till end-1 index elements will be extracted
step is the step value
If beg is missing means starting index is 0 (zero). If end is missing means last idex is len(var)-1. If step is
missing, the default step value is 1. The concept of slice will be explained with a list of integers.
A list arr is created as: arr=[43, 79, 62, 15, 88, 57, 24, 36]
Positive Index 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
arr 43 79 62 15 88 57 24 36
Negative Index -8 -7 -6 -5 -4 -3 -2 -1
print(arr[2:6]) displays [62, 15, 88, 57]
Four (4) elements are displayed starting from index 2 and up to 5 (1 less than the beg). Since step is
missing, default step is 1. Step 1 mean every index starting from start index to last index (beg-1).
ar1=arr[2:6] will create a new list ar1 containing values 62, 15, 88 and 57.
print(arr[1:8:2]) displays [79, 15, 57, 36]
Start index is 1, step value is 2 => every second element starting from index 1 and end is 8 mean last
index is 7 (len(arr)-1).
print(arr[1:8:3]) displays [79, 88, 36]
Start index is 1, step value is 3 => every third element starting from index 1 and beg is 8 mean last index
is 7 (len(arr)-1).
print(arr[:5]) displays [43, 79, 62, 15, 88]
First 5 elements of the list are displayed. Beg is missing means starting index is 0, step is missing means
default step value is 1 and end is 5 means last index is 4.
print(arr[3:]) displays [15, 88, 57, 24, 36]
Last 5 elements of the list are displayed. Starting index is 5, step is missing means default step value is 1
and end is missing means last index is 7 (len(arr)-1).
print(arr[:7:2]) displays [43, 62, 88, 24]
Four (4) elements of the list are displayed starting from first element and skipping one. Beg is missing
means starting index is 0, step value is 2 means every second element, end is 7 means last index is 6.
print(arr[1::2]) displays [79, 15, 57, 36]
Four (4) elements of the list are displayed starting from second element (index 1) and skipping one.
Starting index is 1, step value is 2 means every second element, end index is missing means last index is
7 (len(var)-1).
print(arr[4:5]) displays [88]
Displays a list with single element whose index is 4. Start index is 4, default step value is 1 and beg is 5
means last index is 4.
print(arr[5:2]) displays []
An empty list is displayed. Start index is 5, default step value is 1 and end is 2, that is, beg exceeds end
with positive step value will create an empty list.
print(arr[5:5]) displays []
An empty list is displayed. Start index is 5, default step is 1 and end is 5 means last index is 4 (beg exceeds
end with positive step).
print(arr[5:2:-1]) displays [57, 88, 15]
Three (3) elements are displayed. Start index is 5, step is -1 and end is 2 means last index is 3 (one more
than end). Negative step value means sub-list will be created from right to left. Positive step value means
sub-list will be created from left to right.
print(arr[7:1:-2]) displays [36, 57, 15]
Three (3) elements are displayed. Display starts from index 7 then every second element from right to
left. Start index is 7, step is -2 and end is 1 means last index is 2 (one more than end).
Instead of positive beg and end, one can have negative beg and end as well. In Python list (tuple / string)
can have negative index.
print(arr[-6:-2]) displays [62, 15, 88, 57]
Four (elements are displayed starting from index -6. Start index is -6, step is missing means default step
is 1 and end is -2 means last index is -3 (end-1).
print(arr[-8:-1:2]) displays [43, 62, 88, 24]
Four (elements are displayed starting from index -8. Start index is -2, step is 2, and end is -1 means last
index is -2 (end-1).
print(arr[-4:-3]) displays [88]
Displays element with index -4. Start index is -4, step is missing means default index is 1, and end is -3
means last index is -4 (end-1).
print(arr[-4:-4]) displays []
Start index is -4, step is missing means default step value is 1, and end is -4 means last index is -5 (end-
1). With positive step value, beg exceeds end and hence empty list.
print(arr[-6:-7]) displays []
Start index is -6, step is missing means default step value is 1, and end is -7 means last index is -8 (end-
1). With positive step value, beg exceeds end and hence empty list.
print(arr[-2:-7:-1]) displays [24, 57, 88, 15, 62]
Five (5) elements are Displayed starting from index -2. Start index is -2, step is -1, and end is -7 means
last index is -8 (end-1). Negative step means sub-list will be displayed right to left.
print(arr[2:-2:]) displays [62, 15, 88, 57]
Four (3) elements are starting from index 2. Start index is 2, step is missing means default step is 1 and
end is -2 means last index is 6. What last index is 6? End is -2 (negative index) and equivalent positive
index is 7 means last index is beg-1 (7).
print(arr[0:-3:2]) displays [43, 62, 88]
print(arr[-8:5:2]) displays [43, 62, 88]
Four (3) elements are starting from index 0 (-8) every second element from left to right. Start index 0
(same as start index -8), step is 2 (every second element) and end is 5 means last index is 4 (beg-1). End
is 5 means equivalent negative index is -3.
print(arr[:]) displays [43, 79, 62, 15, 88, 57, 24, 36]
print(arr[::]) displays [43, 79, 62, 15, 88, 57, 24, 36]
Beg is missing means default start index is 0, end is missing means last index is len(arr)-1 and step is
missing means default step is 1.
print(arr[::-1]) displays [36, 24, 57, 88, 15, 62, 79, 43]
Displays the list in reverse order. Step is -1, means list will be displayed right to left. Beg is missing means
start index is len(arr)-1 and end is missing means last index is 0.
Python assignments base on Slice
1. Give the outputs of the Python programs given below:
a) mystr='FAIPSDPSKWT'
print(mystr[4:10])
print(mystr[2:11:2])
print(mystr[10:2])
print(mystr[8:2:-1])
print(mystr[11::-2])
print(mystr[0:11:-2])
print(mystr[-1:1])
print(mystr[1:-1])
b) mylist=[ 51, 61, 54, 93, 82, 74, 90, 81, 69, 72]
print(mylist[-9:-4])
print(mylist[-7:-2:-1])
print(mylist[-10::2])
print(mylist[2:-2])
print(mylist[1:-1:3])
print(mylist[::-2])
print(mylist[::3])
print(mylist[-1:-10:-2])
c) mytuple=( 656, 475, 231, 684, 240, 426, 297, 513, 638, 184)
print(mytuple[:-3])
print(mytuple[-3:])
print(mytuple[10:-2:-3])
print(mytuple[-6:-6])
print(mytuple[-4:7:2])
print(mytuple[10:-3:-2])
print(mytuple[4::-2])
print(mytuple[:10:-2])