ETHICS CLASS 7

BY PRIYANKA TYAGI
UNIT 8: PROBITY IN
GOVERNANCE
Probity means absolute integrity, honesty,
and moral uprightness in public life. In one line: Probity = Ethics + Integrity +
In governance, it implies that public power Accountability in public administration.
is used only for public good, with fairness,
transparency, and accountability.
Why Probity
in
Governance
is Important
S. No. Aspect Explanation

Honest governance increases

1 Public Trust citizens’ faith in government
institutions

Reduces corruption, favoritism, and

2 Control of Corruption
misuse of power

Ensures equal and just delivery of

3 Fair Service Delivery
public services

Strengthens democracy and

4 Rule of Law
constitutional governance
Core Elements / Dimensions
of Probity
S. No. Dimension Meaning Example

Consistency between Officer refusing political

1 Integrity
values and actions pressure in recruitment

Officials answerable for CAG audits, Parliamentary

2 Accountability
decisions Committees

Openness in decision-
3 Transparency RTI, online tender portals
making

Decisions based on rules, Merit-based exams and

4 Objectivity
not bias promotions

Uniform application of
5 Impartiality & Fairness Equal treatment to all
laws

Quick response to citizen Time-bound services

6 Responsiveness
needs under Citizen Charter
Probity vs Integrity
Aspect Integrity Probity

Nature Personal moral value Institutional ethical standard

Focus Individual conduct Public office and governance

Scope Inner honesty Systems, procedures, outcomes

Level Individual Organisation / Government

Instruments to Ensure
Probity in Governance
S. No. Instrument Purpose Example

Defines expected All India Services Conduct

1 Code of Conduct & Ethics
behaviour Rules

Detect and punish

2 Institutional Mechanisms CVC, CBI, Lokpal, CAG
corruption

Empower citizens & RTI Act, Whistle Blowers

3 Transparency Laws
officers Act

Reduce discretion and Direct Benefit Transfer

4 E-Governance
corruption (DBT)

Public monitoring of
5 Social Audit MGNREGA social audits
schemes
 Ethical
Issues
Affecting
Probity
S. No. Ethical Issue Explanation Example

Personal interest vs public Officer awarding contract

1 Conflict of Interest
duty to relative

Preference based on
2 Nepotism & Favoritism Biased appointments
relations

3 Political Interference Pressure for illegal actions Forced transfers

4 Lack of Transparency Hidden decisions Non-disclosure of files

Corruption & Rent-

5 Misuse of public office Bribes, kickbacks
seeking
Challenges to Probity in
Governance
S. No. Challenge Explanation

1 High Discretion Increases chances of misuse

2 Delay in Justice Weakens deterrence

3 Weak Whistleblower Protection Discourages honest reporting

4 Political-Bureaucratic Nexus Undermines neutrality

5 Poor Ethical Leadership Bad example from top

Ways to Strengthen Probity in
Governance
S. No. Measure Explanation

1 Ethical Leadership Leaders act as role models

2 Clear Rules Reduce discretion

3 Time-bound Accountability Certainty of punishment

4 Technology Use Transparency and audit trail

5 Ethics Training Builds moral capacity

6 Protection to Honest Officers Encourages integrity

 CONCEPT OF PUBLIC SERVICE
Public service means using public authority and resources only for public welfare,
with integrity, impartiality, and compassion.
It treats power as a public trust, not as a privilege, and places service before self.
Public service is the ethical and selfless delivery of public duties to promote justice,
equality, and the common good.

Example: District administration during a natural disaster (flood/cyclone)

A District Collector coordinates evacuation, relief camps, food supply, medical aid,
and compensation—often working round the clock, under pressure, and without
personal benefit. Decisions are taken impartially, resources are used transparently,
and priority is given to the most vulnerable (elderly, women, children).
This shows service before self, public interest, accountability, and compassion—
the essence of public service.
Dimension Core Idea What it Means in Practice Example

Service to people, not Decisions aimed at saving

Meaning Power is a public trust
personal gain lives, not publicity

Relief reaches all, not only

Objective Public welfare & justice Promote equality and dignity
influential groups

Officers work beyond office

Nature Duty-oriented Obligation, not choice
hours

Integrity, impartiality, No favoritism in rescue or

Values Ethical conduct
compassion relief

Audit of relief funds and

Accountability Answerable to citizens Explain decisions & actions
supplies

Transparency Openness in actions Clear information sharing Public lists of beneficiaries

Priority based on severity of

Objectivity Rule-based decisions No personal bias
need

Elderly, disabled evacuated

Equity Focus on vulnerable Special care for weakest
first
 Immediate rescue and
Responsiveness Timely action Quick service delivery
medical aid

Neutrality Non-political conduct Serve all equally No party influence in relief

Public Service Motivation Inner drive to serve Commitment & sacrifice Personal comfort sacrificed

Ethical Foundation Constitution & moral duty Justice, equality, dignity Right to life protected

Difference from Private

Welfare over profit Society over customers No cost-benefit motive
Service

Challenges Pressure, resource limits Ethical dilemmas Scarcity handled fairly

Outcome Trust in government Legitimacy of state Citizens cooperate & trust

 CHALLENGES IN PUBLIC SERVICE
S. No. Challenge What the Challenge Means Example

Transfers of officers for

enforcing law during elections
Pressure on officials to act or crackdowns on illegal
1 Political Interference
against rules or ethics activities show tension
between neutrality and
political pressure

Recent vigilance and CBI cases

Misuse of public office for against senior officials for
2 Corruption & Rent-seeking
private gain bribery highlight erosion of
public trust

Officers involved in
Personal or family interest procurement or licensing
3 Conflict of Interest
influencing official decisions where relatives have business
interests

Delays and cost overruns in

No clear fixing of responsibility
4 Lack of Accountability infrastructure projects where
for failure
accountability is diffused
 Allegations against senior
Poor role-model
5 Weak Ethical Leadership officials weaken morale
behaviour by seniors
of honest officers

Delay in welfare benefits

Red Tape & Procedural Excessive rules slow
6 and pensions due to file
Delays service delivery
movement and approvals

Difficulty in handling
Lack of modern skills in
7 Capacity & Skill Gaps digital platforms, AI tools,
administration
and complex policy data

District officials facing

Public Pressure & High citizen demand with social media pressure
8
Unrealistic Expectations limited resources during disasters or
protests

Officers avoiding bold

Fear of Vigilance & Post- Decision paralysis due to decisions due to fear of
9
retirement Scrutiny fear of inquiry CAG/CBI action after
retirement

Public anger over service

Perception of bias or
10 Erosion of Public Trust delivery failures despite
inefficiency
schemes and spending
REFORMS TO STRENGTHEN PUBLIC SERVICE
S. No. Reform / Way Forward What Should Be Done Expected Impact

Fixed tenure, Civil

Protect Administrative Officers act without fear
1 Services Board, rule-
Neutrality or favour
based transfers

Fast-track trials, certainty

Strong Anti-Corruption Deterrence against
2 of punishment, vigilance
Framework corruption
reforms

Managing Conflict of Mandatory disclosure, Objective and fair

3
Interest recusal norms decision-making

Fix responsibility,
Clear Accountability Better performance and
4 outcome-based
Mechanisms ownership
evaluation

Ethical Leadership Ethics training for senior

5 Positive ethical culture
Development officers, role modelling
 Simplification of Process re-engineering, Faster and citizen-friendly
6
Procedures less paperwork services

Capacity Building & Continuous learning Skilled and adaptive

7
Training (Mission Karmayogi) administration

Citizen Engagement & Grievance redress,

8 Trust and cooperation
Communication feedback platforms

Protection for Honest Clear rules distinguishing Encourages bold and

9
Decision-making error from mala fide innovative action

Transparency & E- Digital records, open data, Reduced discretion and

10
Governance DBT corruption
 Philosophical
basis of
governance
and probity

• Philosophical basis of governance and probity refers to the ethical

ideas, moral principles, and value systems developed by
philosophers and thinkers that explain how power should be
exercised and how public authority must be used with integrity.
• In simple terms, it answers two fundamental questions:
• Why should governments exist and how should they govern?
• How should those who govern behave morally and ethically?
 View on Probity
Thinker / Philosophy View on Governance Core Ethical Principle Relevance
(Integrity, Ethics)

Governance should be
Rulers must be free Basis of ethical
led by wise and virtuous Moral excellence of
Plato from greed and private leadership and integrity
rulers (Philosopher- rulers
interests at the top
Kings)

Welfare-oriented and
State exists to promote Ethical conduct is
Aristotle Virtue ethics value-based
the “good life” central to public office
governance

Strong authority Justifies strong

Probity ensures
Thomas Hobbes needed to maintain Order over chaos institutions with ethical
obedience and stability
order discipline

Public officials are

Government by consent Public office as a public
John Locke trustees of people’s Accountability and trust
of the governed trust
power

Officials must act

Sovereignty lies with Public interest over Participatory and
Jean-Jacques Rousseau according to the
the people private interest transparent governance
 Governance must
Actions must be ethical Rule of law, integrity
Immanuel Kant follow moral duty and Duty-based ethics
even if costly without compromise
reason

Probity ensures policies

Utilitarianism Governance should Greatest good of Welfare schemes, cost-
benefit maximum
(Bentham & Mill) maximise welfare greatest number benefit ethics
people

Integrity through
Bureaucracy should be Professional, impartial
Max Weber neutrality and Ethics of responsibility
rule-based and rational civil services
objectivity

Ethical leadership,
Governance as moral Truth, non-violence, Means as important as
Mahatma Gandhi corruption-free public
service self-restraint ends
life

Indian Constitutional Democratic and welfare Integrity, accountability, Probity as foundation of

Justice, equality, dignity
Philosophy state transparency Indian governance
 INFORMATION SHARING AND
TRANSPARENCY IN GOVERNMENT
 Transparency in
Information Sharing
Government
• Information sharing in • Transparency refers to the
government means the openness of government
systematic disclosure, decisions, processes,
exchange, and flow of actions, and data, so that
information by public citizens can know,
authorities to citizens, understand, and
institutions, and scrutinize how public
stakeholders to support power and public money
informed participation, are used.
accountability, and trust.
Why Information Sharing & Transparency Matter

Aspect Explanation

Democratic Accountability Citizens can question and evaluate government actions

Trust Building Openness increases public confidence

Corruption Control Reduces secrecy and misuse of power

Better Decision-making Informed citizens and stakeholders

Citizen Empowerment People become partners, not subjects

 DIMENSIONS / NODES OF INFORMATION SHARING &
TRANSPARENCY
S. No. Dimension (Node) What it Means Examples / Tools

Openness in decision- File notings, tender

1 Procedural Transparency
making process procedures

Disclosure of public
2 Financial Transparency Budgets, CAG reports
spending & revenue

Administrative Openness in functioning Transfer policies, service

3
Transparency of bureaucracy rules

Clarity in policy intent and

4 Policy Transparency Draft bills, white papers
outcomes

Data & Digital Open access to Open Data Portal,

5
Transparency government data dashboards
 Speaking orders,
6 Decision Transparency Reasons behind decisions
reasoned judgments

Results of policies and

7 Outcome Transparency Performance reports, KPIs
schemes

Institutional Parliamentary debates,

8 Openness of institutions
Transparency court proceedings

Citizen-level Information affecting Beneficiary lists, eligibility

9
Transparency individuals criteria

Openness in political Asset disclosures, election

10 Political Transparency
processes funding data
KEY INSTRUMENTS FOR INFORMATION SHARING & TRANSPARENCY
 LIMITATIONS / CONCERNS
Concern Explanation

Privacy Personal data protection

National Security Sensitive information

Information Overload Data without clarity

Misuse of Information Misinformation risk

Administrative Burden RTI misuse

 RIGHT TO
INFORMATION (RTI)

Right to Information is the legal right of

citizens to access information held by public
authorities, in order to ensure transparency,
accountability, and ethical governance, except
in cases expressly exempted by law.
Aspect / Classification Type / Category What it Means Ethical Values Involved Relevant Examples Institutions Invol

Ministries publishing
tenders, budgets, Information
Govt must publish Transparency,
Nature of Information Proactive disclosure (Section 4) recruitment rules on Commissions, Sec
information on its own openness
websites (India, ARC
ongoing)

RTIs on PM-CARES
Info given after citizen Accountability, rule of
On-request disclosure audits, public spending CIC, SIC
files RTI law
queries
Accountability, RTIs on file notings in
Type of Information Administrative information Files, notes, decisions CIC, SIC
integrity policy decisions

Spending, contracts, RTIs on road contracts,

Financial information Probity, integrity CAG (indirect role
tenders smart city projects

Recruitment, transfers, RTIs on exam results, UPSC, Staff Select

Service-related information Fairness, impartiality
promotions cut-offs bodies
Old land records
Mode of Disclosure Physical records Files, registers Transparency Record departme
accessed through RTI
RTI Online Portal, Open
Digital / online Portals, dashboards Accessibility, efficiency Government Data MeitY, CIC
Platform
RTIs on defence
Central Informatio
Level of Government Central Government Ministries, PSUs Accountability procurement process
Commission
(non-exempt parts)
RTIs on state welfare State Information
State Government State departments Transparency
 RTIs on defence
Central
Level of Central procurement
Ministries, PSUs Accountability Information
Government Government process (non-
Commission
exempt parts)

RTIs on state State Information

State Government State departments Transparency
welfare schemes Commissions

RTIs on ration
Public Interest Public interest Affects large Public interest,
distribution, health CIC, SIC
Dimension information population justice
schemes

Denial of personal
Personal Private data of CIC, Supreme Court
Privacy, dignity data unless public
information individuals guidance
interest

Exempt Defence, Security, Exemptions related

National security RTI Act Section 8
Information intelligence sovereignty to armed forces

Aadhaar-related
Privacy-related Personal data Privacy, dignity personal info CIC, Courts
denied
 RTIs exposing
RTI as Anti- Exposes irregularities in
Vigilance-related Integrity, probity CVC, CIC
Corruption Tool wrongdoing local bodies (India,
recurring)

Participatory Democracy, RTI-based social

RTI & Governance Citizen oversight Social Audit Units
governance accountability audits in MGNREGA

UK FOI Act used for Information

Freedom of Access to info
Global Perspective Transparency govt expense Commissioners
Information laws worldwide
disclosures (UK)

Misuse / Ethical Responsibility, Repeated RTIs to

Frivolous RTIs Harassment CIC guidelines
Limits balance harass officials

Oversight & First & second Remedy against Appeals before

Justice, fairness CIC, SIC
Appeals appeal denial CIC/SIC
 Challenges vs Way Forward

Challenge Area Core Issue Ethical Dilemma Examples Way Forward

Harmonise RTI & OSA; RTI

RTI vs Official Secrets Act Colonial secrecy law used to Defence procurement details
Transparency vs secrecy should prevail except in clear
OSA), 1923 deny information denied citing OSA
security cases (2nd ARC)

Share outcomes, not sensitive

Confidential Reports & File Disclosure may affect frank Transparency vs efficiency &
RTIs seeking ACRs of officers assessments; clear guidelines
Notings assessment trust
by CIC

Sensitive info cannot be Right to know vs national RTI denial on troop Strict but narrow interpretation
National Security & Defence
disclosed security deployment of Section 8; public interest test

Transparency vs individual RTIs seeking personal details of Data protection law; apply
Right to Privacy Personal data disclosure
dignity officials Puttaswamy principles

Filter vexatious RTIs; awareness

Misuse of RTI Frivolous & repetitive RTIs Right vs responsibility RTIs used to harass officers
on responsible use

Administrative & Institutional Backlog in CIC/SIC; delayed Fill vacancies, digitise records,
Delays, vacancies, poor records Accountability vs capacity
ssues replies proactive disclosure
WAY FORWARD
S. No. Measure What to Do Outcome
Strengthen RTI & align with
1 Legal Reforms Clear rights & limits
privacy laws
2 Proactive Disclosure Open data by default Reduced corruption

3 Technology E-governance & dashboards Traceable decisions

4 Capacity Building Train officials Effective implementation

5 Citizen Access Simple, local language info Real empowerment

6 Whistleblower Protection Ensure safety & anonymity Fearless reporting

Parliamentary & audit follow-

7 Oversight Accountability
up
8 Social Audits Community monitoring Grassroots transparency
9 Ethical Leadership Role-model behaviour Trust culture
Balance transparency &
10 Safeguards Responsible openness
privacy
 Code of Conduct

A Code of Conduct
is a written set of
rules that tells
Strong and
public servants
independent anti- High salaries +
what they must Strict rules on
Clear declaration corruption body – strict punishment Efficient, clean, Corruption treated
do and what they Singapore’s Code Zero tolerance for gifts, conflicts of High public trust in
of assets by public CPIB (Corrupt → removes Outcome: and professional as a crime, not a
must not do while of Conduct: corruption interest, and government
officials Practices temptation and administration “mistake”
performing their misuse of power
Investigation fear of law is real
duties. It ensures
Bureau)
discipline, fairness,
and integrity in
public service.
Type of Code of
Key Dimensions Core Ethical Values Ethical Examples CASE STUDY
Conduct

Singapore Civil Service

Political neutrality, Refusing political
Civil Services Code of Integrity, impartiality, – Zero tolerance for
integrity, accountability, pressure in transfers or
Conduct responsibility corruption; India: AIS
discipline tenders
Conduct Rules, 1968

Transparency, fair Tata Group – Strong

Declaring conflict of
Corporate Code of competition, ethics committee;
Honesty, fairness, trust interest by senior
Conduct stakeholder Enron (negative) –
managers
responsibility Absence led to collapse

Judge recuses from case Restatement of Values

Judicial Code of Independence, Justice, objectivity,
due to personal of Judicial Life (India);
Conduct impartiality, propriety moral courage
connection UK Judicial Code
Model Code of Conduct
Probity, public
Political Code of Disclosure of assets by (India); Nelson
accountability, clean Integrity, public trust
Conduct candidates Mandela’s ethical
campaigning
leadership
 Compassion, Doctor refusing
Medical Code of Patient safety, consent, Hippocratic Oath; WHO
beneficence, non- unnecessary tests for
Conduct confidentiality Medical Ethics
maleficence profit

UN Code of Conduct for

Use of force, legality, Using minimum force
Police Code of Conduct Justice, restraint, duty Law Enforcement
human rights during protests
Officials

Harvard Academic
Academic Code of Academic integrity, Honesty, merit, No plagiarism in
Integrity Policy; UGC
Conduct fairness, originality responsibility research
Regulations (India)

BBC Editorial
Objectivity, truth, Fact-checking before
Media Code of Conduct Truthfulness, neutrality Guidelines; Press
accountability publishing news
Council of India

Neutrality,
International Global justice, Officials avoiding UN Staff Regulations &
transparency,
Organisations accountability national bias Rules
professionalism

Environmental Code of Sustainability, inter- Responsibility, Industry following ESG Codes, Paris
Conduct generational equity stewardship pollution norms Agreement ethics
 CODE OF
ETHICS
Code of Ethics is a set of moral principles and core values that guide public servants to act ethically, responsibly,
and in public interest, even when there is no written rule or law.

OECD Code of Ethics for Public Officials

Focus areas:

Conflict of interest

Transparency

Accountability

Ethical decision-making

Used as a global benchmark

Dimension Ethical Values General Examples Examples Best Examples

Asset declaration by New Zealand Public

Integrity Honesty, probity Refusing bribe
officers Service

Impartiality Fairness Equal treatment Neutral policing UK Civil Service

Transparent
Objectivity Rationality Merit-based decisions OECD standards
recruitment

Scandinavian
Empathy Compassion Helping vulnerable Disaster relief
governance

Accountability Responsibility Owning mistakes Public apologies Canadian ethics model

Senior officers setting

Ethical Leadership Role model Leading by example Nolan Principles
standards
 Code of
Conduct vs
Code of
Ethics

Aspect Code of Conduct Code of Ethics

Nature Rule-based, prescriptive Value-based, normative

Character External behaviour focused Internal conscience focused

Scope Narrow, specific actions Broad, general principles

Legal Status Legally enforceable Not legally enforceable

Punishment for Violation Disciplinary / legal action No formal punishment

External authority (department, courts,

Enforcement Mechanism Self-regulation, moral duty
CVC)

Primary Objective Ensure discipline, neutrality, order Promote moral behaviour and integrity

Focus Minimum acceptable behaviour Highest ethical standards

Source Laws, service rules, regulations Moral philosophy, values, conscience

Typical Instruments CCS Conduct Rules, AIS Rules, MCC Nolan Principles, ethical charters

Examples (General) Ban on political activity Acting impartially even under pressure

India-Specific Examples CCS (Conduct) Rules, 1964; MCC Draft Code of Ethics (1997), ARC

Global Best Practices UNCAC, OECD procedural guidelines Nolan Principles (UK), New Zealand Ethics

Approach in Decision-Making Follow written procedure Choose what is morally right

Role in Case Studies Sets legal boundary Guides ethical judgement

 Citizen’s
Charter
Citizen’s Charter is a public document in which a government organisation clearly states the services it
provides, service standards (time, quality), grievance-redress mechanism, and responsibilities of both the
service provider and the citizen, with the objective of accountability and citizen-centric governance.

Case Study: Citizen’s Charter

The UK Passport Office follows a Citizen’s Charter promising passport issuance within a fixed time.
When delays occurred due to high demand, citizens complained citing the Charter.

The department disclosed reasons, compensated affected applicants, and improved staffing.

Outcome:
Service standards were restored and public trust increased, showing how a Citizen’s Charter ensures real
accountability.
Aspect / Dimension What it Means Ethical Values Involved Types / Components Examples

Public commitment by
Accountability, UK Passport Office
Core Concept govt to deliver services Service promise
transparency service guarantee
with standards

Passport Seva Kendras

Time, quality, cost of
Service Standards Efficiency, responsibility Time-bound delivery (India): timelines for
services
passport issue

What service, how to India’s UMANG portal

Information to Citizens Openness, transparency Information disclosure
apply, documents service info
Accountability Fixing responsibility for Named officers,
Accountability, integrity UK NHS service charters
Mechanism failure timelines
Complaint handling
Grievance Redressal Justice, fairness Escalation matrix CPGRAMS (India)
system

Municipal charters
Citizen Obligations Duties of citizens Responsibility Do’s & Don’ts (property tax payment
duties)
Performance Measuring service MyGov feedback
Objectivity Feedback, audits
Monitoring delivery systems

Compensation / UK service charters

Relief for service failure Justice, fairness Compensation clauses
Remedies (refunds/compensation)

Shift from ruler to Mission Karmayogi

Administrative Culture Citizen-centricity Behavioural change
service provider (India)

Railways, Police,
Types of Charters Sector-wise application Inclusiveness Dept-wise / sector-wise
Hospitals (India)

Online access to
Digital Citizen Charters Accessibility, efficiency E-Charters Digital India initiatives
services

Grassroots service Kerala local body

Local Governance Participation Local charters
delivery service charters

Social audits
Social Accountability Citizen participation Democracy Public feedback
(MGNREGA)

UK disability-friendly
Equity Dimension Equal access to services Equity, impartiality Inclusive services
charters
Citizen’s Charter: Challenges and Way Forward
Challenges Way Forward

Awareness & publicity Second ARC: Charters must be citizen-friendly Example:

Low public awareness Many citizens are unaware of charters displayed in offices
Online display on UMANG portal

Make charters enforceable Second ARC recommendation Example: UK Citizen’s

Charters remain symbolic No real consequence for non-compliance
Charter compensation model

Measurable standards Sevottam Model (DARPG) Example: Passport Seva fixed

No clear service standards Vague timelines like “as early as possible”
timelines
Integrated grievance systems CPGRAMS (India) Example: Time-bound online
Weak grievance redressal Complaints not resolved on time
grievance disposal
Regular audits & feedback Second ARC + DARPG Example: MyGov citizen
Poor monitoring & review Charters not updated regularly
feedback
Fix responsibility Sevottam framework Example: Named officers in Passport
Lack of ownership by officials No accountability for failure
offices

One-size-fits-all charters Not tailored to local needs Localised charters Second ARC Example: Kerala local body charters

Capacity building & training Mission Karmayogi Example: Behavioural training of

Poor staff capacity & attitude Insensitive service delivery
officials
Multi-mode access Digital India initiatives Example: Common Service Centres
Digital divide Online charters inaccessible to some
(CSCs)
Participatory drafting OECD best practices Example: Public consultation in service
No citizen participation Charters drafted top-down
design
 Work
Culture

Work culture refers to the shared values, attitudes, beliefs, and behaviour of
people in an organisation that determine how work is done, decisions are taken,
and people are treated.
• Purpose / Objectives of a Good Work Culture
• A healthy work culture aims to:
• Improve efficiency and productivity
• Ensure ethical behaviour
• Promote teamwork and trust
• Deliver quality public services
• Build citizen-centric administration
• Reduce corruption and arbitrariness
Aspect / Parameter What it Means Function / Purpose Ethical Dimension Examples

Zero-tolerance policy in
Integrity Honest and moral conduct Prevents corruption Honesty, probity
New Zealand public service

CPGRAMS accountability in
Accountability Answerable for actions Improves performance Responsibility
India

Timely service norms in

Discipline Following rules & timelines Efficiency Duty, responsibility
Passport Seva

RTI-based openness in
Transparency Openness in decisions Trust building Openness
departments

Civil service training under

Professionalism Skill + ethics Quality service Competence
Mission Karmayogi

Disaster response teams

Teamwork Collective effort Better outcomes Cooperation
(India)
Ethical leadership in UK
Leadership Leading by example Sets standards Moral courage
civil service

Kerala health workers

Empathy Understanding others Citizen satisfaction Compassion
during COVID
 UPSC recruitment
Meritocracy Rewarding merit Motivation Fairness
system
Workplace diversity
Inclusiveness Respect diversity Social justice Equity
norms (Canada)
Continuous Mission Karmayogi
Learning Culture Adaptability Excellence
improvement capacity building

Innovation New ideas & methods Better governance Creativity Digital India initiatives

Healthy work Flexible work policies

Work-Life Balance Sustainability Human dignity
environment (Nordic countries)

Aspirational Districts
Result Orientation Focus on outcomes Public value Efficiency
Programme
Ethical Decision- Refusal of political
Right over convenient Moral governance Integrity
Making pressure by officers
Citizen-friendly police
Respect & Dignity Courteous behaviour Trust Respect
reforms
Independent
Rule of Law Law above individuals Fair administration Justice
functioning of EC
Welfare schemes
Public Interest Welfare over self Ethical governance Altruism
implementation
QUALITY
OF
SERVICE
DELIVERY
Aspect Explanation Key Parameters Ethical Values Challenges Way Forward

Providing public
services on time,
fairly, efficiently,
Meaning of Quality Timeliness, Public interest,
and with respect, — —
Service Delivery fairness, efficiency integrity
meeting citizens’
needs and
expectations

Services should be Physical & digital Equity, CSCs, UMANG

Accessibility Digital divide
easy to reach for all access inclusiveness portal

Services delivered
Time-bound Citizen’s Charter
Timeliness within promised Responsibility Delays, red-tapism
delivery timelines
time
Optimal use of Resource Process re-
Efficiency Cost-effectiveness Accountability
resources constraints engineering
Clear rules & RTI, proactive
Transparency Open information Openness Secrecy mindset
procedures disclosure
Officials answer for Diffused
Accountability Responsibility fixing Integrity Sevottam Model
failures responsibility
 Quick response to Poor feedback
Responsiveness Grievance redress Empathy CPGRAMS
citizen needs systems

Equal treatment to Standard operating

Fairness & Equity Non-discrimination Justice Bias & favoritism
all procedures

Skilled & ethical

Professionalism Competence Ethics Skill gaps Mission Karmayogi
staff
Consistent service
Reliability Predictability Trust System failures Standardisation
quality
Meeting citizen Behavioural
Citizen Satisfaction Courtesy, respect Human dignity Poor attitude
expectations training

Inter-departmental Single-window
Coordination Integrated services Cooperation Silos
harmony systems

Monitoring & Measure service Outcome-based

Feedback, audits Objectivity Weak data
Evaluation outcomes KPIs
Speed,
Technology Use Digital delivery Efficiency Tech failures Digital India
transparency
Corruption-Free
No rent-seeking Integrity Probity Bribery DBT, e-governance
Delivery
Utilization of
Public Funds

Utilization of public funds means the proper, lawful, efficient, and ethical use of money collected by the
government from citizens (through taxes, borrowings, fees, etc.) for public welfare and developpment,
strictly for the purpose for which it was sanctioned.
TYPES OF PUBLIC FUNDS:
•Contingency Fund of India
•Public Account of India
•Tax Revenue Funds (Direct & Indirect Taxes)
•Non-Tax Revenue Funds
•Capital Receipts / Borrowed Funds
•Grants-in-Aid (Finance Commission & Centrally Sponsored)
•Plan Funds
•Non-Plan Funds
•Centrally Sponsored Scheme (CSS) Funds
•State Government Funds
•Local Body Funds (Panchayats & Municipalities)
•Extra-Budgetary Resources (EBR)
•Public Sector Undertaking (PSU) Funds
•Disaster Relief Funds
•Special Purpose Funds (e.g., Cess-based Funds)
Dimension / Aspect What it Means Key Features Ethical Values Examples

Expenditure only after

Legality Spending as per law Parliamentary approval Rule of law
Budget approval (India)

Funds used only for PMAY funds used

Purpose Orientation No diversion Integrity
sanctioned purpose strictly for housing

Maximum output from DBT reducing leakage in

Efficiency Cost-effectiveness Responsibility
minimum input subsidies

Open disclosure of RTI queries on

Transparency Public information Openness
spending infrastructure spending

Officials answer for

Accountability Audit & scrutiny Accountability CAG audit reports
misuse

SC/ST sub-plan
Equity Fair distribution Inclusion Justice
allocations
 Focus on results, not Aspirational Districts
Outcome Orientation Impact-based Public interest
just spending Programme

Avoid wasteful
Financial Discipline Budget control Prudence FRBM Act compliance
expenditure

Anti-Corruption Prevent rent-seeking Vigilance Probity E-procurement portals

Panchayat fund
Decentralisation Local use of funds Grassroots governance Participation
utilisation

Monitoring & Social audits in

Track fund usage Feedback & review Objectivity
Evaluation MGNREGA

Emergency COVID-19 relief

Quick fund deployment Flexibility Compassion
Responsiveness packages

Inter-generational Fiscal prudence in

Avoid burdening future Sustainable finance Responsibility
Equity borrowing

Transparent budget
Public Trust Citizen confidence Credibility Trust
portals
Challenges & Way Forward
Challenges Examples Way Forward Initiatives

Ghost beneficiaries in welfare

Leakages & corruption End-to-end digitisation DBT for LPG, pensions
schemes

Scheme funds used for non- CAG audits, outcome

Diversion of funds Strict purpose-based spending
approved purposes budgeting

Cost overruns in infrastructure

Inefficient spending Cost-benefit analysis Project Monitoring Groups
projects

Delay in fund release Late release of grants to states Time-bound fund flow PFMS real-time tracking

Benefits not reaching

Poor targeting Data-driven targeting SECC-based targeting
intended groups

Weak monitoring & Funds spent without impact NITI Aayog outcome
Outcome-based evaluation
evaluation assessment framework
 Limited public info on
Lack of transparency Proactive disclosure Open Budget Portal
expenditure

Local bodies unable to utilise Mission Karmayogi, training of

Capacity constraints Capacity building
grants ULBs

Finance Commission
Political interference Allocation based on favoritism Rule-based allocation
devolution

Multiple agencies causing Aspirational Districts

Fragmented implementation Convergence of schemes
duplication Programme

Missing or incomplete
Poor record management Digitisation of records e-Office, PFMS
financial records

Lack of social accountability No citizen oversight Community participation Social audits in MGNREGA

Relief funds misused during

Emergency misuse Transparency + audits Disaster Relief Fund audits
disasters

Inter-generational burden Excessive borrowing Fiscal discipline FRBM framework

Corruption
Challenge Area How Corruption Creates the Challenge OUTCOME

Erosion of public trust Citizens lose faith in institutions Declining trust in public offices after scams

Poor service delivery Services delayed unless bribes are paid Bribes for basic municipal services

Economic inefficiency Resources diverted from development Inflated infrastructure project costs

Inequality & injustice Benefits go to those who can pay Welfare schemes captured by middlemen

Weak rule of law Laws applied selectively Powerful offenders escaping punishment

Policy distortion Decisions favour vested interests Policies framed to benefit select groups

Fiscal loss to the state Revenue leakage and tax evasion GST evasion cases
Demoralisation of honest officials Ethical officers sidelined Whistle-blowers facing harassment
Administrative paralysis Fear of investigation delays decisions Over-cautious bureaucracy

National security risks Compromised defence procurement Substandard equipment procurement

Environmental degradation Illegal exploitation of resources Illegal mining scandals

Global image damage Loss of investor confidence Low rankings in corruption indices
TACKLING CORRUPTION:
Dimension Key Measures Frameworks Ethical Values Examples

Strong anti-corruption Prevention of Convictions under PC

Legal Framework laws, clear offences, Corruption Act, 1988 Rule of law, integrity Act in bribery cases
deterrent punishment (amended 2018) (India)

Institutional Independent vigilance CVC, Lokpal, State Lokpal inquiry into

Accountability, probity
Mechanisms and oversight bodies Lokayuktas senior officials (India)
Speedy and
Special CBI courts, fast- Time-bound trials in
Judicial Measures independent Justice, fairness
track courts corruption cases
adjudication
CAG reports exposing
Audit & Financial Independent audit of Accountability,
CAG of India irregularities in public
Oversight public expenditure transparency
spending
RTI Act, Open
Access to information RTI-based exposure of
Transparency Tools Government Data Openness, trust
and open data local-level corruption
Portal
E-Governance & Reduce discretion and DBT, e-procurement, DBT reducing subsidy
Efficiency, integrity
Digitisation human interface PFMS leakages
 Simplification of rules, Second ARC Single-window clearance
Administrative Reforms Efficiency, objectivity
process re-engineering recommendations systems

Electoral & Political Transparency in political Electoral Bonds debate, Mandatory affidavit
Fairness, accountability
Reforms funding disclosure norms disclosures by candidates

CCS Conduct Rules, Nolan Ethical standards in UK

Ethical Governance Codes of Conduct & Ethics Integrity, impartiality
Principles (UK) public life

Leadership & Moral Top-down ethical Mission Karmayogi (ethical Moral courage, Senior officers enforcing
Example leadership capacity) responsibility zero tolerance

Protecting those who Whistle Blowers Protection Exposure of scams through

Whistleblower Protection Courage, justice
expose corruption Act, 2014 insiders

Social accountability
Citizen Participation Social audits, MyGov Democracy, participation Social audits in MGNREGA
mechanisms

Media & Civil Society Investigative journalism Independent media Transparency Media exposés of scams

International anti- UNCAC, OECD Anti-Bribery International cooperation

Global Cooperation Global integrity
corruption norms Convention on money laundering

Cultural & Value-Based Ethical education and Ethics training, value Integrity pledges in public
Integrity, public service
Approach awareness education offices

Technology & Data Red-flagging suspicious

Detect patterns of fraud AI-based audits Objectivity
Analytics transactions
THANKYOU