Homework 1: 1.8, 1.14, 1.22, 1.24 a-g (part 1 only), 1.28, 1.34, 1.36, 1.37, 1.41, 1.48, 1.
54, 1.58,
1.65, 1.68, 1.69, 1.72, 1.77, 1.112 (challenge) 1.117 (challenge)
1.8 Choose a substance and give several of its physical properties and several of its chemical
properties.
1.14 Distinguish between a measured number and an exact number. Give examples of each.
1.22 Which of the following represents the smallest mass?
a. 23 cg
b. 2.3 103 g
c. 0.23 mg
d. 0.23 g
e. 2.3 10 2 kg
1.24 Significant Figures
a. Consider three masses that you wish to add together: 3 g, 1.4 g, and 3.3 g. These numbers
represent measured values. Add the numbers together and report your answer to the correct
number of significant figures.
b. Now perform the addition in a stepwise fashion in the following manner. Add 3 g and 1.4 g,
reporting this sum to the correct number of significant figures. Next, take the num- ber from the
first step and add it to 3.3 g, reporting this sum to the correct number of significant figures.
c. Compare your answers from performing the addition in the two distinct ways presented in parts
a and b. Does one of the answers represent a “better” way of reporting the results of the
addition? If your answer is yes, explain why your choice is better.
d. A student performs the calculation (5.0 5.143 g) 2.80 g and, being mindful of significant
figures, reports an answer of 29 g. Is this the correct answer? If not, what might this student have
done incorrectly?
e. Another student performs the calculation (5 5.143 g) 2.80 and reports an answer of 29 g. Is this
the correct answer? If not, what might this student have done incorrectly?
f. Yet another student performs the calculation (5.00 5.143 g) 2.80 and reports an answer of 28.5
g. Is this the correct answer? If not, what did this student probably do incorrectly?
g. Referring to the calculations above, outline a procedure or rule(s) that will always enable you to
report answers using the correct number of significant figures.
1.28 Imagine that you get the chance to shoot five arrows at each of the targets depicted below.
On each of the targets, indicate the pattern that the five arrows make when
a. You have poor accuracy and good precision.
b. You have poor accuracy and poor precision.
c. You have good accuracy and good precision.
1.34 What is the length of the nail reported to the correct number of significant figures?
1.36 You are teaching a class of second graders some chemistry, and they are confused about an
object’s mass versus its density. Keeping in mind that most second graders don’t under- stand
fractions, how would you explain these two ideas and illustrate how they differ? What examples would
you use as a part of your explanation?
1.37 A 15.9-g sample of sodium carbonate is added to a solution of acetic acid weighing 20.0 g.
The two substances react, releasing carbon dioxide gas to the atmosphere. After reaction, the
contents of the reaction vessel weighs 29.3 g. What is the mass of carbon dioxide given off
during the reaction?
1.41 Give the normal state (solid, liquid, or gas) of each of the following.
a. sodium hydrogen carbonate (baking soda)
b. isopropyl alcohol (rubbing alcohol)
c. oxygen
d. copper
1.48 Decide whether each of the following is a physical property or a chemical property of the
substance.
a. Salt substitute, potassium chloride, dissolves in water.
b. Seashells, calcium carbonate, fizz when immersed in vinegar.
c. The gas hydrogen sulfide smells like rotten eggs.
d. Fine steel wool (Fe) can be burned in air.
e. Pure water freezes at 0 C.
1.54 Indicate whether each of the following materials is a substance, a heterogeneous mixture, or
a solution.
a. milk b. bromine
c. gasoline d. aluminum
1.58 How many significant figures are there in each of the following measurements?
a. 301.0 kg b. 0.05930 g
c. 0.224800 m d. 3.100 s
e. 4.380 10 8 m f. 9.100 104 cm
1.65 Write the following measurements, without scientific notation, using the appropriate SI
prefix.
a. 5.89 10 12 s b. 0.2010 m
c. 2.560 10 9 g d. 6.05 103 m
1.68 Using scientific notation, convert:
a. 6.20 km to m b. 1.98 ns to s
c. 2.54 cm to m d. 5.23 g to g
1.69 Convert:
a. 68 F to degrees Celsius
b. 23 F to degrees Celsius
c. 26 C to degrees Fahrenheit
d. 70 C to degrees Fahrenheit
1.72 Liquid nitrogen can be used for the quick freezing of foods. The liquid boils at 196 C. What is
this temperature in degrees Fahrenheit?
1.77 Platinum has a density of 21.4 g/cm3. What is the mass of 5.9 cm3 of this metal?
1.112 For each of the following, write the measurement in terms of an appropriate prefix and base
unit.
a. The mass of magnesium per milliliter in a sample of blood
serum is 0.0186 g.
b. The radius of a carbon atom is about 0.000000000077 m.
c. The hemoglobin molecule, a component of red blood cells,
is 0.0000000065 m in diameter.
d. The wavelength of a certain infrared radiation is
0.00000085 m.
1.117 Calcium carbonate, a white powder used in toothpastes, antacids, and other preparations,
decomposes when heated to about 825 C. What is this temperature in degrees Fahrenheit?