Operational
Amplifier
ANALOG ELECTRONICS
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Operational Amplifier
Block diagram of an op-amp:
Op-amp is a high gain, direct coupled amplifier, used to do all the mathematical
operations.
Open loop gain → ∞
= Close loop gain
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Op-amp as a summer
Op-amp as voltage follower
It is used for impedance matching
It has unity gain
It has high input impedance and very low output impedance
Voltage to current converter
If R1R3 = RfR2 then this configuration has
1) this current is independent of RL hence called current source
2) CMRR = ∞
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Differential amplifier
If R2R3 = R1R4 then
Rin = R1 + R3
Op-amp as an integrator
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Vo(t) ∝ ∫ Vin(t) dt
Op-amp as a differentiator
Op-amp as log amplifier
Vo ∝ loge (Vin)
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Op-amp as antilog or exponential amplifier
Op-amp as precision diode
In normal diodes, if Vin < Vr, then diode remains off but in
precision diode even voltage of milli volt make diode ON
because of high gain of the amplifier.
Op-amp as half wave rectifier
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Op-amp as full wave rectifier
Op-amp as astable multi-vibrator
Op-amp as Schmitt trigger
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Upper threshold:
Lower threshold:
If reference voltage is used:
VH = Histerisis width = VUT - VLT
It is independent of VR
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Difference between Ideal and Practical
OP-AMP
Parameter Ideal Practical
gain ∞ 2 × 105 V / v
Rin ∞ 10 MΩ
Ro o 75 Ω
B.w ∞ 1 MHz
CMRR ∞ 80-100 dB
S.R ∞ 1 V / µsec
Slew rate
It is defined as rate of change of output voltage with change in time.
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…1)
For Vin = Am sinwmt
From (1)
|S.R|max = [Link]
If S.R is less, then output does not changes as fast as input and hence output signal
get distorted.
Frequency Response
Op-amp can be assumed as a low pass filter
Hence,
Input off set voltage
It is the voltage we need to apply at the input so that output become zero.
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Compensation resistance: Rcom
Filters using op-amp
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Band Pass Filter
All pass filter
It has unity gain for all frequency.
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It is used to provide only phase change (either increase or decrease the phase angle)
according to operating frequency.
2nd order filter transfer functions
LPF:
BPF:
HPF:
BRF:
APF:
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