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Chapter 2 Notes Part 4

The document explains the concepts of mutual exclusiveness and independence in probability. Mutually exclusive events cannot occur simultaneously, while independent events do not influence each other. Examples illustrate these concepts using card draws and dice tosses, demonstrating calculations for independence and mutual exclusiveness.

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14 views3 pages

Chapter 2 Notes Part 4

The document explains the concepts of mutual exclusiveness and independence in probability. Mutually exclusive events cannot occur simultaneously, while independent events do not influence each other. Examples illustrate these concepts using card draws and dice tosses, demonstrating calculations for independence and mutual exclusiveness.

Uploaded by

dkdjfidshfuehfihi
Copyright
© All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd

Mutual exclusiveness and Independence

• Events are mutually exclusive if the occurrence of one event excludes the occurrence of
the other(s). Mutually exclusive events cannot happen at the same time. For example:
when tossing a coin, the result can either be heads or tails but cannot be both.

• Events are independent if the occurrence of one event does not influence (and is not
influenced by) the occurrence of the other(s). For example: when tossing two coins, the result
of one flip does not affect the result of the other.

Independence Examples

 A card is drawn from a standard deck. Let 𝐴 be the event that it is a spade. Let 𝐵 be the event
that it is an ace. Are 𝐴 and 𝐵 independent?
13 1
𝑃(𝐴) = =
52 4
4 1
𝑃(𝐵) = =
52 13
In order to be independent

𝑃(𝐴 ∩ 𝐵) = 𝑃(𝐴)𝑃(𝐵)
1
𝐿𝐻𝑆 = 𝑃(𝐴 ∩ 𝐵) =
52
1 1 1
𝑅𝐻𝑆 = 𝑃(𝐴)𝑃(𝐵) = × =
4 13 52
There for LHS = RHS

A and B are independent


 Consider the following events in the toss of a single dice:
𝐴 = Observe an odd number
𝐵 = Observe an even number
𝐶 = Observe 1 or 2
𝐷 = Observe greater than 3

 S = {1,2,3,4,5,6}

 A = {1,3,5}

 B = {2,4,6}

 C = {1,2}

 D ={4,5,6}

 Are 𝐴 and 𝐵 independent?

In order to be independent

𝑃(𝐴 ∩ 𝐵) = 𝑃(𝐴)𝑃(𝐵)
𝐿𝐻𝑆 = 𝑃(𝐴 ∩ 𝐵) = 0
3 3 1
𝑅𝐻𝑆 = 𝑃(𝐴)𝑃(𝐵) = × =
6 6 4
There for 𝐿𝐻𝑆 ≠ 𝑅𝐻𝑆

A and B are not independent

 Are 𝐴 and 𝐶 independent?

In order to be independent

𝑃(𝐴 ∩ 𝐶) = 𝑃(𝐴)𝑃(𝐶)
1
𝐿𝐻𝑆 = 𝑃(𝐴 ∩ 𝐶) =
6
3 2 1
𝑅𝐻𝑆 = 𝑃(𝐴)𝑃(𝐶) = × =
6 6 6
There for 𝐿𝐻𝑆 = 𝑅𝐻𝑆

A and C are independent


▪ Are event B and D mutually exclusive?

In order to be mutually exclusive

𝑃(𝐵 ∩ 𝐷) = 0
But here we have 2 common elements 𝐵 ∩ 𝐷 = {4,6}
2
𝑃(𝐵 ∩ 𝐷) = ≠0
6
They are not mutually exclusive.

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