SUBJECT

Computer studies

CLASS:
S.S. 2

TERM: First

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 ©Deeper Life High School. 2023
SCHEME OF WORK

WEEK TOPICS CONTENT

S
Revision of last term’s
1 work.
CENTRAL  Central Processing Unit
2 PROCESSING UNIT  Functions of ALU and Control Unit
(CPU)  Control Unit
 Functions of CPU

MEMORY UNIT  Description of Memory Unit

 Types of Memory
3  Description of Primary Memory
 Description of Secondary Memory
 Types of removable storage

MEMORY UNIT II  Differences between Primary and

Secondary memory
4  Units of Storage
 Conversion from one unit to the
other
 Comparison of auxiliary storage
devices

LOGIC CIRCUITS I  Definition of logic gate

 Types of logic gates AND, NOT, OR
 Symbols of each logic gate:
5  Input/output signals for AND, NOT
and OR gates.

LOGIC CIRCUIT (II)  Description of alternative logic

gate
6  Types of alternative logic gates
NAND, NOR, XOR, XNOR
 Symbols of each logic gate
 Input/output signals for: NAND,
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 NOR gates.

7 Mid term
COMPUTER DATA  Definition – Register, Address,
8 CONVERSION Bus
 Types of register
 Function of each register
 Differences between register and
main memory
COMPUTER DATA  Outlines steps in ‘data-fetch-
CONVERSION execute’ cycle in a simple form.
9 CONTENTS II  Factors affecting speed of data
transfer.

10 DATA  Definition data representation

REPRESENTATION and explain its significance.
 Describe various methods of
data representation, including
bits, BCD, EBCDIC, and ASCII.
 Understand the concept of
computer character sets and their
applications

11 Revision
12 Examination
13

WEEK: 2
TOPIC: CENTRAL PROCESSING UNIT
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LESSON OBJECTIVES: By the end of the lesson the students will be able to
 Central Processing Unit
 Functions of ALU and Control Unit
 Control Unit
 Identify the functions of the control unit
 define memory unit and state it functions.

SUB-TOPIC 1: CENTRAL PROCESSING UNIT

CONTENT:
The Central Processing Unit (CPU): Is the portion of a computer system that executes the
instructions of a computer program, and is the primary element carrying out the functions of the
computer or other processing device. The Central Processing Unit carries out each instruction of the
program in sequence, perform the basic arithmetical, logical, and input/output operations of the
system
A central processing unit (CPU)—also called a central processor or main processor—is the most
Important processor in a given computer. Its electronic circuitry executes instructions of a computer
program, such as arithmetic, logic, controlling, and input/output (I/O) operations.
Central Processing Unit (CPU) consists of the following features −
 CPU is considered as the brain of the computer.
 CPU performs all types of data processing operations.
 It stores data, intermediate results, and instructions (program).
 It controls the operation of all parts of the computer.
CPU itself has following three components.
 Memory or Storage Unit
 Control Unit
 ALU(Arithmetic Logic Unit)

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Memory or Storage Unit
This unit can store instructions, data, and intermediate results. This unit supplies information to
other units of the computer when needed. It is also known as internal storage unit or the main
memory or the primary storage or Random Access Memory (RAM).
Its size affects speed, power, and capability. Primary memory and secondary memory are two types
of memories in the computer. Functions of the memory unit are −
 It stores all the data and the instructions required for processing.
 It stores intermediate results of processing.
 It stores the final results of processing before these results are released to an output device.
 All inputs and outputs are transmitted through the main memory.
Control Unit
This unit controls the operations of all parts of the computer but does not carry out any actual data
processing operations.
The control unit is an important component of the CPU. It contains circuitry that uses electrical
signals to direct the entire computer system to carry out stored program instructions. The control
unit does not execute program instructions; rather, it directs other parts of the system to do so. The
control unit must communicate with both the arithmetic/logic unit and memory. It also maintains
the order of traffic and data in the computer system. The control unit does the following
(i) It fetches instruction from the main memory
(ii) Decodes instruction: It interprets the instructions that were fetched to determine the operation
it will perform.
(iii) Execution: It controls the execution of instruction.
(iv) Storing Results: The process of writing result to the memory is called storing. The control
unit ensures that the output(s) gotten from the execution of an instruction are stored in the memory.
NOTE: The collection of these four functions together is referred to as Machine Cycle or
Instruction Cycle of the CPU.
Functions of this unit are −
It is responsible for controlling the transfer of data and instructions among other units of a
computer.
 It manages and coordinates all the units of the computer.
 It obtains the instructions from the memory, interprets them, and directs the operation of the
computer.
 It communicates with Input/output devices for transfer of data or results from storage.
 It does not process or store data.
PRACTICE EXERCISE: (5 fill in the gap question per subtopic, 3 short answer questions)

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1. The CPU, or ________________, is the primary component of a computer responsible for
executing instructions and performing calculations.
2. The CPU consists of three main parts: the ________________, the control unit, and the cache
memory.
3. Clock speed, measured in ________________, indicates how many cycles a CPU can execute in
a second, influencing its processing power.
4. The ________________ is a small, fast type of memory within the CPU that stores frequently
used instructions and data for quick access.
5. The CPU's ability to handle multiple tasks simultaneously is often referred to as
________________, which enhances overall system performance.
7. What is Central Processing Unit?
8. Mention 5 Functions of ALU and Control Unit
9. Identify 3 component of the CPU.

SUB-TOPIC 2: ALU (Arithmetic Logic Unit)

CONTENT:
The ALU is a digital circuit that performs arithmetic and logical operations. The ALU is a
fundamental building block of the CPU of a computer.
The ALU performs basic such as addition, subtraction, multiplication, division and so on.
(ii) The logic unit of the ALU is concerned with logical operations such as comparison (Greater
than (>), less than (<), equal to (=) etc), bitwise logic operations like AND, OR, XOR etc.
(iii) ALU consists of output registers that store results of processed data.
This unit consists of two subsections namely,
 Arithmetic Section
 Logic Section
Arithmetic Section Function of arithmetic section is to perform arithmetic operations like addition,
subtraction, multiplication, and division. All complex operations are done by making repetitive use
of the above operations.
Logic Section
Function of logic section is to perform logic operations such as comparing, selecting, matching, and
merging of data.
PRACTICE EXERCISE:
1. The Arithmetic Logic Unit (ALU) is a crucial component of the CPU responsible for performing
________________ and logical operations on data.
2. The ALU consists of various logic gates that enable it to perform tasks like ________________,
subtraction, multiplication, and division.
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3. In the ALU, the carry-in and carry-out signals are important for multi-bit ________________
operations.
4. The ALU's logic operations include tasks like ________________, AND, OR, and NOT, which
are fundamental to processing binary data.
5. The ALU operates on data stored in the computer's ________________, performing calculations
and comparisons as instructed by the CPU.
CONCLUSION
TOPICAL TEST: (10 multiple Choice Questions)
1. What does CPU stand for?
a) Central Peripheral Unit
b) Central Processing Unit
c) Computer Processing Unit
d) Core Processing Unit
2. Which part of the CPU is responsible for executing instructions and performing calculations?
a) Control Unit
b) Memory Unit
c) ALU (Arithmetic Logic Unit)
d) Cache Memory
3. The control unit of the CPU is responsible for:
a) Performing arithmetic operations
b) Managing data storage
c) Executing program instructions
d) Coordinating hardware components
4. Clock speed, measured in hertz (Hz), determines:
a) The number of CPU cores
b) The size of cache memory
c) The CPU's processing power
d) The amount of RAM
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5. The ALU of a CPU is responsible for:
a) Managing memory allocation
b) Controlling input/output devices
c) Performing arithmetic and logic operations
d) Storing program instructions
6. Which operation is NOT typically performed by the ALU?
a) Addition
b) Multiplication
c) Data storage
d) Logical AND
7. Which component stores frequently used instructions and data for quick access by the CPU?
a) Control Unit
b) ALU
c) RAM (Random Access Memory)
d) Cache Memory
8. What is the purpose of the control unit in the CPU?
a) To perform arithmetic operations
b) To manage memory storage
c) To execute program instructions
d) To manage power supply
9. The CPU's ability to execute multiple tasks simultaneously is known as:
a) Multithreading
b) Multiprocessing
c) Multitasking
d) Multi-core
10. Which factor does NOT contribute to a CPU's performance?
a) Clock speed
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 b) Number of transistors
c) Cache memory size
d) Monitor resolution
PUZZLES / BRAIN TEASER
INSPIRATIONAL QUOTES:
“The man who does not read books has no advantage over the one who cannot read them.” —
Mark Twain

WEEK: 3
TOPIC: MEMORY UNIT
LESSON OBJECTIVES: By the end of the lesson the students should be able to
 define Memory Unit
 state the types of Memory
 explain the of Primary Memory
 list few examples of Secondary Memory
ENTRY BEHAVIOUR:
Students have been taught how to use flash memory
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 SUB-TOPIC 1: Description of Memory Unit
CONTENT:
Memory unit is the amount of data that can be stored in the storage unit. This storage capacity is
expressed in terms of Bytes. A memory unit is a small storage device that holds a memory for a
computer and can be accessed through the software. Memory units are typically used to store the
information of the programs. The computer has two types of storage systems: volatile and non-
volatile.
The computer memory is the storage locations where data, programs and information are stored
electronically, which can be recalled, erased or changed. Memory can also be defined as the work
area in the computer where data can be held, copied and retrieved.
Other terms used for memory are main memory, main storage, primary storage, internal memory,
and core storage.
There are two main types of memory,
(i) Primary Storage/ main memory
(ii) Secondary Storage / Auxiliary memory

PRIMARY MEMORY
Primary storage is called ‘primary’ because it is the main memory that is accessible to the CPU. It
represents the core or internal storage areas of the computer system. It is used to store data that are
currently being used; for this reason, the main memory is also called Immediate Access Storage
(IAS).
The two types of primary storage are:
 Read Only Memory (ROM)
 Random Access Memory (RAM)

READ ONLY MEMORY (ROM)

ROM is a non-volatile memory chip that cannot be written on or erased by the computer user
without special equipment. The ROM retains data stored on it even after the computer is powered
off. The operating system boot records are stored inside the ROM.

There are different variations of ROM, these includes;

 PROM: Meaning Programmable ROM is a version of memory chip that can be
programmed by the user. Once the PROM has been programmed, the information is
permanent and cannot be erased or deleted.
 EPROM: means Erasable Programmable ROM. This version of memory chip can be erased
and reprogrammed with the aid of an Ultraviolet light.
 EEPROM: means Electrically Erasable Programmable ROM can be erased and
reprogrammed using an electrical charge without the need of removing the chip from the
computer system.

RANDOM ACCESS MEMORY

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RAM (Random Access Memory) is the internal memory of the CPU for storing data, program, and
program result. It is a read/write memory which stores data until the machine is working. As soon
as the machine is switched off, data is erased.
RAM is volatile, i.e. data stored in it is lost when we switch off the computer or if there is a power
failure. Hence, a backup Uninterruptible Power System (UPS) is often used with computers. RAM
is small, both in terms of its physical size and in the amount of data it can hold.
RAM is of two types −
 Static RAM (SRAM)
 Dynamic RAM (DRAM)
 Static RAM (SRAM)
The word static indicates that the memory retains its contents as long as power is being supplied.
However, data is lost when the power gets down due to volatile nature. SRAM chips use a matrix
of 6-transistors and no capacitors. Transistors do not require power to prevent leakage, so SRAM
need not be refreshed on a regular basis.
There is extra space in the matrix, hence SRAM uses more chips than DRAM for the same amount
of storage space, making the manufacturing costs higher. SRAM is thus used as cache memory and
has very fast access.
Characteristic of Static RAM
 Long life
 No need to refresh
 Faster
 Used as cache memory
 Large size
 Expensive
 High power consumption
Dynamic RAM (DRAM)

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DRAM, unlike SRAM, must be continually refreshed in order to maintain the data. This is done by
placing the memory on a refresh circuit that rewrites the data several hundred times per second.
DRAM is used for most system memory as it is cheap and small. All DRAMs are made up of
memory cells, which are composed of one capacitor and one transistor.
Characteristics of Dynamic RAM
 Short data lifetime
 Needs to be refreshed continuously
 Slower as compared to SRAM
 Used as RAM
 Smaller in size
 Less expensive
 Less power consumption

PRACTICE EXERCISE: (5 fill in the gap question per subtopic, 3 short answer questions)
1. The smallest unit of memory in a computer is called a ________.
2. RAM stands for Random Access ________.
3. The primary purpose of a cache memory is to ________ data access times.
4. The binary digit 0 or 1 is commonly referred to as a ________.
5. The process of transferring data from memory to the CPU for processing is known as ________.
SUB-TOPIC 2: SECONDARY MEMORY
CONTENT:
The secondary storage or auxiliary storage is any storage device that is used to store data,
information and programs permanently outside the computer memory. They are non-volatile and
have higher storage capacity, but the access time is slow compared to the primary storage. It is also
referred to as backup storage.
Types of Secondary memory
Secondary memory is of two types:

1. Fixed storage

In secondary memory, a fixed storage is an internal media device that is used to store data in a
computer system. Fixed storage is generally known as fixed disk drives or hard drives. Generally,
the data of the computer system is stored in a built-in fixed storage device. Fixed storage does not
mean that you can not remove them from the computer system, you can remove the fixed storage
device for repairing, for the upgrade, or for maintenance, etc. with the help of an expert or engineer.

Types of fixed storage:

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Following are the types of fixed storage:

 Internal flash memory (rare)

 SSD (solid-state disk)
 Hard disk drives (HDD)
2. Removable storage

In secondary memory, removable storage is an external media device that is used to store data in a
computer system. Removable storage is generally known as disks drives or external drives. It is a
storage device that can be inserted or removed from the computer according to our requirements.
We can easily remove them from the computer system while the computer system is running.
Removable storage devices are portable so we can easily transfer data from one computer to
another. Also, removable storage devices provide the fast data transfer rates associated with storage
area networks (SANs).
Types of Removable Storage:
 Optical discs (like CDs, DVDs, Blu-ray discs, etc.)
 Memory cards
 Floppy disks
 Magnetic tapes
 Disk packs
 Paper storage (like punched tapes, punched cards, etc.)
Secondary memory devices
Following are the commonly used secondary memory devices are:

1. Floppy Disk:
A floppy disk consists of a magnetic disc in a square plastic case. It is used to store data and to
transfer data from one device to another device. Floppy disks are available in two sizes (a) Size: 3.5
inches, the Storage capacity of 1.44 MB (b) Size: 5.25 inches, the Storage capacity of 1.2 MB. To
use a floppy disk, our computer needs to have a floppy disk drive. This storage device becomes
obsolete now and has been replaced by CDs, DVDs, and flash drives.

2. Compact Disc:
A Compact Disc (CD) is a commonly used secondary storage device. It contains tracks and sectors
on its surface. Its shape is circular and is made up of polycarbonate plastic. The storage capacity of
CD is up to 700 MB of data. A CD may also be called a CD-ROM (Compact Disc Read-Only
Memory), in this computers can read the data present in a CD-ROM, but cannot write new data
onto it. For a CD-ROM, we require a CD-ROM. CD is of two types:

CD-R (compact disc recordable): Once the data has been written onto it cannot be erased, it can
only be read.

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CD-RW (compact disc rewritable): It is a special type of CD in which data can be erased and
rewritten as many times as we want. It is also called an erasable CD.
3. Digital Versatile Disc:
A Digital Versatile Disc also known as DVD it is looks just like a CD, but the storage capacity is
greater compared to CD, it stores up to 4.7 GB of data. DVD-ROM drive is needed to use DVD on
a computer. The video files, like movies or video recordings, etc., are generally stored on DVD and
you can run DVD using the DVD player. DVD is of three types:

DVD-ROM (Digital Versatile Disc Read-only): In DVD-ROM the manufacturer writes the data in
it and the user can only read that data, cannot write new data in it. For example movie DVD,
movie DVD is already written by the manufacturer we can only watch the movie but we cannot
write new data into it.
DVD-R (Digital Versatile Disc Recordable): In DVD-R you can write the data but only one time.
Once the data has been written onto it cannot be erased, it can only be read.
DVD-RW (Digital Versatile Disc Rewritable and Erasable): It is a special type of DVD in which
data can be erased and rewritten as many times as we want. It is also called an erasable DVD.
4. Blu-ray Disc:
A Blu-ray disc looks just like a CD or a DVD but it can store data or information up to 25 GB data.
If you want to use a Blu-ray disc, you need a Blu-ray reader. The name Blu-ray is derived from the
technology that is used to read the disc ‘Blu’ from the blue-violet laser and ‘ray’ from an optical
ray.
5. Hard Disk:
A hard disk is a part of a unit called a hard disk drive. It is used to storing a large amount of data.
Hard disks or hard disk drives come in different storage capacities.(like 256 GB, 500 GB, 1 TB,
and 2 TB, etc.). It is created using the collection of discs known as platters. The platters are placed
one below the other. They are coated with magnetic material. Each platter consists of a number of
invisible circles and each circle having the same centre called tracks. Hard disk is of two types (i)
Internal hard disk (ii) External hard disk.

6. Flash Drive:
A flash drive or pen drive comes in various storage capacities, such as 1 GB, 2 GB, 4 GB, 8 GB, 16
GB, 32 GB, 64 GB, up to 1 TB. A flash drive is used to transfer and store data. To use a flash drive,
we need to plug it into a USB port on a computer. As a flash drive is easy to use and compact in
size, Nowadays it is very popular.

7. Solid-state disk:
It is also known as SDD. It is a non-volatile storage device that is used to store and access data. It is
faster, does noiseless operations(because it does not contain any moving parts like the hard disk),
consumes less power, etc. It is a great replacement for standard hard drives in computers and
laptops if the price is low and it is also suitable for tablets, notebooks, etc because they do not
require large storage.

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 8. SD Card:
It is known as a Secure Digital Card. It is generally used in portable devices like mobile phones,
cameras, etc., to store data. It is available in different sizes like 1 GB, 2 GB, 4 GB, 8 GB, 16 GB,
32 GB, 64 GB, etc. To view the data stored in the SD card you can remove them from the device
and insert them into a computer with help of a card reader. The data stores in the SD card is stored
in memory chips(present in the SD Card) and it does not contain any moving parts like the hard
disk
Students Activities
1. Identify the following parts

1.

2.

4.
5.

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PRACTICE EXERCISE: (5 fill in the gap question per subtopic, 3 short answer questions)
1. Secondary memory is also known as ________ memory, which provides long-term storage for
data even when the computer is powered off.
2. Hard disk drives (HDDs) and solid-state drives (SSDs) are common examples of ________
storage devices.
3. Optical storage devices use lasers to read and write data on ________.
4. The process of copying data from secondary memory to primary memory for faster access is
called ________.
5. USB flash drives are a type of portable ________ memory that can be easily connected to
computers for data transfer.
I Mention two main types of Primary storage
(ii) Highlight the different types of ROM
(iv) Enumerate three characteristics of secondary memory
CONCLUSION
TOPICAL TEST: (10 multiple Choice Questions,)
1. What does RAM stand for?
a) Read-Only Memory
b) Random Access Memory
c) Read-Write Memory
d) Rapid Access Memory
2. Which type of memory retains its data even when the power is turned off?
a) Volatile Memory
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 b) Non-Volatile Memory
c) Temporary Memory
d) Cache Memory
3. Which memory type is commonly used as a short-term data storage between the CPU and main
memory?
a) ROM
b) Flash Memory
c) Cache Memory
d) Virtual Memory
4. The smallest unit of memory in a computer is called:
a) Byte
b) Kilobyte
c) Bit
d) Megabyte
5. Which memory type is primarily used to store the computer's firmware and system instructions?
a) Cache Memory
b) RAM
c) ROM
d) Virtual Memory

6. Which of the following is a secondary memory storage device?

a) RAM
b) CPU
c) SSD
d) Cache Memory
7. Optical discs like CDs and DVDs are examples of which type of memory?
a) RAM
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 b) ROM
c) Flash Memory
d) Optical Memory
8. The process of copying a program from secondary storage to RAM before its execution is called:
a) Booting
b) Swapping
c) Loading
d) Dumping
9. Which memory type has the fastest access speed but is also the most expensive?
a) RAM
b) Hard Disk Drive (HDD)
c) Solid State Drive (SSD)
d) Optical Drive
10. Which memory type is used by the CPU to store frequently accessed data and instructions?
a) Secondary Memory
b) Cache Memory
c) Virtual Memory
d) ROM
BRAIN TEASER:
You've stumbled upon a strange memory device with a peculiar pattern. Every time you input a
number, the device responds with the sum of all the previously input numbers. After entering the
sequence 2, 4, and 6, the device displayed 2, 6, and 12, respectively. What will the device display if
you input the number 8 next?
a) 8
b) 18
c) 24
d) 14
INSPIRATIONAL QUOTES:
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“Education is the passport to the future, for tomorrow belongs to those who prepare for it today.”
—Malcolm X

WEEK: 4
TOPIC: MEMORY UNIT II
LESSON OBJECTIVES: By the end of the lesson the students will be able to
 Differentiate between Primary and Secondary memory
 Units of Storage
 Convert from one unit to the other
 State the examples of auxiliary storage devices

ENTRY BEHAVIOUR: The students can define memory unit and are also familiar with the
types of memory unit
SUB-TOPIC 1: DIFFERENCES BETWEEN PRIMARY AND SECONDARY MEMORY
CONTENT:

PRIMARY MEMORY SECONDARY MEMORY

It is considered as a main memory that is It is considered as an additional or
accessed directly by the computer additional memory not directly accessed
by the CPU
The memory devices used for primary The memory devices are magnetic and
memory are semiconductor memories optical memories
These memories are also called internal These memories are also called external
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 memory memory
It is a type of temporary memory It can be used as a permanent memory
The sizes of primary memory ranges Secondary memories ranges between
between 512MB to 16GB RAMs 80GB to 4TB Hard disk drives
It is directly accessed by the processor in It is not directly accessed by the
a random manner processor, input/output channels are used
to access the secondary memory
It is embedded with two types of memory It is embedded in the form of mass
technologies – RAM and ROM storage devices like pen drive, CD, DVD,
etc
It is classified as volatile (RAM) and non- It is generally non-volatile in nature
volatile (ROM) in nature
Data Processing speed is faster Data Processing speed is somehow slow,
not as fast as primary memory
It is costlier than the secondary memory It is cheaper than primary memory
devices
They are connected to the computer They are connected to the computer
through ‘slots’ through drives and cables

PRACTICE EXERCISE: (5 fill in the gap questions)

1. Secondary memory is also known as ________ memory, providing long-term storage for data
even when the computer is powered off.
2. Hard disk drives (HDDs) and solid-state drives (SSDs) are common examples of ________
storage devices.
3. Optical storage devices use lasers to read and write data on ________.
4. The primary memory directly accessible by the CPU is known as ________ memory, and it
stores data that the CPU actively uses during operations.
5. RAM stands for Random Access ________.
SUB-TOPIC 2: UNITS OF STORAGE
CONTENT:
Data in a computer is represented or stored in series of bits. Computer data storage provides one of
the core functions of the modern computer, that of information retention. It is one of the
fundamental components of all modern computers. We have various units of storage, they are as
follows;
 Bit
 Nibble
 Byte
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  Kilobyte (KB)
 Megabyte (MB)
 Gigabyte (GB)
 Terabyte (TB)
 Word
BIT:
This refers to the smallest basic unit of information that can be stored on a machine. A bit (binary
digit) is the basic unit of information in computing and telecommunications. It exists in one of two
possible distinct states (0 or 1). These may be the two stable states of a flip flop, two positions of an
electrical switch, two distinct voltage or current levels allowed by a circuit, etc.

NIBBLE:
In computing, a nibble is a four-bit aggregation, or half a byte. The nibble is used to describe the
amount of memory used to store a digit of a number stored in packed decimal within an IBM
mainframe. This technique is used to make computations faster and debugging faster.

BYTE:
A byte is a unit of measurement of information storage that equals 8bits. It can be used to represent
letters and numbers, for example, the number 01000001 is 8bits long and represents the letter A in
ASCII. It is equivalent to 2nibbles. The size of computer memory is determined by bytes.

KILOBYTE (KB):
A kilobyte (KB) is a unit of data that equals 1024bytes. Although the prefix kilo- means 1000, the
term kilobyte and symbol been used to refer to either 1024 (2 10) bytes in the fields of computer
science and information technology.

MEGABYTE (MB):
A megabyte is 1024KB, that is, the kilobyte squared or 10242 bytes. The Megabyte is a multiple of
the unit byte for digital information storage or transmission. It is commonly abbreviated as MB.
GIGABYTE (GB):
A Gigabyte is a unit of data storage worth a billion bytes. It is equal to 1024 megabytes (1024 3).
The unit symbol for gigabyte is GB.

TERABYTE (TB):
A terabyte is equivalent to 1024 gigabytes (1024 4) and is defined as about one trillion bytes. The
prefix tera means 1012 in the International System of Units, which equals 1,099,511,627,776 bytes

WORD:
A word represents 2bytes, which is equivalent to 16bits and 4nibbles.

EVALUATION
(i) State and write short notes on FIVE basic computer memory units
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(ii) State the relationship between;
 Bit and byte
 Kilobyte and Megabyte

Sub-Topic 3: CONVERSION FROM UNIT TO THE OTHER

To convert memory from one unit to the other is a simple conversion. For example, to convert MB
to GB, simply divide the MB by 1024 and to convert back from GB to MB, multiply the GB by
1024. The process is the same for all units of memory. Worked examples are shown below;
Example I: Convert 16 bits to byte
Relationship between units: 1byte = 8bits
Therefore, 16bits = 16/8 = 2bytes
Example II: Convert 2bytes to bit
= 2 x 8 = 16bits

Example III: Convert 3KB to bytes

Relationship between units: 1KB = 1024bytes approximately 1000bytes
Therefore, 3KB = 3 X 1000 = 3000bytes

Example IV: Convert 100KB to MB

Relationship between units: 1MB = 1024KB approximately 1000Kbytes
Therefore, 100KB = 100/1000 = 0.1Mbytes

Example V: Convert 1.44MB to bytes

Relationship between units: 1MB = 1048576Bytes approximately 1000000bytes
Therefore, 1.44MB = 1.44 x 1000000 = 1440000bytes

NOTE: Other examples should be practiced in class

Sub-Topic 4: COMPARISON OF AUXILIARY STORAGE DEVICES

The table below shows a summary that exist between the various auxiliary storage devices based on
certain characteristics;
DEVICE SIZE STORAGE SPEED TECHNOLOGY

Floppy Disk Portable Small storage Slow speed Magnetic tape technology
space
Hard Disk Not as Enormous Slow as compared Magnetic tape technology
Portable storage space to main memory
as others
Flash Drive Portable Large Very high speed Flash memory

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 Compact Disk Portable Large High speed Optical disk technology

Digital Portable Extremely High speed Optical disk technology

Versatile Disk large storage

PRACTICE EXERCISE:
EVALUATION
(i) Convert 1440000bytes to Megabyte
(ii) Convert 0.1MB to Kilobyte
iii) Highlight FIVE units of storage and their values (in bytes)
(vi) Convert 0.5MB to KB
(v) State two auxiliary that uses optical technology
TOPICAL TEST: (10 multiple Choice Questions,)
Of course, here are 10 multiple-choice questions related to units of storage:
1. What is the smallest unit of storage in a computer?
a) Megabyte
b) Kilobyte
c) Byte
d) Gigabit
2. How many bits are in a byte?
a) 4
b) 8
c) 16
d) 32
3. Which of the following is a larger unit of storage than a terabyte?
a) Kilobyte
b) Megabyte
c) Gigabyte
d) Petabyte
4. What is the abbreviation for a thousand gigabytes?

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 a) GB
b) TB
c) KB
d) MB
5. Which of the following is the largest unit of storage?
a) Exabyte
b) Petabyte
c) Zettabyte
d) Terabyte
6. How many bytes are in a kilobyte?
a) 100
b) 1000
c) 1024
d) 500
7. What is the equivalent of 1 megabit in bits a) 1000 bits (b) 10,000 bits
c) 100,000 bits
d) 1,000,000 bits
8. Which unit of storage is commonly used to measure the capacity of optical discs like DVDs?
a) Kilobyte
b) Megabyte
c) Gigabyte
d) Terabyte
9. A standard CD can typically store around how many megabytes of data?
a) 700 MB
b) 1 GB
c) 10 MB
d) 2.5 GB
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10. What is the relationship between a kilobyte (KB) and a megabyte (MB)?
a) 1 MB = 1000 KB
b) 1 MB = 1024 KB
c) 1 MB = 10 KB
d) 1 MB = 500 KB
PUZZLES / BRAIN TEASER:
Brain Teaser: The Storage Conundrum
You find yourself in a futuristic data storage facility where there are three doors, each leading to
a different room. On each door, there's a sign indicating the storage capacity of that room:
Door 1: "1 Petabyte"
Door 2: "1024 Terabytes"
Door 3: "1048576 Gigabytes"
However, upon entering each room, you notice that they all contain the same amount of data
storage. How is this possible?
INSPIRATIONAL QUOTES:
In a memory unit, there are eight consecutive storage locations. The values stored in these locations
are: 3, 6, 9, 12, 15, 18, 21, and 24. A curious programmer notices that the difference between each
value and the one preceding it is the same,
What is the common difference, and what value would you expect to find next in this sequence?

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WEEK: 5
TOPIC: LOGIC CIRCUITS
LESSON OBJECTIVES: By the end of the lesson
 definition of logic gate (b)
 types of logic gates AND, NOT, OR
 Symbols of each logic gate:
 Input/output signals for AND, NOT and OR gates.
ENTRY BEHAVIOUR:
SUB-TOPIC 1: DEFINITION OF LOGIC GATES
CONTENT:
A logic gate is a device that acts as a building block for digital circuits. They perform basic
logical functions that are fundamental to digital circuits.
A logic gate is a simple switching circuit that determines whether an input pulse can pass
through to the output in digital circuits
Most electronic devices we use today will have some form of logic gates in them. For example,
logic gates can be used in technologies such as smartphones, tablets or within memory devices.
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 In a circuit, logic gates will make decisions based on a combination of digital signals coming
from its inputs. Most logic gates have two inputs and one output. Logic gates are based on Boolean
algebra. At any given moment, every terminal is in one of the two binary conditions, false or true.
False represents 0, and true represents 1. Depending on the type of logic gate being used and the
combination of inputs, the binary output will differ. A logic gate can be thought of like a light
switch, wherein one position the output is off -- 0, and in another, it is on -- 1. Logic gates are

commonly used in integrated circuits (IC)

PRACTICE EXERCISE: (5 fill in the gap question per subtopic, 3 short answer questions)
1. In a logic circuit, the basic building blocks are known as ________.
2. A logic gate that produces an output only when all of its inputs are high is called a ________
gate.
3. The Boolean operation NOT is also known as ________.
4. The logical operation that returns true (1) if at least one of the inputs is true is called ________.
5. The process of simplifying a complex logic expression into a minimal form is called ________.
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SUB-TOPIC 2: TYPES OF LOGIC GATES
CONTENT:
There are three basic logic gates from which others can be constructed. These are;
(a) AND gate
(b) ‘OR’ gate
(c) ‘NOT’ gate

AND Gate
An AND gate has a single output and two or more inputs.
1. When all of the inputs are 1, the output of this gate is 1.
2. The AND gate’s Boolean logic is Y=A.B if there are two inputs A and B.
An AND gate’s symbol and truth table are as follows:

Input Output

A B A.B

0 0 0

0 1 0

1 0 0

1 1 1

Symbol of AND gate

Therefore, in And gate, the output is high when

all the inputs are high.

OR Gate
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Two or more inputs and one output can be used in an OR gate.
1. The logic of this gate is that if at least one of the inputs is 1, the output will be 1.
2. The OR gate’s output will be given by the following mathematical procedure if there are two
inputs A and B: Y=A+B
Input Output

A B A+B

0 0 0

0 1 1

1 0 1

1 1 1

Symbol of OR gate

Therefore, in the OR gate, the output is

high when any of the inputs is high.

NOT Gate
The NOT gate is a basic one-input, one-output gate.
1. When the input is 1, the output is 0, and vice versa. A NOT gate is sometimes called an
inverter because of its feature.
2. If there is only one input A, the output may be calculated using the Boolean equation Y=A’.
Input Output

A Not A

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 0 1

1 0

Symbol of NOT gate

A NOT gate, as its truth table shows, reverses the input signal.
USES OF LOGIC Gate
Logic Gates are used for the following;
 Logic gates are utilized in a variety of technologies. These are components of chips
(ICs), which are components of computers, phones, laptops, and other electronic
devices.
 Logic gates may be combined in a variety of ways, and a million of these combinations
are necessary to make the newest gadgets, satellites, and even robots.
 Simple logic gate combinations can also be found in burglar alarms, buzzers, switches,
and street lights. Because these gates can make a choice to start or stop based on logic,
they are often used in a variety of sectors.
 Logic gates are also important in data transport, calculation, and data processing. Even
transistor-transistor logic and CMOS circuitry make extensive use of logic gates.
 Transmission and digital computer operations.
 They are used in making micro-controllers.
 They are used in making amplifiers, and oscillator circuits.
 They are used in vacuum tubes
 They are used in constructing alarms used in cars and homes.
PRACTICE EXERCISE: ( 3 short answer questions)
1. Define the term logic gate.
2. Sketch the symbol of three (3) basic logic gates
3. State five (5) uses of the logic gates.
CONCLUSION
TOPICAL TEST: (10 multiple Choice question)
1. Which logic gate performs the Boolean operation NOT?
a) AND gate
b) OR gate
c) XOR gate

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 d) NOT gate

2. A(n) ___________ gate produces an output of 1 only when all inputs are 1.
a) OR
b) XOR
c) NAND
d) NOR
3. Which logic gate returns an output of 1 if and only if exactly one input is 1?
a) AND gate
b) OR gate
c) XOR gate
d) NOT gate

4. The output of an OR gate is 0 only when ___________.

a) all inputs are 0
b) all inputs are 1
c) at least one input is 1
d) at least one input is 0

5. Which logic gate is the inverse of an AND gate?

a) NOR gate
b) XOR gate
c) NAND gate
d) NOT gate

6. A(n) ___________ gate produces an output of 0 only when all inputs are 1.
a) OR
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 b) XOR
c) NAND
d) NOR

7. The output of a NOR gate is 1 only when ___________.

a) all inputs are 0
b) all inputs are 1
c) at least one input is 1
d) at least one input is 0

8. A logic gate that implements the Boolean operation A AND B is a(n) ___________ gate.
a) OR
b) AND
c) NOT
d) XOR
9. Which logic gate has an output that is the complement of the output of an AND gate?
a) NAND gate
b) NOR gate
c) XOR gate
d) XNOR gate
10. The output of a XOR gate is 1 when ___________.
a) all inputs are 0
b) all inputs are 1
c) one input is 0 and the other is 1
d) both inputs are the same
PUZZLES / BRAIN TEASER:
Brain Teaser: The Mysterious Combination
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You've discovered a locked door with a digital lock that seems to require a specific combination of
logic gate inputs to open. The door is labeled with the following instructions:
"Enter a combination of logic gate inputs (A, B, C) that produces an output of 1. The combination
should satisfy the following conditions:
At least one input must be 1.
The number of inputs set to 1 must be odd."
Which combination of logic gate inputs should you enter to unlock the door?
INSPIRATIONAL QUOTES:

“Teachers can open the door, but you must enter it yourself.” —Chinese proverb

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WEEK: 6
TOPIC: LOGIC CIRCUIT
LESSON OBJECTIVES: By the end of the lesson students will be able to
 describe of alternative logic gate
 mention the types of alternative logic gates NAND, NOR, XOR, XNOR
 show Symbols of each logic gate.
 constructs the truth table of NAND, NOR gates.
ENTRY BEHAVIOUR:
The teacher asks the students to define the three basic logic gate
SUB-TOPIC 1: DESCRIPTION OF ALTERNATIVE LOGIC GATE
CONTENT:
Although OR, AND, and NOT gate combinations are good enough for the construction of any logic
operation, there are alternative methods that could be used. The alternative logic gates are NAND
and the NOR logic gates. Alternative methods using NAND and NOR gates are more economical
and therefore more widely used.
All logic operations can be performed with combinations of just NANDs or NORs, but a
combination of NORs with NANDs is usually preferable to one provided just by NANDs.

TYPES OF ALTERNATIVE LOGIC GATES

Basic digital logic gates perform logical operations using the following standard single logic gates:
i. NAND gate
ii. NOR gate
iii. XOR gate
iv. XNOR gate

NAND Gate
A NAND gate, sometimes known as a ‘NOT-AND’ gate, is essentially a Not gate followed by an
AND gate. NAND is an abbreviation for “NOT AND.” A two-input NAND gate is a digital
combination logic circuit that performs the logical inverse of an AND gate.

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While an AND gate outputs a logical “1” only if both inputs are logical “1,” a NAND gate outputs a
logical “0” for this same combination of inputs. The symbol and truth table for a NAND gate is
shown in Figure 1. The Boolean expression for a NAND gate with two inputs (A, B) and output X
is:
1. This gate’s output is 0 only if none of the inputs is 0. Alternatively, when all of the inputs are
not high and at least one is low, the output is high.
2. If there are two inputs A and B, the Boolean expression for the NAND gate is Y=(A.B)’

Input Output

A B A NAND B

0 0 1

0 1 1

1 0 1

1 1 0

Symbol of NAND gate

By comparing their truth tables, we can observe that their outputs are the polar opposite of an
AND gate. The NAND gate is known as a universal gate because it may be used to implement the
AND, OR, and NOT gates.
Truth table construction for NAND
INPUT INPUT OUTPUT OUTPUT
(AND) (NAND)
X Y X.Y X.Y
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 1 1 1 0
1 0 0 1
0 1 0 1
0 0 0 1
Two inputs NAND gate.
The Boolean expression is A.B=Q
NOR Gate
A NOR gate, sometimes known as a “NOT-OR” gate, consists of an OR gate followed by a NOT
gate A NOR gate, short for "NOT-OR" it performs the negation (inversion) of the output of an OR
gate. In simpler terms, a NOR gate takes in two or more input signals and produces an output
signal based on the logic of the inputs..
1. This gate’s output is 1 only when all of its inputs are 0. Alternatively, when all of the inputs
are low, the output is high.
2. The Boolean statement for the NOR gate is Y=(A+B)’ if there are two inputs A and B.
Input Output

A B A NOR B

0 0 1

0 1 0

1 0 0

1 1 0

Symbol of NOR gate

By comparing the truth tables, we can observe that the outputs of the NOR gate are the polar
opposite of those of an OR gate. The NOR gate is sometimes known as a universal gate since it
may be used to implement the OR, AND, and NOT gates.
Truth table construction for NOR
INPUT INPUT OUTPUT OUTPUT
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 (OR) (NOR)
X Y X+Y X+Y
1 1 1 0
1 0 1 0
0 1 1 0
0 0 0 1
Two inputs NOR gate.
The Boolean expression is A+B=Q

A.

INPUTS OUTPUT

PRACTICE EXERCISE: (5 fill in the gap question per subtopic, 3 short answer questions)
1. XOR: The result of an ___ operation is true (or 1) when the number of true inputs is ___.
Otherwise, the result is false (or 0).
2. XNOR: The output of an ___ gate is false (or 0) if the number of true inputs is ___. Conversely,
if the number of true inputs is ___, the output is true (or 1).
3. XOR: In binary arithmetic, XOR is often used for ___ addition, where each bit is added along
with a ___ bit from the previous step.
4. XNOR: An XNOR gate's output is true when ___ inputs are either all true or all false. It yields
false when the inputs are ___.
5. XOR vs. XNOR: XOR and XNOR are considered ___ operations, as they produce true outputs
for specific combinations of input values.
Answers:
1. XOR, odd
2. XNOR, odd, even
3. half, carry
4. all, mixed
5. complementary
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EVALUATION
1. Mention the two main types of alternative logic gate.
2. Show the arithmetic operations of NAND and NOR gate.

SUB-TOPIC 2: construction of Truth table for XNOR, XOR

CONTENT:
Logical Symbol of XOR Gate

What is an XOR Gate?

An XOR gate (also known as an EOR, or EXOR gate) – pronounced as Exclusive OR gate – is a
digital logic gate that gives a true (i.e. a HIGH or 1) output when the number of true inputs is odd.
An XOR gate implements an exclusive OR, i.e., a true output result occurs if one – and only one –
of the gate’s inputs is true. If both inputs are false (i.e. LOW or 0) or both inputs are true, the output
is false.

An XOR gate is logically represented as,

XNOR Gate

The XNOR gate (also known as a XORN’T, ENOR, EXNOR or NXOR) – and pronounced as
Exclusive NOR – is a digital logic gate whose function is the logical complement of the exclusive
OR gate (XOR gate). Logically, an XNOR gate is a NOT gate followed by an XOR gate.
Sometimes, the XNOR gate is also called the Equivalence gate.

The symbol of the XNOR gate

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The truth table of the XNOR gate is shown below:

CONCLUSION
TOPICAL TEST: (10 multiple Choice Questions,)
1. Which logic gate has an output of 1 only when all inputs are 1?
a) AND gate
b) OR gate
c) XOR gate
d) NOT gate
2. What is the output of an OR gate if both inputs are 0?
a) 0
b) 1
c) Depends on the specific gate
d) Cannot be determined
3. Which logic gate is often referred to as the "inverter"?
a) AND gate
b) OR gate
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 c) XOR gate
d) NOT gate
4. Which logic gate produces an output of 1 if and only if exactly one input is 1?
a) AND gate
b) OR gate
c) XOR gate
d) NOT gate
5. What is the output of a NAND gate if both inputs are 1?
a) 0
b) 1
c) Depends on the specific gate
d) Cannot be determined
6. Which logic gate has an output of 0 only when all inputs are 1?
a) AND gate
b) OR gate
c) XOR gate
d) NOR gate
7. What is the output of a NOR gate if both inputs are 0?
a) 0
b) 1
c) Depends on the specific gate
d) Cannot be determined
8. Which logic gate is used to perform addition in binary arithmetic?
a) AND gate
b) OR gate
c) XOR gate
d) Half Adder
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9. A logic gate that implements the Boolean operation A OR B is a(n) ___________ gate.
a) OR
b) AND
c) NOT
d) XOR
10. Which logic gate returns an output of 0 if and only if both inputs are 1?
a) AND gate
b) OR gate
c) XOR gate
d) NOT gate
PUZZLES / BRAIN TEASER:
The Mysterious Gate Combinations:
You have three logic gates: AND gate, OR gate, and XOR gate. You also have three inputs: A, B,
and C. Your task is to create a logic circuit using these gates and inputs that produces an output D.
Here are the conditions for the output D:
D should be true (1) if and only if at least two of the inputs A, B, and C are true.
D should be false (0) if only one or none of the inputs A, B, and C are true.
Can you design a logic circuit using these gates and inputs to satisfy these conditions and generate
the output D?
INSPIRATIONAL QUOTES:

“Teachers can open the door, but you must enter it yourself.” —Chinese proverb

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WEEK: 8
TOPIC: COMPUTER DATA CONVERSION
LESSON OBJECTIVES: By the end of the lesson the student will able to
 highlight the definition – Register, Address, Bus
 mention the various types of register
 state function of each register
 list the differences between register and main memory.

ENTRY BEHAVIOUR: The students have been taught the components of the CPU
SUB-TOPIC 1: DATA CONVERSION AND REGISTER
CONTENT:
Data conversion is the conversion of computer data from one format to another. Throughout a
computer environment, data is encoded in a variety of ways. For example, computer hardware is
built on the basis of certain standards, which requires that data contains, for example, parity
bit checks. Similarly, the operating system is predicated on certain standards for data and file
handling. Data conversions may as simple as the conversion of a text file from one character
encoding system to another; or more complex, such as the conversion of office file formats, or the
conversion of image and audio file formats.
There are many ways in which data is converted within the computer environment. This may be
seamless, as in the case of upgrading to a newer version of a computer program.

REGISTER
These are temporary storage areas for instructions or data. They are not part of memory; rather they
are special additional storage locations that offer the advantage of speed. Register work under the
direction of the control unit to accept, hold and transfer instruction or data and perform arithmetic
or logical comparisons at high speed.
Most operations are done on registers; the processor can’t directly perform arithmetic in memory
for example. If you want to add 1 to a memory location, the processor will normally do this by
loading the initial value from memory into a register, adding 1 to the register, and then saving the
value back to memory.

MEMORY ADDRESS
This is an identifier for a memory location, at which a computer program or a hardware device can
store data and later retrieve it. Each memory location, in both ROM and RAM, holds a binary
number and only depends on the context of the instructions which retrieve and manipulate it.

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BUS
The buses are media that connect the microprocessor (CPU) to each of the RAM, ROM, and
input/output (I/0). Through the buses, information transfer takes place between the CPU and the I/O
devices.
TYPES OF REGISTERS
Registers are normally measured by the number of bits they can hold, e.g “8-bit register” to “32-bit
register”.
MDR- Memory Data Register
This is a register of a computer’s control unit that contains the data to be stored in the computer
storage (e.g. RAM), or the data after a fetch from the computer storage. It acts like a buffer and
holds anything that is copied from the memory ready for the processor to use it.

MDR is a two-way register. MDR is half of a minimal interface between a micro-program and
computer storage, the other half is a memory address register.

CIR – Current Interrupt Register

This is part of the CPU’s control unit that stores the instruction currently being executed or
decoded. This captures the value that is winning the interrupt arbitration. The CIR is updated at the
beginning of an interrupt acknowledge (IACKN) us cycle or in response to an update CIR
command. The contents remain in the CIR until another IACKN cycle or update command occurs.
Modern processor can perform some of the operation out of order as decoding on several
instructions is done in parallel.

Others are:
i. User-accessible Register
ii. Data Register
iii. Address Register
iv. Conditional Register
v. General Purpose Register (GPRs)
vi. Floating Point Register (FPRs)
vii. Constant Register
viii. Vector Register
ix. Special Purpose Registers

PRACTICE EXERCISE: (5 fill in the gap question per subtopic, 3 short answer questions)
1. The Program Counter (PC) register holds the memory address of the ____________
instruction.
2. The Instruction Register (IR) contains the ____________ fetched from memory.
3. The Memory Address Register (MAR) stores the ____________ to be accessed in memory.
4. The Cache Register stores frequently used ____________ to speed up data retrieval.

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 5. The Status Register holds flags that indicate the outcome of ____________ operations.

SUB-TOPIC 2:DIFFERENCES BETWEEN REGISTER AND MAIN MEMORY

CONTENT:
What You Need To Know About Memory
 Registers are located inside the CPU.
 Data has to be loaded into a CPU register from memory before the CPU can process it.
 Register holds small amount of data.
 Data storage capacity of register ranges between 32-bits to 64-bits.
 CPU can operate on the register at a very much faster rate when compared to memory (the
rate is more than one operation in one clock).
 Registers are smallest data holding elements that are built into the processor itself.
 Registers hold the operands or instruction that CPU is currently processing.
 Types of registers include: Accumulator register, Program counter, Instruction Register,
Address Register etc.

What You Need To Know About Registers

 Memory or RAM is located external to the CPU.

 Data has to be loaded into a CPU memory after register the CPU can process it.
 Memory stores the large amount of data than register.
 Data storage capacity of memory ranges between Gigabyte (GB) to Terabyte (TB).
 CPU accesses memory at the slower rate than registers.
 Memory is the largest data holding element that is built external to the processor itself.
 Memory holds the instructions and the data that the currently executing program in CPU
requires.
 RAM is the main memory of the computer. Though memory are usually classified as either
volatile or non-volatile.

Different Between Memory And Registers In Tabular Form

BASIS OF
REGISTERS MEMORY
COMPARISON

Memory is the largest data

Registers are smallest data holding
holding element that is
Description elements that are built into the
built external to the
processor itself.
processor itself.

Location Registers are located inside the Memory or RAM is

CPU. located external to the
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 CPU.

Data has to be loaded into

Data has to be loaded into a CPU
a CPU memory after
Data Loading register from memory before the
register the CPU can
CPU can process it.
process it.

Memory stores the large

Register holds small amount of
Data Storage amount of data than
data.
register.

Data storage capacity of

Data Storage Data storage capacity of register memory ranges between
Capacity ranges between 32-bits to 64-bits. Gigabyte (GB) to Terabyte
(TB).

CPU can operate on the register at

a very much faster rate when CPU accesses memory at
CPU Speed compared to memory (the rate is the slower rate than
more than one operation in one registers.
clock).

Memory holds the

Registers hold the operands or instructions and the data
Function instruction that CPU is currently that the currently
processing. executing program in CPU
requires.

Types of registers include:

Random Access Memory
Accumulator register, Program
Types (RAM) Read only
counter, Instruction Register,
memory (ROM)
Address Register etc.

1. Differentiate between the register and main memory.

2. What is a bus?
3. What do you understand by memory address?
4. Compare register and main memory
5. What are the characteristics of a bus?

TOPICAL TEST: (10 multiple Choice Questions,)

1 The Program Counter (PC) register is used to store:
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a) Data
b) Instructions
c) Flags
d) Addresses
2. The purpose of the Instruction Register (IR) is to hold:
a) Data values
b) Memory addresses
c) Program instructions
d) Control signals
3. The Memory Address Register (MAR) is responsible for storing:
a) Process status
b) Arithmetic results
c) Memory addresses
d) Data values
4. Which type of register is used to temporarily store data during arithmetic and logical operations?
a) Cache Register
b) Counter Register
c) Data Register
d) Index Register
5. The Stack Pointer (SP) register is used to keep track of:
a) Instructions executed
b) Data transfers
c) Top of the stack
d) Clock cycles

6. The Status Register (Flag Register) stores flags that indicate the outcome of:
a) Memory access
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b) Arithmetic and logic operations
c) Program compilation
d) Network communication
7. The purpose of the Index Register is to hold:
a) Data offsets
b) Arithmetic results
c) Control signals
d) Memory addresses
8. The Control Register is responsible for:
a) Holding arithmetic results
b) Configuring hardware settings
c) Storing program instructions
d) Managing memory access
9. The Cache Register is used to store frequently used:
a) Arithmetic operations
b) Memory addresses
c) Data values
d) Control signals
10. Registers are small, high-speed storage units located within the:
a) Hard drive
b) Monitor
c) Central Processing Unit (CPU)
d) Printer
INSPIRATIONAL QUOTES:
It is the supreme art of the teacher to awaken joy in creative expression and knowledge.
- Albert Einstein

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WEEK: 9
TOPIC: COMPUTER DATA CONVERSION

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LESSON OBJECTIVES: By the end of the lesson the students will be able to
 outlines steps in ‘data-fetch-execute’ cycle in a simple form
 state the Factors affecting speed of data transfer

ENTRY BEHAVIOUR: The students have been taught how to the CPU execute daily task
SUB-TOPIC 1: OUTLINES STEPS IN ‘DATA-FETCH-EXECUTE’ CYCLE IN A SIMPLE
FORM

CONTENT:
Micro-computer can perform the data read and write operations with the memory. When the
memory is receiving data from microcomputer, it is called a WRITE operation, and data is stored
into a selected memory location. When the memory is sending data to microcomputer element it is
called a READ operation.
As soon as a computer is powered on, it begins the process of the fetch-execute cycle. This cycle is
however, from the beginning of the PC startup, the computer is run. The cycle contains 3 main
parts.
1. Fetch next instruction
2. Decode instruction
3. Run instruction

The Fetch Cycle

Fetch execute cycle is the very basic way a computer works. It collects data from the memory and
stores it in the MBR as well as setting the program to load the next step. This prepares the
processor for the information it is about to receive, as well as progress the program ready for the
next processor cycle.

The Execute Cycle

This cycle processes the command and returns the result.

PRACTICE EXERCISE: (5 fill in the gap question per subtopic, 3 short answer questions)
1. Converting analog signals to digital signals is known as ____________.
2. The process of converting digital signals back to analog signals is called ____________.
3. A byte consists of ____________ bits.
4. The hexadecimal number system uses ____________ as its base.
5. ASCII is a character encoding standard that represents characters using ____________-bit
binary numbers.
SUB-TOPIC 2: Factors Affecting Speed of Data Transfer
CONTENT:
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The bus refers to the paths between the components of a computer. The data bus and the address
bus are two main buses in a computer which are located on the motherboard.
The performance of computer buses was measured by the number of bits they could transfer at one
time. Hence, the newest 64-bit buses are typically considered the fastest available. This type of
performance is usually measured in megabits per second (Mbps) or megabytes per second (MBps).

THE FACTORS ARE:

BUS Speed: The speed of the bus reflects how many bits of information can be sent across each
wire each second. Most buses transmit one bit of data per line, per clock cycle; although newer
high performance buses like AGP (compute accelerated graphics port) may actually move two bits
of data per clock cycle.
Similarly, older buses like the ISA (industry standard architecture) bus may take two clock cycles to
move one bit, halving performance. This is the number of data packets sent or received per second
and its frequency is expressed in Hertz

BUS WIDTH
A bus is a channel over which information flows. The wider the bus, the more information can flow
over the channel, much as a wider highway can carry more cars than a narrow one.
The original ISA bus on the IBM PC was 8 bit wide; the universal ISA bus used now is 16 bits. The
other I/O buses including VL-Bus (VLB) and peripheral component interconnect (PCI) are 32 bits
wide. The memory and processor buses on Pentium and higher PCs are 64 bits wide.
TOPICAL TEST: (10 multiple Choice Questions, 10 fill in the gap questions and 5 essay
question)
1. The bus width refers to:
a) The physical size of the bus
b) The number of parallel lines in the bus
c) The length of the bus
d) The speed of data transfer
2. A wider bus width typically results in:
a) Slower data transfer
b) Faster data transfer
c) No impact on data transfer speed
d) More efficient power usage
3. The data transfer rate is affected by:
a) Bus width only
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 b) Clock speed only
c) Both bus width and clock speed
d) Neither bus width nor clock speed
4. Increasing the clock speed of a bus can lead to:
a) Slower data transfer
b) Faster data transfer
c) Decreased power consumption
d) Unchanged data transfer rate
5. The number of devices connected to a bus can influence data transfer speed due to:
a) Decreased data collisions
b) Increased parallelism
c) Enhanced clock synchronization
d) Limited bandwidth sharing
6. The quality of the transmission medium (e.g., cables) affects data transfer speed due to:
a) Faster processor performance
b) Lower data requirements
c) Reduced signal degradation
d) Improved clock accuracy
7. A narrower bus width is generally associated with:
a) Higher data transfer rate
b) Lower data transfer rate
c) Unchanged data transfer rate
d) Greater clock speed
8. Data caching can improve data transfer speed by:
a) Increasing data collisions
b) Decreasing clock speed
c) Storing frequently used data closer to the processor
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 d) Slowing down memory access
9. Bus contention occurs when:
a) Data transfer is fast
b) Multiple devices compete to use the bus
c) Bus width is increased
d) Clock speed is reduced
10. The technology used in the bus (e.g., DDR, GDDR) affects data transfer speed by:
a) Impacting bus width only
b) Influencing clock speed only
c) Enhancing both bus width and clock speed
d) Having no effect on data transfer rate
PRACTICE EXERCISE:
 State the factors affecting speed of data transfer.
 What is the effect of the bus width on the speed of a computer?
 State steps that are involved in data-fetch-execute cycle
 Explain why computer does need data conversion.

INSPIRATIONAL QUOTES:
Tell me and I forget. Teach me and I remember. Involve me and I learn.
----Xunzi

WEEK 10
TOPIC: DATA REPRESENTATION
LESSON OBJECTIVES: By the end of the lesson the students should be able:
 Define data representation and explain its significance.

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  Describe various methods of data representation, including bits, BCD, EBCDIC, and
ASCII.
 Understand the concept of computer character sets and their applications.

ENTRY BEHAVIOUR: The students have been taught number bases

SUB-TOPIC 1: Definition of Data Representations
CONTENT: Definition of Data Representations

Data Representation refers to the process of using physical properties of a medium to symbolically
express data using binary digits within a computer. This allows us to store, manipulate, and
communicate information effectively in a digital format. It's crucial in the world of computing as it
forms the foundation for how computers process and manage data.

PRACTICE EXERCISE:

FILL IN THE GAP QUESTIONS:

1. Data Representation involves expressing data using ____________ digits.

2. BCD stands for ____________ Coded Decimal, a method to represent decimal digits using
binary sequences.

3. EBCDIC is an 8-bit character encoding used mainly on ____________ computer operating

systems.

4. ASCII is based on the ordering of the ____________ alphabet and is widely used for text
representation.

5. Each character in a computer is stored as a ____________, which consists of 8 bits.

SHORT ANSWER QUESTIONS:

1. Why is data representation crucial in the world of computing?

2. Explain the concept of BCD (Binary Coded Decimal) and how it represents decimal digits.

3. Differentiate between ASCII and EBCDIC character encodings in terms of usage and
history.

SUB-TOPIC 2: Description of Data Representation Methods

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CONTENT: Description of Data Representation Methods

Data can be represented through various methods, each serving a specific purpose

Bits: A bit is the smallest unit of data and can represent either a 1 or a 0. It forms the basis of all
digital data in computers and is often referred to as machine language.

BCD (Binary Coded Decimal): BCD is a method of representing decimal digits using binary
sequences. Each decimal digit is represented by a 4-bit binary code. For example:

BCD Decimal

0100 4

0011 3

1000 8

EBCDIC (Extended Binary Coded Decimal Interchange Code): EBCDIC is an 8-bit character
encoding mainly used on IBM systems. It predates ASCII and provides a unique binary
representation for characters.

ASCII (American Standard Code for Information Interchange): ASCII is a character-encoding

scheme based on the English alphabet's order. It's widely used to represent text and control
characters in computers.

PRACTICE EXERCISE:
FILL IN THE GAP QUESTIONS:

1. The smallest unit of data, representing a 1 or a 0, is known as a __________.

2. BCD stands for Binary Coded Decimal, and it represents decimal digits using __________
sequences.

3. EBCDIC, an 8-bit character encoding, is commonly used on __________ systems.

4. ASCII, a character-encoding scheme, is based on the order of the __________ alphabet.

5. The Extended Binary Coded Decimal Interchange Code, or __________, is used mainly on
__________ systems.

SHORT ANSWER QUESTIONS:

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 1. What is a bit, and why is it considered the foundation of digital data in computers?

2. Explain the concept of BCD (Binary Coded Decimal) and provide an example of how it
represents decimal digits.

3. How does EBCDIC differ from ASCII, and in what context is each character encoding
commonly used?

SUB-TOPIC 3: Computer Character Sets

CONTENT: Computer Character Sets

Characters in computers are stored as bytes, which consist of 8 bits, offering 256 possible bit
combinations (ranging from 0 to 255). Two prevalent character sets determine how characters are
represented:

ASCII: Used in most minicomputers and PCs, ASCII maps characters to specific bit patterns,
facilitating consistent communication and text representation.

EBCDIC: Employed on IBM mainframes, EBCDIC predates ASCII. It's also an 8-bit character set
but uses different bit patterns to represent characters compared to ASCII.

PRACTICE EXERCISE:
FILL IN THE GAP QUESTIONS:

1. Characters in computers are stored as __________, which are composed of 8 bits.

2. ASCII stands for __________ Standard Code for Information Interchange.

3. EBCDIC, commonly used on IBM mainframes, employs distinct __________ patterns for
character representation compared to ASCII.

4. ASCII maps characters to specific __________ patterns to ensure consistent communication.

5. EBCDIC is an 8-bit character encoding that predates __________.

SHORT ANSWER QUESTIONS:

1. How many possible bit combinations are there in a byte, and why does this number
matter in data representation?

2. Describe the role of ASCII in character encoding and its significance in facilitating
communication and text representation.
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 3. Explain the difference between ASCII and EBCDIC character encoding schemes,
including their usage contexts and historical significance.

CONCLUSION
TOPICAL TEST: MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS:

1. Which method represents decimal digits using binary sequences? (a) Bits (b) BCD (c)
EBCDIC.

2. Data Representation is important in computing because: (a) It defines computer hardware

(b) It determines the speed of a computer (c) It allows for effective storage, manipulation,
and communication of data

3. EBCDIC is commonly used on: (a) PCs (b) Minicomputers (c) IBM mainframes.

4. ASCII maps characters to specific: (a) Words (b) Bit patterns (c) Colors.

5. How many possible combinations of bits are there within a byte? (a) 4 (b) 16 (c) 256.

6. The foundation of digital data in computers is based on: (a) Bytes (b) Bits (c)
Kilobytes.

7. Which character encoding scheme is widely used for text and control characters? (a)
BCD (b) ASCII
(c) EBCDIC.

8. EBCDIC predates which character encoding scheme? (a) Binary (b) ASCII (c)
Unicode.

9. ASCII is based on the order of which alphabet? (a) Greek alphabet (b) Latin alphabet
(c) Cyrillic alphabet.

10. Which method of data representation forms the basis of all digital data in computers?

(a) ASCII (b) Bytes (c) Bits.

FILL IN THE GAP QUESTIONS:

1. Characters in computers are stored as __________, which consist of 8 bits.

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 2. ASCII maps characters to specific __________ patterns, facilitating consistent
communication.

3. The Extended Binary Coded Decimal Interchange Code, or __________, is used mainly on
IBM systems.

4. BCD represents decimal digits using __________ sequences.

5. EBCDIC is an 8-bit character encoding mainly used on __________ systems.

6. Data representation is crucial in computing as it enables effective __________,

manipulation, and communication of information.

7. Compare and contrast BCD and ASCII data representation methods: BCD uses __________-
bit binary codes, while ASCII is based on the __________ alphabet.

8. In EBCDIC, each character is assigned a unique __________ pattern to represent it in

binary.

9. The character set __________ is commonly used on most minicomputers and PCs.

10. The significance of character sets like ASCII and EBCDIC lies in determining how
__________ are stored and communicated in computers.

ESSAY QUESTIONS:

1. Explain the concept of data representation and discuss its importance in the context of
computing.

2. Compare and contrast the methods of data representation known as BCD and ASCII. How
do they differ in their approaches and applications?

3. Elaborate on the role of character sets in computer systems. Discuss the significance of both
ASCII and EBCDIC character encoding schemes and their respective usage scenarios.

4. Define a byte and its composition in terms of bits. How does the number of possible
combinations of bits within a byte impact data representation?

5. Imagine a scenario where ASCII and EBCDIC character encoding schemes were
interchanged in their common usage contexts. Discuss the potential implications and challenges
that might arise due to this switch.

GLOSSARY OF TERMS / KEY WORDS / VOCABULARY:

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Data Representation

Binary Digits (Bits)

BCD (Binary Coded Decimal)

EBCDIC (Extended Binary Coded Decimal Interchange Code)

ASCII (American Standard Code for Information Interchange)

Character Set

PUZZLES / BRAIN TEASER:

Decode the following ASCII values to characters: 65, 98, 115, 116, 121

INSPIRATIONAL QUOTES:

"In the world of computers, data representation is the key that unlocks the door of understanding." -
Anonymous

"Just as different languages enable communication between people, character sets enable
communication between computers." - Tech Sage

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WEEK:

TOPIC:

LESSON OBJECTIVES:

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