1 |CLASS NOTE [Link].

com Sarthak Mahara sir

;fy{s dx/f

lbuf] ljsf;, jftfj/0fLo kl/l:ylt, kof{j/0fLo ;+/If0f, h}ljs ljljwtf,

hnjfo' kl/jt{g, hg;f+lVosL, ;x/Ls/0f, a;f]af;, k|b'if0f, k|fs[lts ;|f]t tyf
/fli6«o ;Dkbfx?sf] ;+/If0f;DaGwL ;fdfGo ;jfnx?
❖ jftfj/0f eGgfn] –xfd|f] jl/k/L /x]sf ;Dk'0f{ h}ljs tyf ch}ljs j:t'x?sf] ;fd'lxs :j?k Pj+ cl:tTj / cfk;L cGt/;DaGwnfO{
jftfj/0f elgG5 . xfn g]kfndf jftfj/0f P]g, @)%# sfof{Gjogdf /x]sf] 5 .
ljZj jftfj/0f lbj;
❖ x/]s jif{ h'g % df dgfOg],
❖ UNEP sf] cfXjfgdf ;g\ !(&# b]lv dgfpg yflnPsf] ,
❖ g]kfndf ljZj jftfj/0f lbj; dgfpg yflnPsf] – ;g\ !(&^ b]lv
❖ ;g @)@% sf] ljZj jftfj/0f lbj;sf] gf/f : Knfli6s k|b'if0f Go'lgs/0f M xfd|f] bfoLTj

lbuf] ljsf;

✓ eljiosf k':tfx?sf] hLjgofkgdf s'g} c;/ gkg]{ u/L jt{dfgsf k':tfsf] cfjZostfx? kl/k"lt{ ug]{ u/L ul/g] ljsf; g} lbuf] ljsf;
xf] .
✓ lbuf] ljsf;sf] cjwf/0ffsf] ljsf; – ;g\ !(*) sf] bzsdf
✓ g]kfndf bLuf] ljsfz Ph]08f agfOPsf] M lj=;+= @)^)
✓ Sustainable Development zAb k|of]u ug]{ k|yd JolQm – afaf{/f jf8{
✓ ;j{k|yd lbuf] ljsf; zAbsf] k|of]u – ;g\ !(*& df a|'6NofG8 sld;gsf] k|ltj]bg xfd|f] ;femf eljioÚ – Our Common Future
df ;dfj]z ul/Psf] xf] . - jftfj/0f / bLuf] ljsfz ;DaGwL ljZj cfof]u
✓ Jfftfj/0f / ljsf;;DaGwL ljZj cfof]u -a|'6NofG8 cfof]u_
o Uf7g – ;g\ !(*# -UNO 4f/f_
o gj]{sL tTsfnLg k|wfgdGqL u|f] xfn]{d a|'6NofG8sf] cWoIftfdf u7g ePsf],
o a|'6NofG8 cfof]usf] k|ltj]bgsf] gfd – Our Common Future-xfd|f] ;femf eljio_
o a|'6NofG8 cfof]un] cfkm\gf] k|ltj]bg UNO ;dIf ;g\ !(*& df k]z u/]sf] .
✓ jftfj/0fLo eljio;DaGwL x]lN;lGs ;Dd]ng – ;g\ !(&!
✓ dfgjLo kof{j/0f;DaGwL UN ;Dd]ng – ;g\ !(&@, :jL8]gsf] :6sxf]d
✓ jftfj/0fLo ;d:ofnfO{ lnP/ cGt/fli6«o :t/df 5nkmn ePsf] klxnf] ;Dd]ng – ;g\ !(&@ sf] :6sxf]d ;Dd]ng -o;n] !)( j6f
;'emfjx? ;lxtsf] sfo{of]hgf kfl/t u/]sf]_
✓ ;+o'Qm /fi6«;+3Lo kof{j/0f sfo{qmd UNEP sf] :yfkgf – ;g\ !(&@ l8;]Da/ !%
✓ ljZj ;+/If0f ;+3 (IUCN) sf] :yfkgf – ;g\ !($*
✓ ;+o'Qm /fi6«;+3Lo ljsf; tyf jftfj/0f cfof]usf] u7g – ;g\ !(*#

k[YjL ;Dd]ng ÷l/of] ;Dd]ng

• ;g\ !((@ h'\g #–!$, a|flhnsf] l/of] lb h]g]l/of] .
• gf/f M Ps dfq k[YjLsf] /Iff u/f}
• ;xefuL /fi6« ;+Vof M !&*sf k|ltlglw ;+Vof #%)) / &)) /fi6« ;+l3o clwsf/L
• g]kfnaf6 efu lng] M tTsfnLg k|wfgdGqL lu/Lhf k|;fb sf]O/fnf
✓ ;Dd]ngsf] 3f]if0ffkqdf $ ljifo ;dfj]z ul/Psf]
s_ Ph]08f @! v_ h}ljs ljljwtf
u_ hnjfo' kl/jt{g 3_ jg ;+/If0f ;DalGw l;4fGt

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2 |CLASS NOTE [Link] Sarthak Mahara sir

Ph]08f @!
• a|flhnsf] l/of] lb h]g]l/of]df ePsf] ;Dd]ngn] jftfj/0f ;+/If0fdf /fi6«x?n] ug'{kg]{ sfdx?sf] ;'rLnfO{ Agenda 21 elgG5 .
• !&( b]zn] x:tfIf/ u/]sf] .
• g]kfnn] Ph]08f @! df cfwfl/t eP/ bfª,;'v]{t / s}nfnL lhNnfdf lbuf] ljsf; ;DalGw Capacity 3 sfo{qmd sfof{Gjog u/]sf] .
• Agenda 21 df x:tfIf/ ug]{ klxnf] /fi6« rLg - ;g !(($_

• hnjfo' kl/jt{g / lbuf] ljsf;;DaGwL afnL ;Dd]ng – ;g\ @))&

✓ ;x;|fAbL ljsf; nIosf] 3f]if0ff – ;g\ @))) df lgwf{l/t ;g @)!% ;Dd k'/f ug]{ ul/ to ul/Psf] nIo
• nIox? M r/d ul/aL / ef]sd/Lsf] cGTo
• cfwf/e't k|fylds lzIff xfl;n ug]{
• afn d[To'b/ 36fpg]
• n}lªu ;dfgtf sfod ug]{
• cfdfsf] :jf:Yo :t/ dfly p7fpg]
• P8\; , dn]l/of cfbL /f]u lj?4 ;zQm k|ltsf/ ug]{
• jftfj/l0fo :t/nfO{ dfgj,kz'klIf , jg:klt cg's'n l:ylt sfod ug]{
• lbuf] ljsf;sf nflu ljZjJoflk ;fem]bf/L sfod ug]{

✓ g]kfndf jftfj/0f ;+/If0f;DaGwL ljifosf] cjwf/0ff s'g of]hgfb]lv ;'?jft ul/Psf] – 5}6f}+
✓ g]kfndf lbuf] ljsf;;DaGwL gLlt cjnDag ul/Psf] – cf7f}+ of]hgfb]lv
✓ k|fs[lts tyf ;f+:s[lts ;|f]t ;+/If0f kl/ifb\sf] :yfkgf – lj=;+= @)$&
✓ g]kfndf hg;+Vof tyf jftfj/0f dGqfnosf] :yfkgf – lj=;+= @)%@
✓ jftfj/0f ;+/If0f kl/ifbsf] :yfkgf – lj=;+= @)%)
✓ g]kfndf /fli6«o jftfj/0f gLlt tyf sfo{of]hgf ;g !((# af6 nfu' ePsf] .
✓ g]kfndf /fli6«o ;+/If0f /0fgLlt nfu" ePsf] – ;g\ !((*
✓ k[YjLsf] cf]hf]g tx ljgfz ug]{ d'Vo UofF; – Snf]/f]km\nf]/f] sfj{g
✓ ;f}o{ zlQm4f/f vfg]kfgL z'l4s/0f ug]{ ljlw – ;f]l8; k|ljlw

lbuf] ljsf; nIo (SDGS) -;g\ @)!^ – @)#)_

❖ ;+o'Qm /fi6«;+l3o dxf;efn] ;g @)#) ;Dddf xfl;n ug]{ ul/ to u/]sf] !& nIo
❖ g]kfnn] bLuf],ljsf;sf] nIo lj=;+= @)*& cyf{t ;g @)#) leq xfl;n ug]{ nIo
❖ !(# j6f /fi6« ;xefuL ;+o'Qm /fi6«;+3Lo &) cf}+ dxf;efaf6 ;g\ @)!% ;]D6]Da/ @% df cg'df]bg ePsf,
❖ ;g\ @)!^ af6 ;'? eP/ ;g\ @)#) df ;lsg],
❖ !&j6f nIo ,!^( j6f uGtJo / @#( j6f ;"rsx? /x]sf .
❖ bLuf] ljsfzsf] nIo k'/f ug{ g]kfnnfO{ jif]{gL @) va{ , @% ca{ /sd rflxg] /fli6«o of]hgfsf] cfFsng .
❖ of] cjlwdf g]kfn dWod cfo ePsf] ljsfz;Ln /fi6«df :t/f]GgtL x'g] g]kfnsf] nIo /x]sf] 5 .

bLuf] ljsf;sf nIox?

!= ;a} 7fpFdf ;a} k|sf/sf ul/aLsf] cGTo ug]{,-zero poverty)

@= ef]sd/Lsf] cGTo ug]{, vfB ;'?Iff, kf]if0f :t/df ;'wf/ / lbuf] s[lif ljsf;sf] k|fjwfg, zero Hungerness,
#= ;a}sf nflu :j:y hLjgsf] ;'lglZrttf, Good Health
$= ;a}sf nflu ;dfj]zL / ;dtfd"ns u'0f:t/Lo lzIffsf] ;'lglZrttf Pj= hLjg ko{Gt l;sfO{sf] cj;/, Quality Education
%= n}+lus ;dfgtf / dlxnf tyf aflnsfsf] ;zlQms/0f, Gender Equality

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3 |CLASS NOTE [Link] Sarthak Mahara sir

^= ;a}sf nflu vfg]kfgL tyf ;/;kmfO{sf] lbuf] pknAwtfsf] ;'lglZrttf,

clean water and sanitation
&= ;a}sf nflu e/kbf]{ / wflgg ;Sg] cfw'lgs phf{sf] kx'Frsf] ;'lglZrttf, Affordable and clean energy
*= e/kbf]{, ;dfj]zL / lbuf] cfly{s j[l4 Pj+ ;a}sf nflu pTkfbgzLn /f]huf/L, Decent work and Economic Growth,
(= k|lt/f]wL k"jf{wf/ lgdf{0f, lbuf] / ;dfj]zL cf}Bf]lusLs/0fsf] k|jw{g / gjk|jt{g, Industry , Innovation and infrastruture,
!)= b]zleq / b]zx?aLrsf] c;dfgtfsf] Go"gLs/0f, Reducing Inequalities,
!!= ;x/ tyf dfgj j:tLnfO{ ;dfj]zL, ;'/lIft, k|lt/f]wL / lbuf] t'Nofpg], , , , , Sustainable cities and Communities
!@= lbuf] pTkfbg / pkef]usf] ;'lglZrttf, ,Responsible consumption and production,
!#= hnjfo' kl/jt{g / o;sf c;/x?sf] Go"lgs/0fsf nflu tTsfn kxn ug]{, Climate Action,
!$= lbuf] ljsf;sf nflu ;d'b|, ;d'b|L lsgf/ / ;d'b|L ;|f]tsf] ;+/If0f / lbuf] pkof]u, Life Below Water,
!%= lbuf] jg Joj:yfkg / h}ljs ljljwtfsf] ;+/If0f, Life on land
!^= zfGt / ;dfj]zL ;dfhsf] k|jw{g, Gofodf ;a}sf] kx'Fr / ;a} txdf ;dfj]zL ;+:yfsf] lgdf{0f, ,Peace , justice and strong
instituition,
 No Poverty (गरिबीको अन्त्य)

 Zero Hunger (भोकमिीको अन्त्य)

 Good Health and Well-being (स्वस््य ि समन्तु नत समाज)

 Quality Education (गुणस्तरिय शिक्षा)

 Gender Equality (लैंशगक समानता)

 Clean Water and Sanitation (स्वच्छ पानी ि सिसफाई)

 Affordable and Clean Energy (स्वच्छ उजाामा सहज पहचुँ )

 Decent Work and Economic Growth (मयााशित िोजगाि ि आशथाक वृशि)

 Industry, Innovation, and Infrastructure (उधोग, पुवााधाि ि नवीनता)*

 Reduced Inequalities (असमानता न्तयुशनकिण)

 Sustainable Cities and Communities (िीगो सहि व्यवस्थापन)

 Responsible Consumption and Production (शजम्मेवािपूणा उपभोग तथा उ्पािन)

 Climate Action (जलवायु परिवतान)

 Life Below Water (जलमनु ीको जैशवक शवशवधता)

 Life on Land (जशमनमाथी जैशवक शवशवधता)

 Peace, Justice, and Strong Institutions (िान्तत ि समावेिी समाजको प्रवधान)

 Partnerships for the Goals (शिगो शवकासको कायाान्तवयन सयं न्तरको सबलीकिण ि शवश्व साझेिािी शनमााण)

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4 |CLASS NOTE [Link] Sarthak Mahara sir

kfl/l:ylts kl/l:ylt - ljleGg kfl/l:ylts k|0ffnLx?sf] lsl;d, km}nfj6,k|fs[lts jf;:yfg,h}ljs ;d'bfo / ltgsf] ;+/rgfdf ePsf] kl/jt{g xf]_

❖ ;j{k|yd kfl/l:ylts k|0ffnL (Ecosystem) zAbsf] k|of]u ug]{ JolQm – A.G. Tansley, ;g\ !(#%
❖ ;j{k|yd (Ecology) kfl/l:yltlso zAbsf] k|of]u ug]{ JolQm – cg]{i6 Xofs]n
❖ kfl/l:ylts k4lt # k|sf/sf 5g\
o :ynLo kfl/l:ylts k4lt - hldgdf x'g] h:t} M d?e'ld, 3f;} d}bfg cfbL
o hnLo kfl/l:ylts k4lt - kfgL ePsf] :yfgdf kfOg] , h:t} kf]v/L , glb gfnf cfbL .
o dfgj lgld{t kfl/l:ylts k4lt M -s[lt k4lt ;d]t elgG5 . ljleGg v]ltaflndf kfOg] k4lt h:t} wfgafnL , ux'afnL ,
ds}afnL cflb .
❖ xl/t u[x k|efj (Green House Effect)
;'o{sf] tfk / k|sfz k[YjLdf k|j]z ug]{ t/ leqsf] Gofgf]kg aflx/ hfg g;Sg] cjZyf g} xl/t u[x k|efj xf] . xfn ljleGg pwf]u ,
snsf/vfgf cfbLaf6 lg:sg] sfj{g8fOcS;fO8 , ldy]g h:tf Uof;x?n] Ps tx lgdf{0f ul/ ;'o{sf] tfk / k|sfz k[YjLdf cfpg] t/
k[YjLsf] tfk jfo'd08ndf lgisfzg gx'g] cjZyf 5 . h;sf] sf/0f k[YjLsf] tfkqmd a9\b} uPsf] , ;d'b|sf] ;tx al9/x]sf] h:tf sf/0f
;d'lb| d'n'sx? 8'Ag] vt/f al9/x]sf] 5 .
o cjwf/0ff Nofpg] j}1flgs – k|mfG;sf j]l/g lhg km]l/o/, ;g\ !(@^
o jftfj/0fdf Green House Effect ePsf] tYo kQf nufpg] j}1flgs – :jL8]gsf /;fogzf:qL cfly{g;, ;g\ !(*^

❖ …dfgj tyf hLj ;d"xÚ gfds sfo{qmd rnfpg] ;+:yf – UNESCO

❖ CFC (CFCL3) UofF; kQf nufpg] j}1flgs – 8f= yf]d; ldh, ;g\ !(#)
❖ g]kfndf sl/a @( d]l6«s 6g CFC UofF;sf] k|of]u x'g] cg'dfg ul/Psf] 5 .
cf]hg tx kQf nufpg] h]=;L=km/Dofg

cf]hg tx kftlnb} uPsf] tYo kQf nufpg] z]/p8 /f]Nof08

xl/tu[x k|efj a]l/g lhg km]l/o/

kfl/l:ylts zAbsf] k|yd k6s k|of]u ug]{ cg]{i6 Xofs]n

bLuf] ljsf; zAb k|of]u ug]{ afa{/f jf8{

kfl/l:ylts k|0ffnL zAbsf] k|of]u ug]{ P=hL= 6«fG:n]

h}ljs ljljwtf Ocf] ljN;g

h}ljs k|ljlw zAb k|of]u ug]{ sfn{ P/]nL

bLuf] ljsf; ;dfj]z a'6Nof08 sldzg

Nof08]:s]k Osf]nf]hL sfn{ xf]n

cDn jif{f /j6{ /fª\; l:dy

xl/t u[x kQf nufpg] cfly{g;

Snf]/f] km\nf]/f] sfj{g pTkfbg ug]{ yf]d; l;h

sf]k ;Dd]ng -Conference of the parties

❖ sf]k ;Dd]ng s] ;+u ;DalGwt 5 < hnafo' kl/jt{g ;DalGw .

❖ ;j{k|yd sf]k ;Dd]ng sxf ;DkGg ePsf] lyof] < aln{g , hd{gL . ;g !((% df

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5 |CLASS NOTE [Link] Sarthak Mahara sir

❖ sf]k @% cop ( conference of the parties) cf} ;Dd]ng slxn] / sxf ;DkGg eof] < ;g @)!( l8;]Da/ @ b]vL !# ;Dd , Spain
Madrid , cWoIftf lrnLsf jftfj/0f dGqL Sof/f]lng ;ld6n] , g]kfnaf6 efu lng] tTsfnLg ag dGqL zlQm a:g]t , cfof]hs lrln
/ :k]g
❖ sf]k @^ cf} ;Dd]ng #! cS6f]a/ – !@ gf]e]Da/ ,@)@! df a]nfotsf] Unf:uf]df ;DkGg , g]kfnsf] tkm{af6 k|wfgdGqL z]/ axfb'/ b]pjf
;xefuL .
❖ sf]k @& cf} ;Dd]ng OlhK6sf] ;fd On lzvdf ^ gf]e]Da/ @)@@ –!* gf]e]Da/ @)@@ ;Dd ;DkGg
❖ sf]k @* cf} ;Dd]ng o'PO{ –-#) gf]e]Da/ @)@# – !@ l8;]Da/ @)@#_
❖ sf]k @( cf} ;Dd]ng ch/a}hfg df x'g] ePsf] 5 . gf]e]Da/ @!, @)@$ – gf]e]Da/ @$,@)@$
❖ sf]k #) cf} ;Dd]ng a]n]d a|fhLndf , ;g @)#) gf]e]Da/df ;DkGg eof]
#) cf} sf]k ;Dd]ngdf g]kfnsf] tkm{af6 s[lif tyf kz'kG5L ljsfz dGqL 8f=dbg kl/of/sf] g]t[Tjdf ;xefuLtf
sf]k @% d]l8«8 , :k]g

sf]k @^ Unf:uf],a]nfot

sf]k @& ;fd On lzv , OlhK6

sf]k @* o'PO{

sf]k @( ch/a}hfg

sf]k #) a|fhLndf x'g] - ;g @)@% gf]e]Da/df ;DkGg ePsf] _

sf]k #! 6ls{Pdf x'g] cfufdL jif{ ======================

❖ g]kfnn] ;u/dfyfsf] cfwf/ lzlj/ sfnfkTy/df slxn] dlGqkl/ifbsf] j}7s ;DkGg u/\of] < lj=;+ @)^^ d+;L/ !( ut] , hf]lvddf /x]sf
g]kfnsf pRr lxdfnL If]qk|lt ljZjsf] Wofgfsif{0f u/fpg .
❖ dflNbE; 4f/f kfgL d'gL dlGqkl/ifbsf] a}7s ;DkGg slxn] ul/of] < ;g @))( cS6f]a/ !^ df , hnafo' kl/jt{gsf] c;/af/] ljZjsf]
Wofgfsif{0f u/fpg ;fy} ;d'Gb|L ;tx j[l4 eO{ b]z 8'Ag] vt/f ePsf]df ljZjsf] Wofgfsif{0f u/fpg .
❖ uf]a/ UofF;df ldy]gsf] dfqf – %)–&) k|ltzt
❖ hnk|sf]kaf6 pTkGg x'g] Ifltsf lx;fan] g]kfn ljZjsf] sltcf}+ :yfgdf kb{5 – #) cf}+
❖ g]kfndf jif]{gL s'g b/n] tfkqmd a9]sf] 5 – )=)^ l8u|L ;]lN;o;
❖ ;jf/L ;fwgsf] w'Fjfsf] dfqf gfKg] OsfO – HSU (Hartej Smoking Unit)
❖ k|s[ltsf] s'lrsf/ egL lrlgg] r/f – lu4
❖ Knfli6s afNbf pTkfbg x'g] UofF; – CFC
❖ g]kfnd} klxnf]k6s lu4 dxf]T;j dgfO{Psf] – gjnk/f;Lsf] ltnsk'/ -lj=;+= @)^& c;f]h !)_ df

❖ af3;DaGwL s]xL hfgsf/L M

o ljZjdf kfOg] cf7 k|hfltsf af3dWo] # -afnL, hfef / Sofl:kog_ k|hfltsf af3 ;g\ !(*) sf] bzsd} nf]k eO{;s]sf,
❖
cGt/fli6«o af3 lbj;

x/]s jif{sf] h'nfO{ @( df

g]kfnn] lj=;+= @)^& af6 af3 lbj; dgfpb} cfO/x]sf] 5 .

af3 lbj; @)@% sf] gf/f : Save tigers : save nature's balance"

o g]kfndf Sofd]/f 6\oflkª\af6 ;g @))( df klxnf]k6s af3sf] u0fgf ul/Psf], !@! j6f /x]sf] ;f] ;do
/ ;g @)@@ ;Dddf To;nfO{ bf]Aa/ kfb}{ jo:s af3sf] ;+Vof @%) k'¥ofpg] nIo /x]sf] lyof] . ;g
@)@@ df ul/Psf] af3 u0fgf af6 g]kfndf xfn #%% af3 ;+Vof /x]sf 5g\ .

SmartGk : “Teaching Online Class Since 2016” For online Class Contact Us @ 9869995445
6 |CLASS NOTE [Link] Sarthak Mahara sir

o xfn ljZjdf ;a}eGbf a9L kfOg] af3sf] k|hflt – /f]on a+ufn

o kf6] af3 ljZjsf !# b]zdf kfOG5 .
o Aff3 ;+/If0fsf nflu /fli6«o af3 ;+/If0f ;ldlt u7g ul/Psf] – lj=;+= @)^&
o नेपाल सरकारले बाघको वर्तमान अवस्था पत्ता लगाउन पुषको १ गर्ेदेखि बाघ गणना गने घोषणा गरेको छ।
o प्र्येक ४ वर्ामा बाघ गणना गने गरिएको अशधकािीहरूले बताएका छन्।
o बाघ गणना पर्ु को १ गते शचतवन पसााबाट सरुु हने िाशरिय शनकुञ्ज तथा वन्तयजन्ततु शवभागका इकोलोशजस्ट हरिभद्र आचायाले
बताए।
o शचतवन पसाामा सुरु भएको ५ शिनपशछ बाुँके बशिायामा सुरु हने उनले बताए।
o
o /fli6«o af3 ;+/If0f ;ldltsf] cWoIf k|wfgdGqL x'g]
o /fli6«o af3 lbj;sf] lbg k|To]s jif{ a}7s a:g] .
o u}8f u0fgf x/]s $ jif{df x'G5 .

❖ ljZj ;Dkbf lbj; – April 18 ,

;g @)@% sf] gf/f : "Heritage under Threat from Disasters and Conflicts: Preparedness and Learning from 60
Years of ICOMOS Actions”.
❖ ljZj k[YjL lbj; – April 22 . @)@%sf] gf/f M xfd|f] zlQmM xfd|f] u|x - our power : our planet )

❖ jftfj/0fLo tfkqmdsf] 36\bf] lgod – x/]s !)) ld6/sf] prfOdf )=^) 36\b} hfg],
❖ :j:y jftfj/0fsf nflu cfjZos jgIf]q – $# k|ltzt
❖ xfn g]kfnsf] s'n ag If]q M $%=#! k|ltzt - ag M $!=^( k|ltzt / emfl8 a'6\ofg M #=^@ k|ltzt - cfly{s ;j]{If0f @)&(÷*) cg';f/_
❖ ljleGg jftfj/0fLo cfGbf]ng;Fu ;DalGwt JolQm M
gd{bf arfp cfGbf]ng d]3f kf6]s/

lrksf] cfGbf]ng ;'Gb/nfn ax'u'0ff , lgwg @! d] , @)@!

lu|gj]N6 df]ed]G6 afª\uf/L dfyfO{ , s]Gof

lu|g j]N6 d'ed]G6

• jftfj/0f ;+/If0fsf nflu dlxnfdfq nfO{ ;xeflu u/fO{ a[Iff/f]k0f ug]{ / h+un km8fgL /f]Sg] pb]Zon] s]Gofdf ;~rfng u/]sf] cleofg
.
• ;g !(&& df s]Gofdf ;~rflnt cleofg .
• cleofgsf] g]t[Tjstf{ M af+uf/L dfyfO{
• Main Theme : x/]s cfdfn] cfkm\gf aRrf / lj?jfnfO{ a/fa/ ddtf k|bfg ug'{k5{ eGg] d'n p4]Zo
• o; cleofgsf nflu af+uf/L dfyfOn] ;g @))$ df gf]a]n k'/:sf/ k|fKt u/]sL .

lrksf] cfGbf]ng
• ;g !(&# dfr{@^ b]vL ef/tsf ;'Gb/nfn ax'u'0ffn] pgsf] g]t[Tjdf ef/tsf] lxdf~rn / u9jfn k|b]zdf ;~rfng u/]sf] ag
;+/If0f ;DalGw cleofg .
• of] cleofg ag / ag:klt;+u ;DalGwt 5 .
• pgsf] of] cleofg ef/tsf] pQ/fv08af6 ;'? eO{ sgf{6fsfdf Appiko Movement ePsf] lyof] .

WjgLsf] a]usf] cg'kft

WjgL pTkGg x'g] >f]t WjgLsf] dfqf

k'0f{ df}gtf ) 8];Lan

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7 |CLASS NOTE [Link] Sarthak Mahara sir

kftx? xlNnbf !) 8]l;an

;fplt s'/fsfgL !% 8];Lan

uNnLsf] xNnf $)–&) 8]l;an

;fdfGo s'/fsfgL ^) 8]l;an

;fdfGo 6«flkmssf] cfjfh &) 8]l;an

Jo:t sfof{no jf hd36sf] cfjfh *) 8]l;an

/s ;+uLtsf] xNnf !@) 8]l;an

df]6/sf] xg{ ahfpbf !!) 8]l;an

l8«lnª d]l;gsf] cfjfh !!$ 8]l;an

df]6/ ;fOsnsf] tLa| a]u !#) 8]l;an

/s]6 OlGhgsf] a]u !*) 8]l;an

clwstd WjgLsf] dfqf !($ 8]l;an

❖ dflg;n] ;xh ?kdf ;'Gg ;lsg] WjgL ^% 8]l;an

❖ !%) 8]l;an;Ddsf] WjgL lgs}a]/ ;'g]/ a;]df sfgsf] hfnL km'6\g uO{ alx/f] x'g ;S5 .

❖ EIA – Environment Impact Assessment -jftfj/0fLo k|efj d"Nofª\sg_ – s'g} cfof]hgf jf kl/of]hgf ;~rfng ug'{k"j{ To;n]
jftfj/0fdf xflg gk'¥ofcf]; egL ul/g] d"Nof+sg,
❖ Jfftfj/0fLo gLlt tyf sfo{qmdx?nfO{ ;dfj]z ul/Psf] g]kfnsf] klxnf] of]hgf – 5}6f}+
❖ g]kfndf jftfj/0f zLif{sdf /sd ljlgof]hg ug{ yflnPsf] cfjlws of]hgf – cf7f}+
❖ g]kfndf ;jf/L k|b'if0f dfkb08sf] lgwf{/0f – lj=;+= @)%^
❖ Green Peace sf] :yfkgf – ;g\ !(&!
❖ k[YjLdf x/]s jif{ @ s/f]8 ^) nfv 6g df6f] Ifo x'g] u/]sf] 5,
❖ g]kfndf jftfj/0f kl/ifbsf] cWoIf k|wfgdGqL x'g] Joj:yf 5 .
❖ slt 8]l;jneGbf dflysf] Wjlg dfgj :jf:Yosf nflu xflgsf/s x'G5 – ^% 8]l;jn

❖ s'g s'/f s];Fu ;DalGwt M

!= Hugo Frame-work Action 2005-2015 k|fs[lts k|sf]k Go"lgs/0f

@= ldgfdftf dxf;GwL :jf:Yo If]qdf kf/f]o'Qm pks/0fsf] k|of]udf /f]s nufpg]

#= jf;]n dxf;GwL ljleGg lsl;dsf kmf]xf]/d}nfsf] plrt Joj:yfkg

$= jftfj/0fLo k|efj d"Nofª\sg (EIA) s'g} cfof]hgf jf kl/of]hgf ;~rfng ug'{k"j{ To;n] jftfj/0fdf xflg
gk'¥ofcf]; egL ul/g] d"Nof+sg

%= o'/f]–! ;jf/L k|b'if0sf] dfkb08

^= Ph]08f–@! Jfftfj/0f / ljsf;

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8 |CLASS NOTE [Link] Sarthak Mahara sir

&= Earth Watch ljZjsf ljleGg d'n'sx?sf] jftfj/0f;DaGwL vf]h cg';Gwfg ug]{
sfo{x?df ;xof]u k'¥ofpFb} cfPsf] Ps u}/;/sf/L ;+:yf

*= PPP – Polluter Pays Principle k|b'if0f km}nfpg]n] g} k|b'if0f lgoGq0fsf nflu sfo{ ug'{k5{ eGg]
dfGotf÷l;4fGt

ISO RELATED

ISO 5000 phf{

ISO-9000 j:t'sf] u'0f:t/ lrGx;Fu ;DalGwt

ISO-14000 Jfftfj/0f Joj:yfkg;Fu ;DalGwt

ISO-22000 vfw ;'/Iff

ISO-27001 ;'rgfsf] Joj:yfkg

ISO-50000 ;fdflhs ;'/Iff Joj:yfkg

❖ jftfj/0f;Fu ;DalGwt s]xL k'/:sf/x? M

Blue Planet Award –
▪ :yfkgf M ;g !((@
▪ jftfj/0fLo If]qsf] ;a}eGbf 7'nf] k'/:sf/,
▪ hfkfgsf] cf;fxL Unf; kmfpG8];gn] :yfkgf u/]sf],
▪ o;df % s/f]8 hfkfgL P]g / k[YjLsf] k|lts Crystal ball lbO{G5 .
▪ ;g @)@% sf] Blue planet Award winner :
!_ Professor Robert B. Jackson USA
@_ Dr. Jeremy Leggett,UK

Goldman Environment Prize –

▪ jftfj/0f If]qsf] gf]j]n k'/:sf/,
▪ o;sf] :yfkgf ;g\ !(*( df ePsf],
▪ k|To]s dxfb]zaf6 !÷! hgf u/L ^ hgfnfO{ k|To]s jif{ of] k'/:sf/ k|bfg ul/G5,
▪ k'/:sf/sf] /fzL – k|ltJolQm @ nfv cd]l/sL 8n/

jftfj/0f If]qsf] gf]a]n k'/:sf/ GOLDMAN AWARD 2025

The 2025 Goldman Prize winners, honored for their environmental activism, are
[Link] Luvsandash (Asia),
[Link] Gharbi (Africa),
[Link] Guri & Olsi Nika (Europe),
[Link] Mallo Molina (Islands & Island Nations),
[Link] Allen (North America), and
[Link] Luz Canaquiri Murayari (South & Central America).

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Global-500 –
▪ ;g\ !(*& df UNEP 4f/f :yflkt jftfj/0fLo If]qsf] k'/:sf/,
▪ of] k'/:sf/ k|fKt ug]{ klxnf] g]kfnL – 8f= s[i0fs'df/ kf08]
▪ xfn of] k'/:sf/sf] gfd The champions of Earth.
Galante Conservation Award –
▪ of] k'/:sf/ k|fKt ug]{ klxnf] g]kfnL d's]z rfln;] -afFb/sf] af/]df cg';Gwfg ug]{ JolQm_
• ;g !((* df k|fKt u/]sf .
▪ k'/:sf/ /fzL M $ xhf/ cd]l/sL 8n/

VOLVO ENVIRONMENT PRIZE

• :yfkgf M ;g !(**
• k'/:sf/ /fzL M @,!%,)))
• :jL8]gaf6 k|bfg ul/g]

• jftfj/0f If]qsf cGo k'/:sf/x?

ABRAHAM AWARD
SASAKAWA AWARD

❖ jftfj/0f;Fu ;DalGwt ;+:yf M

qm=;+= ;+:yfsf] gfd :yfkgf

!= u|Lg lk; - sfof{no Sofg8f _ ;g\ !(&!

@= ljZj ;+/If0f ;+3 (IUCN)-;g\ !(&# df g]kfn ;b:o ePsf]_ - l:j6h/Nof08_ ;g\ !($* cS6f]a/ %

International union for conservation of Nature

#= ;+o'Qm /fi6«;+3Lo jftfj/0f sfo{qmd (UNEP) ;g\ !(&@ l8;]Da/ !%

-k|wfg sfof{no – s]Gofsf] g}/f]jL_

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10 |CLASS NOTE [Link] Sarthak Mahara sir

$= ICIMOD -k|wfg sfof{no – nlntk'/+, g]kfn_ ;g\ !(*# l8;]Da/ %

%= WWF (world wild fund for nature)-o;sf] k|lts lrGx kf08f xf]_ ;g\ !(^! clk|n @(
l:j6h/Nof08 _

❖ ljZjJofkL pi0ftf / hnjfo' kl/jt{gaf/] ljZjJofkL ?kdf ;r]t u/fpg WWF 4f/f ;g\ @)!) dfr{ ! df dgfOPsf] cy{ cfj/ lbj;
– Black Out
❖ WWF sf] gf/f – For a Long Planet
❖ EL-Nino – k[YjLsf] df};d / tfkqmddf b]vfk/]sf] c;fdfGo l:ylt
❖ g]kfndf jif]{gL )=$ k|ltztsf b/n] jgljgfz x'g] u/]sf] 5,
❖ sf7df8f}+ pkTosfdf ;jf/L ;fwg hfFr ug]{ sfo{sf] ;'?jft – lj=;+= @)%! a}zfv !
❖ sf7df8f}+ pkTosfaf6 l8h]n 6]Dkf] x6fOPsf] – lj=;+= @)%^ c;f]h !
❖ ;a}eGbf a9L clS;hg pTkfbg ug]{ ?v – lkkn
❖ /ftlbg clS;hg lbO/xg] lj?jf – t'n;L
❖ Pp6f ?vn] b}lgs ;/b/ pTkfbg ug]{ clS;hg – @=& s]=hL=
❖ slt dfOqmf]g eGbf sdsf] Knfli6s pTkfbg ug{ k|ltaGw nufO{Psf] 5 – $) dfOqmf]g
❖ g]kfndf jftfj/0f ;+/If0f P]g k|sflzt ePsf] – lj=;+= @)%# df3 !&
❖ Aerobic eg]sf] – clS;hgo'Qm jftfj/0f
❖ cGt/fli6«o kj{tLo ;ª\u|xfno – kf]v/f
❖ g]kfn jftfj/0f kqsf/ ;d"xsf] ;+nUgtfdf :yflkt Pkm=Pd= – ;u/dfyf Pkm=Pd
❖ cf0fljs xftxltof/sf] k/LIf0f;DaGwL k|ltaGw nufpg] ;lGw (CTBT)df g]kfnsf tkm{af6 x:tfIf/ ug]{ – tTsfnLg k//fi6«dGqL
k|sfzrGb| nf]xgL (CTBT df x:tfIf/ ug]{ g]kfn !^ cf}+ /fi6« xf])«
❖ PH-scale – kfgL, df6f] cflbsf] clDnokg dfkg ug]{ OsfO

kof{j/0fLo ;+/If0f

❖ ;j{k|yd Ecology zAb k|of]u ug]{ JolQm – cg]{i6 Xofs]n

❖ s[lqd lsl;dsf] k|fs[lts jftfj/0f l;h{gf u/L hLjhGt'sf] ;+/If0f ug]{ sfo{ – k/:yfgLo ;+/If0f
❖ afUdtL ;kmfO cleofgsf] ;'?jft – lj=;+= @)&) h]7 %
❖ Climate Care -a]nfot_ / Future Forest (England) s];Fu ;DalGwt 5 <– sfa{g Jofkf/
❖ cf]s] 6]S;–!)) – jftfj/0fLo u'0f:t/ dfkb08 hgfpg] cGt/fli6«o VoftL k|fKt k|df0f lrGx
❖ jfo' k|b'if0f s]df gflkG5 <
o kLPd–!) – gfsaf6 ;lhn} k:g] k|b'if0fsf] dfqf
o kLPd–@=% – w'nf]sf] s0fx?
❖ g]kfnsf] lghL jgnfO{ /fli6«os/0f ul/Psf] – lj=;+= @)!#
❖ g]kfndf ;fd'bflos ag sfo{qmd – lj=;+= @)#%
❖ g]kfndf a[Iff/f]k0f sfo{qmd – lj=;+= @))@
❖ sa'lnolt ag – ;fj{hlgs,;fd'bfoLs tyf gLlh If]qsf] nufgLaf6 ag k}bfj/ ;+u ;DalGwt pwf]u Joj;fo;+u ;DalGwt Aoj;fo ;'?
ug{sf nfuL ef8fdf lnOg] agnfO{ sa'lnolt ag elgG5 .
❖ g]kfndf sa'lnotL jgsf] cjwf/0ff cfPsf] – cf=j= @)$*÷$(
❖ g]kfndf ;fd'bflos jg ljsf; sfo{qmdsf] yfngL ePsf] – cf=j= @)$(÷%)
❖ k|ltx]S6/ ?v ;+Vof – $#)
❖ g]kfndf jg hfFr c8\8fsf] :yfkgf – lj=;+= !((!
❖ ljZjdf kfOg] jg:klt dWo] g]kfndf slt k|ltzt kfOg] – @=@ k|ltzt
❖ /fli6«o k|s[lt ;+/If0f sf]ifsf] :yfkgf – lj=;+= @)#( sflQs #

❖ g]kfn ;/sf/ / Ol;df]8sf] cfof]hgfdf lxdfn ePsf b]zx?sf] k|yd cGt/fli6«o ;Dd]ng ;DkGg ePsf] – lj=;+= @)^* r}q @# / @$,
sf7df8f}+

jftfj/0f;DaGwL ljljw ljifodf dxTjk"0f{ hfgsf/L

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11 |CLASS NOTE [Link] Sarthak Mahara sir

qm=;+= ljifo ljljw hfgsf/L

➢ cfof]hgf ePsf] – ;g\ !((@ h'g #–!$, a|flhnsf] l/of] lb h]g]l/of

➢ cfof]hgf ug]{ – /fi6«;+3Lo jftfj/0f sfo{qmd (UNEP)
➢ gf/f – Psdfq k[YjLsf] /Iff u/f}
➢ ljZjsf] xfn;Ddsf] ;a}eGbf 7"nf] ;Dd]ng -!&* /fi6«sf k|ltlglwx? ;xeflu ePsf_
➢ g]kfnaf6 ;xeflu x'g] – tTsflng k|=d= lul/hfk|;fb sf]O/fnf
➢ ;Dd]ngn] xl/tu[x k|efj ;lGw kfl/t u/]sf],
➢ h'g * nfO{ ;d'Gb| lbj;sf] ?kdf dgfpg] lg0f{o u/]sf],
➢ k[YjL ;Dd]ngn] kfl/t u/]sf ljifox? M
• h}ljs ljljwtf (Bio-diversity)
• Ph]08f–@! (Agenda-21) (!@) j6f sfo{of]hgf ;d]l6Psf)
!= k[YjL ;Dd]ng • df};d kl/jt{g (Climate Change)
• jg ;+/If0f;DaGwL l;4fGt (Forest Principle)
@= kof{j/0fLo ko{6g ➢ o;sf] cjwf/0ff ;g\ !(*# df d]lS;sf]sf ko{6gljb Pj+ kof{j/0fljb x]S6/ ;]jfnf]; nf:s'/]g
NofPsf

➢ k[YjLsf] ;txaf6 sl/a @%–$) ls=ld= prfO;Dd /x]sf] tx

➢ of] k[YjLsf] ;'/Iff sjr xf] , o;n] ;"o{sf k/fj}hgL ljls/0fx?nfO{ l;w}+ k[YjLdf cfpgaf6
/f]S5 .
➢ cf]hf]g tx ljgfzsf] k|d'v sf/0f – Snf]/f]km\nf]/f] sfj{g (CFC)
➢ cf]hf]g txdf /x]sf] UofF;sf] uGw – xNsf lk/f]
➢ cf]hf]g txsf] ;'/Iffsf] nflu ePsf] klxnf] cGt/fli6«o ;Demf}tf – ;g\ !(*& l8;]da/ @$,
Sofg8fsf] dlG6«ondf
➢ cf]hf]g tx kQf nufpg] – J.C. Ferman
➢ cf]hf]g tx kftlnb} uPsf] s'/f k|sfzdf Nofpg] – z]/p8 /f]Nof08
➢ cf]hf]g txdf Kjfn k/]sf] s'/f kQf nfu]sf] – ;g\ !(*% df
➢ cG6fs{l6sfsf] cGtl/Ifdf b]lvPsf] cf]hg txdf /x]sf] Kjfnsf] gfd – xf]lnj] (Holyway)
➢ cf]hf]g txdf Kjfn k/]sf] s'/f k'li6 ug]{ e"–pku|x – gf;fsf] lgDa; – &
➢ cf]hf]g tx ;+/If0f lbj; – ;]K6]Da/ !^
#= cf]hf]g tx

$= xl/tu[x k|efj ➢ o;sf] cjwf/0ff Nofpg] – k|mfG;sf j}1flgs j]l/g lhg km]l/o/, ;g\ !(@^
➢ xl/tu[x ePsf] egL kQf nufpg] – cfly{g;
➢ xl/tu[x UofF;sf] pTkfbg 36fpg] Pj+ k|;f/0fnfO{ /f]s]/ hnjfo' kl/jt{g ;DaGwL ;d:of
;Daf]wg ug{ hfkfgsf] Sof]6f] ;x/df ;g\ !((& df ljZjsf !$! /fi6«4f/f cg'df]lbt b:tfj]h
%= Sof]6f] k|f]6f]sn ➢ ;g\ @))% km]a|'c/L !^ df ljZje/ sfof{Gjogdf cfPsf] .
➢ k'0f{ ?k – Convention on International Trade and Endangered species
of world Fauna and Flora
^= ;fOl6;
➢ of] dxf;GwL ;g\ !(&% h'nfO{ ! b]lv nfu" ePsf],
➢ ;g\ !(&% df g]kfnn] o; ;lGwdf x:tfIf/ u/]sf] .
(CITIES)
➢ ;+s6fkGg cjZyfdf /x]sf aGohGt' tyf ag:kltsf] cGt/fli6«o Jofkf/ ;DalGw dxf;GwL .
➢ CITIES ;+s6fkGg ÷nf]kf]Gd'v cjZyfdf /x]sf aGohGt' tyf ag:kltsf] ;+/If0f;+u ;DalGwt
5.
➢ Jfftfj/0f ;+/If0f ug]{ sfo{df ;+nUg cGt/fli6«o u};;,
➢ :yfkgf – ;g\ !(&!
➢ sfof{no – g]b/Nof08sf] cfD;6/8d
➢ o;n] jftfj/0f ljgfz;DaGwL 5fofª\sg ul/Psf] lel8of] 6]ksf] gfd – Rainbow Warrior
&= u|LgkL;

(Green
Peace)

➢ g]kfnsf] lbuf] ljsf; ;DaGwdf ;"rgf k|jfx ug]{ p2]Zon] ICIMOD n] OG6/g]6dfkm{t ;+rfng
u/]sf] sfo{qmd,

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12 |CLASS NOTE [Link] Sarthak Mahara sir

*= Nepal Net ➢ ;g\ !((* b]lv ;~rflnt .

s]xL hLjhGt' tyf jftfj/0f;Fu ;DalGwt :yfgx? M

➢ ;k{ ;+u|xfno ➢ bds, emfkf

➢ h6fo' /]i6'/f - lu4sf] ;+/If0f;+u ;DalGwt_ ➢ gjnk/f;L
➢ rd]/f ;+/If0f If]q ➢ b]jfgul9of, gjnk/f;L
➢ cGt/fli6«o kj{tLo pBfg ➢ ssgL, g'jfsf]6
➢ cGt/fli6«o kj{tLo ;+u|xfno ➢ kf]v/f, sf:sL
➢ hLg a}+s ➢ v'dn6f/, nlntk'/
➢ h}ljs ljljwtf ;"rgf s]Gb| ➢ l6sf}nL, lrtjg
➢ xfQL k|hgg s]Gb| ➢ lrtjg /fli6«o lgs'~hsf] vf];f]{
➢ lu4 k|hgg s]Gb| ➢ s;/f, lrtjg
➢ uf]xL k|hgg s]Gb| ➢ lrjtg / alb{of /fli6«o lgs'~h
➢ d[u cWoog s]Gb| ➢ uf]bfj/L, nlntk'/
➢ df5f ;+u|xfno ➢ kf]v/f ,sf:sL
➢ cGt/fli6«o kj{tf/f]x0f ;+u|xfno ➢ kf]v/f ,sf:sL
➢ ag k}bfj/ ;+u|xfno ➢ kf]v/f , sf:sL
➢ aGohGt' ;+u|xfno ➢ x]6f}8f , dsjfgk'/
➢ k'tnL ;+u|xfno ➢ kf]v/f,sf:sL

h}ljs ljljwtf

h}ljs ljljwtf – cGt/fli6«o lbj; d] @@ df dgfOG5 .

h}ljs ljljwtf lbj; ;g !((# af6 dgfpg ;'? ul/Psf] xf] .

h}ljs ljljwtf lbj; @)@% sf] gf/f M “k|s[lt / lbuf] ljsf;, ;d[l4sf] d"n cfwf/” eGg] gf/f sfod

❖ s'g} lglZrt If]qleq /x]sf lhjhGt' , jg:klt , k|f0fL tyf Toxfsf] jftfj/0fLo k|0ffnL g} h}ljs ljljwtf xf] .
❖ h}ljs ljljwtfnfO{ # k|sf/df ljefhg ul/G5
o kfl/l:ylts k|0ffnL ljljwtf M - hLjhGt'x?sf] af;:yfgsf] ljljwtf g} kfl/l:ytlts ljljwtf xf] . agh+un,3f;]d}bfg, ,
l;d;f/ cfbL
o k|hflt ljljwtf M -k|hflt jf k|f0fL tyf ag:kltx? ljrsf] leGgtf g} k|hflt ljljwtf xf] . Ps k|hfltsf ag:klt jf hgfj/
csf]{ eGbf km/s x'g' k|hflt ljljwtf xf] .
o a+zf0f' ljljwtf÷ cfg'jf+lzs ljljwtf M –- k|f0fL tyf ag:kltleqsf] cfkm\g} ;d'x leq b]lvg] km/skgf g} cfg'a+lza ljljwtf
xf] .
❖ h}ljs ljljwtfaf/] ;j{k|yd rrf{ ug]{ JolQm – O{=cf]= ljN;g, ;g\ !(**
❖ h}ljs ljljwtf zAb k|of]udf cfPsf] – ;g\ !(*) sf] bzsdf
❖ h}ljs ljljwtfsf] pTklQ ePsf] – ;f9] # ca{ jif{ klxn]
❖ h}ljs ljljwtf lbj; – d] @@ -;g\ @))) eGbf cl3 l8;]Da/ @( df dgfOg]_
❖ h}ljs ljljwtfsf] lx;fan] ljZjs} wgL /fi6« – a|flhn
❖ Pl;ofdf klxnf] wgL b]z – OG8f]g]l;of
❖ h}ljs ljljwtfsf] lx;fan] g]kfn ljZjsf] @% cf}+ / Pl;ofsf] !! cf}+ wgL /fi6« xf].
❖ g]kfn km'n km'Ng] lj?jfsf] ljljwtfsf] b[li6sf]0fn] Pl;ofdf !) cf} / ljZjdf @& cf} :yfgdf kb{5 .
❖ ljZjdf kfOg] s'n ag:klt dWo] g]kfndf dfq # k|ltzt kfOG5 .
❖ g]kfnsf] k|ltlglw;efn] h}ljs ljljwtfsf] dxf;lGwnfO{ cg'df]bg u/]sf] – ;g\ !((# gf]e]Da/ @#
❖ g]kfndf h}ljs ljljwtf dxf;lGw nfu" ePsf] – ;g\ !(($ km]a|'c/L @@ - @)%) kmfu'g (_
❖ g]kfndf h}ljs ljljwtf /0fgLlt nfu' M;g @))#
❖ h}ljs ljljwtf ;"rgf s]Gb| sxfF /x]sf] – l6sf}nL, lrtjg
❖ k[YjLdf slt lsl;dsf k|hflt /x]sf] cg'dfg 5 – %) nfvb]lv # s/f]8;Dd -klxrfg eO;s]sf k|hflt – !^ nfv_

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13 |CLASS NOTE [Link] Sarthak Mahara sir

❖ h}ljs ljljwtf;Fu ;DalGwt k|l;4 k':ts 'The Diversity of Life' sf n]vs – O{=cf]= ljN;g

❖ h]=km= 8f]a|]d]h4f/f g]t[Tj ul/Psf] k|mfG;sf j}1flgsx?sf] ;j]{If0fcg';f/ g]kfndf /x]sf kfl/l:ylts k|0ffnL – !!* j6f
❖ g]kfndf ;aeGbf a9L 3fF;] d}bfg ePsf] If]q – lxdfnL If]q
❖ h}ljs ljljwtfsf] ;+/If0f;DaGwL cjwf/0ffn] cGt/fli6«o ?kdf Jofks dxTj kfPsf] – ;g\ !((@ -k[YjL lzv/ ;Dd]ngkl5_
❖ ;g\ !((@ h'g #–!$ ;Dd a|flhndf ePsf] k[YjL lzv/ ;Dd]ngdf kfl/t ul/Psf] h}ljs ljljwtf ;lGwdf x:tfIf/ ug]{ /fi6« – !%%
❖ h}ljs ljljwtfsf] Jofkfl/s k|of]hgsf nflu ul/g] vf]h – jfof]8fOel;{6L k|f]:k]lS6ª
❖ cfkm\gf] pTklQ :yfgdf dfq kfOg] jg:klt jf jGohGt' – /}yfg] k|hflt

❖ ljZj ;+/If0f ;+3 -IUCN - International union for conservation of Nature) n] nf]k / b'n{e x'g nfu]sf hLjnfO{
lgDg % efudf jlu{s/0f u/]sf] 5,
o ljnf]k – ljut %) jif{b]lv cfkm\gf] k|fs[lts jf;:yfgdf ge]l6Psf k|hflt
o ;+s6fkGg – jt{dfg cj:yf sfod /x] nf]k x'g ;Sg] cj:yfdf /x]sf k|hflt
o clt ;+j]bgzLn – plrt ;+/If0fsf] pkfo gckgfP ;+s6fkGg cj:yfdf k'Ug ;Sg] k|hflt
o b'n{e – Go"g ;+Vofdf pknAw k|hflt
o ;De:t – s]xL :yfgdf a9L ;+Vofdf kfOPtfklg s"n ;+Vof lgs} 36]sf] k|hflt

❖ IUCN n] ;+s6df k/]sf] k|hfltx?sf] ;'rL IUCN RED LIST / RED DATA LIST df k|sflzt ub{5 .
❖ g]kfnn] /fli6«o ;Dkbf ;+/If0f sfo{gLlt :jLs[t u/]sf] – ;g\ !(** -lj=;+= @)$%_
❖ Ps cfk;df k|hgg ug{ ;Ifd hLjx?sf] ;d"x – k|hflt
❖ cfwf ;do ls/f / cfwf ;do jg:klt x'g] cf}iflwo u'0fo'Qm jg:klt – of;f{u'Daf
❖ g]kfndf ;a}eGbf a9L of;f{u'Daf ;+sng x'g] lhNnf – 8f]Nkf
❖ r/fsf] ;+;f/ eg]/ lrlgg] jGohGt' cf/If – sf]zL6Kk' jGohGt' cf/If
❖ ;b/ lrl8ofvfgfsf] :yfkgf – lj=;+= !((* a}zfv @&
❖ ljZjdf s'v'/fsf] j+zf0f'ut >f]t – n'OFr]
❖ DNA Bank – b'n{e tyf nf]k x'Fb} uPsf hfltx?sf] j+zf0f' ;'/lIft ug]{ p2]Zon] :yflkt ;+:yf
❖ cGt/fli6«o /]8 kf08f lbj; – ;]i6]Da/sf] t];|f] zlgjf/
❖ cGt/fli6«o k|f0fL lbj; – cS6f]a/ #
❖ g]kfndf jGohGt' ;Ktfx dgfpg yflnPsf] – lj=;+= @)%# b]lv
❖ g]kfndf ;a}eGbf a9L r/fx? kfOg] :yfg – c?0f pkTosf
❖ lxdlrt'jf slt ld6/sf] prfOdf kfOg] – #)))–$))) ld6/
❖ g]kfnsf] s'g 7fpFdf gLn e]8f kfOg] – d':tfªsf] bfdf]b/ s'08 jl/kl/
❖ df5f gkfOg] ljZjsf] Psdfq gbL – hf]8{g gbL
❖ g]kfndf ;a}eGbf a9L /]8kf08f kfOg] lhNnf – tfKn]h'ª
❖ g]kfnL jg:kltsf lktf – k|mflG;; a'vfgg -g]kfnsf] jg:klt If]qdf cg';Gwfg ug]{ klxnf] JolQm_
❖ g]kfnsf] ;a}eGbf 7"nf] 3fF;] d}bfg – z'SnfkmfF6f 3fF;] d}bfg
❖ g]kfndf bL3{sfnLg jg ljsf; u'?of]hgf ;'? ul/Psf] – ;g\ !(*( b]lv

/fd;f/ dxf;lGw (Ramsar Convention)

❖ of] ;g\ !(&! sf] km]a|'c/Ldf O/fgsf] dhfGbfl/g If]qsf] /fd;f/ eGg] 7fpFdf l;d;f/ ;+/If0f;DaGwL ;Dd]ngn] kfl/t u/]sf] dxf;lGw xf]
.
❖ of] ;g\ !(&% l8;]Da/ b]lv nfu" ePsf] kfOG5 .
❖ /fd;f/ dxf;lGwsf] k|wfg sfof{no – UNof08, :jL6h/Nof08
❖ ljZj l;d;f/ lbj; – km]a|'c/L @, ;g\ !(*% b]lv dgfpg yflnPsf] -g]kfndf eg] ;g] !((! b]lv dgfpg yflnPsf]_
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❖ ;g\ @)@% sf] gf/f M …xfd|f] ;femf eljiosf nflu , ;Ld;f/ If]qsf] ;+/If0f’
Protecting wetlands for our common future
❖ ;a}eGbf a9L ;+Vofdf /fd;f/ ;"rLdf k/]sf :yfgx? – la|6]gsf, !&) :yfg
❖ ;a}eGbf 7"nf] If]qkmndf /fd;f/ ;"rLdf ;d]l6Psf] b]z – af]lnleof, !,$*,))) ju{ ls=ld=
❖ g]kfnn] /fd;f/ dxf;lGwnfO{ cg'df]bg u/]sf] – ;g\ !(*& l8;]Da/ !&
❖ -g]kfnn] ;g\ !(** clk|n !& df ;b:otf kfPsf] lyof]_
❖ /fd;f/ ;"rLdf kg]{ g]kfnsf] klxnf] e"–If]q – sf]zL6Kk' jGohGt' cf/If, !&% ju{ ls=ld= -;g\ !(*& l8;]Da/ !&_
❖ g]kfnsf sl/a !! k|ltzt hg;+Vof l;d;f/ If]qdf lge{/ /x]sf] cg'dfg 5,
❖ Ramsar Wetland Conservation Award sf] :yfkgf – ;g\ !((^ -k|To]s #÷# jif{df JolQm jf ;+:yfnfO{ Psn jf ;+o'Qm
?kdf k|bfg ul/g]_
❖ g]kfnsf] ;a}eGbf 7"nf] l;d;f/ If]q – kf]v/f pkTosfsf ( j6f tfn If]q , sf:sL
❖ g]kfnsf] ;a}eGbf ;fgf] l;d;f/ If]q – dfO{kf]v/L, )=( ju{ ls=ld=
❖ ;fdfGotof l;d;f/df x'g] kfgLsf] ulx/fO{ – ^ ld6/
❖ ;/sf/4f/f /fd;f/ ;'lrdf ;'lrs[t km]jftfn / jl/kl/sf hnfwf/ If]qnfO{ ;d]6]/ ;+/lIft hnfwf/ If]q 3f]if0ff ug]{ lg0f{o slxn] u/]sf]
xf] < lj=;+= @)&* df3 @$ ut]

/fd;f/ ;"rLdf ;"rLs[t g]kfnsf l;d;f/ If]qx? M

qm=;+= l;d;f/ If]qsf] gfd ;"rLs[t ePsf] ldlt ;g\ If]qkmn ju{ ls=ld=

!= sf]zL6Kk' jGohGt' cf/If, ;'g;/L !(*& l8;]Da/ !& !&%

@= aL; xhf/L / jl/kl/sf tfn, lrtjg @))# cui6 !# #@

#= 3f]8f3f]8L tfn, s}nfnL @))# cui6 !# @%=^#

$= hulbzk'/ tfn, slknj:t' @))# cui6 !# @=@%

%= uf]Sof] tyf cGo tfnx?, ;f]n'v'Da' @))& ;]K6]Da/ @# &&=&)

^= z]–kmf]s;f]08f] tfn @))& ;]K6]Da/ @# $=($

&= /f/f tfn, d'u' @))& ;]K6]Da/ @# !%=*#

*= uf];fOFs'08 / cGo tfnx? , /;'jf @))& ;]K6]Da/ @# !)=#)

(= dfO{kf]v/L, Onfd @))* cS6f]a/ @) )=(

!)= kf]v/f pkTosfsf ( j6f tfn -km]jf, j]ugf;, ?kf, @)!^ km]a|'c/L @ @^!
sdnkf]v/L, vf:6], u'Fb], Go'/]gL, lbkfª / d}bL_

;a}eGbf 7'nf] If]qdf km}lnPsf] l;d;f/ If]q M kf]v/f pkTosfsf ( j6f tfn -km]jf, j]ugf;, ?kf, sdnkf]v/L, vf:6], u'Fb], Go'/]gL, lbkfª / d}bL_

;a}eGbf sd If]qdf km}lnPsf] l;d;f/ If]q M dfO{kf]v/L, Onfd

g]kfnsf /fli6«o lgs'~h, jGohGt' cf/If, ;+/lIft If]q / dWojtL{ If]q

❖ kfs{ P08 lkk'n k|f]h]S6 sfo{qmd s];Fu ;DalGwt – cf/If glhssf dflg;nfO{ h+unL hLjhGt'af6 x'g ;Sg] xfgL sd ug'{
❖ rf/sf]z] emf8L lrtjg /fli6«o lgs'~hdf kb{5,
❖ xfn g]kfnsf] s'n ag If]q M $^=)* k|ltzt - ag M $#=#* k|ltzt / emfl8 a'6\ofg M @=&) k|ltzt
❖ h+unL hgfj/af6 dflg; tyf v]tLaf/Lsf] /Iff ug{ /fli6«o lgs'~h, cf/If cflbdf nufOg] ljB'tLo tf/af/ – On]lS6«s km]lG;ª
❖ 3l8ofn uf]xL ;+/If0f cfof]hgf ;~rfng ul/Psf] /fli6«o lgs'~h – lrtjg /fli6«o lgs'~h
❖ k;f{ /fli6«o lgs'~h-lj=;++ @)&$÷#÷!( df cf/Ifaf6 /f=lg=df kl/0ft_

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❖ ljZj ;Dkbf ;"rLdf ;"rLs[t ePsf g]kfnsf /fli6«o lgs'~hx?

o ;u/dfyf /fli6«o lgs'~h – ;g\ !(&(
o lrtjg/fli6«o lgs'~h – ;g\ !(*$

❖ g]kfndf xfn
o /fli6«o lgs'~h – !@ - cf]u6]sf] If]qkmn – !!*)^=)@ ju{ ls=dL / ylkPsf]
5fofgfy *$#=#^ ju{ ls=dL ;d]t ul/ !@&!@=)@ ju{ ls=dL
o jGohGt' cf/If – !
o lzsf/ cf/If – !
o ;+/lIft If]q – ^
o dWojtL{ If]q – !#
❖ g]kfnsf] s"n e"efudWo] @#=#(Ü e"efu ;+/lIft If]qn] cf]u6]sf] 5 .

jg k}bfj/ eGgfn] ag af6 k}bf x'g] sf7, bfp/f ,u}/ sf7 ,hl8a'l6 ,afof]df; cfbL a'lemG5 eg] k|ltjlGwt jg k}bfj/ eGgfn] ;/sf/4f/f k|ltjlGwt
agfOPsf jgaf6 k}bf ePsf sf7, hl8a'l6 cfbL eGg] a'lemG5 .

lr;\'nf/f–a;–z]k–vdlzaf–5fofgfy

/fli6«o lgs'~hx? M
qm=;+= /fli6«o lgs'~hsf] gfd If]qkmn :yfkgf lhNnfx? yk hfgsf/L

ju{ ls=ld= lj=;+=

!= lrtjg /fli6«o lgs'~h (%@=^# @)#) lrtjg, dsjfgk'/ ;aeGbf k'/fgf],

k;f{ / gjnk/f;L ;g\ !(*$ df ljZj ;Dkbf

;"rLdf ;"lrs[t, Psl;u]+
u}+8f,af3 / 3l8ofn uf]xLsf
nflu k|Voft

;f}/fxf o; lgs'~hsf]
k|j]z4f/

@= z'SnfkmfF6f /fli6«o lgs'~h #)% @)#! s~rgk'/ –lj=;++ @)&#÷(÷& df

cf/Ifaf6 /f=lg=df kl/0ft .

–o; cf/Ifdf #&% eGbf

a9L k|hfltsf r/f kfOG5g
.

#= nfª6fª /fli6«o lgs'~h !&!) @)#@ /;'jf, l;Gw'kfNrf]s /ftf] kf08fsf nflu k|Voft,
lxdfnL If]qsf] klxnf] /f=lg=
/ g'jfsf]6
g]kfnsf] bf];|f] 7\nf] lgs'~h

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16 |CLASS NOTE [Link] Sarthak Mahara sir

$= /f/f /fli6«o lgs'~h !)^ @)#@ d'u' / h'Dnf ;j}eGbf ;fgf] /f=lg=

%= alb{of /fli6«o lgs'~h - (^* @)#@ alb{of s[i0f;f/ ,afx|l;+u] , kf6]

;'?jftdf s0ff{nL aGohGt' af3, h+unL xflQ sf nflu
cf/Ifsf] ?kdf :yflkt_ k|l;4 .

;g !(**- lj=;+=@)$%
d+l;/ @)_ df /fli6«o
lgs'~hdf kl/0ft _

^= ;u/dfyf /fli6«o lgs'~h !!$* @)#@ ;f]n'v'Da' ljZjsf] ;a}eGbf prfOdf

kg]{,
-ljZjsf] ;a}eGbf cUnf]
:yfgdf /x]sf] lgs'~h_ ;g\ !(&( df ljZj ;Dkbf
;"rLdf ;'lrs[t

;d''Gb|L ;txsf] @*$% ld6/

b]lv **$*=*^ ld6/ prfO{
;Dd km}lnPsf] .

&= z]–kmf]S;f]08f] /fli6«o lgs'~h @&!!=^^ @)$) d'u' / 8f]Nkf –;j}eGbf 7"nf] /f=lg=,
ltAatL v/fof]sf] nflu
ljZj ;Dkbf ;'lrdf ;'lrs[t k|Voft
x'g l;kmfl/; ul/Psf] .
– lxp lrt'jfsf nfuL
;d'Gb|L ;txsf] @))) b]lv pko'Qm af;:yfg /x]sf]
&!#( ld6/ prfO{;Dd cg';Gwfgaf6 k'li6
km}lnPsf] .

*= k;f{ /fli6«o lgs'~h ^@&=#( @)$) lrtjg, k;f{ lj=;++ @)&$÷#÷!( df

cf/Ifaf6 /f=lg=df kl/0ft
/ dsjfgk'/

(= vKt8 /fli6«o lgs'~h @@% @)$@ aemfË, afh'/f, h+unL s's/ / ag lj/fnf]sf]
nflu k|Voft
8f]6L / c5fd

!)= dsfn'–a?0f /fli6«o lgs'~h !%)) @)$* ;+v'jf;ef / ;f]n'v'Da' ljZjs} ;a}eGbf ulx/f] c?0f
d+l;/ @ pkTosf -*#(! ld6/ ulx/f]
_ kg]{

!!= lzjk'/L gfufh'{g /fli6«o !%( @)%* sf7df8f}+, g'jfsf]6 ;g !(&@ df cf/Ifsf]
lgs'~h ?kdf :yfkgf ePsf / ;g\
l;Gw'kfNrf]s,wflbª @))@-@)%*_ df cf/Ifaf6
lgs'~hdf kl/0ft

!@= afFs] /fli6«o lgs'~h %%) @)^&–#– afFs], ;Nofg, Aff3, lrt'jf, xflQ kfOg]
@*
bfª

!#= 5fFofgfy /fli6«o lgs\'~h sl/a @)*@ 8f]Nkfsf] ;]–kmf]S;'G8f] /fli6«o

*$#=#^ ju{ ebf} !# lgs'~h;Fu hf]l8Psf] d'u'd
lsnf]ld6/ ut] sfd{f/f]ª ufpFkflnsfsf]
8f]n\km' If]q sl/a *$#=#^
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ju{ lsnf]ld6/ e"efunfO{

5'6\ofP/ 5fofgfy /fli6«o
lgs'~h 3f]if0ff ul/Psf] .

g]kfndf /fli6«o lgs'~hsf] ;+Vof !# k'Uof]

g]kfn ;/sf/n] d'u'l:yt d'u'd sfd{f/f]ª ufpFkflnsfdf …5fofFgfy /fli6«o lgs'~h’ :yfkgf ug{] lg0f{o u/]sf] 5 .

ldlt M @)*@ ebf} !# ut]sf] dGqL kl/ifb a}7saf6 kfl/t ePsf] .

8f]Nkfsf] z]–kmf]S;'G8f] /fli6«o lgs'~h;Fu hf]l8Psf] d'u'd sfd{f/f]ª ufpFkflnsfsf] 8f]Nkm' If]qsf] sl/a *$#=#^ ju{lsnf]ld6/ e"–efunfO{
dfq cnu u/]/ 5fofFgfy /fli6«o lgs'~h :yfkgf ul/Psf] xf].

jGohGt' cf/If M
qm=;+= jGohGt' cf/Ifsf] gfd If]qkmn :yfkgf lhNnfx? yk hfgsf/L d'Vo?kdf cgf{
;+/If0f ug]{
ju{ ls=ld= lj=;+= p4]Zon] :yfkgf
ul/Psf] .
!= sf]zL6Kk' jGohGt' cf/If - !&% @)#@ ;'g;/L / ;Kt/L cgf{ , lgn ufO{sf] nflu k|Voft
r/fsf] nflu k|l;4_

lzsf/ cf/If M lzsf/ ug{sf nflu M emf/n , gfp/ lzsf/ ug]{ .

qm=;+= lzsf/ cf/Ifsf] gfd If]qkmn :yfkgf lhNnfx? yk hfgsf/L

ju{ ls=ld= lj=;+=

!= 9f]/kf6g lzsf/ cf/If !#@% lj=;+=@)$$ DofUbL, afUn'ª g]kfnsf] Psdfq

lzsf/ cf/If -
-;g !(*&_ / ?s'd

• @*%) ld6/ b]lv %%)) ld6/sf] prfO;Dd km}lnPsf]

• lzsf/Ln] cf/Ifdf a9Ldf # ;ftfsf nflu cg'dlt kfp5g\ .
• cf/Ifdf b'O{ l;hgdf l;sf/ v]nfOG5 . klxnf] l;hg c;f]h–sflQs / bf];|f] l;hg r}t–j}zfv;Dd x'g] u5{ .
• oxfF lnlvt cg'dlt lnP/ tf]lsPsf] ;do / If]qdf gfp/, emf/n, /t'jf / aFb]nsf] l;sf/ ug{ kfOG5 .
• /fli6«o lgs'~h tyf jGohGt' ;+/If0f ljefun] l;sf/ ug{sf nflu Go"gtd /fh:j lgw{f/0f ug{] u/]sf] 5 . xfn gfp/sf]
Ps nfv %) xhf/ / emf/nsf] &% xhf/ Go"gtd /fh:j tf]lsPsf] 5 .
• l;sf/Ln] cg'dlt k|fKt aGb's cfkm\gf] b]zaf6 Nofpg] / To;}n] l;sf/ ug{] u5{g\ .
• l;sf/Lsf nflu ;f] cjlwdf @% b]lv #) hgf ;xof]uL 6f]nL vl6G5 . x]lnsK6/af6 uGtJodf hfg'kg{], b'O{ bh{g a9L
JolQmsf] ;xof]uL ;d"x cfjZos kg{] / lgs} b'u{d ePsfn] oxfF l;sf/ ug{ lgs} vlr{nf] x'g] u/]sf] 5 .
• gfp/sf] tf}n cf};tdf &_ s]hLeGbf a9L x'g] u/]sf] 5 . l;sf/Ln] l;sf/ u/]kl5 jGohGt'sf] cfv]6f]kxf/ -l;ª, 5fnf /
v'/_ sfg'gL ¿kdf Jojl:yt tj/n] cfkm";Fu} n}hfG5g\ . l;sf/ ul/Psf] jGohGt'sf] df;' hËndf ;d"xd} vfg] / cGo
kmf]x/ uf8\g] ul/G5 .
• oxfF a'9f] pd]/sf] efn]sf] dfq l;sf/ ug{] ul/G5 . sl/a !@ jif{eGbf a'9f] pd]/sf efn]sf] cfsng u/L 6]ln:sf]kaf6 x]/]/
klxrfg lglZrt ul/G5 .
• l;sf/ v]n\g cfpg] ljb]zLdWo] ;a}eGbf a9L ;+o'Qm /fHo cd]l/sf, d]lS;sf], k|mfG;, :k]g, /l;of, xË]/L, o'qm]g, Sofg8f,
hd{gLnufot d'n'ssf /x]sf 5g\ .

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18 |CLASS NOTE [Link] Sarthak Mahara sir

;+/lIft If]q M ;+/IfLt If]qn] cf]u6]sf] s'n If]qkmn M !%$@%=(% ju{ ls=dL - csds[cuf} _

qm=;+= /fli6«o lgs'~hsf] gfd If]qkmn :yfkgf lhNnfx? yk hfgsf/L

ju{ ls=ld= lj=;+=

!= cGgk"0f{ ;+/lIft If]q &^@( @)$( sf:sL, DofUbL, ndh'ª, dgfª / ljZjsf] bf];|f] ;+/If0f
d':tfª If]q

@= s~rgh+3f ;+/lIft If]q @,)#% @)%$ tfKn]h'ª g]kfndf dfq kfOg]

Anfgkmf]8L / kfxf
/f]i6f08L gfds
nf]kf]Gd'v Eofu'tfx?
o; If]qdf kfOG5g .

#= dgf:n' ;+/lIft If]q !^^# @)%% uf]/vf / dgfª ;d'Gb|L ;txsf] ^))
ld6/ af6 *!^# ld6/
- dgf:n' lxdfn_ ;Dd
km}lnPsf] .

$= s[i0f;f/ ;+/lIft If]q !^=(% @)^%–!!– alb{of b'n{e s[i0f;f/sf]

@# ;+/If0f ug]{ p4]Zon]
:yflkt

%= clkgKkf ;+/lIft If]q !()# @)^&– bfr{nf %#( ld6/ af6 &!#@
)#–@* ld6/ ;DD km}lnPsf] .

^= uf}/Lz+s/ ;+/lIft If]q @!&( @)^^– bf]nvf, /fd]5fd / l;Gw'kfNrf]s (^* ld6/ af6
)(–@& &!*! ld6/sf] prfO{
;Dd km}lnPsf] .

b'n{e kz'kG5L / jg:kltx?

❖ g]kfnsf ;+/lIft jGohGt'x? M

o :tgwf/L hgfj/ – @& k|hflt
o ;l/;[k -3;|g]_ – # k|hflt
o r/f khflt – ( k|hflt

g]kfnsf ;+/lIft @& :tgwf/L hgfj/x? M v}/f]–v}/f] cf;fdL ;f];,/ftf],kf6],r/L,kf6],Wjf;],h+unL ,u}8f,lnª\s;,k'8\s],s:t'/L,afx|,gfo/,lxp,

uf}/L,lr?,w';|],cgf{,h+unL ,rf}sf lxl:k8 ,s[i0f;f/, rfOlgh ;fns,;fns

!= v}/f] efn' *=kf6] l;n' !%= afx|l;+u] @@= hª\unL ofs

@= v}/f] Ajff;f] (= WjfF;] lrt'jf !^= gfo/ @#= rf}sf

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19 |CLASS NOTE [Link] Sarthak Mahara sir

#= cf;fdL /ftf] afFb/ !)= hª\unL xfQL !&= lxpF lrt'jf @$= lxl:k8 v/fof

$= ;f]; !!= u}F8f !*= uf}/L ufO{ @%= s[i0f;f/

%= /ftf] kf08f !@= lnª\S; !(= lr? @^= rfOlgh ;fns

^= kf6] af3 !#= k'8\s] aFb]n @)=w';|] x'F8f/ @&= ;fns

&= r/L af3 !$= s:t'/L d[u @!= cgf{

g]kfnsf ;+/lIft ( k+IfLx? M lrd'8f,v;f/f,;f/;

!= lr/ $= v/ dh'/ &= ;f/;

@= d'gfn %= ;fgf] v/ dh'/ *= sfnf] ;f/; Black stork

#= 8fFkm] ^= /fh wg]; (= ;]tf] ;f/; white stork

g]kfnsf ;+/lIft # 3;|g] hgfj/x? M c;'3

!= clh+u/ @=;'g uf]xf]/f] #= 3l8ofn uf]xL

h}ljs dfu{ M hLjhGt'x? Ps :yfgaf6 csf]{ :yfgdf hfbf cfjt hfjt ug]{ af6f]

dWojlt{ If]q

dWojlt{ If]q eGgfn] :yflgo hgtfx?nfO{ lgoldt ?kn] ag k}bfj/ pkef]u ug{ kfpg] ;x'lnot k|bfg ug{sf nfuL /fli6«o lgs'~h jf cf/If
jl/k/Lsf] k|fs[lts jftfj/0fsf] ;fy} aGohGt' , jg:klt / e'–b[iosf] ;+/If0f Joj:yfkg / pkef]usf] nfuL 5'6\ofOPsf] If]q xf] .

;'q M lranfz] dz;' sf]k /fv af;L

qm=;+= dWojlt{ If]q 3f]lift jif{ If]qkmn ju{ ls=dL ef}uf]lns If]q

!= lrtjg /fli6«o lgs'~h dWojlt{ ;g !((^ &@(=#& lrtjg,dsjfgk'/,k;f{ / gjnk/f;L

If]q

@= alb{of /fli6«o lgs'~h dWojlt{ ;g !((^ %)& alb{of

If]q

#= nfª6fª /fli6«o lgs'~h dWojlt{ ;g !((* $@) /;'jf,g'jfsf]6,l;Gw'kfNrf]s

If]q

$= z]kmf]S;'08f] /fli6«o lgs'~h ;g !((* !#$( 8f]Nkf , d'u'\

dWojlt{ If]q

%= dsfn' a?0f /fli6«o lgs'~h ;g !((( *#) ;+v'jf;ef

dWojlt{ If]q

^= ;u/dfyf /fli6«o lgs'~h ;g @))@ @&% ;f]n'v'Da'

dWojlt{ If]q

&= z'Snfkmf6f aGo hGt' cf/If ;g @))$ @$#=% s~rgk'/

dWojlt{ If]q

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20 |CLASS NOTE [Link] Sarthak Mahara sir

*= sf];L6Kk' aGo hGt' cf/If ;g @))$ !&# ;'g;/L

dWojlt{ If]q

(= k;f{ aGo hGt' cf/If dWojlt{ ;g @))% @(*=!&

If]q

!)= /f/f /fli6«o lgs'~h dWojlt{ If]q ;g @))^ !(* d'u'

!!= vKt8 /fli6«o lgs'~h dWojlt{ ;g @))^ @!^

If]q

!@= afFs] /fli6«o lgs'~h dWojlt{ If]q ;g @)!) #$# bfª,afs] / ;Nofg

!#= lzjk'/L gfufh'{g /fli6«o lgs'~h ;g @)!^ !!*=^!

dWojlt{ If]q

hDdf If]q %^*&=&*

g]kfndf u}8f u0fgf x/]s #÷# jif{df x'G5 .

jftfj/0f k|b'if0f

jftfj/0fdf /x]sf hLljt tyf lghL{j j:t'x?sf] sf/0faf6 k|ToIf tyf ck|ToIf ?kdf jftfj/0fdf b]lvg hfg] jftfj/0fLo k|lts'ntfsf] cjZyf
jftfj/0f k|b'if0f xf] .

jftfj/0f k|b'if0fsf sf/0fx?

➢ afo' k|b'if0f
➢ hn k|b'if0f
➢ WjgL k|b'if0f
➢ e'– k|b'if0f
➢ vfw k|b'if0f
➢ ljls/0f k|b'if0f
➢ cf}wf]lus k|b'if0f

sf/0fx?

➢ k|fs[lts k|sf]k
➢ ag h+un ljgfz
➢ afnLdf k|of]u ul/g] /;folgs dn Pj|+ ljifflbx?
➢ cJol:yt ;x/Ls/0f
➢ clgolGqt hg;+Vof
➢ ;jf/L;fwgsf] cJojl:yt k|of]u
➢ cf}wf]lus s[ofsnfkx?
➢ cfGbf]ngsf gfddf ul/g] jftfj/0f lj/f]wL s[ofsnfkx?

➢ g]kfndf xl/t ;8ssf] ;'?jft slxn]af6 ul/Psf] xf] < ;g !(*&

xl/t ;8s M ;8ssf] lgdf{0f ubf{ ;8ssf] bfofafof ?v, lj?jf,kfgLsf d'xfg, d7dlGb/ sf] ;+/If0f ul/ lgdf{0f ul/g] ;8s xl/t
;8s xf] .
➢ Go'lSno/ ljG6/ M ;f}o{ tfkqmddf sdL eO{ k[YjL clt lr;f] eO{ dfgj a;f]af;sf nflu cg'ko'Qm x'g] cjZyf .
➢ Ps jo:s ?vn] lbgdf ;/b/ @=& s]=hL clS;hg lbG5 .
➢ Biopol : ;lhn} gi6 eP/ hfg] Knfl:6s

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21 |CLASS NOTE [Link] Sarthak Mahara sir

❖ !)÷!)÷!) cleofg – hnjfo' kl/jt{g lj?4sf] cleofg

❖ :d[lt ag M Jofks ?kdf j[Iff/f]k0f ug{ hgtfnfO{ k|f]T;flxt ul/ jftfj/0f k|b'if0f lgoGq0f ug]{ .
❖ ;g !(^) af6 k[YjLsf] tfkdfgsf] j[l4 gfKg] sfo{ z'? ePsf] .
❖ g]kfndf hnjfo' kl/jt{g;DaGwL u|]h'P6 ;Dd]ng ;DkGg ePsf]– lj=;+= @)^& sflt{s @(–d+l;/ @
❖ g]kfn ;/sf/n] k|wfgdGqLsf] cWoIftfdf hnjfo' kl/jt{g ;DaGwL kl/ifb u7g ug]{ lg0f{o u/]sf] – lj=;+= @)^^ sflQ{s !@ -o;n] !)
a'Fb] 3f]if0ffkq hf/L u/]sf]_

❖ cDn jiff{ ePsf] egL kQf nufpg] j}1flgs – ;a6{ /fª\; l:dy
❖ gf;fsf] lgDj;–& e"–pku|xn] ;j{k|yd cf]hf]g txsf] Kjfnaf/] hfgsf/L lbPsf] – ;g\ !(*%
❖ hnjfo' kl/jt{gsf] d'Vo sf/0f – ljZjJofkL pi0ftf
❖ ;a}eGbf a9L xl/tu[x UofF;sf] pT;h{g ug]{ /fi6« – cd]l/sf / rLg
❖ g]kfn ;/sf/n] CFC UofF;sf] k|of]u aGb ug]{ lg0f{o u/]sf] – ;g\ @)!)

wGoafb

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