8. What are system maps?

Subjective type questions

A. Short answer type questions. 8. System Maps are visual diagrams that help us to see the different parts or elements of our Al project and
how they are connected or related to each other. They can be used to understand the system's boundaries
1. Define AL and how it interacts with elements in the surroundings.

Ans 1. Artificial intelligence is the ability of machines to perform tasks that typically require human-like 9. Why is data visualisation important? Discuss.
intelligence, such as visual perception, speech recognition, decision-making, and language translation.
9. Data visualisation is important as it helps us in the following ways:
2. What is the main concern related to job displacement by AI?
Simplifies complex data thus making it easier to comprehend.
Ans 2. The increasing automation of jobs is causing concern that Al will replace individuals in the
workforce. This will cause a large amount of job displacement and result in loss of livelihood. Helps gain a deeper understanding of the trends, relationships and patterns present within the data.

3. List two ways in which AI can be misused. Uncovers hidden relationships or anomalies (odd behaviour) that may not be immediately apparent.

· Helps us in selecting models for the subsequent Al Project Cycle stage.

Ans 3. Al technology in the wrong hands can lead to its misuse, which could prove dangerous for humans.
It can be used to create autonomous weapons, hack into sensitive databases, and carry out fraudulent · Makes it easy to communicate insights to others, even to non-technical persons.
activities. Al can be used to spread misinformation by creating fake videos and images, called deep fakes,
that can cause harm and confusion. B. Long answer type questions.

4. What is meant by Al project deployment? 1. Discuss some of the ethical concerns and challenges related to AI adoption, such as
privacy issues, job displacement, and biases in AI algorithms.
Ans 4. Project deployment is the process of implementing an Al model in a real-world scenario. The model
is integrated into the desired software or system and packaged in such a way that it can be used for 1. a. Privacy issue: Al is dependent on vast amounts of data. At times, personal data may be accessed by
practical applications.
Al algorithms without the knowledge of the concerned individual. There are chances that this data may be
5. Define stakeholders. Which stage of the AI project cycle helps to identify the misused for fraudulent activities.
stakeholders?
b. There is a concern that automation may replace human jobs leading to job displacement. This may cause
5. The people who are directly or indirectly affected by a problem are referred to as Stakeholders. workers to lose their jobs and lead to loss of livelihood.
Stakeholders are involved in the problem and are benefitted by the solution arrived at for the problem.
c. Al bias occurs when algorithms produce biased results due to biased training data, posing risks in
The "Who" block of the 4Ws problem-solving canvas in the "Problem-scoping and Goal Setting" stage of
decision-making processes. Types of bias include data bias, sampling bias, gender bias and historical bias.
the Al project cycle helps us identify the stakeholders.
The data fed into an Al algorithm could cause bias because of the following three reasons:
6. State the function of sensors. • The data does not reflect the main population.
6. Sensors are devices that detect and measure environmental conditions, such as temperature, pressure, • The data has been unethically manipulated • It is based on historic data which itself is biased.
light, sound, and motion. They convert these physical parameters into electrical signals or digital data that
can be processed and analysed by Al systems. 2. Describe the historical development of AI, including key milestones.

7. Give one application each of machine learning and deep learning. Ans 2. Historical Development of Al:

1940s-1950s: The origins of Al can be traced back to the work of pioneers, like Alan Turing, John McCarthy,
7. Machine learning application: It is used for predicting the weather forecast for the next seven days
and Marvin Minsky. They laid the foundations for Al research, exploring concepts, like machine learning,
based on data from the previous year and the previous week.
logic, and reasoning.
Deep learning application: It is used in driverless cars to identify a person crossing the road.
1960s-1970s: This period is often referred to as the 'Al winter', as progress in Al research slowed down due
to limited computing power and funding. However, researchers continued to work on expert systems that
could simulate the knowledge and reasoning of human experts.
1980s-1990s: This era saw a revival of Al research, driven by advances in machine learning and neural 5. What is the significance of the positive (+) and negative (-) signs while showing the relationship of
networks. Applications like speech recognition and computer vision emerged. elements in the system map?

2000s-2010s: The rise of big data and cloud computing enabled new forms of Al, such as natural language 5. A system map shows cause and effect relationship of elements with each other in a system with the help
processing and recommendation systems. Companies like Google, Facebook, and Amazon invested heavily of arrows. The arrowheads depict the direction of the effect and the sign (+ or -) shows their relationship. If
in Al research and development, leading to advancements in areas like robotics and autonomous vehicles. the arrow goes from X to Y with a +ve sign, it means that both are directly related to each other. That is, if
X increases, Y also increases and vice versa. On the other hand, if the arrow goes from X to Y with a -ve
2020s and beyond: Al continues to evolve and impact various industries from healthcare and finance to
sign, it means that both the elements are inversely related to each other which means if X increases, Y will
entertainment and education.
decrease and vice versa.
3 What could be the impact of increasing human dependence on AI?
6. List the five stages in the AI project cycle. Write brief description of each.
3. Impact of increasing human dependence on Al
6. The five stages in the Al project cycle are:
Increasing human dependence on Al can raise some serious concerns. Some of these are discussed as
 Problem scoping: The first step is to understand and define the problem that we want Al to solve.
follows:
Problem scoping is the stage where we set clear goals and outline the objectives of the Al project.
Privacy and Security: We avail of many free services on the internet, leaving behind a trail of data, but we  Data Acquisition: This stage focusses on collecting the relevant data required for the Al system.
are often not made aware of it. An example of a privacy concern is face recognition. Face recognition in Since this data forms the base of your project, care must be taken that the data is collected from
photos and videos allows identification, profiling, and searching for individuals, which is against an reliable and authentic sources.
individual's right to privacy and freedom. It can be misused if it falls into the wrong hands.  Data Exploration: This stage involves exploration and analyses of the collected data to interpret
patterns, trends and relationships. The data is in large quantities, so in order to understand the
Accountability: One of the biggest problems brought about by Al decision-making is who should be blamed patterns easily, you can use different visual representations such as graphs, databases, flow charts
or held accountable when an Al causes harm. For example, if a self-driving car makes an autonomous and maps.
decision to leave a highway at high speed to avoid an obstacle and crashes into another vehicle, we cannot
 Modelling: After exploring the patterns, you need to select the appropriate Al model to achieve the
take the self-driving car in front of a court to face justice. Even if we did, there are no legal rules that can
goal. This model should be able to learn from the data and make predictions.
be applied to the case.
 Evaluation: The selected Al model now needs to be tested and the results need to be compared
Job Displacement: The increasing automation of jobs is causing concern that Al will replace individuals in with the expected outcome. This helps in evaluating the accuracy and reliability of the model and
the workforce. improving it.

Threat to Human Rights: Al should not replace jobs that require empathy, emotional connection, care, and 7. Describe the two types of data used in the Al project cycle.
concern for other people. Such jobs include teachers, nurses, social workers, lawyers, judges, defence
7. The two types of data used in the Al project cycle are:
personnel, HR managers, etc. These jobs require empathy and a human touch, as well as providing
emotional support and understanding, which makes the concerned people feel valued. • Training Data: Training data is the initial dataset used to train an Al module. It is a set of examples that
helps the Al model learn and identify patterns or perform particular tasks. We must ensure that the data
Human Interaction: Increased interaction with Al may affect the relationships that people have with other
used to train the Al model is aligned with the problem statement scoped and is sufficient, relevant,
humans as people may not accept or prefer their real identities.
accurate, and wide-ranging.
4. How does Al help in achieving increased efficiency, consistency, and error-free work? 4. Increased
• Testing Data: Testing data is used to evaluate the performance of the Al module. It is data that the Al
efficiency and consistency: Al can analyse large amounts of data much faster and more accurately than
algorithm has not seen before and allows us to check the accuracy of the Al module. The testing data
humans. For example, Al-powered chatbots can provide customer support 24/7 on sites, like Amazon and
should represent the information that the Al model will encounter practically in real-world situations.
Flipkart, without getting tired or making mistakes.
8. List any five data features that will be required to build an Al system to classify images of animals into
Error-free work: Humans are likely to make errors while carrying out tasks due to differences in the
different species.
abilities of individuals or their emotional state. Al machines are accurately programmed to carry out
specific tasks and help reduce unnecessary errors and losses. An example is space exploration programs 8. The data features to classify images of animals into different species could be:
where there is no scope for errors since the Al-enabled devices must carry out tasks on their own without
• Color: Distribution and intensity of colors in the images.
instructions from humans. Even a simple error can result in huge losses.
• Shape: Shape of the animals.
• Texture: Surface texture like fur, feathers, or scales.

• Size: Proportions and dimensions of animals in the images.

• Patterns: Patterns unique to different species.

9. Describe the following data sources:

a. Surveys

b. APIs

a. Surveys: A survey is a method of gathering specific information from a group of people by asking them
questions. This enables us to collect valuable data quickly and efficiently. Surveys can be conducted on
12. Describe bar and line charts.
paper, through face-to-face or telephone interviews, or through online forms. For example, population
census surveys are conducted once every ten years for population analysis. 12. Line chart: A line chart is a chart that is created by plotting a series of points that are connected with
the help of a line and is used to track changes in values over a period of time.
b. APIs: APIs are programs used by developers to acquire data from other programs, services or databases
to extract relevant data required for the Al porject. For example if there is an Al project involving sentiment Bar chart: A bar chart is a chart that presents categorical or grouped data with rectangular bars where the
analysis, developers can use a social media API to access user posts or comments from Twitter or facebook. height or length of the bars is proportional to the values that they represent.
Here data acquisition is done automatically through special programs.
13. Distinguish between area and pie charts.
10. State the difference between AI, ML, and DL.
13. Pie Chart shows proportions of a whole with sectors proportional to data quantities. It is suitable for
comparing categories within a single dataset.

Area Chart displays trends over time with shaded areas below lines representing data quantities. It is ideal
for visualising changes in data over continuous time intervals or comparing multiple datasets.

AI Play

 AI experiment 1: AI art generator

[Link]

 AI experiment 2: Moral Machine

[Link]

AI Imagine
1. Imagine that you are a teacher designing an AI-powered education platform . How would you ensure that your
application provides personalized learning while avoiding bias and ensuring equal treatment for all students.

11. What is the difference between the rule-based approach and learning based approach of Al Ans. AI plays a crucial role in personalized learning by enabling the creation of customized learning paths, providing
modelling? real-time feedback, and adapting content dynamically to meet individual student needs. This allows educators to
move beyond a one-size-fits-all approach and create more inclusive and engaging learning experiences.

2. Applying the 4Ws problem canvas, identify the stakeholders, nature of the problem, context and benefits of
solving the problem for the following scenarios: Developing a mobile app to help users track their daily water
consumption.

Ans. 2The 4Ws problem canvas helps define a problem for a project, identifying stakeholders, the nature of the
problem, its context, and the benefits of solving it. For a mobile app to track water consumption, the stakeholders
are individuals concerned about their health, the context is daily water intake, and the benefits include better
hydration, health management, and potentially reduced waste.
Who: The stakeholders are individuals, particularly those conscious of their health and well-being, individuals 5. You have a dataset that includes the number of daily visitors to a website in a month. Select a suitable
seeking to improve their hydration levels, or individuals seeking to monitor their water intake for health visualization tool (e.g. area chart, scatter plot) that will help understand the visitor.
management.
Ans 5. A line chart is the most suitable visualization tool to understand daily website visitors over a month. It
What: The nature of the problem is the lack of a convenient and accurate way for users to track their daily water effectively shows trends and changes over time, making it easy to see how visitor numbers fluctuate throughout the
consumption. This could include manual tracking methods that are time-consuming or inaccurate, or a lack of month.
awareness about optimal hydration levels.
Here's why line charts are a good choice:
Where: The context is the user's daily routine and environment, focusing on tracking water consumption throughout
the day. This may involve tracking consumption at home, work, or while on the go.  Revealing trends:

Why: The benefits of solving this problem include improved hydration, potentially better health outcomes, and Line charts clearly illustrate the overall trend in visitor numbers, whether they are increasing, decreasing, or staying
reduced water waste. Additionally, the app can empower users to make informed decisions about their daily water relatively constant.
intake, potentially leading to a more conscious and healthy lifestyle.  Highlighting variations:

3. Suppose you are building an AI application that recommends movies to viewers. Which data features would be You can easily spot daily or weekly fluctuations in visitor counts, which can be crucial for understanding user
important for this AI project behavior.

Ans 3) These describe the movies themselves:  Comparing to other data:

1. Title – Useful for displaying but not always for modeling. If you have additional data, like advertising spend or marketing campaigns, you can compare them on the same line
2. Genres – e.g., action, drama, sci-fi; often represented as multi-hot encoded vectors. chart to see if they correlate with visitor trends.
3. Cast and Crew – actors, directors, writers (names can be embedded or mapped to popularity/influence
scores). While other options like scatter plots and area charts could also be used, line charts are specifically designed to show
4. Release Year/Date – temporal relevance; users may prefer newer or older films. changes over a continuous period, making them ideal for this scenario.
5. Duration – movie length; some users may prefer shorter or longer movies.
6. Language – original language of the film. In summary: A line chart provides a clear and concise way to visualize website visitor data over time, making it easy
7. Country of Origin – relevant for regional preferences. to understand trends and patterns
8. Production Company/Studio – can influence quality perception.
9. Keywords/Tags – plot descriptors (e.g., “time travel”, “based on true story”).

4) Imagine you are a forest officer and have been asked to compare the population of elephants, bears, and tigers
in the forest over the last 10 years. Which data visualization technique will you use to achieve this?

Ans To compare the population of elephants, bears, and tigers over 10 years, a line graph would be the most
effective data visualization technique. This allows for a clear visual comparison of trends in each species' population
over time.

Explanation:

 Line graph:

A line graph is ideal for showing trends over time. The x-axis would represent the years (e.g., 2015 to 2025), and the
y-axis would represent the population size of each species.

 Visual comparison:

Each species would have its own line on the graph, making it easy to see which species has increased, decreased, or
remained stable over the 10-year period.

 Trends:

The line graph can clearly show any fluctuations or patterns in the populations, helping you understand if there are
any correlations or relationships between the species.