SITE PLANNING AND LANDSCAPE ARCHITECTURE 10. Negotiation and arrangement for execution of land area projects.

11. Field observation and inspection of land area construction, restoration, and
I.0 INTRODUCTION TO SITE PLANNING AND LANDSCAPE ARCHITECTURE maintenance.
SITE PLANNING – is the art and science of arranging the uses of portions of
land 2.0 PARAMETERS OF SITE SELECTION AND ANALYSIS
SITE PLANNER – is the profession that designates the uses of portions of land 2.1 Program development is based on the following factors:
in detail by: 1. Site requirements
1. Selecting and analyzing sites 2. Sizes
2. Forming land use plan 3. Types of building and site construction
3. Organizing vehicular and pedestrian circulations 4. Uses of materials
4. Developing visual form and material concepts
5. Re-adjusting the existing landforms by design grading Two Methods of Site Selection:
6. Providing proper drainage
7. Developing the construction details necessary to carry out the projects. 1. Sites are considered within a general location and a choice is made of the
one best meeting the preliminary objectives.
a. Ideal sites - sites with least modification, best meets the project
Site Planning is professionally practiced by: requirements
1. Landscape architect b. Alternative sites - possible sites
2. Architect
3. Planner
4. Civil engineer 2. Site location is chosen by a client before the establishment of a program or
even before a use for the site has been determined.
LANDSCAPE ARCHITECTURE - the profession which applies artistic and
scientific principles to the research, planning, design and management of both
2.2 Site Analysis
natural and built environments.
After the site has been selected, detailed program and site analysis are the
next concerns.
ROLES OF LANDSCAPE ARCHITECT:
1. Design of a Program - by research and investigation, it is a must to organize
Three (3) main purposes of landscape architecture PDE
a logical and accurate program requirements on which the design may be
1. Preservation
base. This program will be as detailed and as complete as possible. We draw
2. Development
knowledge and views from the following:
3. Enhancement
a. Owner/s
b. Users of the project
For the above landscape architecture purposes, the roles of the landscape c. Maintenance men
architects include: d. Planners with similar undertakings
e. With our collaborators
1. Investigation, selection and allocation of land and water resources for f. With anyone who can contribute constructive thoughts
appropriate use.
2. Feasibility studies.
3. Formulation of graphic and wri5en criteria to govern the planning and 2. Analyses of the Site - thoroughly investigate and analyze the project site.
design of land construction program. Not only the specific site contained within the property boundaries, but the
4. Preparation, review, and analysis of master plan for land use and total site, which includes the site environs to the horizon and beyond. This also
development. includes:
5. Production of overall site plans.
a. The feel of the land
6. Landscape grading and landscape drainage plans, irrigation plans, planting
plans, and construction details. b. The site analysis program – a print of the topographic survey furnished by
7. Specifications the surveyor is taken into the field and, from actual site observation, all site
8. Cost estimates and reports for land development. features or factors that supplement or interpret the survey are plotted on it in
9. Collaboration in the design of roads, bridges, and structures with respect to the planner’s own symbols. Such additional information might include:
the functional and aesthetic requirements of the areas on which they are to be
placed.
1.) Best views, poor views, objectionable views Adaptation of Project to Site:
2.) Which trees should be preserved and be removed 1. Plan Concept – perfection of the main design idea through collaboration of
3.) Flood level, undrained and swampy land experts planners
4.) Off-site nuisances 2. The Site-Structure Diagram – blocking of the architectural elements of the
5.) Logical building areas of the site, logical points of ingress and egress. project. It is a process of creative synthesis.
6.) Sun diagram 3. The Creative Aspect of Planning - understanding the idea to a clear concept.
7.) High and low points on the horizon give protection from or add force to sun
and wind Factors included in the Analysis of Site and its environs:
1. Natural factors
a. Physiography and landforms
b. Soil & geology
c. Hydrology 3.0 ECOLOGICAL CONSIDERATIONS OF SITE (NATURAL FACTORS)
d. Vegetation 3.1 PHYSIOGRAPHY and LANDFORMS
e. Wetlands and Wildlife habitats
2. Cultural factors PHYSIOGRAPHY – is the description of landforms
a. Site Values/Social Impact GEOMORPHOLOGY–a branch of geology dealing with the origin and nature of
b. Behavior Settings & Users Requirements land forms with emphasis on erosional processes.
c. Cultural/Historical Significance
d. Activity/Communication Linkages LANDFORMS – irregularities of the earth’s surface.
e. Pertinent Laws (Local ordinances, land use and zoning, & others)
Landforms are derived from:
1. Volcanic
2. Glacial or erosional processes
3. Aesthetic factors
a. Site Context Landforms do not include man-made such as canals, port sand many harbors;
b. Images/symbols and
c. Sensuous Quality geographic features such as deserts, forests, grasslands and impact craters.

Resource Analysis Process: GENERAL TYPES OF NATURAL LANDFORMS:

1. Overlay Mapping System 1. VALLEY– A low area of land between hills or mountains, typically with a river
- An overlay method of mapping natural determinants is often used to or stream flowing through it.
determine the suitability of a particular site for prospective land uses. 2. PLAINS – A large area of flat land with few trees.
3. MOUNTAINS– A large natural elevation of the earth's surface rising abruptly
from the surrounding level, and a5aining an altitude greater than of a hill.
2. Matrix 4. HILLS – A naturally raised area of land, not as high or craggy as a mountain.
- A matrix can be developed of specific land use needs in relation to natural 6. VOLCANO - A mountain or hill, typically conical, having a crater or vent
factors. For each land use desired the inventory maps are interpreted for through which lava, rock fragments, hot vapor, and gas.
opportunities they offer.

3. Opportunity Maps SLOPE ANALYSIS:

- Opportunity maps are overlaid to produce a composite map. Purposes:
1. To aid in recognizing areas on the site that lend themselves to building
4. Constraint Maps locations, roads, parking, or play areas.
- Constraint to development must also be mapped for each component to 2. To show if construction is feasible.
show their influence on development.
METHODS OF EXPRESSING SLOPES:
5. Suitability Maps 1. Percentage (%) of Slope
- Constraint maps are now overlaid to form a composite map. A composite - is expressed as the number of meters (feet) rise in 100 m (h). of horizontal
maps synthesis of opportunities and constraints is formed to produce a distance, referred as rise/run.
suitability map for a prospective use. G = D/L x 100 where,
G = Gradient, % 4. Contour lines point down ridges.
D = Vertical rise, m (h) 5. With the exception of an overhanging shelf or cave, contours never cross;
L = Horizontal Distance, m (h) they merge only at vertical walls or cliffs.
2. Proportion of Slope 6. Contours along the highest points of ridges or the lowest points of valleys
- is expressed as a ratio of the horizontal distance to the vertical rise. are always found in pairs, for each contour is a continuous line that closes on
E.g. itself either on or off the drawing and never splits or stops.
The ratio of the Slope is 1:4 7. High points on summits or low points within a depression are indicated by
3. Degree of Slope spot elevations.
- is expressed in a degrees only on large scale earth-moving projects. 8. Runoff water flows downhill perpendicular to contour lines.
E.g. 9. Existing contours are shown as dashed lines with very sixth line in 1 h
Conversions: Ratio 1:4 to Percentage ¼ x 100 = 25% contour
to Degrees tan θ = ¼ interval drawn heavier. Contours are numbered either in the mass of the
θ = ¼ ‾ Tan contour line or on the uphill side. New contour lines for proposed grades are
θ = 14.036º shown as solid lines.
Sample Problem:
Compute for the distance between contours with 5 meters contour interval
3.0 ECOLOGICAL CONSIDERATIONS OF SITE (NATURAL FACTORS)
and 10% slope.
Solution: 3.2 GEOLOGY and SOIL
Given: I = 5 meters
G = 10% 3.2.1 GEOLOGY
D =? GEOLOGY – Does the science comprise the study of solid earth, the rocks of
Substitute: which it is composed, and the processes by which it evolves.
Use formula D = I/G x 100
D = 5 meters/10% x 100 GEOLOGICAL CYCLE- a continuous process by which rocks are created,
D = 50 meters changed from one form to another, destroyed, and then formed again.
TYPES OF ROCKS (Cycle)
SITE GRADING – is essential in developing the physical form of the site. 1. Igneous rock - are those that solidify from a molten or partially molten
FUNCTIONAL & AESTHETIC REASONS FOR GRADING: state. These rocks are characterized as either extrusive or intrusive. E.g.
Basalt, Granite
1. Grading for drainage 2. Sedimentary rock - Erosion and deposition play a key part in the formation
2. Grading to create berms. (berms can be created for noise and wind buffers) of sedimentary rocks. Wind, water, ice, and chemicals break down existing
3. Grading to create level areas. rock into sediment that is then transported and deposited by wind, water, and
4. Grading to modify existing landforms. glaciers.
5. Grading for increased site interest. 3. Metamorphic rock - are any rock type that has been altered by heat,
6. Grading related to good views. pressure, and/or the chemical action of fluids and gases.
7. Grading related to bad views.
8. Grading to fit structures to site.
9. Grading to emphasize or control circulations. BEDROCK – is consolidated rock material lying at various depths below all
points of the earth’s surface.
SURFICIAL GEOLOGIC MATERIALS – above the bedrock, surficial geologic
Contour Map materials extend to the surface soil. These materials maybe porous and serve
1. Contours - are lines of equal elevation above the same reference plane as aquifers.

2. Contour interval – is the vertical distance between contours. It is always MASS MOVEMENT OF LAND SURFACE:
equal.
1. TECTONIC Movement–may be caused along faults, often accompanying
Characteristics of contours: earthquakes.
1. A uniform slope is indicated by evenly space contour. 2. SURFICIAL Processes – power by mass movement of material by the force
2. Slope increases with closeness of contours. Lines close at the top of a slope gravity. Often started by heavy rain or sudden thaws that saturate the rock
and wider apart at the bottom indicate a concave slope. The reverse situation and soil with water to the point where gravity can cause movement. E.g. shock
indicates a convex slope. by an earthquake
3. Contour lines point up stream valleys.
 AQUIFERS – are water-bearing strata of rock, gravel, or sand in which
groundwater is stored.
Geological Survey provides various characteristics such as:
1. Distribution and thickness of rock formations SOURCES OF WATER:
2. Terrain, slope, and slope stability 1. Natural surface water from streams, rivers and lakes
3. Drainage, permeability and water table 2. Underground water
4. Frost susceptibility
5. Suitability for foundations WATERSHED CONDITION:
6. Earthquake stability
The amount of runoff water that flows to a particular point in the landscape is
7. Excavation characteristics
dependent upon the size of the watershed and its physical characteristics.
8. Suitability for sub-grade fill or borrow and compaction
1. Complex land covers result in less run off.
2. Soil type is the principal determinant of infiltration rates.
3.2.2. SOIL
3. The placements of impervious surface within watershed can significantly
SOIL – material above the bedrocks. affect runoff rates.
4. A watershed with steep slopes, fight soils, high imperviousness, and moist,
SOIL TYPES AND THEIR PROPERTIES (UNIFIED CLASSIFICATION SYSTEM) simple surfaces will produce far more runoff than the same size watershed
+ LL indicates liquid limit. with flat slopes, coarse soils, no imperviousness, and dry, complex plant
communities.
PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF SOIL
1. Texture – is a way to classify the range of particle sizes that make up the WATER RESOURCE PROTECTION AREA DISTRICT:
soil. 1. Particular rock formation and the related land surface drainage area that
2. Color – is the most obvious feature observed in a soil profile drains to these formations.
3. Density – the total volume of solids and voids in soil is commonly referred to 2. Wellhead water resource protection areas, which consist of surface and
as its bulk volume or density. subsurface areas surrounding public water supply wells or well fields where
4. Capillarity – refers to the upward movement of moisture or water above the the quantity or quality of groundwater is moving towards the wells may be
water table as a function of the fine textured soil. E.g. clay and silt have high impacted by land use activity.
capillarity. 3. Surface water resource protection areas consist of area that drain on the
5. Permeability – refers to the ability of soil to transmit water downward due to surface or underground to existing public water supply reservoirs.
gravity. E.g. coarse grained soil. 4. The recharge water resources protection areas, which consist of highly
6. Shrinkage and swell (volume changes)- refers to the buildup and release of permeable geologic deposits (sand, gravel, silt, etc.).
capillary tensile stresses within soil due to water.
7. Cohesion – is the ability of a soil sample to bind together when moderately 3.0 ECOLOGICAL CONSIDERATIONS OF SITE (NATURAL FACTORS)
dry. 3.4 MICRO-CLIMATE & ORIENTATION
3.0 ECOLOGICAL CONSIDERATIONS OF SITE (NATURAL FACTORS)
3.4.1 MICROCLIMATE
Terminologies:
1. MICROCLIMATE- is the variation of the climate within a given area, usually
3.3 HYDROLOGY influenced by hills, hollow structures or proximity to the bodies of water.
HYDROLOGICCYCLE–is the global process of the earth’s water movement. The 2. GENERAL CLIMATE- the meteorological conditions (the prevailing
energy that operates the system comes from the sun and earth’s gravity. environmental conditions as they influence the prediction of weather),
EVAPORATION - is the process in which water turns to gas. including temperature, precipitation, and wind that characteristically prevail in
CONDENSATION – is the process in which gas turns to water. a particular region.
PRECIPITATION- is the amount of water that does not fall on the ground. 3. MICROCLIMATE COMFORT- it is the condition of mind, which expresses
TRANSPIRATION- is the process by which water vapor is evaporated and enters satisfaction with the thermal environment.
into atmosphere. 4. MICROCLIMATE CONTROL - these are the uses of man-made or artificial
INFILTRATION - (a) is the process of absorption and the natural downward planting and vegetation to control the climate within the area.
movement of water through the surface soil; 5. HUMIDITY – is the amount of water vapor in the air.
(b) It is the process in which a fluid passes into the pores or interstices of a 6. RELATIVE HUMIDITY–is the amount of vapor the air is holding expressed as
solid a percentage of the amount the air can hold at a particular temperature.
7. PRECIPITATION – is the amount of water that does not fall on the ground.
8. TEMPERATURE– degree of hotness and coldness that measures by a 3. WIND ORIENTATION – refers to the source or directions of wind North-east
thermometer. and South-west directions. Environmental and built factors that influenced a
building orientation:
1. Sun Orientation - heat, glare, light
“Precipitation & temperature are two major factors affecting vegetation”. 2. Wind Orientation
3. Site conditions- topography, soil and geology, hydrology and vegetation
4. Views - corridors, scenic easements
Different Climate Zones and their unique temperature and moisture 5. Visual and acoustical – direction of objectionable noises
characteristics: 6. Local development pa5erns - land use and zoning, accessibility
1. Hot Arid Regions– characterized by dry, hot summer temperature(>20ºC) requirements
and mild to cool winters (>0ºC). Annual precipitation is low, however seasonal 7. Environmental conditions – smoke, dust, odor
flash-floods may occur. Freezing temperature is uncommon, extreme diurnal
temperature fluctuations are typical. 3.0 ECOLOGICAL CONSIDERATIONS OF SITE (NATURAL FACTORS)

Site Planning and design: seek to balance daily temperature extremes by 3.5 VEGETATIONS
storing energy, increasing humidity, and diverting desiccating winds. “Vegetation is a good indicator of soil and microclimate.”
2. Hot Humid Regions– characterized by hot summer temperature(>20ºC) and Common Forms of Plants
mild to cool winter (>0ºC). Annual precipitation and humidity are high, with 1. Trees
frequent rain showers. Freezing temperatures are uncommon, and relatively 2. Shrubs and perennials
minor diunal temperature fluctuations are typical. 3. Groundcovers
Site Planning and design: seek to increase shade, cooling from evaporation, 4. Annuals
and breezes. 5. Turf

3. Temperate Regions– characterized by hot, often humid, summers(>20ºC) Major Functions of Plant Materials:
and cold winter (>0ºC). Annual precipitation is fairly high. The region is subject 1. Aesthetic - visual principles of color, texture,scale and rhythm can be used
to repetitive freezing/thawing action, and significant seasonal temperature to create an aesthetically pleasing human environment.
fluctuations are common. 2. Environmental Condition– Themicroclimate of an outdoorspace can be
changed through the careful placement of trees and shrubs to block excessive
Site Planning and design: seek to promote shade and evaporative cooling
sun or wind.
warm periods, and block winds and promote heat gain in cool periods, without
3. Screening – Plant screens can provide privacy, mark boundaries,discourage
disrupting favorable summer wind pattern.
intruders, or block unpleasant views.
4. Cold Regions– characterized by mild summer temperatures(>10º-20ºC) and 4. Circulation Control – Plant controls and directsmovements of people,
very cold winters (<0ºC). Annual precipitation is typically low. Region is animals, or vehicles.
subject to extreme freezing/thawing action. 5. Production – Plants provide food and shelter for wildlife. It can encouragethe
presence of birds, bu5erflies or other forms of wildlife for human enjoyment.
Site Planning and design: seek to control winter winds, and promote solar gain 6. Bioengineering and Other forms of structural Mitigation–The natural
and storage. regenerative tendency of plant material can be used to stabilized eroded
The Climatic design variables of human comfort in any given climate zone are: banks, revitalized damaged soils, or strengthen wildlife habitats.

1. SOLAR RADIATION–duration and intensity of thermal loading and absorption

(isolation)
2. AIR MOVEMENT – velocity and pattern Plant Classifications according to Habitats:
3. HUMIDITY – vapor pressure and air temperature.
1. TERRESTRIAL PLANT- Plants that live or survive on land (e.g. mango,rose,
3.4.2 ORIENTATION etc)
2. AERIAL PLANTS– Plants that live on trees or hang on air (e.g. orchids)
Terminologies: 3. AQUATIC PLANTS - Plants that live in water (e.g. water hyacinth, lotus)
1. ORIENTATION- strongly relates a building to the natural environment– the
sun, wind, weather patterns, topography, landscape, and views. USES OF PLANTS:
2. SUN ORIENTATION - refers the movement of sun from east-to-west. This is
useful in designing a structure and for locating the spaces inside the structure. A. Engineering Uses of Plants
1. Control solar radiation (a) wetlands dominated by trees, shrubs, persistent emergents, emergent
2. Reduce glare mosses or lichens, and
3. Control wind (b) habitats with water containing ocean-derived salts in excess of 0.5%.
4. Help clean the air 4. LACUSTRINE – includes the following wetlands and deep-water habitats:
5. Absorb unwanted sound (a) Located in a depression or a dammed river channel,
6. Minimize erosion (b) lacking trees,shrubs,persistentemergents,emergentmossesorlichens
greater than 30%area coverage,
(c) the total area exceeds 20acres.
5. PALUSTRINE – includes all non-tidal wetlands dominated by trees, shrubs,
B. Architectural and Aesthetic Uses of Plants persistent emergents, emergent mosses or lichens and all wetlands that occur
1. Provide enclosure in tidal waters where salinity of ocean-derived salts below 0.5%.
2. Overhead canopies 6. WILDLIFE – relates closely to habitats provided by plant communities.
3. Control views
4. Provide privacy Three Group Divisions:
5. Stand out as sculptural elements in the landscape
1. Open land Wildlife. Includes birds and mammals commonly associated with
6. Provide naturalistic interest
crop fields, meadows, pastures and non-forested overgrown lands.
7. Serve as backdrop
2. Woodland Wildlife. These species need various combinations of a) grasses
8. Provide color and texture in the landscape
and legumes; b) wild herbaceous upland plants; c) hardwood woody plants as
just mentioned; and d) cone-bearing shrubs such as pines, cedars and yews.
3.0 ECOLOGICAL CONSIDERATIONS OF SITE (NATURAL FACTORS) 3. Wetland Wildlife. Wetland species include birds and mammals needing
habitats with
3.6 WETLANDS & WILDLIFEHABITATS a) wetland food plants or wild herbaceous plants of moist to wet sites,
WETLANDS – areas that are inundated or saturated by surface or groundwater exclusive of submerged or floating aquatic plants;
at a frequency and duration sufficient to support, and that under normal b) shallow water development with impoundments for the control of water
circumstances do support, a prevalence of vegetation typically adapted for life where the depth generally does not exceed 5h.;
in saturated soil conditions. Examples: shrubs swamps, marshes, bogs, c) excavated ponds of impounded areas with ample supplies of water of
mangrove swamps, salt marshes suitable quality and depth for fish and wildlife such as one quarter acre ponds
. of 6 ft average depth; and
Environmental Characteristics for Identification of Wetlands: d) streams.
1. Vegetation. Prevalence of vegetation.
2. Soils. Soils that are saturated, flooded, or pounded long enough to develop 4.0 SOCIAL & PSYCHOLOGICAL CONSIDERATIONS
anaerobic condition (lack oxygen). 4.1 SITE VALUES/SOCIAL IMPACT
3. Hydrology. The area is inundated either permanently or periodically at 4.1.1. SOCIOECONOMIC FACTORS
mean -Is the study of a community and its social and economic structure. It is
water depth < 6.6 h or the soil is saturated to the surface at some time during important in determining the feasibility of the project.
the growing season of the prevalent vegetation. Indicators include drainage
pattern, drift lines, sediment deposition, watermarks, stream gage data and
flood predictions. A. Market Analysis – is where socioeconomic feasibility is based.
DEMOGRAPHIC FACTORS– population is the base of many land use planning
Wetlands Classifications System: decisions. Population trends in a local market area can identify the potential
user or Consumers. Included is population change by:
1. MARINE – consists of Open Ocean over the continental shelf and its
associated high-energy coastline. 1. Birth
2. ESTUARINE – consists of deep-water tidal habitats and adjacent tidal 2. Deaths
wetlands that are often semi-enclosed by land but open access to the ocean, 3. Age
and are occasionally diluted by freshwater runoff from the land. (Estuaries & 4. Sex
lagoons) 5. Family size
3. RIVERINE – includes all wetlands and deep-water habitats contained within a 6. Occupation
channel that connects two bodies of standing water with two exceptions, 7. Income level
8. Housing accommodations
9. Tax rate 1. Visual Nuisances, e.g. power lines, water towers, certain industrial
10. Assessment complexes, highways, billboards & junkyards.
2. Auditory Nuisances, e.g. heavy automobile, rail or air traffic or from
B. Utilities, all utilities located on or adjacent to the site understudy should large number of people.
be shown graphically for consideration in site development. 3. Olfactory Nuisances, e.g. dumps, or in chemical & other waste.
Utilities are: Safety Hazards Resulted from:
1. Potable Water, most critical utility for growth at the community level. 1. Lack of linkages in areas of heavy traffic.
Primary Sources are: 2. Severe & sudden changes in land (steep cliff at the edge of the site)
-River 3. Air pollution
-Lakes 4.3.2. Linkages – location of site& its relations to adjacent properties & to the
-Springs community. It involve the following:
-Subsurface (acquifers) 1. Movement of people, vehicles and goods
2. Communications and amenities
Example of Linkages:
Types of Distribution System: -Parkways
1. Gravity from reservoir -Parks
2. Direct pressure, water is pumped into a main. -Pedestrian overpass and underpass
2. Sanitary Systems,Sewage is usually disposed of in systems separate -roads & bridges
from storm water and carried to a disposal plant where it is treated
into effluent, which may be discharged into a river, stream, or other 4.3.3 Traffic & Transit- relationship of traffic patterns to each other and to the
natural body of water. site.
3. Electric Power
4. Telephone Factors to Consider in Inventory:
5. Gas 1. Existing vehicular networks
6. Storm Water System, pickup surface water and carry it to local 2. Trips (origin & destinations, purposes, time of day & volume)
streams or lakes where it can be discharged safely.
4.4 PERTINENT LAWS
4.4.1 Density, Zoning & SubdivisionRegulations
C. Existing Building, building on site must be shown and their uses and DENSITY – Volume of users. It can be expressed as:
facilities studied. Information needed for inventory are: -No. of families or dwelling unit/hectare
7. Size, floor area and existing condition -Floor area ratio or gross floor area covering the site.
8. Historical values Density may influence:
-Privacy
Landmark Status -Freedom movement
1. A designated historical landmark is a property with -Social contact among people
demonstrated/documented cultural or architectural significance.
2. A local landmark designation typically brings with it certain ZONING – is one of the many legal & administrative devices by which city plan
restrictions and oversight for the property. are implemented.
3. Some historical designations increase the value of a property because
the land is associated with a popular public figure or the land is in a ZONING DISTRICT – (residential, commercial & industrial)
desirable neighborhood or well-kept historic homes. Calls out requirement such as front, rear and side yards setbacks, parking
Heritage requirements, building heights, service bay requirements, maximum lot
- valued objects and qualifies such as cultural traditions, unspoiled coverage, screening, open space and recreationalrequirements. E.g. P.D.
countryside, and historic buildings that have been passed down from 1096.
previous generations. SUBDIVISIONREGULATIONS– land usecontrolmeasuresformunicipal and
country control over development of land. The regulations are mainly
4.2 BEHAVIORAL SETTING & USERS’REQUIREMENTS concerned with the layout and standards such as street width, turning radii,
4.3 CULTURAL FACTORS road right-of-way, cul-de-sac length, curb, sidewalk requirements and
4.3.1 Existing Land Use - is based on population. landscaping.
Off-Site Nuisances:
4.4.2 OTHER REGULATIONS: B.P. 220, B.P. 344, etc.
5.0 AESTHETIC & PHYSICAL CONSIDERATIONS landmarks. It can use as buffering elements for noise and may control sunlight
5.1 SITE CONTEXT or wind.
5.1.1 NATURAL FEATURES
6.0 MOVEMENT SYSTEM
-Sites may be endowed with outstanding natural features of earth, rock, water,
Circulation systems are vital linkages that relate activities and uses of the
or plant material. Landforms, rock outcrops, ledges, boulders, lakes, steams,
land.
wetlands, or wooded areas have scenic value and may be incorporated, along
with architecture, in the site development.
6.1 PEDESTRIAN
5.1.2 SPATIAL PATTERNS 6.1.1 Physical Characteristics of the Pedestrian
1. Dimensional Criteria – human dimension and activity, spatial requirement
[Link], may be pleasing or objectionable. for psychological comfort.
[Link] Barriers Average Walking Rates of Adult Pedestrian
[Link] may be a natural or completely man-made view. It has a dominant Type mm/min h/min km/hr
focal point or terminus that is strongly emphasized and framed and Average adult 78 000 260 4.3
balance by minor elements forming masses to enclose the vista and screen Elderly (75 yrs.) 65 500 215 4
out conflicting objects from its composition Bunching 60 000 200 3.7
Stairways (going down) 45 600 152 2.8
5.2 IMAGE/SYMBOLS Stairway (going up) 33 900 113 2

IMAGE- is an identity based on shape, color, texture, arrangement and sensory

quality of space. 2. Movement Criteria – walking rate, acceptable walking distance, pedestrian
density.
Natural Elements that may have emotional effect when properly used:
3. Visual Criteria - eye level and cone vision (important in placement and
1. Earth - base plane, is a plastic element and can be molded to enhance a orientation of signage), visual perception.
design. E.g. interesting topography
2. Rock - it has symbolic and aesthetic qualifies, it is a prominent element in 6.1.2 Spatial Standard
design. It may be used as natural feature or a sculptural element. 1. Pathway width and slope Criteria
3. Water – the most flexible of the natural elements, assumes the shape of the
container. It gives cooling effect in large still pools; it conveys a sense of Calculation of walkway width:
quietude and repose. Pathway Width = V(M) / S
4. Plant Material – constantly undergo change. They have climatic, Where: V=volume, pedestrian/minute
environmental engineering, architectural and aesthetic uses. M=space module, m²(h²) pedestrian
S=walking speed, m(h)/minute
Example calculation: Given the volume of pedestrians=200/minute, minimum
5.3 SENSUOUS QUALITIES ANDFORMS space module desired = 1.67 m²/pedestrian (18 h²), pedestrian walking speed
SENORY QUALITY - The sense of place – its visual impression and appeal to (normal) = 79.25 m/min (260 h/min)
one’s senses of sound, smell and touch – adds a further dimension to the Solution:
design of spaces. 200 x 1.675 = 344 = 4.22 m
79.25 9.25

Three Enclosing or Space-Forming Elements: 2. Stairways - widths (1 500mm for public spaces & 1 050mm for private
1. BASEPLANE- It is the surface of the earth and therefore must be properly spaces), tread-riser ratios(115mm to 150mm for outdoor) , height between
planned for uses and their linkages before further development can take landings.
place. 3. Ramps - slope criteria (1:12 or 8.33% for ramp & 1:8 or 12% for curb cuts),
2. OVERHEAD PLANE - The sky is the greatest overhead plane. Overhead distance between landings.
planes may be solid, translucent or perforated, but this is generally not as 4. Seating Criteria
important visually as the type of articulation be provided. 5. Hand railings
6. Pedestrian Signage
3. VERTICAL PLANE- It has the most important function in defining the uses of 6.2 VEHICULAR
spaces. It has also great visual impact and may act as points of reference or
6.2.1 Categories and Classificafions of Circulation System:
1. Grid System - usually comprised of equally spaced streets running 7.3 Site Development must consider the following:
perpendicular to each other. Generally used on flat or slightly rolling land.
1. Infrastructure - transportation and utilities
2. Radial System - directs flow to a common center; where high levels of 2. Building and site requirements – building orientation, site improvements,
activity exist, however, the center may become hard to manage. This system construction methods and materials.
is not as flexible as the grid.
3. Linear System - connects flow between two points and is illustrated by 8.0 Landscape Design
railroad lines or canals. An adaptation for this system is the use of loops on
8.1 Elements of Design(Planting)
either side of the main artery to aid local flow.
1. POINT
4. Curvilinear System - takes advantage of topography by following the land as
- marks the position in space, used to assert ownership or dominion over an
closely as possible. It is closely related to traffic at the local level and many
area, and to provide a focus in a given design.
have variety of street alignments readily adaptable to topography.
6.1.2 Road Layouts:
2. LINE
1. T- Junction (street intersections) - an extension of a point in one dimension. It can be regular, fuzzy, jagged,
2. Four-way intersection curvy or discontinuous.
3. Y-Junction
4. Angular intersection 3. FORM
- this includes the shape and structure of a plant or plant mass. Shape evokes
a powerful effect on the way we perceived our surroundings as pa5erns.
7.0 Site Development Shapes are also very important to achieve design theme.
7.1 Component of Site Development Plan
4. COLOR
(1 to 9 excerpts from ‘Designing with Plants’ by Richard Austin) - refers to the characteristic of a material which affects the way light is
1. Scale, both written and graphic reflected from it.
2. North arrow
3. Existing plant materials 5. TEXTURE
4. Plants to be removed and relocated - refers to the surface quality of any plant material which can be seen or felt.
5. Structures, overhangs, paving (both existing and proposed) It is the visual roughness and smoothness of a surface in addition to its
6. Topography where applicable epidermal or tactile characteristics.
7. Details where needed (a separate sheet is usually required)
8. Small orientation map 6. SIZE
9. Title block - this concerns the dimensions of elements. Large, tall or deep forms are
10. Immediate access roads and off site uses impressive and have been used to exert power. Smaller forms may be valued
forms may be valued for their low impact and also to create contrast.

7.2 Steps to Guide the Initial Design Process 8.1 Principles of Design(Planting)
1. Develop general area takeoff and overall building footprint to measure total 1. UNITY
site coverage of impermeable surfaces and determine run-off pollution - It is the appearance of wholeness or completeness and continuity in a design
potential. or landscape. It concerns the connection between the parts in a landscape
2. Identify alternative site design concepts to minimize resource costs and design.
disruption.
3. Identify topographic and hydrological impacts of proposed design and 2. EMPHASIS AND FOCALIZATION
building use. - This is a result of a break in visual order. This can be achieved through use of
4. Review financial implications of site development, building, and projected similar elements in rhythmic pa5ern in order to highlight the main accent.
maintenance costs. Focal points are places in the landscape where a5enfion is naturally drawn or
5. Develop matrix use and site compatibility index. Each site may be assessed where the designer elects to direct it.
to reveal its development compatibility index with regard to a specific type of
development. 3. BALANCE
- a state where all parts of a design or landscape are in equilibrium and no
part needs to be moved, added or subtracted. It can either be: c. Balinese - characterized by the presence of Bali’s hardscape elements,
a. Symmetry – is the arrangement of elements so that one part of a statues and symbols blended with the tropical floras.
composition is balanced by an identical or mirror image in another part.
d. Japanese Garden - brought by the desire to copy nature through symbols
b. Asymmetry- is the opposite state where in balance is also achieved but
such as use of dry garden to symbolize river with rocks and stones, shaped
through the presence of different composition.
shrubs to symbolize natural rocks, etc.
c. Proximal/Distal - refers to balancing the elements that are far against those
that are near, the distant view and those beside the viewer. e. Contemporary - the modern garden can be a mixture or an adaptation of
the classic gardens suited to the materials and taste of the users.

4. SCALE & PROPORTION

- Scale pertains to the size of elements in relation to the human body and to 9.2 Elements of Different Design Concepts:
the landscape. Scale varies with the position and distance of the observer.
- Proportion is the relationship of parts of a design or composition to the 1. ITALIAN GARDEN STYLE
whole, especially in size or degree. a. Giordino Segreto(Secrete Garden) - it is adjacent to the house and was part
of the garden where most flowers were grown.
5. RHYTHM b. Loggia - support vines, but its purpose is to protect not plant but people.
- The repetition of similar elements at the same or related intervals so that c. Pergola - an arbor formed of plants trained over trelliswork. It can be
they appear to be part of a whole composition and create an illusion of freestanding covered walk or can be attached to the side of the building. Its
movement. Rhythm increases interest and introduces dynamics into a design. primary function is to support vines.
d. Balustrade - a series of short pillars or columns topped with a rail or coping.
6. SIMPLICITY e. Column - In classical architecture, the slender shah commonly called a
- the state of having one or few elements, parts, or features in a design or column was only part of a whole. It generally supported a railing or the
landscape. A design with too many rudiments involved may create chaos. decorative part of a building. Sometimes the shah took the form of a caryatid
(a standing female figure)
f. Sala escoverta – an enclosed courtyard or uncovered room that opened from
7. HIERARCHY the house and was treated in a similar style.
- this is a method of ordering sections of a composition so that some parts are g. Colonnade - a series of columns set at regular intervals and usually
more important or dominant than others. Size, scale, position, color, etc. can supporting the base of a roof structure.
be used to determine hierarchy. h. Grotto (cave or cavern)- a man-made retreat from the sun’s heat. Grottoes
are cool, damp places where classical sculptures might reside.
8. CONTRAST
- It is the visible difference between two elements or parts or of a design when 2. BRITISH GARDEN STYLE
seen together. The greater the differences and the closer the position, the
greater the contrast. This can be expressed in color, shape, size and concept. a. Wild Garden - letting hardy perennials naturalize and to benefit
from ‘beautiful accidents’.
9.0 Concepts and Principles of Green Architecture as applied in site planning b. Ha-ha - a deep ditch (which in effect, a sunken fence) it keeps the cows
and landscape design from the corn without interrupting the flow of the landscape.
c. Cottage Garden - a style of romantic planting that combines the practical
9.1 Design Concepts with the poetic and make a lush garden small, enclosed space. Fruits and
vegetables are intermingled with old-fashioned flowers.
1. Formal
d. Folly - a whimsical structure that lightens up the garden, a folly can be
- calls for symmetrical, well balance elements and well manicured plants.
anything from a red lacquer Chinese temple where the family takes tea to a
E.g. French and Italian garden elements.
garden shed shaped like a ship to a re-creation of a Gothic ruin, brooding atop
2. Informal/Tropical or Natural a craggy hill.
e. Border - a bed, longer that it is wide, where a variety of flowers and shrubs
a. The Tropical landscape - characterized by colorful flowers and foliage, big are planted together for mass effect.
leaves like the heliconias and the cannes and the vines and other forest f. Landscape Park - rolling parkland, groves of trees, and a lake with a classical
elements that are the trademarks of a tropical forest. temple or two.

b. Natural English Garden - characterized by some sort of planned

3. FRENCH GARDEN STYLE
‘wilderness’. E.g. English garden
a. Allée - an avenue symmetrically bordered on either side by trees or hedges.
b. Parterre - literally ‘on the ground’. A level space in the garden laid out with Four basic models of site planning in history
beds contained within a hedge.
c. Potager - from the French potage ‘soup’. It is a kitchen garden where herbs,
vegetables, and flowers are all grown together.
d. Espalier - a labor-intense technique by which a fruit tree or vine istrained
on a lattice, on wire, or against a wall or fence to create geometric shapes.
e. Jardinde curé - literally the ‘priest’ garden’. It is the anti thesis of the
formal, geometric French garden.
f. Bosquet – ‘small compartments … formed of trees, shrubs, or tall large
growing plants.

4. JAPANESE GARDEN STYLE

a. Shakkei - the concept of ‘borrowed view’, in which elements of the

surrounding scenery – such as mountains in the distance – are framed by
walls, trees, or other elements and integrated into the garden’s design to
direct the view and expand the feeling of available space.
b. Kare-sansui – a ‘dry landscape’ garden.
c. Karedaki - a ‘dry waterfall’ created by arranging stones, sometimes
with striations or indentations that resemble water patterns.
d. Tsuboniwa - a small garden, originally created in an area of onetsubo
(approximately 36 sq.m.), usually found in a courtyard and meant to be
viewed from indoors.
e. Roji - technically a ‘dewy path’ that leads through an enclosed area to a
house where the formal tea ceremony is held.
f. Kaiyushiki Teien - a stroll garden, developed during the EdoPeriod
(1615-1867), where a path, often following the shore of a body of water, is laid Fixing the space - The image and form of the object building are capable of
out to reveal the garden slowly in a series of perfectly controlled vignettes. fixing a place
g. Tsukubai - an arrangement of stones in a tea garden, including a water Defining the enclosure - A collection of independent structures, which although
basin---known as a chozubachi---used from the ritual cleansing of hands and unattached, create a coherent image of place
mouth before the tea ceremony, and a stone to hold a toro, or lantern. Sense of order - The form of a building can be such that a place may be fixed
by the enclosure of the facades
5. TROPICAL GARDEN STYLE The form of axial - Although the kinetic implications of the word “path” are
somewhat contradictory, paths are nonetheless capable of forming coherent,
a. Epiphyte - a plant that grows fixed to the bark or branches of a tree but, meaningful images
does not steal nourishment from its host.
b. Tropics - includes the entire region lying between the tropic of Cancer and Two branches of Site Analysis
the tropic of Capricorn --- temperate areas and the arid deserts as well as - One oriented to the particular purpose
mountainous - One oriented to the site itself
regions and rain forests.
c. Canteiros - of Roman origin, these plant beds or stone boxes that seem to Site Analysis - is the analysis of the building site which includes the
float in the middle of pools were used in Portugal. assessment of its better features as well as its constraints and liabilities
d. Understory - composed of plants that grow under trees, benefiting from the - is a vital step in the design process. It involves the evaluation of an existing
shade provided by the leafy canopy overhead. or potential site in relation to the development program, environmental
e. Nurse plants - Plants that help other plants to grow --- whether by providing impact, impacts on the community and adjacent properties, project budget,
the proper environment for germination or a tree trunk to climb to reach the and schedule.
light.
f. Xerophyte - a plant that has adapted to an arid climate by reducing the SITE FACTORS – those relating to the characteristics of the site
water loss.
USE FACTORS – those relating to the proposed use of the site, i.e. the building Physical Attributes
program.

SYNTHESIS - combining of various components into whole: the process of

combining different ideas, influences, or objects into a new whole.

Biological Attributes

Cultural Attributes

3 General Activities of the Planning-Design Process

1. Research
 Program Development
 Site Inventory
2. Analysis
 Site Analysis
3. Synthesis
 Conceptual Design
 Preliminary Design
 Site Plan/Master Plan

A survey is a checklist of information or data pertaining to a site. Such a list

would be drawn up after an initial analysis of the problem. To guide the first Site Planning is defined by Kevin Lynch as “the art of arranging structures on
survey, information would be gathered continuously as the problem develops. the land and shaping the spaces between an art linked to architecture,
engineering, landscape architecture and city planning.”

Site and planning attributes Harvey M. Rubenstein defines it as ”the art and science of arranging the uses
Physical Attributes of portions of land…
Biological Attributes
Cultural Attributes There are two methods of establishing a SITE :
Land Use Suitability 1. SITE SELECTION PROCESS This process selects from a list of potential sites
one that suits best the given use and requirements of the project .
2. DEVELOPMENT SUITABILITY PROCESS This process selects the best possible
use and development suited for a given site .
Sedimentary Rocks – when igneous rocks are exposed to surface and
SITE ANALYSIS involves the study of the site in terms of the following : weathering reduces them to particles, these particles are moved by
Natural factors : erosional process and deposited in layers into rivers and oceans .
1. Geology
2. Geomorphology – physiography, landforms, soils, drainage,
topography and slopes, and soil erosion
3. Hydrology – surface and ground water
4. Vegetation – plant ecology
5. Wildlife – habitats
6. Climate – solar orientation, wind, and humidity.

SITE ANALYSIS
Cultural factors :
1. Existing land use – ownership of adjacent property, offsite nuisances
2. Traffic and transit – vehicular and pedestrian circulation
on or adjacent to site Metamorphosed Rocks – when sedimentary rocks are pushed to deeper levels
3. Density and zoning – legal and regulatory controls
4. Socio-economic factors of the earth, they transform into metamorphosed rocks due to changes in
5. Utilities – sanitary, storm-water, water supply, power pressure and temperature .
supply, and communications.
6. Historic factors – historic buildings, landmarks, and
Archeology

SITE ANALYSIS :
Aesthetic factors :
1. Natural features
2. Spatial patterns – spaces and sequences
3. Visual Resources – views and vistas

GEOLOGY is the natural science that studies the Earth – its GEOMORPHOLOGY - is that branch of Geology that deals with the origin, nature
composition; the processes that shaped its surface; and its history. and distribution of landforms.
Earth is made up of rocks (including soil, sand, silt and dust); rocks are Physiography – refers to the description of landforms.
composed of minerals; minerals are made up of atoms : Landforms – are irregularities on the earth’s surface. They are derived from
volcanic, glacial, or erosional processes.
Igneous Rocks – rocks produced by crystallization from a liquid.
When designing a piece of property for architectural, landscape architectural
and engineering usage, it is essential for the designer to first confront the
nature of the land, particularly its form, its slopes, and its inherent capabilities
for surface and subsurface discharge of water, for supporting vertical and
horizontal structures, and for resisting erosion. This exercise requires four
basic geomorphologic information such as :
• Soil Properties – Composition and Soil Texture
• Drainage
• Topography and Slopes There are 12 basic terms for texture, at the center of which is Class LOAM,
• Soil Erosion which is an intermediate mixture of:
40% sand
In site planning, it is important to establish the relationship between soil 40% silt
composition and land uses (other than agriculture). Soil surveys help guide in 20% clay
site selection for residential, industrial, and other forms of development that
involve surface and subsurface structures. DRAINAGE:
Several features, or properties, are used to describe soil for use in site GOOD DRAINAGE refers to the soil’s ability to transfer gravity water downward
design. Of these --- through:
1. COMPOSITION
2. TEXTURE 1. Infiltration - the rate at which water penetrates the soil surface (usually
are generally the most meaningful; from them we can make inferences about measured in cm or inches per hour);
bearing capacity, internal drainage, erodibility, and slope stability. 2. Permeability - the rate at which water within the soil moves through a given
volume of material (also measured in cm or inches per hour)
SOIL PROPERTIES: 3. Percolation - the rate at which water in a soil pit or pipe within the soil is
COMPOSITION refers to the material that makes up soil: mineral particles. taken up by the soil (used mainly in wastewater absorption tests and
Mineral Particles comprise 50% to 80% of the volume of the soil and form measured in inches per hour)
the all important skeletal structure of the soil. Sand and gravel
particles provide for the greatest stability, usually yield a relatively high POOR DRAINAGE - means that gravity water is not readily transmitted by the
bearing capacity, soil and soil is frequently or permanently saturated and may have water
standing on it caused by :
Bearing capacity is a soil’s resistance to penetration 1. The local accumulation of water ;
from a weighted object such as a building foundation. 2. A rise in the level of groundwater within the soil column;
3. The size of the particles in the soil being too small to transmit infiltration
b. Organic Matter varies radically in soils and usually imposes a water.
limitation to any building structure. Organic matter is important only
for soil fertility, moisture absorption and retention and for TOPOGRAPHY AND SLOPES
landscaping. SLOPE ANALYSIS -- Understanding slope forms for site design requires
c. Water content varies with particle sizes, local drainage, topography understanding of local geologic, soil, hydrologic, and vegetative conditions.
and climate. Most water occupies the spaces between particles; only
in organic soils do the particles themselves actually absorb SLOPE FORM -- is expressed graphically in terms of a slope profile, a silhouette
measurable amounts of water. of a slope drawn to known proportions with distance on the horizontal axis and
d. Air is what occupies remaining space that is not occupied by water. elevation on the vertical axis
In layers where groundwater is formed by gravity water in the subsoil
and underlying rock, there is absence of air.

TEXTURE - is the term used to describe the composite sizes of particles in a soil
sample.
Four basic slope forms are detectable on contour maps: example :

In the analysis of the slopes, the distances for each Slope Pattern are computed
from the given topographic map, for use on the Slope Map.
ANGLE OF REPOSE -- angle at which soil can be safely inclined
To compute the Distance of a slope from a topographic contour map :
and beyond which it will fail.

A Slope Map is prepared to visually express these slope

patterns on the topographic map.

TOPOGRAPHIC MAP – a map of a portion of the earth that describes the shape DESIRABLE SLOPES – when slopes are selected according to
of the earth’s surface by contour lines. building type and the activities associated with it.
-- Flat or gently sloping sites are preferred for industrial and
Contours – are imaginary lines that join points of equal elevation on the commercial buildings
surface of the land above or below a reference surface such as the mean -- Hilly sites are preferred for fashionable suburban residences.
sea level.
Contours make it possible to measure the height of mountains, depth of the SOIL EROSION – when rocks are broken down (weathered) into small
ocean bottoms, and steepness of slopes. fragments, and carried by wind, water, ice and gravity. Energy for this process is
solar and gravitational.
SLOPE ANALYSIS -- is an important analytical process made on a topographic
map that makes a proper match between land uses and slopes and produces an SOIL EROSION
overall pattern of slopes which helps the site planner in determining the PREVENTION
buildable portions of the site. Four factors to consider in forecasting erosion rates:
SLOPE PATTERN for ELEMENTARY AND HIGH SCHOOL CAMPUS 1. Vegetation:
THE NATURAL FACTORS • Foliage intercepts raindrops
The process involves breaking down of topography into grades which • Organic litter on the ground reduces impact of raindrops
will establish the desired patterns for a given land use as in the following • Roots bind together aggregates of soil particles
• Cover density, in form of ground cover or tree canopy, decreases soil loss to
runoff
Fixing the space - The image and form of the object building are capable of fixing a 1. Geology
place 2. Geomorphology
Defining the enclosure - A collection of independent structures, which although 3. Hydrology
unattached, create a coherent image of place 4. Vegetation
Sense of order - The form of a building can be such that a place may be fixed by the 5. Wildlife
enclosure of the facades 6. Climate
The form of axial - Although the kinetic implications of the word “path” are somewhat
contradictory, paths are nonetheless capable of forming coherent, meaningful images Cultural factors :
1. Existing land use
Two branches of Site Analysis 2. Traffic and transit
- One oriented to the particular purpose 3. Density and zoning
4. Socio-economic factors
- One oriented to the site itself 5. Utilities
6. Historic factors
Site Analysis - is the analysis of the building site which includes the assessment of its
better features as well as its constraints and liabilities Aesthetic factors :
- is a vital step in the design process. 1. Natural features
2. Spatial patterns
SITE FACTORS – those relating to the characteristics of the site 3. Visual Resources
USE FACTORS – those relating to the proposed use of the site, i.e. the building program.

SYNTHESIS - combining of various components into whole: the process of combining

different ideas, influences, or objects into a new whole. GEOLOGY is the natural science that studies the Earth

3 General Activities of the Planning-Design Process Igneous Rocks – rocks produced by crystallization from a liquid.
1. Research Sedimentary Rocks – when igneous rocks are exposed to surface and weathering
2. Analysis
Metamorphosed Rocks – when sedimentary rocks are pushed to deeper levels of the
3. Synthesis
earth, they transform into metamorphosed rocks due to changes in pressure and
A survey is a checklist of information or data pertaining to a site. temperature

GEOMORPHOLOGY - is that branch of Geology that deals with the origin, nature and
Site and planning attributes distribution of landforms
Physical Attributes
Biological Attributes Physiography – refers to the description of landforms.
Cultural Attributes
Landforms – are irregularities on the earth’s surface.
Land Use Suitability

4 basic geomorphologic information

Site Planning is defined by Kevin Lynch as “the art of arranging structures on the land • Soil Properties – Composition and Soil Texture
and shaping the spaces between an art linked to architecture, engineering, landscape • Drainage
architecture and city planning.” • Topography and Slopes
Harvey M. Rubenstein defines it as ”the art and science of arranging the uses of portions
of land… • Soil Erosion

COMPOSITION refers to the material that makes up soil.

There are two methods of establishing a SITE :
1. SITE SELECTION PROCESS This process selects from a list of potential sites one that
suits best the given use and requirements of the project . Bearing capacity is a soil’s resistance to penetration
2. DEVELOPMENT SUITABILITY PROCESS This process selects the best possible use and Organic Matter varies radically in soils and usually imposes a limitation to any building
development suited for a given site . structure
Water content varies with particle sizes, local drainage, topography and climate.
SITE ANALYSIS involves the study of the site in terms of the following : Air is what occupies remaining space that is not occupied by water.
TEXTURE - is the term used to describe the composite sizes of particles in a soil sample.
Natural factors Infiltration - the rate at which water penetrates the soil surface (usually
 measured in cm or inches per hour); Trees are one of the best controls for solar radiation
Permeability - the rate at which water within the soil moves through a given Wind – helps to control temperature.
volume of material (also measured in cm or inches per hour) Precipitation - Plants help to control precipitation reaching the ground
Percolation - the rate at which water in a soil pit or pipe within the soil is taken up by the Air Purification – Plants clean air through the process of photosynthesis
soil (used mainly in wastewater absorption tests and Noise - The sound level of normal conversation is about 60 decibels
measured in inches per hour) Glare and Reflection – Plants reduce glare and reflection caused by sunlight.

POOR DRAINAGE - means that gravity water is not readily transmitted by the soil Environmental Engineering
SLOPE ANALYSIS -- Understanding slope forms for site design requires understanding of Erosion Control - Plants are a primary means of preventing erosion from stormwater
local geologic, soil, hydrologic, and vegetative conditions.
SLOPE FORM -- is expressed graphically in terms of a slope profile, a silhouette of a Architectural and Aesthetic Uses
slope drawn to known proportions with distance on the horizontal axis and elevation on Space Definition – Plants can help in several ways: as wall elements to form outdoor
the vertical axis spaces
ANGLE OF REPOSE -- angle at which soil can be safely inclined and beyond which it will View Control - While trees and shrubs can screen out objectionable views, they can also
fail. provide backdrops for sculpture and fountains.
TOPOGRAPHIC MAP – a map of a portion of the earth that describes the shape of the Mood – Plants affects peoples’ moods
earth’s surface by contour lines.
Contours – are imaginary lines that join points of equal elevation on the surface of the Wildlife relates closely to habitats provided by plant communities.
land Openland Wildlife – includes birds and mammals commonly associated
SLOPE ANALYSIS -- is an important analytical process made on a topographic map with crop fields, meadows, pastures, and non-forested lands.
A Slope Map is prepared to visually express these slope patterns on the topographic Woodland Wildlife – These species need various combinations of: a. Grasses and
map. legumes b. Wild herbaceous upland plants c. Hardwood woody plants d. Cone-bearing
DESIRABLE SLOPES – when slopes are selected according to building type and the shrubs such as pines
activities associated with it. Wetland Wildlife
SOIL EROSION – when rocks are broken down (weathered) into small fragments and
carried by wind, water, ice and gravity. PASSIVE COOLING – the technology of cooling spaces through proper siting of structure
Four factors to consider in forecasting erosion rates: and use of energy-efficient materials, with the overall objective of energy conservation.
1. Vegetation
2. Soil Type Density refers to the population per unit land area
3. Slope Size and Inclination Density is expressed in number of families or dwelling units per hectare. It may also be
4. Frequency and Intensity of Rainfall expressed in Floor Area Ratio (FAR)

HYDROLOGY - the natural science that studies the Waters of the Earth The study of the community and its social and economic structures are done to
Hydrologic cycle - or the planet’s water cycle, movement of water. determine whether there is a need, an interest, or any objections on the project.
Water table – is the upper boundary of the zone of groundwater
Aquifer – A permeable geological stratum It is important to determine the existing availability of utilities on site in terms of
Watershed – a geographic area of land bounded by topographic features adequacy and efficiency. This includes:
VEGETATION: • Sanitary/sewage system
The relevance of Plant Materials in site planning is in their role in: • Electric power supply
1. Climatic control • Water supply
2. Environmental Engineering • Drainage
3. Architectural and Aesthetic Uses
HISTORIC FACTORS:
Solar Radiation – is Earth’s source of light and heat. 1. Historic Buildings
2. Historic Landmarks
3. Archeology

Spatial pattern is defined as the way an open space of a given site is configured
according to an arrangement of elements that evoke activity or flow, both physically or
visually.
View – is a scene observed from a vantage point.
Vista – is a confined view, usually directed toward a terminal or dominant feature. It has
three components: a viewing station, a view, and a foreground.