BASIC COMPUTER – COMPLETE NOTES (Exam
Oriented)
Useful for School Exams, [Link], Army, Police, SSC and other Competitive Exams.
1. Introduction to Computer
A computer is an electronic machine that works under the control of a set of instructions called
programs. It accepts raw data as input, processes it using arithmetic and logical operations, stores it,
and produces meaningful information as output. Computers are widely used because of their speed,
accuracy, storage capacity, and ability to perform repetitive tasks efficiently.
2. Characteristics of Computer
• Speed – Can perform millions of operations per second.
• Accuracy – Gives accurate results if input and instructions are correct.
• Diligence – Does not get tired or bored.
• Storage – Can store large amounts of data.
• Versatility – Can be used in many fields.
• Automation – Works automatically once programmed.
3. Components of Computer System
A computer system is made up of hardware and software. The main functional units include input unit,
central processing unit, memory unit, and output unit.
3.1 Input Unit
The input unit is used to enter data and instructions into the computer. Examples include keyboard,
mouse, scanner, microphone, webcam, and joystick.
3.2 Central Processing Unit (CPU)
• Control Unit (CU): Directs all operations of the computer and controls data flow.
• Arithmetic Logic Unit (ALU): Performs arithmetic operations like addition and subtraction and logical
operations like comparison.
• Registers: Very small and fast memory units inside the CPU.
3.3 Memory Unit
The memory unit stores data, instructions, and results. It plays a vital role in the functioning of a
computer.
4. Memory of Computer
• Primary Memory – RAM and ROM.
• RAM (Random Access Memory) – Volatile memory; data is lost when power is off.
• ROM (Read Only Memory) – Non-volatile memory; stores permanent instructions.
• Cache Memory – Very high-speed memory between CPU and RAM.
• Secondary Memory – Hard disk, SSD, pen drive, memory card, CD/DVD.
5. Hardware and Software
• Hardware refers to physical components such as CPU, monitor, keyboard, mouse, printer.
• Software refers to programs and instructions that tell the computer what to do.
• System Software manages computer hardware and provides a platform for application software.
• Examples of System Software: Windows, Linux, macOS.
• Application Software is designed for users to perform specific tasks.
• Examples of Application Software: MS Word, Excel, PowerPoint, Browser.
6. Input Devices
• Keyboard – Used to type text and commands.
• Mouse – Pointing device.
• Scanner – Converts hard copy to digital form.
• Microphone – Used for voice input.
• Webcam – Captures images and videos.
7. Output Devices
• Monitor – Displays output on screen.
• Printer – Produces hard copy.
• Speaker – Produces sound output.
• Projector – Displays output on a large screen.
8. Types of Computers
• Supercomputer – Used for complex scientific calculations.
• Mainframe Computer – Used in large organizations.
• Minicomputer – Medium-sized computers.
• Microcomputer – Desktop, Laptop, Tablet, Smartphone.
9. Uses of Computer
• Education – Online learning, exams, research.
• Business – Accounting, billing, inventory.
• Banking – Online transactions, ATMs.
• Communication – Email, video conferencing.
• Entertainment – Games, movies, music.
10. Advantages and Disadvantages of Computer
• Advantages: Speed, accuracy, storage, automation.
• Disadvantages: Health issues, dependency, security risks.
END OF BIG BASIC COMPUTER NOTES