INDIAN INSTITUTE OF LEGAL METROLOGY

NOTES ON

Automatic instruments for weighing road vehicles in

motion and measuring axle loads
As per OIML R 134-1 Edition 2006 (E)

Prepared by:
Manish Prasad
Professor
IILM,Ranchi

INDIAN INSTITUTE OF LEGAL METROLOGY, Notes on WIM, Prepared by Prof. Manish Prasad
GENERAL DEFINITIONS

Weighing instrument (T.1.1)

Measuring instrument used to determine the mass of a body by using the action of gravity on
the body.
Automatic instrument for weighing road vehicles in motion(T.1.3)
Automatic weighing instrument, having a load receptor (T.2.3) and aprons (T.2.2.1), that
determines the vehicle mass (T.3.1.5), axle loads (T.3.1.8), and if applicable the axle-group
loads (T.3.1.11) of road vehicle while the vehicle is crossing over the load receptor of the
weighing instrument.
Weighing-in-motion (WIM){ T.3.1.3 }
Process of determining the vehicle mass, the axle load, and if applicable, the axle-group load
of a moving vehicle (i.e. a vehicle crossing over the load receptor of the weighing instrument)
by measurement and analysis of the dynamic vehicle tyre forces
Load receptor(T.2.3)
Part of the weigh zone which receives the wheel loads of a vehicle and which realizes a
change in the balance of the instrument when a wheel load is placed upon it.
Apron (T.2.2.1)
Part of the weigh zone that is not the load receptor but which is located on either end of the
load receptor and that provides a straight, approximately-level, smooth track in the direction
of travel of the vehicle being weighed.
Vehicle mass (VM){ T.3.1.5 }
Total mass of the vehicle combination including all connected components
Axle load (T.3.1.8)
Fraction of the vehicle mass that is supported via the axle on the load receptor at the time of
weighing
Axle (T.3.1.6)
Axis comprising two or more wheel assemblies with centers of rotation lying approximately
on a common axis extending the full width of the vehicle and oriented transversely to the
nominal direction of travel of the vehicle
Axle-group load(T.3.1.11)
Sum of all axle loads in a defined group of axles; a fraction of the vehicle mass imposed on
the axlegroup at the time of weighing.
Note: The criteria for defining various axle-groups may be set by national regulations
Axle-group(T.3.1.7)
Two or more axles included in a defined group and their respective interspaces (or axle
spacing).
Note: The criteria for defining various axle-groups may be set by national regulations
Single-axle load(T.3.1.9)
Axle load which is not part of an axle-group load. For the purposes of this Recommendation,
if no criteria for defining various axle-groups have been specified (T.3.1.7), all recorded axle
loads (6.9) shall be considered as single-axle loads.
Static reference single-axle load(T.3.1.10)
Single-axle load of known conventional true value determined statically (T.6.1) for a two-axle
rigid vehicle.
Maximum capacity (Max){ T.3.2.1 }
Maximum weighing-in-motion capacity of the load receptor without totalizing.
Minimum capacity (Min){ T.3.2.2 }
Value of the load below which the weighing-in-motion results before totalizing may be
subject to an excessive relative error.
Weighing range(T.3.2.3)
Range between the minimum and maximum capacities.

INDIAN INSTITUTE OF LEGAL METROLOGY, Notes on WIM, Prepared by Prof. Manish Prasad
Scale interval, d(T.3.3)
Value expressed in units of mass for weighing-in-motion that is the difference between two
consecutive indicated or printed values.
Scale interval for stationary load(T.3.3.1)
Value, expressed in units of mass, for stationary weighing vehicles or test weights that is the
difference between two consecutive indicated or printed values.
Operating speed, v(T.3.4.1)
Average velocity of the vehicle being weighed as it moves over the load receptor.
Maximum operating speed,( T.3.4.2) vmax
Greatest velocity of a vehicle that the instrument is designed to weigh-in-motion and above
which the weighing results may be subject to an excessive relative error.
Minimum operating speed,( T.3.4.3) vmin
Lowest velocity of a vehicle that the instrument is designed to weigh-in-motion and below
which the weighing results may be subject to an excessive relative error.
Operating speed range(T.3.4.4)
Set of values specified by the manufacturer between the minimum and maximum operating
speeds at which a vehicle may be weighed-in-motion.
Maximum transit speed(T.3.4.5)
Maximum speed that a vehicle can travel on the weigh zone without producing a shift in the
performance characteristics of a weighing instrument beyond those specified.
Vehicle (T.7.1)
Loaded or unloaded road vehicle that is recognized by the instrument as a vehicle to be
weighed.
Rigid vehicle(T.7.2)
Road vehicle with a single chassis that includes neither coupling nor trailer, and that has two
or more axles located along the length of the chassis that are oriented perpendicularly to the
normal direction of travel of the vehicle.
Reference vehicle(T.7.3)
Vehicles having a known conventional true value of:
 mass, and single-axle load of a two-axle rigid vehicle; and
 mass of other vehicles used for in-motion tests (6.5),
determined on a control instrument

1. General
1.1 Scope
This International recommendation specifies the requirements and test methods for automatic
instruments for weighing road vehicles in motion hereinafter referred to as “WIM
instruments” that are used to determine the vehicle mass , the axle loads, and if applicable the
axle-group loads of road vehicles when the vehicles are weighed in motion.

1.2 Application
This Recommendation applies to WIM instruments

 Which are installed in a controlled weighing area

 Which are used for determining and indicating the vehicles mass, the single –axle
loads,and if applicable the axle-group loads of a road vehicle in motion and
 Which are installed where the vehicle speed is controlled

INDIAN INSTITUTE OF LEGAL METROLOGY, Notes on WIM, Prepared by Prof. Manish Prasad
This Recommendation does not apply to WIM instruments that
 Determine individual axle loads by multiplying a single wheel load of an axle by two or
 Are installed on board vehicle to measure axle load

2 METROLOGICAL REQUIREMENTS
2.1 Accuracy classes
2.1.1 Vehicle mass
For determining the vehicle mass, WIM instruments are divided into six accuracy classes as
shown
below:
0.2 0.5 1 2 5 10
Note: The limitation of accuracy classes to certain applications may be determined by
national regulations.

2.1.2 Single-axle load and axle-group load

For determining single-axle load and, if required axle-group load, WIM instruments are
divided into six accuracy classes as shown below:
A B C D E F
Note 1: WIM instruments may have different accuracy classes for single-axle load and axle-
group load.
Note 2: The limitation of accuracy classes to certain applications may be determined by
national regulation.
2.1.3 Relationship between accuracy classes
The relationship between the accuracy classes for single-axle load and, if required, axle-
group load and the accuracy classes for vehicle mass are as specified in Table 1 below.

Accuracy class Accuracy class for vehicle mass

single-axle load
and
axle-group load
0.2 0.5 1 2 5 10
A  
B   
C   
D   
E   
F 

2.2 Limits of error

2.2.1 Weighing-in-motion
[Link] Vehicle mass
The maximum permissible error for the vehicle mass determined by in-motion weighing,
shall be one of the following values, whichever is greater:
a) the value calculated according to Table 2, rounded to the nearest scale interval;
b) 1 d × the number of axles in the totalization in the case of initial verification,
2 d × the number of axles in the totalization in the case of in-service inspection

INDIAN INSTITUTE OF LEGAL METROLOGY, Notes on WIM, Prepared by Prof. Manish Prasad
 TABLE-2
Accuracy class Percentage of conventional value of the vehicle mass
for vehicle (6.7)
mass
Initial verification In-service inspection

0.2 ±0.10 % ±0.20 %

0.5 ±0.25 % ±0.50 %

1 ±0.50 % ±1.00 %

2 ±1.00 % ±2.00 %

5 ±2.50 % ±5.00 %

10 ±5.00 % ±10.00 %

[Link] Single-axle load and axle-group load

The limits of error applicable to single-axle loads and, if required, axle-group loads are as
follows:
a) For static reference single-axle loads of the two-axle rigid reference vehicle, the applicable
limits of error are as specified in [Link].1.
b) For all other reference vehicle single-axle loads and axle-group loads, the applicable limits
of error are as specified in [Link].2.

[Link].1 Maximum permissible error for two-axle rigid reference vehicle

For the two-axle rigid reference vehicle, the maximum difference between the indicated
single-axle load for in-motion tests and the conventional true value of the static reference
single-axle load shall not exceed one of the following values, whichever is the greater:
a) The value from Table 3 rounded to the nearest scale interval.
b) 1 d in the case of initial verification,
2 d in the case of in-service inspection.

Table 3
Accuracy class Percentage of conventional true value of the static
for single –axle reference Single –axle load
load Initial verification In-service inspection

A ±0.25 % ±0.50 %
B ±0.50 % ±1.00 %
C ±0.75 % ±1.50 %
D ±1.00 % ±2.00 %
E ±2.00 % ±4.00 %
F ±4.00 % ±8.00 %

INDIAN INSTITUTE OF LEGAL METROLOGY, Notes on WIM, Prepared by Prof. Manish Prasad
[Link].2 Maximum permissible deviation (MPD) for all reference vehicle types except
the two-axle rigid reference vehicle

For all reference vehicle types except the two-axle rigid reference vehicle, the maximum
difference between any indicated single-axle load or, if required, any axle-group load
recorded during in-motion tests and the corrected mean single-axle load (6.10) or the
corrected mean axle-group load (6.11), respectively, shall be one of the following values,
whichever is the greater:

a) The value from Table 4 rounded to the nearest scale interval;

b) 1 d × n in the case of initial verification,
2 d × n in the case of in-service inspection,
Where n is the number of axles in the group, with n = 1 for single axles.

Table-4
Accuracy class Percentage of the corrected mean single-axle load or
for single –axle corrected mean axle-group load
load and axle- Initial verification In-service inspection
group load
A ±0.50 % ±1.00 %

B ±1.00 % ±2.00 %

C ±1.50 % ±3.00 %

D ±2.00 % ±4.00 %
E ±4.00 % ±8.00 %
F ±8.00 % ±16.00 %

2.2.2 Static weighing

The maximum permissible errors on static weighing for increasing or decreasing loads shall
be the appropriate values in Table 5.
Table 5
Accuracy class Load, m, Maximum permissible errors
for expressed in
vehicle mass scale intervals
Initial In-service
verification inspection
0.2 0.5 1 0 ≤ m ≤ 500 ± 0.5 d ± 1.0 d
500 < m ≤ 2 000 ± 1.0 d ± 2.0 d
2 000 < m ≤ ± 1.5 d ± 3.0 d
5000
0 ≤ m ≤ 50 ± 0.5 d ± 1.0 d
2 5 10 50 < m ≤ 200 ± 1.0 d ± 2.0 d
200 < m ≤ 1 000 ± 1.5 d ± 3.0 d

INDIAN INSTITUTE OF LEGAL METROLOGY, Notes on WIM, Prepared by Prof. Manish Prasad
2.3 Scale interval, d
For a particular method of weighing-in-motion and combination of load receptors, all load
indicating and printing devices on an instrument shall have the same scale interval.
The relationship among the accuracy class, the value of the scale interval and the number of
scale intervals for the maximum capacity of the instrument shall be as specified in Table 6.

Table 6.

Accuracy class for d Minimum number of Maximum number of

vehicle mass (kg) scale intervals scale intervals
0.2 ≤5 5000
500
0.5 ≤ 10
1 ≤ 20

2 ≤ 50 50 1000
5 ≤ 100
10 ≤ 200

The scale intervals of the indicating or printing devices shall be in the form 1 × 10k, 2 × 10k
or 5 × 10k, k being a positive or negative whole number or zero.

2.4 Minimum capacity

The minimum capacity shall not be less than the load, expressed in scale intervals, specified
in Table 7.

Table 7
Accuracy class for Minimum capacity in
vehicle mass scale intervals
0.2 0.5 1 50
2 5 10 10

2.8 Units of measurement

The units of mass and load to be used on an instrument are the kilogram (kg) or the tonne (t).

2.9 Scale interval for stationary load

If the scale interval for stationary loads is not equal to the scale interval, d, it shall not be
readily accessible when the instrument is in use for weighing-in-motion. In addition, if the
instrument is not verified for use as a non-automatic weighing instrument (5.1.3), the scale
interval for stationary loads shall not be readily accessible and shall only be used for static
testing

INDIAN INSTITUTE OF LEGAL METROLOGY, Notes on WIM, Prepared by Prof. Manish Prasad
3.9.1 Markings shown in full

identification mark of the manufacturer

identification mark of the importer (if applicable)
type designation of the instrument
serial number of the instrument (on each load receptor, if applicable)
not to be used to weigh liquid products (if applicable)
maximum transit speed km/h
direction of weighing (if applicable)
scale interval for stationary load (if applicable) kg or t
power supply voltage V
power supply frequency Hz
temperature range (when not –10 °C to +40 °C) °C
software identification (if applicable)
3.9.2 Markings shown in code
accuracy class vehicle mass 0.2, 0.5, 1, 2, 5 or 10
accuracy class single-axle (where applicable) A, B, C, D, E or F
accuracy class axle-group (where applicable) A, B, C, D, E or F
maximum capacity Max = ..... kg or t
minimum capacity Min = ..... kg or t
scale interval d = ..... kg or t
maximum operating speed vmax = ..... km/h
minimum operating speed vmin = ..... km/h
maximum number of axles per vehicle (where applicable) Amax
type approval sign in accordance with national requirements

3.9.4 Presentation of descriptive markings

Descriptive markings shall be indelible and of a size, shape and clarity that permit legibility
under normal conditions of use of the instrument.
Descriptive markings may be either in the national language or in the form of adequate,
internationally agreed and published pictograms or signs.
Markings shall be grouped together in a clearly visible place on the instrument, either on a
descriptive plate or sticker fixed permanently near the indicating device, or on a non-
removable part of the instrument itself. In case of a plate or sticker which is not destroyed
when removed, a means of securing shall be provided, e.g. a non removable control mark that
can be applied.
It shall be possible to seal the plate bearing the markings, unless it cannot be removed
without being Destroyed

As an alternative, all applicable markings above may be shown on a programmable display

which is controlled by software provided that:
at least Max, Min and d shall be displayed as long as the instrument is switched on;
the other markings may be shown on manual command;
this shall be described in the type approval certificate.
In this case, means shall be provided for any access to reprogramming of the markings to be
automatically and non-erasably recorded and made evident by an audit trail, e.g. by traceable
access software such as an event logger providing a record of the changes or an event counter
providing a non-resettable counter of any changes.
These programmable display markings need not be repeated on the data plate, if they are
shown on or

INDIAN INSTITUTE OF LEGAL METROLOGY, Notes on WIM, Prepared by Prof. Manish Prasad
indicated near the display of the weighing result, with the exception of the following
markings which shall be shown on the data plate:
type and class designation of the instrument;
name or identification mark of the manufacturer;
type approval number;
voltage supply;
voltage supply frequency;
pneumatic/hydraulic pressure, (if applicable).

3.10 Verification marks

3.10.1 Position
A place shall be provided for the application of verification marks. This place shall:
 be such that the part on which the marks are located cannot be removed from the
instrument
without damaging the marks;
 permit the easy application of the marks without changing the metrological qualities
of the
instrument;
 be visible when the instrument is in service.

5 METROLOGICAL CONTROLS
The metrological controls of WIM instruments shall, in agreement with national legislation,
consist of the following:
 type approval;
 initial verification;
 subsequent verification;
 in-service inspection.
Tests should be applied uniformly by the metrological authority and should form a uniform
program.
Guidance for the conduct of type evaluation and initial verification is provided in OIML
International Documents D 19 [9] and D 20 [10] respectively.

5.2 Initial verification

5.2.1 Tests
WIM instruments shall be tested to verify that they comply with the requirements in clauses 2
(except 2.7) and 3 for any vehicle(s) and product(s) loaded on a vehicle for which they are
intended and when operated under normal conditions of use.
Tests shall be carried out by the appropriate metrological authority, in-situ, in a normal
installation.
The WIM instrument shall be installed so that an automatic weighing operation will be the
same for testing as it is for a normal operation.
The appropriate metrological authority shall conduct the tests in a manner that prevents an
unnecessary commitment of resources. In appropriate situations and to avoid duplicating tests
previously performed on the instrument for type evaluation under 5.1.3, the authority may use
the results of observed tests for initial verification.

INDIAN INSTITUTE OF LEGAL METROLOGY, Notes on WIM, Prepared by Prof. Manish Prasad
[Link] In-motion tests
In-motion tests shall be conducted:
 in accordance with the descriptive markings (3.9);
 under the rated conditions for which the instrument is intended;
 in accordance with the test methods in clause 6, with the exception that the reference
vehicles shall be the types of vehicle(s) and product(s) that the instrument is intended
to weigh.
However, for instruments to be used in applications where the axle load is required, the test
utilizing the two-axle rigid reference vehicle must be conducted.

[Link] In-motion test error evaluation

[Link].1 Vehicle mass
For all reference vehicle types, the error for automatic weighing shall be as specified in
[Link].1.

[Link].1 Vehicle mass

For determination of the vehicle mass, the error for automatic weighing shall be the indicated
reference vehicle mass observed and recorded (6.12) as appropriate, minus the conventional
true value of the reference vehicle mass as defined in 6.7 as appropriate. The maximum
permissible error shall be as specified in 2.1.1 for initial verification and as appropriate for
the class of the instrument.

[Link].2 Single-axle load or axle-group load

The requirements in this subclause are only applicable to instruments to be used in
applications where the single-axle load or the axle-group load is required.
[Link].2.1 Single-axle load
a) For in-motion tests with the two-axle rigid reference vehicle, the error for automatic
weighing shall be as specified in [Link].2.1 a).
b) For in-motion tests with all other reference vehicle types, the error for automatic weighing
shall be as specified in [Link].2.1 b).

[Link].2.1 Single-axle load

The single-axle load errors and deviations for automatic weighing of reference vehicles shall
bedetermined as follows:
a) In-motion tests with the two-axle rigid reference vehicle. The error for automatic weighing
shall be the indicated single-axle load observed and recorded (6.9) as appropriate, minus the
conventional true value of the static reference single-axle load (6.8) as appropriate. The
maximum permissible errors shall be as specified in [Link].1 for initial verification and as
appropriate for the accuracy class of the instrument.

b) In-motion tests with all other reference vehicle axle types. The deviation for automatic
weighing shall be the indicated single-axle load observed and recorded (6.9) as appropriate,
minus the corrected mean single-axle load (6.11) as appropriate. The maximum permissible
deviation shall be as specified in [Link].2 for initial verification and as appropriate for the
accuracy class of the instrument.

[Link].2.2 Axle-group load

The error for automatic weighing shall be as specified in [Link].2.2 for axle-group load.

INDIAN INSTITUTE OF LEGAL METROLOGY, Notes on WIM, Prepared by Prof. Manish Prasad
[Link].2.2 Axle-group load
For axle-group load, the deviation for automatic weighing shall be determined as follows:
a) For WIM instruments which determine and indicate the loads independent of single-axles
or axlegroups by summation of individual axle load errors in accordance with national
regulations for axle-group load (see T.3.1.7).
b) For WIM instruments which automatically determine and indicate single-axle loads and
axlegroup loads separately by the indicated axle-group load observed and recorded (6.9) as
appropriate, minus the corrected mean axle-group load (6.11) as appropriate.
The maximum permissible deviation shall be as specified in [Link].2 for initial verification
and as appropriate for the class of the instrument, if required, with different accuracy classes
for single-axle loads and axle-group loads.

5.2.2 Provision of means for testing

For the purposes of testing, the applicant may be required to furnish the metrological
authority with the test vehicles, material, qualified personnel and a control instrument. The
instrument under test may be used as the control instrument provided that it complies with the
requirements in 6.2.1.

5.2.3 Place of testing

Initial verification tests shall be conducted entirely at the place of installation, and during
testing the instrument shall include all parts which form the assembly as intended for normal
use.
5.3 Subsequent metrological control
5.3.1 Subsequent verification
Subsequent verification shall be carried out in accordance with the same provisions as in 5.2
for initial verification.
5.3.2 In-service inspection
In-service inspection shall be carried out in accordance with the same provisions as in 5.2 for
initial verification, with the exception that the in-service limits of error in 2.2 shall be applied.

6 TEST METHODS

6.1 Test procedures

6.1.1 Vehicle mass

For the vehicle mass a complete WIM instrument shall be tested for compliance with the
requirements specified in 2.1.1 using the range of vehicles specified in 6.5, and if applicable
also the integral control instrument (6.2.1) shall be tested.

6.1.2 Single-axle load and axle-group load

For single-axle loads and, if required, for axle-group loads a complete WIM system shall be
tested for compliance with the metrological requirements in:
[Link] a) using a two-axle rigid vehicle for the static reference axle load specified in
A.[Link]; and
[Link] b) using the range of reference vehicles specified in 6.5.

6.2 Control instrument

A control instrument for determining the conventional true value of each reference vehicle
mass shall be available for testing. The control instrument may either be separate or integral.

INDIAN INSTITUTE OF LEGAL METROLOGY, Notes on WIM, Prepared by Prof. Manish Prasad
6.2.1 Integral control instrument
The WIM instrument under test may be used as the control instrument provided that it:
 has an appropriate scale interval or scale interval for stationary load (2.9); and
 complies with the requirements in 3.4.

6.2.2 Separate control instrument

[Link] Control instrument for full-draught vehicle weighing
A separate control instrument, capable of being used to determine the conventional true value
of each reference vehicle mass by full-draught weighing when stationary, shall ensure the
determination of the conventional true value of each reference vehicle’s mass to an error not
greater than one-third of whichever is the smaller of the appropriate MPE for in-motion tests
in 2.1.1.

6.2.3 Control instrument for static reference single-axle load of the two-axle rigid
vehicle
As appropriate, a separate or integral control instrument, capable of being used to determine
the conventional true value of the static reference single-axle loads by individual axle
measurement when stationary, shall be used for tests with the two-axle rigid reference
vehicle.

The control instrument used for determining the static reference axle loads shall:
 be able to support the entire contact area of all the tyres on the individual axle being
weighed;
 ensure the determination of the conventional true value of the static reference axle
loads of the two-axle rigid reference vehicle to an error not greater than one-third of
whichever is the smaller of the appropriate MPE for in-motion tests in [Link].1.
 be provided with approach and exit aprons in the same plane as the load receptor
which shall extend to a length sufficient to fully support the two-axle rigid vehicle
being weighed. The aprons shall have no longitudinal slope and not more than 1 % of
transverse slope. Where this specification cannot be achieved, alternative means may
be provided to ensure that all of the wheels of the reference vehicle are within ±3 mm
of a horizontal or transversely-sloped plane passing through the load receptors during
the weighing operations.

6.3 Static weighing test for integral control instruments

This test is applicable if the WIM instrument being verified is to be used as the control
instrument for measuring the static reference axle loads of the two-axle rigid vehicle.

6.3 Static weighing test for integral control instruments

This test is applicable if the WIM instrument being verified is to be used as the control
instrument for measuring the static reference axle loads of the two-axle rigid vehicle.

6.3.1 Test loads

Errors shall be determined for test loads of:
a) minimum capacity;
b) maximum capacity;
c) at least two loads in between a) and b).

INDIAN INSTITUTE OF LEGAL METROLOGY, Notes on WIM, Prepared by Prof. Manish Prasad
6.3.2 Distribution of test loads
Except for eccentricity tests, standard weights or masses shall be evenly distributed on the
load receptor.

6.3.3 Eccentricity tests

Tests shall be carried out without excessive stacking or overlapping of the load on the load
receptor provided that the conditions are practical and safe.

6.3.4 Repeatability tests

The repeatability error has to be determined with a load of about 50 % of Max which is
placed 3 times on the load receptor.

6.5 Reference vehicles

The type and number of reference vehicles to be used for testing shall represent the range of
vehicles available in the appropriate Member State and for which the instrument is intended.
Vehicle classification according to axle arrangement shall be accomplished using the
available WIM-system axle-count and axle spacing information. In addition to a two-axle
rigid vehicle, there shall be a minimum of two other different reference vehicles. Different
axle configurations, tractor/trailer configurations, tractor/trailer linkage systems and
suspension systems shall be used, as appropriate.
When a particular instrument is tested using a limited range of vehicle types (e.g. air
suspension systems only), this should be noted in the type approval certificate.

A minimum of two other reference vehicles shall be selected from the three listed below:
 one three/four-axle rigid;
 one four-or more axle articulated;
 one two/three-axle rigid vehicle and a two/three-axle draw-bar trailer.
The two-axle rigid vehicle shall be used as the reference vehicle for determining the
conventional true value of static reference single-axle loads and as one of the reference
vehicles for in-motion tests.
The other reference vehicles shall be selected to cover, as far as practicable, the weighing
range for which the instrument is approved.
The reference vehicles shall be used for tests in the unloaded and loaded condition (A.9.3.1).
Vehicles carrying liquid loads or other products that that may be subjected to fluctuations in
their center of gravity when the vehicle moves, shall be used as reference vehicles only if the
WIM instrument will be applied subsequently for determining the mass, or the loads of
single-axles and/or axle-group of such vehicles. If the WIM instrument is not intended for
this use, it shall bear the marking “not to be used to weigh vehicles carrying liquids or other
products that may be subjected to fluctuations in their center of gravity by vehicle
movement”.
If the WIM instrument is intended to be used for determining the vehicle mass, the single-
axle loads or the axle-group loads of vehicles with conventional steel leaf spring suspension,
tests shall be carried out on vehicles with at least one such single-axle and one such axle-
group suspension type. If the WIM instrument is not intended for this use, it shall bear the
marking “not to be used to weigh vehicles with conventional steel leaf spring suspension”.

INDIAN INSTITUTE OF LEGAL METROLOGY, Notes on WIM, Prepared by Prof. Manish Prasad
6.6 Number of in-motion tests
Each reference vehicle (the two-axle rigid plus two or more others) shall undertake at least
five test runs at each of three different speeds as detailed A.9.3.2 when unloaded and when
loaded. Thus at least 90 reference vehicle runs are required for any testing session. If
appropriate, a higher number of in-motion test runs may be conducted, in accordance with
national regulations.

6.7 Conventional true value of the reference vehicle mass

The conventional true value of each reference vehicle mass, unloaded and loaded, shall be
determined using full-draught weighing, as detailed in A.[Link].

6.8 Conventional true value of the static reference single-axle load

The conventional true value of the static reference single-axle loads for the two-axle rigid
reference vehicle, unloaded and loaded, shall be determined using the method detailed in
A.[Link].

6.9 Indicated single-axle load and axle-group load

The indication or printout of the single-axle load and, if required, the axle-group load
following an automatic weighing operation shall be observed and recorded.

6.10 Mean single-axle load and mean axle-group load

The mean single-axle load shall be the sum of the indicated or printed axle loads obtained for
each single axle on the reference vehicle during an in-motion test, divided by the number of
single-axle load values recorded for each respective single axle.
The mean axle-group load shall be the sum of the indicated or printed axle-group loads
recorded for each defined axle-group on the reference vehicle during an in-motion test,
divided by the number of load values recorded for each respective axle-group.

6.11 Corrected mean of the single-axle load and the axle-group load

The corrected mean of the axle loads for each single-axle or axle-group on a reference
vehicle shall be the mean (6.10) of the recorded values (6.9) for the respective single-axles
and axle-groups on the reference vehicle during an in-motion test, corrected proportionally
(A.[Link].2 3) in relation to the systematic error of the instrument used for determining the
recorded values.

6.12 Indicated mass of the vehicle

The vehicle mass following an automatic weighing operation shall be indicated and recorded.
Where possible, the procedures in A.3.5 and A.3.6.2 shall be used to eliminate rounding
errors included in any digital indication

INDIAN INSTITUTE OF LEGAL METROLOGY, Notes on WIM, Prepared by Prof. Manish Prasad
 Annex A
(Mandatory)
Test procedures for automatic instruments for weighing road vehicles in motion and
measuring axle-loads

A.4 TEST PROGRAM

A.4.1 Type approval (5.1)

Clauses A.1 and, A.5 to A.9 shall normally be applied for type approval.
A.5.2 may be omitted if the instrument under test is not an integral control instrument.
The tests in A.6 to A.8 may be performed with static load, with a vehicle movement
simulator (switches) used if necessary for the calculation of the weighing results.

A.4.2 Initial verification (5.2)

A.2 and A.9 shall be applied for initial verification tests.
If the WIM instrument under test is to be used as an integral control instrument the tests in
A.5.2 shall also be applied.
The test in A.9 shall include all dynamic in-motion effects corresponding to normal operation
of the instrument.

A.9 PROCEDURE FOR IN-MOTION TESTS

A.9.1 General
Note the accuracy classes required for the vehicle mass (VM) and, if required, for axle load
and axlegroup load.
Ensure that the desired scale interval and the maximum capacity comply with 2.3. Check that
the minimum capacity complies with 2.4.
For type approval, tests shall be carried out in accordance with the requirements of this
Recommendation, and especially the requirements in 5.1 and A.1.
For initial verification, tests shall be carried out in accordance with the requirements of this
Recommendation, and especially the requirements in 5.2 and A.2.
For subsequent and in-service verification, tests shall be carried out in accordance with the
requirements of this Recommendation, and especially the requirements in 5.3.

In determining the single-axle load, and if required, the axle-group load, the conditions
specified in 2.5 and, if appropriate the requirements of national regulations should be taken
into account.

A.9.2 Control instrument

Establish whether or not the WIM instrument is to be used as an integral control instrument.
If it is an integral control instrument then it shall comply with 6.2.1 and be tested, using the
static weighing test method in 6.3, in accordance with A.5.2.
If vehicles have to be moved over some distance from a separate control instrument to the
EUT, the conditions must be closely controlled. Differences in weather conditions may cause
errors which willnot be determinable and so this should be avoided where possible.
Consideration shall also be given to the amount of fuel used and any possible effects that this
could have on the reference values.

INDIAN INSTITUTE OF LEGAL METROLOGY, Notes on WIM, Prepared by Prof. Manish Prasad
A.9.3 Weighing
A.9.3.1 Static weighing
If the WIM instrument is provided with a static weighing mode, the static weighing test
detailed in A.[Link] shall be applied. When the instrument has been tested according to the
test in A.9.2 then those results may be used.

A.[Link] Static weighing test

Apply test loads from zero up to and including Max, then remove the test loads back to zero.
Where the size of the load receptor prevents loading to Max, the reduced load should be
noted. However, where a reduced load is used, it shall be at least 50 % of Max. At least ten
different load values shall be selected. The values of the loads selected shall include Max and
Min, and values at or near those at which the maximum permissible error changes.
It should be noted that when loading or unloading weights, the load must be respectively
increased or decreased in a uniform progression.
Ensure that the error is recorded at each change in load and calculate the errors according to
A.3.5.2.
Record the errors and compare them to the limits in 2.2.2 as appropriate for initial
verification or inservice inspection.
A.[Link] Full-draught weighing of reference vehicles
For testing instruments to be used for determining the vehicle mass (VM), select the required
number of reference vehicles as specified in 6.5, and conduct the following tests:
a) The conventional true value (T.1.9) of the unloaded reference vehicle mass shall be
determined by full-draught weighing of the unloaded reference vehicles on the control
instrument.
b) The conventional true value (T.1.9) of the loaded reference vehicle mass shall be
determined by:
 loading the unloaded reference vehicles in a) above with standard test loads; or
 full-draught weighing of the loaded reference vehicles on the control instrument.

A.[Link] Determining static reference single-axle loads for the two-axle rigid reference
vehicle

For testing instruments to be used in applications where the single-axle loads are required, the
conventional true value of the static reference single-axle loads shall be determined for the
two-axle rigid reference vehicle by including a minimum of two different axle loads using the
following method:

a) Weigh each axle of the static two-axle rigid reference vehicle in turn on the control
instrument specified in 6.2.2 and record the indicated single-axle load. After both axles have
been weighed, calculate the vehicle mass by the summation of the recorded values for the two
axle loads and record the VM value. This operation shall be conducted five times with the
vehicle facing in the same direction, and a further five times with the vehicle facing in the
opposite direction.

b) For each of the above weighing operations, ensure that the vehicle is stationary, with the
wheels on the axle being weighed fully supported by the load receptor, the engine switched
off, the gear in neutral and the brakes released. Use wheel chocks, if necessary, to prevent
vehicle motion

INDIAN INSTITUTE OF LEGAL METROLOGY, Notes on WIM, Prepared by Prof. Manish Prasad
 1) Calculate the mean static reference single-axle load for each axle on the two-axle
rigid vehicle according to the following:
∑10
1 𝐴𝑥𝑙𝑒 𝑖
𝐴𝑥𝑙𝑒 𝑖 =
10

where: i is the single-axle rank

10 is the number of weighments of each static axle
Axlei is the recorded load for that axle
2) Add the two mean single-axle loads to determine the mean of the static vehicle mass:
2
𝑉𝑀 = ∑ 𝐴𝑥𝑙𝑒𝑖
𝑖−1
Alternatively, use the recorded values for the vehicle mass calculated after each vehicle
weighment as described above and calculate the mean of the static two-axle reference vehicle
mass according to the following:

∑10
1 𝑉𝑀
𝑉𝑀 =
10

2) Calculate the corrected mean single-axle loads as follows:

𝑉𝑀 𝑟𝑒𝑓
Corr Axle = 𝐴𝑥𝑙𝑒 𝑖 × 𝑉𝑀
where: VMref is the conventional true value of each reference vehicle mass determined
by full-draught weighing in 6.7.

4) For the purposes of this Recommendation, the conventional true value of the static
reference single-axle loads (see T.3.1.10) for the two-axle rigid reference vehicle shall be the
respective corrected mean single-axle load as calculated in 3) above.

5) Traceability of the conventional true value of the single-axle loads on the static reference
twoaxle rigid vehicle is provided by the fact that the sum of the two corrected mean static
reference single-axle loads equals the conventional true value of the reference vehicle mass
determined by full-draught weighing (6.7) on a suitable control instrument (6.2.1):

VN ref = ∑2𝑖−1 𝐶𝑜𝑟𝑟 𝐴𝑥𝑙𝑒

The static reference single-axle loads shall be determined with the vehicle unloaded and
loaded appropriately such that the axle loads cover, as far as practicable, the weighing range
of the instrument. A minimum of two different axle loads, e.g. one near Min and one near
Max (respectively at the maximum permissible axle load of the two-axle rigid reference
vehicle) shall be tested.

INDIAN INSTITUTE OF LEGAL METROLOGY, Notes on WIM, Prepared by Prof. Manish Prasad
Observation Table for Determining reference single-axle loads for the two-
axle rigid reference vehicles
Test Direction of Axle load(kg) Vehicle Remarks
No. vehicle facing Axle no 1 Axle no 1 mass,VM
(kg)
1 initial
2 initial
3 initial
4 initial
5 initial
6 opposite
7 opposite
8 opposite
9 opposite
10 opposite

A.9.3.2 In-motion tests

Prior to any test, adjust the instrument under test in-situ and in accordance with the
manufacturer’s specifications.
All weighing operations shall be started with the reference vehicle positioned in advance of
the approach apron at a distance sufficient for the vehicle to be traveling at a steady speed
before arriving at the apron.
Test runs shall be conducted using the two-axle rigid reference vehicle plus a minimum of
two other reference vehicles (6.5) with each vehicle unloaded and loaded.
The speed of the vehicle shall be kept as constant as feasible during each in-motion test run.
For each vehicle and loading condition at least five test runs shall be performed with three
test runs made over the center of the load receptor, one test run made to the left side of the
load receptor, and one test run made to the right side of the load receptor.
The five test runs shall be conducted at the following speeds that are within the range of
speeds for which the instrument is to be evaluated:
a) near maximum operating speed, vmax (T.3.4.2);
b) near minimum operating speed, vmin (T.3.4.3);
c) near the center of the range of operating speeds (T.3.4.4).

A.[Link] Vehicle mass measurement

Record the vehicle masses as they are displayed or printed (6.12) by the instrument under
test, and calculate the errors according to the vehicle reference weights determined in
A.[Link].
No error shall exceed the applicable maximum permissible error for the specified accuracy
class in 2.1.1.

A.[Link] Axle load measurement

The procedures in this subclause are only applicable to instruments to be used in applications
where the single-axle load or the axle-group load is required.

INDIAN INSTITUTE OF LEGAL METROLOGY, Notes on WIM, Prepared by Prof. Manish Prasad
A.[Link].1 In-motion test with the two-axle rigid vehicle ([Link].2.1 a)
1) In accordance with 6.6 and 6.9 record the two single-axle loads of the two-axle rigid
vehicle as they are indicated or printed by the instrument under test. Calculate the difference
(error) in each recorded single-axle load of the two-axle rigid vehicle and its respective static
reference single axle load (A.[Link]).
2) The maximum difference (error) between any recorded single-axle load and the
conventional true value of the static reference single-axle loads (A.[Link]) shall not exceed
the applicable maximum permissible errors in [Link].1 for the specified accuracy class.

Observation Table for In-motion test with the two-axle rigid vehicle:
Run No. Speed Location Axle load(kg) Vehicle Remarks
(km/h) (middle/left/right) Axle Axle no 1 mass,VM
no 1 (kg)
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
Mean
Corrected
mean
Maximum
deviation

A.[Link].2 In-motion tests with all other reference vehicle types ([Link].2.1 b)
1) As specified in 6.6, 6.9 and A.9.3.2, conduct the tests, record the single-axle loads and, if
required, the axle-group loads of the vehicle as they are indicated or printed by the instrument
under test. If no criteria for defining various axle-groups have been set by national
regulations (T.3.1.7), all recorded axle loads shall be considered as single-axle loads
(T.3.1.9). For each reference vehicle (except the two-axle rigid) and its loading condition,
calculate the mean single-axle loads and, if required, the mean axle-group loads of the test
runs specified in A.9.3.2 according to the following equations:
∑𝑛1 𝐴𝑥𝑙𝑒 𝑖
𝐴𝑥𝑙𝑒 =
𝑛
where: i is the single-axle rank
n is the number of test runs
Axlei is the recorded load for that axle
And
∑𝑛
1 𝐺𝑟𝑜𝑢𝑝 𝑖
𝐺𝑟𝑜𝑢𝑝 𝑖 =
𝑛

where: i is the group rank; may be zero

n is the number of test runs

INDIAN INSTITUTE OF LEGAL METROLOGY, Notes on WIM, Prepared by Prof. Manish Prasad
 Groupi is the recorded load for that axle-group
2) Use the values indicated or printed by the instrument under test according to A.9.3.2 c) and
recorded as specified in 6.12 for the vehicle mass and calculate the mean of the reference
vehicle mass according to the following:
∑𝑛1 𝑉𝑀𝑖
𝑉𝑀 =
𝑛

Alternatively, add the mean single-axle loads and axle-group loads to determine the mean of
the vehicle mass:
𝑞 𝑔
𝑉𝑀 = ∑𝑖=1 𝐴𝑥𝑙𝑒 𝑖 + ∑𝑖=0 𝐺𝑟𝑜𝑢𝑝 𝑖

where: q is the number of single axles on the vehicle

g is the number of axle-groups on the vehicle, which may be zero

3) Calculate the corrected mean single-axle loads and, if required, the corrected mean axle-
group load(s) as follows:
𝑉𝑀 𝑟𝑒𝑓 𝑉𝑀 𝑟𝑒𝑓
𝐶𝑜𝑟𝑟 𝐴𝑥𝑙𝑒 𝑖 = 𝐴𝑥𝑙𝑒 × 𝑉𝑀 𝐶𝑜𝑟𝑟 𝐺𝑟𝑜𝑢𝑝 𝑖 = 𝐺𝑟𝑜𝑢𝑝 𝑖 × 𝑉𝑀

where: VMref is the conventional true value of the reference vehicle mass determined by
full-draught weighing in 6.7.
4) To provide traceability, the sum of the corrected mean single-axle loads and axle-group
loads for the reference vehicle should be equal to the conventional true value of the reference
vehicle mass:
𝑞 𝑔
𝑉𝑀𝑟𝑒𝑓 = ∑ 𝐶𝑜𝑟𝑟𝐴𝑥𝑙𝑒 + ∑ 𝐶𝑜𝑟𝑟𝐺𝑟𝑜𝑢𝑝𝑖
𝑖=1 𝑖=0

where: q is the number of single axles on the vehicle

g is the number of axle-groups on the vehicle, which may be zero
5) Calculate the deviation of each single-axle load from the respective corrected mean single-
axle load and, if required, the deviation of each axle-group load from the respective (if more
than one axle-group) corrected mean axle-group load:
𝐷𝑒𝑣𝑖𝐴𝑥𝑙𝑒 = 𝐴𝑥𝑙𝑒 𝑖 − 𝐶𝑜𝑟𝑟 𝐴𝑥𝑙𝑒 𝑖
Devi Group i = Group I – Corr Group i

6) No deviation shall exceed the appropriate maximum permissible deviation as specified in

[Link].2for the applicable accuracy class.

7) For future reference only (to quantify any difference in the fraction of the vehicle mass
carried on each of the two-axle rigid reference vehicle’s single axles when determined by
static (A.[Link] 4)) and by in-motion (A.[Link] 3)) weighing), also perform the calculations
above (1-5) for all test runs of the two-axle rigid reference vehicle, unloaded and loaded.
Include these results in the test report so that this data will not be lost. These results shall not
be used in lieu of those from A.[Link] for evaluating the WIM instrument being tested.

INDIAN INSTITUTE OF LEGAL METROLOGY, Notes on WIM, Prepared by Prof. Manish Prasad
Observation Table for all other reference vehicle types:
Run No. Speed Location Axle load Axle group Vehicle Remarks
(km/h) (middle/left/right) load mass,VM
Axle Axle Axle Axle Axle Axle Axle Axle (kg)
no 1 no 2 no 3 no 4 no 5 no 6 no no
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
Mean
Corrected
mean
Maximum
deviation
MPD/MPE

INDIAN INSTITUTE OF LEGAL METROLOGY, Notes on WIM, Prepared by Prof. Manish Prasad
 PROCEDURE FOR IN-MOTION TESTS

(A) For Vehicle mass

Step 1. Note the accuracy class for the vehicle mass
2.1.1 Vehicle mass
For determining the vehicle mass, WIM instruments are divided into six accuracy classes as
shown below:
0.2 0.5 1 2 5 10

Step 2 Ensure that the desired scale interval and maximum capacity
comply with [Link] that the minimum capacity complies with 2.4
2.3 Scale interval, d
For a particular method of weighing-in-motion and combination of load receptors, all load
indicating and printing devices on an instrument shall have the same scale interval.
The relationship among the accuracy class, the value of the scale interval and the number of
scale intervals for the maximum capacity of the instrument shall be as specified in Table 6.

Table 6.

Accuracy class for d Minimum number of Maximum number of

vehicle mass (kg) scale intervals scale intervals
0.2 ≤5 500 5000

0.5 ≤ 10
1 ≤ 20
2 ≤ 50 50 1000
5 ≤ 100
10 ≤ 200

The scale intervals of the indicating or printing devices shall be in the form 1 × 10k, 2 × 10k
or 5 × 10k, k being a positive or negative whole number or zero.

2.4 Minimum capacity

The minimum capacity shall not be less than the load, expressed in scale intervals, specified
in Table 7.

Table 7
Accuracy class for Minimum capacity in
vehicle mass scale intervals
0.2 0.5 1 50
2 5 10 10

INDIAN INSTITUTE OF LEGAL METROLOGY, Notes on WIM, Prepared by Prof. Manish Prasad
Step-3
5.2.1 Tests
WIM instruments shall be tested to verify that they comply with the requirements in clauses 2
(except 2.7) and 3 for any vehicle(s) and product(s) loaded on a vehicle for which they are
intended and when operated under normal conditions of use.
Tests shall be carried out by the appropriate metrological authority, in-situ, in a normal
installation.
The WIM instrument shall be installed so that an automatic weighing operation will be the
same for testing as it is for a normal operation.
The appropriate metrological authority shall conduct the tests in a manner that prevents an
unnecessary commitment of resources. In appropriate situations and to avoid duplicating tests
previously performed on the instrument for type evaluation under 5.1.3, the authority may use
the results of observed tests for initial verification

[Link] In-motion tests

In-motion tests shall be conducted:
 in accordance with the descriptive markings (3.9);
 under the rated conditions for which the instrument is intended;
 in accordance with the test methods in clause 6, with the exception that the reference
vehicles shall be the types of vehicle(s) and product(s) that the instrument is intended
to weigh.
However, for instruments to be used in applications where the axle load is required, the test
utilizing the two-axle rigid reference vehicle must be conducted.
3.9.1 Markings shown in full
identification mark of the manufacturer
identification mark of the importer (if applicable)
type designation of the instrument
serial number of the instrument (on each load receptor, if applicable)
not to be used to weigh liquid products (if applicable)
maximum transit speed km/h
direction of weighing (if applicable)
scale interval for stationary load (if applicable) kg or t
power supply voltage V
power supply frequency Hz
temperature range (when not –10 °C to +40 °C) °C
software identification (if applicable)
3.9.2 Markings shown in code
accuracy class vehicle mass 0.2, 0.5, 1, 2, 5 or 10
accuracy class single-axle (where applicable) A, B, C, D, E or F
accuracy class axle-group (where applicable) A, B, C, D, E or F
maximum capacity Max = ..... kg or t
minimum capacity Min = ..... kg or t
scale interval d = ..... kg or t
maximum operating speed vmax = ..... km/h
minimum operating speed vmin = ..... km/h
maximum number of axles per vehicle (where applicable) Amax
type approval sign in accordance with national requirement

INDIAN INSTITUTE OF LEGAL METROLOGY, Notes on WIM, Prepared by Prof. Manish Prasad
6.1.1 Vehicle mass
For the vehicle mass a complete WIM instrument shall be tested for compliance with the
requirements specified in 2.1.1 using the range of vehicles specified in 6.5, and if applicable
also the integral control instrument (6.2.1) shall be tested.

[Link].1 Vehicle mass

For determination of the vehicle mass, the error for automatic weighing shall be the indicated
reference vehicle mass observed and recorded (6.12) as appropriate, minus the conventional
true value of the reference vehicle mass as defined in 6.7 as appropriate. The maximum
permissible error shall be as specified in 2.1.1 for initial verification and as appropriate for
the class of the instrument.

Error for Automatic weighing of Vehicle mass =

[Indicated reference vehicle mass observed and recorded] – [conventional true value of the
reference vehicle mass]

6.12 Indicated mass of the vehicle

The vehicle mass following an automatic weighing operation shall be indicated and recorded

6.7 Conventional true value of the reference vehicle mass

The conventional true value of each reference vehicle mass, unloaded and loaded, shall be
determined using full-draught weighing, as detailed in A.[Link].

A.[Link] Full-draught weighing of reference vehicles

For testing instruments to be used for determining the vehicle mass (VM), select the required
number of reference vehicles as specified in 6.5, and conduct the following tests:
a) The conventional true value (T.1.9) of the unloaded reference vehicle mass shall be
determined by full-draught weighing of the unloaded reference vehicles on the control
instrument.
b) The conventional true value (T.1.9) of the loaded reference vehicle mass shall be
determined by:
 loading the unloaded reference vehicles in a) above with standard test loads; or
 full-draught weighing of the loaded reference vehicles on the control instrument.

[Link] Control instrument for full-draught vehicle weighing
 A separate control instrument, capable of being used to determine the conventional
true value of each reference vehicle mass by full-draught weighing when stationary,
shall ensure the determination of the conventional true value of each reference
vehicle’s mass to an error not greater than one-third of whichever is the smaller of the
appropriate MPE for in-motion tests in 2.1.1.

INDIAN INSTITUTE OF LEGAL METROLOGY, Notes on WIM, Prepared by Prof. Manish Prasad
 Reference vehicle Vehicle unloaded or Vehicle Remarks
identification loaded mass(kg)
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15

Error for Automatic weighing of Vehicle mass shall be less than or equal to the maximum permissible
error given in table [Link]

A.9.3.2 Prior to any test, adjust the instrument under test in-situ and in accordance with the
manufacturer’s specifications.
All weighing operations shall be started with the reference vehicle positioned in advance of
the approach apron at a distance sufficient for the vehicle to be travelling at a steady speed
before arriving at the apron.
Test runs shall be conducted using the two-axle rigid reference vehicle plus a minimum of
two other reference vehicles (6.5) with each vehicle unloaded and loaded.
The speed of the vehicle shall be kept as constant as feasible during each in-motion test run.
For each vehicle and loading condition at least five test runs shall be performed with three
test runs made over the center of the load receptor, one test run made to the left side of the
load receptor, and one test run made to the right side of the load receptor.
The five test runs shall be conducted at the following speeds that are within the range of
speeds for which the instrument is to be evaluated:
a) near maximum operating speed, vmax (T.3.4.2);
b) near minimum operating speed, vmin (T.3.4.3);
c) near the center of the range of operating speeds (T.3.4.4).

A.[Link] Vehicle mass measurement

Record the vehicle masses as they are displayed or printed (6.12) by the instrument under
test, and calculate the errors according to the vehicle reference weights determined in
A.[Link].
No error shall exceed the applicable maximum permissible error for the specified accuracy
class in 2.1.1.

INDIAN INSTITUTE OF LEGAL METROLOGY, Notes on WIM, Prepared by Prof. Manish Prasad
[Link] Vehicle mass
The maximum permissible error for the vehicle mass determined by in-motion weighing,
shall be one of the following values, whichever is greater:

a) the value calculated according to Table 2, rounded to the nearest scale interval;

b) 1 d × the number of axles in the totalization in the case of initial verification,

2 d × the number of axles in the totalization in the case of in-service inspection

TABLE-2
Accuracy class Percentage of conventional value of the vehicle mass
for vehicle (6.7)
mass
Initial verification In-service inspection

0.2 ±0.10 % ±0.20 %

0.5 ±0.25 % ±0.50 %

1 ±0.50 % ±1.00 %

2 ±1.00 % ±2.00 %

5 ±2.50 % ±5.00 %

10 ±5.00 % ±10.00 %

(B) Single-axle load and axle-group load

(C)
Step 1. Note the accuracy class for the Single-axle load and axle-group load

2.1.2 Single-axle load and axle-group load

For determining single-axle load and, if required axle-group load, WIM instruments are
divided into six accuracy classes as shown below:
A B C D E F
Note 1: WIM instruments may have different accuracy classes for single-axle load and axle-
group load.
Note 2: The limitation of accuracy classes to certain applications may be determined by
national regulation.

Step 2. Note the relationship between accuracy classes

INDIAN INSTITUTE OF LEGAL METROLOGY, Notes on WIM, Prepared by Prof. Manish Prasad
2.1.3 Relationship between accuracy classes
The relationship between the accuracy classes for single-axle load and, if required, axle-
group load and the accuracy classes for vehicle mass are as specified in Table 1 below.
Accuracy class Accuracy class for vehicle mass
single-axle load
and
axle-group load
0.2 0.5 1 2 5 10
A  
B   
C   
D   
E   
F 

Step-3

5.2.1 Tests
WIM instruments shall be tested to verify that they comply with the requirements in clauses 2
(except 2.7) and 3 for any vehicle(s) and product(s) loaded on a vehicle for which they are
intended and when operated under normal conditions of use.
Tests shall be carried out by the appropriate metrological authority, in-situ, in a normal
installation.
The WIM instrument shall be installed so that an automatic weighing operation will be the
same for testing as it is for a normal operation.
The appropriate metrological authority shall conduct the tests in a manner that prevents an
unnecessary commitment of resources. In appropriate situations and to avoid duplicating tests
previously performed on the instrument for type evaluation under 5.1.3, the authority may use
the results of observed tests for initial verification

[Link] In-motion tests

In-motion tests shall be conducted:
 in accordance with the descriptive markings (3.9);
 under the rated conditions for which the instrument is intended;
 in accordance with the test methods in clause 6, with the exception that the reference
vehicles shall be the types of vehicle(s) and product(s) that the instrument is intended
to weigh.
However, for instruments to be used in applications where the axle load is required, the test
utilizing the two-axle rigid reference vehicle must be conducted.

3.9.1 Markings shown in full

identification mark of the manufacturer

identification mark of the importer (if applicable)
type designation of the instrument
serial number of the instrument (on each load receptor, if applicable)
not to be used to weigh liquid products (if applicable)
maximum transit speed km/h
direction of weighing (if applicable)
scale interval for stationary load (if applicable) kg or t

INDIAN INSTITUTE OF LEGAL METROLOGY, Notes on WIM, Prepared by Prof. Manish Prasad
 power supply voltage V
power supply frequency Hz
temperature range (when not –10 °C to +40 °C) °C
software identification (if applicable)
3.9.2 Markings shown in code
accuracy class vehicle mass 0.2, 0.5, 1, 2, 5 or 10
accuracy class single-axle (where applicable) A, B, C, D, E or F
accuracy class axle-group (where applicable) A, B, C, D, E or F
maximum capacity Max = ..... kg or t
minimum capacity Min = ..... kg or t
scale interval d = ..... kg or t
maximum operating speed vmax = ..... km/h
minimum operating speed vmin = ..... km/h
maximum number of axles per vehicle (where applicable) Amax
type approval sign in accordance with national requirements

[Link].2 Single-axle load or axle-group load

The requirements in this subclause are only applicable to instruments to be used in
applications where the single-axle load or the axle-group load is required.

[Link].2.1 Single-axle load

a) For in-motion tests with the two-axle rigid reference vehicle, the error for automatic
weighing shall be as specified in [Link].2.1 a).
b) For in-motion tests with all other reference vehicle types, the error for automatic weighing
shall be as specified in [Link].2.1 b).

[Link].2.1 Single-axle load

The single-axle load errors and deviations for automatic weighing of reference vehicles shall
be determined as follows:
a) In-motion tests with the two-axle rigid reference vehicle. The error for automatic weighing
shall be the indicated single-axle load observed and recorded (6.9) as appropriate, minus the
conventional true value of the static reference single-axle load (6.8) as appropriate. The
maximum permissible errors shall be as specified in [Link].1 for initial verification and as
appropriate for the accuracy class of the instrument

Error for two-axle rigid reference vehicle

= [indicated single-axle load observed and recorded (6.9) as appropriate] – [ conventional
true value of the static reference single-axle load (6.8) as appropriate]

= [6.9 Indicated single-axle load and axle-group load -The indication or printout of the
single-axle load and, if required, the axle-group load following an automatic weighing
operation shall be observed and recorded] – [6.8 Conventional true value of the static
reference single-axle load The conventional true value of the static reference single-axle
loads for the two-axle rigid reference vehicle, unloaded and loaded, shall be determined using
the method detailed in A.[Link].]
And this error for two –axle rigid reference vehicle should be less than or equal to maximum
permissible errors shall be as specified in [Link].1 for initial verification and as appropriate
for the accuracy class of the instrument

INDIAN INSTITUTE OF LEGAL METROLOGY, Notes on WIM, Prepared by Prof. Manish Prasad
[Link].1 Maximum permissible error for two-axle rigid reference vehicle

For the two-axle rigid reference vehicle, the maximum difference between the indicated
single-axle load for in-motion tests and the conventional true value of the static reference
single-axle load shall not exceed one of the following values, whichever is the greater:
a) The value from Table 3 rounded to the nearest scale interval.
b) 1 d in the case of initial verification,
2 d in the case of in-service inspection.

Table 3
Accuracy class Percentage of conventional true value of the static
for single –axle reference Single –axle load
load Initial verification In-service inspection

A ±0.25 % ±0.50 %
B ±0.50 % ±1.00 %

C ±0.75 % ±1.50 %

D ±1.00 % ±2.00 %

E ±2.00 % ±4.00 %

F ±4.00 % ±8.00 %

A.[Link] Determining static reference single-axle loads for the two-axle rigid reference
vehicle
For testing instruments to be used in applications where the single-axle loads are required, the
conventional true value of the static reference single-axle loads shall be determined for the
two-axle rigid reference vehicle by including a minimum of two different axle loads using the
following method:
a) Weigh each axle of the static two-axle rigid reference vehicle in turn on the control
instrument specified in 6.2.2 and record the indicated single-axle load. After both
axles have been weighed, calculate the vehicle mass by the summation of the recorded
values for the two axle loads and record the VM value. This operation shall be
conducted five times with the vehicle facing in the same direction, and a further five
times with the vehicle facing in the opposite direction.

INDIAN INSTITUTE OF LEGAL METROLOGY, Notes on WIM, Prepared by Prof. Manish Prasad
 Observation Table for Determining reference single-axle loads for the two-axle
rigid reference vehicles
Test Direction of Axle load(kg) Vehicle Remarks
No. vehicle facing Axle no 1 Axle no 1 mass,VM
(kg)
1 initial
2 initial
3 initial
4 initial
5 initial
6 opposite
7 opposite
8 opposite
9 opposite
10 opposite

b) For each of the above weighing operations, ensure that the vehicle is stationary, with the
wheels on the axle being weighed fully supported by the load receptor, the engine switched
off, the gear in neutral and the brakes released. Use wheel chocks, if necessary, to prevent
vehicle motion

3) Calculate the mean static reference single-axle load for each axle on the two-axle
rigid vehicle according to the following:
∑10
1 𝐴𝑥𝑙𝑒 𝑖
𝐴𝑥𝑙𝑒 𝑖 =
10

where: i is the single-axle rank

10 is the number of weighments of each static axle
Axlei is the recorded load for that axle
2) Add the two mean single-axle loads to determine the mean of the static vehicle mass:
2
𝑉𝑀 = ∑ 𝐴𝑥𝑙𝑒𝑖
𝐼−1
Alternatively, use the recorded values for the vehicle mass calculated after each vehicle
weighment as described above and calculate the mean of the static two-axle reference vehicle
mass according to the following:

∑10
1 𝑉𝑀
𝑉𝑀 =
10

4) Calculate the corrected mean single-axle loads as follows:

𝑉𝑀 𝑟𝑒𝑓
Corr Axle = 𝐴𝑥𝑙𝑒 𝑖 × 𝑉𝑀
where: VMref is the conventional true value of each reference vehicle mass determined
by full-draught weighing in 6.7.

4) For the purposes of this Recommendation, the conventional true value of the static
reference single-axle loads (see T.3.1.10) for the two-axle rigid reference vehicle shall be the
respective corrected mean single-axle load as calculated in 3) above.

INDIAN INSTITUTE OF LEGAL METROLOGY, Notes on WIM, Prepared by Prof. Manish Prasad
5) Traceability of the conventional true value of the single-axle loads on the static reference
two axle rigid vehicle is provided by the fact that the sum of the two corrected mean static
reference single-axle loads equals the conventional true value of the reference vehicle mass
determined by full-draught weighing (6.7) on a suitable control instrument (6.2.1):
VN ref = ∑2𝑖−1 𝐶𝑜𝑟𝑟 𝐴𝑥𝑙𝑒
The static reference single-axle loads shall be determined with the vehicle unloaded and
loaded appropriately such that the axle loads cover, as far as practicable, the weighing range
of the instrument. A minimum of two different axle loads, e.g. one near Min and one near
Max (respectively at the maximum permissible axle load of the two-axle rigid reference
vehicle) shall be tested

Run No. Speed Location Axle load(kg) Vehicle Remarks

(km/h) (middle/left/right) Axle Axle no 1 mass,VM
no 1 (kg)
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
Mean
Corrected
mean
Maximum
deviation

b) In-motion tests with all other reference vehicle axle types. The deviation for
automatic weighing shall be the indicated single-axle load observed and recorded (6.9) as
appropriate, minus the corrected mean single-axle load (6.11) as appropriate. The maximum
permissible deviation shall be as specified in [Link].2 for initial verification and as
appropriate for the accuracy class of the instrument

Deviation for automatic weighing = [indicated single-axle load observed and recorded (6.9)
as appropriate] – [corrected mean single-axle load (6.11) as appropriate]

Deviation for automatic weighing = [6.9 Indicated single-axle load and axle-group load-
The indication or printout of the single-axle load and, if required, the axle-group load
following an automatic weighing operation shall be observed and recorded.] – [6.11
Corrected mean of the single-axle load and the axle-group load - The corrected mean of
the axle loads for each single-axle or axle-group on a reference vehicle shall be the mean
(6.10) of the recorded values (6.9) for the respective single-axles and axle-groups on the
reference vehicle during an in-motion test, corrected proportionally (A.[Link].2 3) in relation
to the systematic error of the instrument used for determining the recorded values.]

INDIAN INSTITUTE OF LEGAL METROLOGY, Notes on WIM, Prepared by Prof. Manish Prasad
And in this case Deviation for automatic weighing should be less than or equal to The
maximum permissible deviation shall be as specified in [Link].2 for initial verification and
as appropriate for the accuracy class of the instrument

[Link].2 Maximum permissible deviation (MPD) for all reference vehicle types except
the two-axle rigid reference vehicle

For all reference vehicle types except the two-axle rigid reference vehicle, the maximum
difference between any indicated single-axle load or, if required, any axle-group load
recorded during in-motion tests and the corrected mean single-axle load (6.10) or the
corrected mean axle-group load (6.11), respectively, shall be one of the following values,
whichever is the greater:

a) The value from Table 4 rounded to the nearest scale interval;

b) 1 d × n in the case of initial verification,

2 d × n in the case of in-service inspection,
Where n is the number of axles in the group, with n = 1 for single axles.

Table-4
Accuracy class Percentage of the corrected mean single-axle load or
for single –axle corrected mean axle-group load
load and axle- Initial verification In-service inspection
group load
A ±0.50 % ±1.00 %

B ±1.00 % ±2.00 %

C ±1.50 % ±3.00 %

D ±2.00 % ±4.00 %
E ±4.00 % ±8.00 %
F ±8.00 % ±16.00 %

A.[Link].2 In-motion tests with all other reference vehicle types ([Link].2.1 b)

1) As specified in 6.6, 6.9 and A.9.3.2, conduct the tests, record the single-axle loads and, if
required, the axle-group loads of the vehicle as they are indicated or printed by the instrument
under test. If no criteria for defining various axle-groups have been set by national
regulations (T.3.1.7), all recorded axle loads shall be considered as single-axle loads
(T.3.1.9). For each reference vehicle (except the two-axle rigid) and its loading condition,
calculate the mean single-axle loads and, if required, the mean axle-group loads of the test
runs specified in A.9.3.2 according to the following equations:
∑𝑛1 𝐴𝑥𝑙𝑒 𝑖
𝐴𝑥𝑙𝑒 =
𝑛
where: i is the single-axle rank
n is the number of test runs

INDIAN INSTITUTE OF LEGAL METROLOGY, Notes on WIM, Prepared by Prof. Manish Prasad
 Axlei is the recorded load for that axle
And
∑𝑛
1 𝐺𝑟𝑜𝑢𝑝 𝑖
𝐺𝑟𝑜𝑢𝑝 𝑖 = 𝑛

where: i is the group rank; may be zero

n is the number of test runs
Groupi is the recorded load for that axle-group
2) Use the values indicated or printed by the instrument under test according to A.9.3.2 c) and
recorded as specified in 6.12 for the vehicle mass and calculate the mean of the reference
vehicle mass according to the following:
∑𝑛1 𝑉𝑀𝑖
𝑉𝑀 =
𝑛

Alternatively, add the mean single-axle loads and axle-group loads to determine the mean of
the vehicle mass:
𝑞 𝑔
𝑉𝑀 = ∑𝑖=1 𝐴𝑥𝑙𝑒 𝑖 + ∑𝑖=0 𝐺𝑟𝑜𝑢𝑝 𝑖

where: q is the number of single axles on the vehicle

g is the number of axle-groups on the vehicle, which may be zero

3) Calculate the corrected mean single-axle loads and, if required, the corrected mean axle-
group load(s) as follows:
𝑉𝑀 𝑟𝑒𝑓 𝑉𝑀 𝑟𝑒𝑓
𝐶𝑜𝑟𝑟 𝐴𝑥𝑙𝑒 𝑖 = 𝐴𝑥𝑙𝑒 × 𝑉𝑀 𝐶𝑜𝑟𝑟 𝐺𝑟𝑜𝑢𝑝 𝑖 = 𝐺𝑟𝑜𝑢𝑝 𝑖 × 𝑉𝑀

where: VMref is the conventional true value of the reference vehicle mass determined by
full-draught weighing in 6.7.
4) To provide traceability, the sum of the corrected mean single-axle loads and axle-group
loads for the reference vehicle should be equal to the conventional true value of the reference
vehicle mass:
𝑞 𝑔
𝑉𝑀𝑟𝑒𝑓 = ∑ 𝐶𝑜𝑟𝑟𝐴𝑥𝑙𝑒 + ∑ 𝐶𝑜𝑟𝑟𝐺𝑟𝑜𝑢𝑝𝑖
𝑖=1 𝑖=0

where: q is the number of single axles on the vehicle

g is the number of axle-groups on the vehicle, which may be zero
5) Calculate the deviation of each single-axle load from the respective corrected mean single-
axle load and, if required, the deviation of each axle-group load from the respective (if more
than one axle-group) corrected mean axle-group load:
𝐷𝑒𝑣𝑖𝐴𝑥𝑙𝑒 = 𝐴𝑥𝑙𝑒 𝑖 − 𝐶𝑜𝑟𝑟 𝐴𝑥𝑙𝑒 𝑖
Devi Group i = Group I – Corr Group i

6) No deviation shall exceed the appropriate maximum permissible deviation as specified in

[Link].2for the applicable accuracy class.
7) For future reference only (to quantify any difference in the fraction of the vehicle mass
carried on each of the two-axle rigid reference vehicle’s single axles when determined by
static (A.[Link] 4)) and by in-motion (A.[Link] 3)) weighing), also perform the calculations
above (1-5) for all test runs of the two-axle rigid reference vehicle, unloaded and loaded.
Include these results in the test report so that this data will not be lost. These results shall not
be used in lieu of those from A.[Link] for evaluating the WIM instrument being tested.

INDIAN INSTITUTE OF LEGAL METROLOGY, Notes on WIM, Prepared by Prof. Manish Prasad
Observation Table for all other reference vehicle types :
Run No. Speed Location Axle load Axle group Vehicle Remarks
(km/h) (middle/left/right) load mass,VM
Axle Axle Axle Axle Axle Axle Axle Axle (kg)
no 1 no 2 no 3 no 4 no 5 no 6 no no
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
Mean
Corrected
mean
Maximum
deviation
MPD/MPE

INDIAN INSTITUTE OF LEGAL METROLOGY, Notes on WIM, Prepared by Prof. Manish Prasad