INDIAN INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY ROORKEE
EEC-104
Signals and Systems
Ramanuja Panigrahi
Module-1
Linear Time-Invariant Systems:
• Properties of linear, time–invariant systems
• Convolution,
• Interconnection of LTI systems,
• Zero- input response,
• Zero-state response,
• impulse response, and stability,
• systems represented by differential and difference equations.
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Two of the system properties, linearity and time invariance, play a fundamental role in
signal and system analysis for two major reasons.
• First, many physical processes possess these properties and thus can be modeled as linear time-
invariant (LTI) systems.
• LTI systems can be analyzed in considerable detail, providing both insight into their properties
and a set of powerful tools that form the core of signal and system analysis.
LTI systems are amenable to analysis because any such system possesses the superposition property
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Discrete-Time Signals in Terms of Impulses
The key idea in visualizing how the discrete-time unit impulse can be
used to construct any discrete-time signal is to think of a discrete-
time signal as a sequence of individual impulses.
The signal x[n] can be represented as a sum of shifted and scaled
unit impulses.
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Discrete-Time Signals in Terms of Impulses
any arbitrary signal x[n] can be represented in terms of impulse components.
𝑥𝑛 = 𝑥[𝑘]𝛿[𝑛 − 𝑘]
This corresponds to the representation of an arbitrary sequence as a linear combination of shifted unit
impulses 𝛿[n- k], where the weights in this linear combination are x[k].
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Example: Write in terms of impulses.
x[n] = u[n],
𝑥𝑛 = 𝑥[𝑘]𝛿[𝑛 − 𝑘]
This is called the sifting property of the discrete-time unit impulse
Because the sequence 𝛿[n - k] is nonzero only when k = n, the summation on the right-hand side of
eq. "sifts" through the sequence of values x[k] and preserves only the value corresponding to k = n.
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Impulse Response of a System
The impulse response, or impulse response function (IRF), of a dynamic system is its output when
presented with an impulse (δ(t)).
x 𝑡 y 𝑡 =𝑇 𝑥 𝑡
T(.)
x 𝑡 =𝛿 𝑡 y 𝑡 =𝑇 𝛿 𝑡 = ℎ(𝑡)
T(.)
x𝑛 =𝛿 𝑛 y𝑛 =ℎ 𝑛
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Response of an LTI System to Arbitrary Input
if we can represent the input to an LTI system in terms of a linear combination of a set of basic signals, we
can then use superposition to compute the output of the system in terms of its responses to these basic
signals
x 𝑡 y 𝑡 =𝑇 𝑥 𝑡
T(.)
𝑘𝑛𝑜𝑤𝑛: ℎ(𝑡)
For example, if we can express the input x(t) as a weighted sum of impulses then we can determine the
response of the LTI system y(t) as the weighted sum of impulse responses.
Remember: Superposition
Ax1(t)+Bx2(t) Ay1(t)+By2(t)
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Response of a linear system to an arbitrary input x[n]
More specifically, the response of a linear (but possibly time-varying) system to an arbitrary input x[n].
Step-1: We can represent the input x[n] through as a linear combination of shifted unit impulses.
Step-2: Let hk[n] denote the response of the linear system to the shifted unit impulse δ[n - k].
Step-3: Then, from the superposition property for a linear system, the response y[n] of the linear system to
the input x[n] is simply the weighted linear combination of these basic responses.
That is, with the input x[n] to a linear system the output y[n]
can be expressed as
yn = 𝑥 𝑘 ℎ [𝑛]
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Linear time-varying System
Linear time-varying
System
x[n]
linear system whose responses h-1 [n], h0 [n], and h1[n] to
the signals δ[n + 1], δ[n], and δ[n- 1], are known
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input
𝑥 𝑘 ℎ [𝑛]
𝑦𝑛 = 𝑥 𝑘 ℎ [𝑛]
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Convolution Sum
Thus, if we know the response of a linear system to the set of shifted unit impulses, we can construct the response to
an arbitrary input.
However, if the linear system is also time-invariant, then these responses to time-shifted unit impulses are all time-shifted
versions of each other.
Specifically, since δ[n- k] is a time-shifted version of δ[n], the response hk[n] is a time-shifted version of h 0 [n]; i.e.,
ℎ 𝑛 = ℎ [𝑛 − 𝑘]
If h[n] is the output of the LTI system when δ[n] is the input. Then, for any input x[n] the output y[n] is given
by
y[n] = 𝑥 𝑘 ℎ[𝑛 − 𝑘]
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Discrete-Time Unit Impulse Response
The importance of the sifting property lies in the fact that it represents x[n] as a superposition of scaled
versions of a very simple set of elementary functions, namely, shifted unit impulses.
The response of a linear system to x[n] will be the superposition of the scaled responses of the system to
each of these shifted impulses.
the property of time invariance tells us that the responses of a time-invariant system to the time-shifted
unit impulses are simply time-shifted versions of one another.
The convolution-sum -sum representation for discrete-time systems that are both linear and time-
invariant results from putting these two basic facts together.
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Convolution Sum
𝑦𝑛 = 𝑥 𝑘 ℎ[𝑛 − 𝑘]
This result is referred to as the convolution sum or superposition sum, and the operation on the right-
hand side of is known as the convolution of the sequences x[n] and h[n].
We will represent the operation of convolution symbolically as
𝑦[𝑛] = 𝑥[𝑛] ∗ ℎ[𝑛].
From this, we see that an LTI system is completely characterized by its response to a single signal,
namely, its response to the unit impulse
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Example
Consider an LTI system with impulse response h[n] and input x[n], as illustrated in Figure. Determine the output y[n].
𝑦𝑛 = 𝑥 𝑘 ℎ[𝑛 − 𝑘]
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Solution
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