Chapter-V Fruit and Vegetable Production Interventions

5.1 Introduction:
The fruit and vegetables intervention refers to initiatives designed to increase the
consumption of fruits and vegetables among different populations. The rationale
behind such interventions is rooted in the overwhelming body of evidence that
highlights the health benefits of fruits and vegetables. These interventions may be
implemented in various settings such as schools, workplaces, communities, or through
public health campaigns. The goal is often to prevent chronic diseases, reduce
healthcare costs, and improve overall well-being.
A. FRUIT PRODUCTION
Details of existing fruit trees: Mango, Guava
(Period of the Scheme:2024)

1. Name of Village/Block/District: Kallipur/ Arajiline/Varanasi

2. Name of the Farmer: Ritesh Kumar
3. Plot No. Crop & Crop Variety Area (ha)/ No. of trees

i. Mango (Langra) 0.50 50

ii. Guava (Safeda) 0.50 138

Crop-wise details shall be given under following heads
1. Manures/Fertilizers applied: Mango (1500 kg/50:25:50 kg),
Guava (1680 kg/39.2: 33.6 :33.6 kg)
2. Time of Fertilizer application:
1. Mango- Apply fertilizer in two equal doses [June-July (After
Fruit harvest) and October] followed by irrigation.
2. Guava- The plant are matured twice a year, first during June-July and
second by during October
3. Inter-crop taken: Okra Plant population m2 : 20,833 plants
4. Actual yield obtained

Fruit Crop Area Quantity(kg) Amount (Rate/kg)

1) a) Mango 0.50 ha 5,000 kg Rs. 80/kg

b) Guava 0.50 ha 8,500kg Rs. 30/kg

ii) Inter Crop (Okra) 0.50 ha 3,000 kg Rs. 30/kg

5. Yield per ha : Mango (10,000 kg), Guava (17,000 kg), Okra (6,000 kg)

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6. Cultivation Problems: Premature Flower & fruit drop
7. Income in Rs.: 9,45,000

a. Total fruit crop income: 6,55,000/-

Fruit Crops a) Mango Rs. 4,00,000/-
1. b) Guava Rs. 2,55,000/-
b. Inter Crops Okra Rs. 90,000/-
8. Net Expenditure Rs. per 1 ha: 1,00,000 (Aprox)

9. Mode of transport and sale of the produce : Truck, Refrigerated truck

and sold to local market and cities nearest to the state

10. Status of production technology Grafted, Air layering

11. Suggestions if any: Ginger is one of the best inter crop in orchards.

12. Total area cultivated 1.50 ha

13. Irrigated area 1.50 ha

14. Area in fallow N/A

15. Area under fruit/horticultural crop 1.50 ha

16. Net profit Rs. 845,000 /-(Net profit= Total revenue - net Expenditure)

5.2 PLOT HISTORY

(Two important Fruit Crops)

1. Name of Student: Piyush Kumar

2. Name of Research Station/KVK to which attached: KVK Kallipur Varanasi
3. Name of farmer: Subash Morya
4. Topography: Flat to gentle slope
5. Soil type & drainage: Alluvial
6. Irrigation source and irrigated area:
Tubewell & 1 ha
Well/Canal/River/Nala/Rainfed potential
available (Hours per day & area covered)
7. Trees planted with area and number: 162` (Aprox) Plant/1ha
8. Quality of planting material, method of planting: Grafted

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 9. Present survival of trees with age & condition of plants: 162 (good)
10. Remarks (Inter crops grown in the plot in the past): Bhindi
11. Per cent of total area under horticultural corps: 50%

Table 5.1: Fruit crop varieties and its number of trees of Subash morya at
village- Kallipur,Varanasi (U.P).
Area Crop Variety Number of trees
PI Guava Safeda 138
PII Mango Langra 50

Table:5.1 Depicts that table presents data on fruit crop varieties and the number of
trees owned by Subash Morya in Kallipur village, Varanasi UP. It includes two fruit
crops: Guava and Mango. The table indicates that Ritesh Kumar has 112 Guava trees
of the Safeda variety and 50 Mango trees of the Langra variety. This data provides a
snapshot of the fruit crop distribution on Ritesh Kumar property in the Kallipur
village.

Fig.5.1 Plantation of guava plant at Kallipur;(U.P).

5.3 CALENDAR OF OPERATIONS

Name of Crop and No. of trees: Mango, Guava

Period of Report: 2024

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 Table : Calendar operation
[Link]. Operation done & trees covered Details of plant
Plot –I Plot –II material used
1. Ploughing / harrowing Ploughing / harrowing Grafted plant (mango)
2. Digging, filling & Digging, filling & Air layering (guava)
planting planting
3. Manuring /Fertilizers Manuring /Fertilizers Application of
application application Nitrogenous Fertilizer
4. Pruning and training Pruning and training Application of
insecticide.
5. Spraying/Dusting Spraying/Dusting Application of PGR.

Table :5.2 Depicts that table calendar operation of plot I and II

Table: Operational Labour Cost (Rs)

[Link]. Particulars Per day Hired Total Tractor

labour labour rate machinery
cost
1. Ploughing / harrowing N/A N/A N/A 4,500 (3 hours)
2. Digging, filling & planting 300/- 8 2400 /- N/A
3. Manuring /Fertilizers 300/- 3 900/- N/A
4. Weeding 300/- 6 1800/- N/A
5. Irrigation Own Own 0 N/A
6. Trining & Pruning 400/- 4 1600/- N/A
7. Spraying/Dusting 300 3 900/- N/A
8. Harvesting/grading/ 300 10 3000/- N/A
packing
9. Watching Own Own N/A N/A
10. Transport to market Own Own N/A 1000/-

Depicts that table.5.3 a table outlining the costs associated with various farming
activities, differentiating between owned and hired resources. The table includes ten

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 specific tasks, ranging from ploughing to transporting produce to the market, and
details the expenses related to labor, bullocks, and machinery.

Total Cost on Labour (Rs.) :16,100/-

Table ;Material Cost

[Link]. Particulars Number Value (Rs.) Remarks

Plot-1 Plot-2 Plot-1 Plot-2
1. Plant Material Good
a) Seedling 50 112 5,000/- 5,600/- variety
b) Layers / Grafts

2. Manures/Fertilizers 1500 kg 1680 kg 15,000/- 16,800/- N/A

/50:25:50 /39.2:33.6:33.6 3,625/- 3,080/-
kg kg
3. Irrigation Own Own N/A N/A N/A
4. Hormone & Plant N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A
protection
Chemicals
5. Staking cost N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A
6. Packaging Material CFB CFB 15,000/- 25,500
7. Cultivation 1. Labour problem.
problem/ other 2. Irrigation problem.
problems 3. Pest and disease attack.
identified 4. Weeding problem.
5. Flower and fruit dropping.
Table : 5.4 Depicts that table total cost of materials
Total cost of material (Rs.): 89,605/-

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 Fig .5.2 Strawberry plantation in KVK Kallipur, Varanasi (U.P).
COST OF FARM PRODUCE (YEAR WISE)

1. Name of Crop, Number & Age of Trees : Mango, Guava (8 years)

2. Crop Variety: Langra, Safeda
3. Date of flowering & harvest: Mango (Feb-March & May-June)
and Guava (Feb-March & June- July).
4. Production (kg) and income in 0.50 ha: Mango (5000 kg/ Rs.4,00,000)
And Guava (8500 kg/ Rs.2,55,000)
5. Price of Produce Rs. Demonstration by student on:
(a) Propagational studies: Grafting and Air layering.
(b) Special Horticultural Practices: Training, Pruning, canopy management
and High Density Planting.
(c) Special problem & demonstration of solution (Training, Pruning, Bahar
treatment, Manuring etc.)
Plantation of fruit trees-Demonstration & Plantation of at least 5 fruit trees Grading
and Packing: Mango, Guava, Dragon fruit, Ber, Aonla.
Storage – Zero Energy cool Chamber

Signature of Student Signature of teacher

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(B) VEGETABLE PRODUCTION
Table : Cropping Scheme for Vegetables (period of reports)
1. Plot Crop variety Area (ha)
No.
a) i. Brinjal 0.50
b) i. Potato / Tomato 0.30
c) iii. Onion/Garlic 0.10
d) iv. Cabbage /Cauliflower 0.30
e) v. Chillies/Coriander/Fenugreek 0.10
f) vi. Other N/A

Table : 5.5 Depicts that table provides data on the area (in hectares) dedicated to
different vegetable crops grown by Ritesh Kumar in kallipur in 2024. data suggests
that potato/tomato cultivation is the primary focus (0.50 ha) in terms of area, followed
by cabbage/cauliflower. The other crops contribute smaller, but still significant,
portions to the total cultivated area.

Table :Nutrient Application:

Time Quantity(kg) Rate Value(Rs.)

(Rs/kg)
Manure applied Field preparation 1500 kg 10/- 15,000/-
Fertilizer applied Basal, Top N: P: K (10:35:45) 500/-
dressing 0.10: 0.15: 0.10
Table 5.6 Depicts that table highlight the time, quantity and rate of manure
application for better production of potato crop by Ritesh Kumar on his field. Total
value of manure was 15,000, while nitrogenous fertilizer value was 500.
1. Inter- crop taken. Crop Area
Kharif Ridge gourd, Bitter gourd 0.20 ha
Rabi Tomato, cabbage, cauliflower, carrot 0.20ha
Summer Cucumber, watermelon 0.10ha
2. Actual yield obtained Quantity (No./Q) Rate (Rs /Q) Value Rs.
Main vegetable (Brinjal): 150 qtl. 4000/- 6,00,000/-
Inter- crop (Cucumber): 20 qtl. 3000. 60,000/-
3. Yield per ha. (Quintal/No.)

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 Main crop. 150qtl/0.50 ha
Inter- crop. 20qtl/0.10 ha
4. Estimated cost: 72,381/-
5. Gross Income Rs.( Value): 6,60,000/-
6. Net Income Rs. ( Value): 5,87,619/-
7. Cost/ Benefit ratio: 1:8

5.4 PLOT HISTORY

1. Name of Student : Nakul Kumar
2. Name of institute to which attached :KVK, kallipur, Varanasi
3. Name of farmer :Ritesh Kumar
4. Topography :Flat to gentle slope
5. Soil type with drainage : Alluvial Soil, Surface
6. Crops grown in last year : potato, brinjal, onion, garlic
7. Plot No., Survey No. and area in ha: 0.50 ha
8. Crops now grown with planted or proposed : Brinjal,cabbage, potato,
other vegetables

5.5 Calendar of Operations

Period of report: 2024

Name of crop and area (ha): Potato (0.5 ha) and Radish (0.3 ha)
S. No. Operation done and area Details of material used
covered
Field - I Field - II
1 Field preparation 4- Field preparation 4- Basal dressing with FYM
5 deep ploughing 5 deep ploughing

2. Tuber sowing Seed sowing Good quality tuber and seed

3. Irrigation Irrigation Application of Chemical
Fertilizers
4. Weeding Weeding Manually and by khurpi
5. Manuring and Manuring and Well decomposed FYM
Fertilizer Fertilizer
application application

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 6. Pest and disease Pest and disease Bavistin and Chlorpyrifos
management management
7. Harvesting Harvesting Spade
8. Sorting and Sorting and Jute bag
packaging packaging
9. Transportation to Transportation to Truck
the market the market

Table 5.7 Depicts that table highlight the operations done in potato Crop by Ritesh
Kumar on his field at Kallipur village, Varanasi UP. It includes field preparation to
harvesting process.

Table : Operational cost (Labour wages) one crop only

S.N Particular Per Hired Total Tractor Rate

o labour labour rate
cost
(Rs)
1. Ploughing N/A N/A N/A 1,500
2. Harrowing N/A N/A N/A 1,500
3. Bed Preparation 300 5 1,500/- N/A
4. Manuring 300 3 900/- N/A
5. Sowing/Planning 300 6 1,800/- N/A
6. Fertilizers 300 2 600/- N/A
7. Irrigation 100/hour Own N/A N/A
8. Weeding 900/- N/A
Earthing
Training
Staking 300 3

9. Spraying Dusting N/A N/A N/A N/A

10. Harvesting 300 5 1,500/- N/A

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 Grading
Packing
11. Watching Own Own N/A N/A
12. Transport to market Own Own N/A 500

Table :5.7 Depicts that table total operational cost

Total Operational cost Rs.: 10,700/-

5.6 Farm production cost (year 2024 to 2024 ) (at least one crop)

Name of crop: Brinjal

Variety : Kashi Sheetal
Date of flowering: June-July Date of harvest : October- November
Production(qtl):150qtl
Rate (Rs.):40/-
Value of produce: 6,00,000/-
Table : investment cost
[Link]. Particulars Quantity Value Total
Crop-I Crop Crop-I Crop
II II
1. Seed 0.13 kg 0.10 kg 780/- 600/- 1380/-
2. F.Y.M./ Oil cake / 300 kg 200 kg 3,000/- 2,000/- 5,000/-
Fertilizer a) Nitorgen 35 kg 15 kg 350/- 150/- 500/-
b) Phosphorus 15 kg 7.5 kg 525/- 263/- 788/-
c) Potassium 15 kg 7.5 kg 675/- 338/- 1013/-
3. Total No. Irrigation 3-4 5-6 Own Own N/A
Season Irrigation
Charges
4. Hormonal spray and plant N/A N/A 1,000 1,000 2,000/-
protection charges N/A
Cost of chemical
5. Stake cost N/A
6. Packaging/Charge (Boxes 45,000 6,000 51,000/-
or tokni) for hybrid tomato
only Total cost of material

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 Table :5.8 Depicts that table that total investment cost

Total Investment cost :- 61681/-

5.7 Site Selection and Nursery Bed Preparation for Tomato Crops
1. Site Selection
Choosing the right site for a tomato nursery is essential for healthy seedling growth.
Consider the following factors:
- Soil Type: Well-drained, sandy loam or loamy soil with good fertility is ideal.
Avoid heavy clay or waterlogged soils.
pH Level: Soil pH should be between 6.0 and 7.0 for optimal growth.
Sunlight: A location with 6-8 hours of direct sunlight daily is necessary.
Water Source: The site should have a reliable and clean water supply for irrigation.
Previous Crops: Avoid planting tomatoes in the same area where other Solanaceous
crops (e.g., potatoes, peppers, eggplants) were grown recently to prevent disease
buildup.
Protection from Wind: A location with windbreaks (such as trees or fences) helps
protect young seedlings from strong winds.
2. Nursery Bed Preparation
A well-prepared nursery bed ensures strong and disease-free seedlings.
Step 1: Bed Layout and Dimensions
- Select a raised bed system to prevent waterlogging.
- Standard bed dimensions: 1-1.2 meters wide, 3-5 meters long, and 10-15 cm high.
- Allow 30 cm spacing between beds for easy movement and irrigation.
Step 2: Soil Preparation
Soil pH should be between 6.0 and 7.0 for optimal growth.
A location with 6-8 hours of direct sunlight daily is necessary
The site should have a reliable and clean water supply for irrigation
Avoid planting tomatoes in the same area where other Solanaceous
crops (e.g., potatoes, peppers, eggplants) were grown recently to prevent disease
buildup.
A location with windbreaks (such as trees or fences) helps protect young seedlings
from strong winds.

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A well-prepared nursery bed ensures strong and disease-free seedlings.
- Select a raised bed system to prevent waterlogging.
- Standard bed dimensions: 1-1.2 meters wide, 3-5 meters long, and 10-15 cm high.
- Allow 30 cm spacing between beds for easy movement and irrigation. -
- Tilling: Loosen the soil up to 20 cm depth to improve aeration and drainage.
- Soil Amendments: Mix decomposed farmyard manure (5-10 kg/m²) and add well-
balanced fertilizers (e.g., 100 g superphosphate per square meter).
- Sterilization: To reduce soil-borne diseases, treat the soil with steam sterilization,
solarization (covering with transparent plastic for 4-6 weeks), or formalin treatment.
Step 3: Seed Sowing
- Create shallow furrows 1 cm deep and 5 cm apart* in the nursery bed.
- Sow seeds evenly and lightly cover them with a thin layer of soil or compost.
- Mulch with dry grass or straw to maintain moisture and temperature.
Step 4: Watering and Care
- Water gently using a sprinkler or fine nozzle to avoid washing away seeds.
- Maintain consistent moisture but avoid waterlogging.
- Provide light shade with a net or straw mat until seedlings emerge (5-7 days).
- Remove mulch once seedlings appear and ensure proper ventilation.
Step 5: Pest and Disease Management
- Use neem extract or mild fungicides to prevent damping-off disease.
- Monitor for pests such as aphids or whiteflies and use organic or chemical controls
if necessary.
- Harden off seedlings 7-10 days before transplanting by gradually exposing them to
direct sunlight and reducing irrigation.

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For tomato cultivation, the nursery area required depends on the *seed rate* and
*spacing used in the main field.
5.8 Below are the calculations:
1. Seed Rate per Hectare
- The recommended seed rate for tomato is 200-400 g per hectare, depending on the
variety and seed quality.
- On average, one gram of tomato seeds contains 250-300 seeds, and the germination
rate is typically 80-90%.
2. Nursery Area Requirement
- A nursery should be able to produce 25,000 to 35,000 healthy seedlings per hectare,
as tomato seedlings are transplanted at 30-60 cm row spacing and 30-45 cm plant
spacing in the main field.
- The standard practice is to allocate 8-10 square meters of nursery area for every 100
g.
Calculation for One Hectare:
- For 200-400 g of seeds, the required nursery area is:
- Low seed rate (200 g): 16-20 m²
- High seed rate (400 g): 32-40 m²
Conclusion
For one hectare of tomato cultivation, the nursery area required is approximately 20-
40 square meters, depending on the seed rate and variety of seeds
5.9 Storage Interventions
1. Grain contamination is influenced by:
a. Type of storage structure: sealed or open storage
b. Temperature: (high temperature promotes spoilage and insect activity)
c. pH (affects microbial growth and chemical stability)
d. Moisture (higher moisture content leads to fungal and bacterial contamination)
2. Storage losses in grains (%)
a. Type of structure used (traditional vs. modern storage structures like silos,
godowns, hermetic bags)
b. Length and purpose of storage (short-term vs. long-term storage, seed vs.
consumption grain)
c. Grain treatment (fumigation, insecticide treatment, drying techniques)

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 d. Pre-storage practices (proper cleaning, drying, use of pesticides or natural
repellents, aeration techniques)
5.10 Special Horticultural Practices to boost vegetable production
Hot water treatment of Cole crop seed for control of Black rot (Bacterial) disease.
Potato tuber seed treatment.
Use of herbicides in weed control in vegetables.
Special method of raising cucurbits seedling & for early planting in spring- summers
season.
Staking for hybrid tomato.
Use of plant growth regulators MH, Ethereal for increasing fruit set, in cucurbits.
Identification of production problems of major commercialized vegetables.
Control of major insect, pests and diseases. Economics of vegetable production.
Layout of kitchen garden to get vegetable throughout the year. Crops for kitchen
garden with suitable rotation.

Signature of Student Signature of Teacher

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