Chapter 1: Introduction to Statistics

What is Statistics?
“Statistics is a way to get information from data”
Statistics

Data Information

Statistics is a tool for creating new

understanding from a set of numbers.

Definitions: Oxford English Dictionary

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 What is Statistics?
STATISTICS is the science of collecting, organizing, presenting, analyzing, and
interpreting data to assist in making more effective decisions.
Collec Gathering of facts or data
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Organiz Arranging data for the presentation

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Presen Summarizing data in textual, graphical, or tabular forms.

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Analyz Describing the data by using statistical methods and procedures.

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Interpre Making conclusions based on the analyzed data.

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 Branches of Statistics or
Types of Statistics

Statistics

Descriptive Statistics Inferential Statistics

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 Branches of Statistics or
Types of Statistics
Descriptive Statistics Involves organizing, Inferential Statistics Involves using
summarizing, and displaying data. sample data to draw conclusions
e.g. Tables, charts, averages . about a population.

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 Descriptive Statistics

EXAMPLE : Pie Chart For showing favorite type of

running shoes of 200 runners.
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 Inferential Statistics

Example:
The accounting department of a large firm will select a
sample of the invoices to check for accuracy for all the
invoices of the company.
 Exercise: Descriptive Vs
Inferential Statistics
A follow up study was conducted among male who were aged 48, for 18 years. For men who
took unhygienic food, approximately 70% were alive at age 65. For men who took hygienic
food, 90% were alive at age 65.

For this example

Descriptive Statistics
• For men who took unhygienic food, approximately 70% were alive at age 65.
• For men who took hygienic food, 90% were alive at age 65.

A possible conclusion that means Inference is:

• Taking hygienic food is associated with a longer life for men.
 Population VS Sample
Population: Sample:
The collection of all possible individuals, Representative part of the
objects, or measurements of interest. population

“ALL” “SOME”

Example:
Population – Total number of students during the year 2011
Sample – Few selected students of during the year 2011
Larson/Farber 4th ed. 9
 Census, Survey
Parameter VS Statistic
Census: Collection of data from every member of a population.
Survey: Collection of data from sample

Parameter: measurable characteristic of a population. It is usually referred

to true or actual value.
Example: average CGPA from all the students.

Statistic: measurable characteristic of a sample.

Example: average CGPA from few students 10
Population, Sample, Parameter, Statistic
At a glance….

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 Sampling Techniques

Probability Sampling

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 Variable

Variable Varies from ITEM to ITEM

Quantitative Variables (Numerical Qualitative Variables (Categorical

Variables): Variables):
• Discrete Variables: These variables can only • Nominal Variables: These variables
take specific values within a finite range. represent categories with no inherent
For example, the number of students in a order. For example, gender, marital status.
class. • Ordinal Variables: These variables have a
• Continuous Variables: These variables can natural order or ranking. For example,
take any value within a range. For example, education level (e.g., high school,
height, weight, temperature. bachelor's, master's).
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 Level of Measurement

📊Categories
1. Nominal Level
with no order or •
📶Categories
2. Ordinal Level
with a meaningful order, but
ranking no consistent difference between them
Examples: Gender (Male/Female), • Examples: Education Level (High School
Blood Type (A/B/AB/O), Religion < Bachelor's < Master's), Satisfaction
Rating (Poor to Excellent)

📏Numeric
3. Interval Level
scales with equal
⚖Numeric
4. Ratio Level
• scales with equal intervals and
intervals but no true zero
a true zero point
Examples: Temperature in
• Examples: Height, Weight, Age, Income
Celsius/Fahrenheit, IQ Scores
 Level of Measurement

Why It Matters:
• Determines the type of statistical analysis you can use
• Helps in choosing appropriate charts, graphs, and tests
Identify Population, Sample, Parameter, Statistic, Variable, sampling
techniques!!!
A university wants to assess student satisfaction. The population includes all
10,000 students currently enrolled. A sample of 500 students is selected using
stratified sampling, where students are proportionally chosen from each
department. The variable measured is the students’ satisfaction level on a scale
from 1 to 10. The statistic is the average satisfaction score of 7.8 calculated from
the sample. The parameter is the true average satisfaction score of all 10,000
students, which the university aims to estimate.
Identify Population, Sample, Parameter, Statistic, Variable, sampling
techniques!!!

Researchers conduct a health survey in a city. The population consists of all adults
living in the city. They select a sample of 200 adults using simple random
sampling. The variable of interest is each person’s systolic blood pressure,
measured in mmHg. From the sample, the statistic is a mean blood pressure of
122 mmHg. The parameter is the actual average blood pressure of all adults in the
city.
Identify Population, Sample, Parameter, Statistic, Variable, sampling
techniques!!!

A mobile phone company wants to monitor product quality. The population

includes all 5,000 phones produced in a single day. A sample of 100 phones is
chosen using systematic sampling, by testing every 50th phone on the assembly
line. The variable recorded is whether a phone passes or fails the quality test. The
statistic is that 5% of the sample phones failed the test. The parameter is the true
failure rate of all phones produced that day.
Identify Population, Sample, Parameter, Statistic, Variable, sampling
techniques!!!

A polling agency wants to estimate political preferences. The population is all

registered voters in the country. A sample of 1,200 voters is selected using cluster
sampling, where a few districts are randomly selected and all voters within those
districts are surveyed. The variable is the political party each voter supports. The
statistic is that 42% of the sample supports Party A. The parameter is the true
proportion of all voters in the country who support Party A.