TRIANGLES
A triangle is a closed plane figure having three sides.
Elements of the triangle:
The 3 Vertices, 3 Sides And 3 angles are called the
Elements of the triangle.
Types of triangles:
Triangles are classified on the basis of their sides and angles.
1. On the basis of Sides:
Scalene Triangle: The sides are unequal
Isosceles triangle: Any two sides are equal
Equilateral triangle: All sides are equal
2. On the basis of their angles:
Acute angled triangle: All angles are less than 90o
Obtuse angled Triangle: One angle is greater than 90o
Right angled triangle:This
One Photoangle is Author
by Unknown equal is to 90o
MEDIAN:
A line drawn from any vertex which divides the opposite side in two
equal parts is called a median. In a triangle 3 medians can be drawn.
The Point where the medians meet is called
The centroid. It is denoted by G.
The centroid divides the median in the ratio 2:1.
This Photo by Unknown Author is licensed under
CC BY-NC-ND
ALTITUDE:
A line drawn from any vertex of the triangle which is perpendicular
to the opposite side is called the altitude of the triangle. In a triangle
3 altitudes can be drawn. The point where
Altitudes meet is called Orthocentre.
It is denoted by H.
This Photo by Unknown Author is licensed under CC BY-SA
Congruency of triangles
When any two objects have the same shape and their sizes are also
equal, then the objects are called “Congruent”, and the property is
termed as “Congruency”.
When we say that their sizes are equal, it means that their
corresponding dimensions are equal.
In such cases, one object completely covers the second object and
thus the objects are congruent.
Criteria of Congruency
By criteria we mean that the necessary conditions to find that the
triangle is congruent to another triangle.
1. Side-Side-Side (SSS)
When the three sides of one triangle are equal to the three
sides of another triangle then the triangles are congruent by
the criteria SSS.
2. Side-Side-Side (SAS)
When the two sides of one triangle are equal to the
corresponding two sides of another triangle and the angle
between them are also equal then the triangles are congruent
by the criteria SAS.
3. Side-Side-Side (ASA)
When the two angles of one triangle are equal to the
corresponding two angles of another triangle, and the side
between them are also equal, then the triangles are congruent
by the criteria ASA
4. RHS
Questions
1. ABCD is a quadrilateral in which AD = BC and ∠DAB = ∠CBA.
Prove that ΔABD ≌ ΔBAC.
Proof: given AD=BC,
∠DAB = ∠CBA.
AB is common
ΔABD ≌ ΔBAC {SAS congruency}
2. In the given figure, triangles PQC AND PRC are such that QC =
PR AND PQ = CR. Prove that ∠PCQ = ∠CPR.
PROOF: GIVEN QC=PR
PQ=CR
PC IS COMMON
ΔPQC ≌ ΔCRP{SSS CONGRUENCY}
∠PCQ = ∠CPR { CPCTC} H.P.
3. In the given figure, AB = AD, AC = AE AND ∠BAD = ∠EAC, then
prove that BC = DE.
IN ΔABC AND ΔADE
AB=AD {sides of two different triangles ABC AND ADE}
AC=AE {sides of two different triangles ABC AND ADE}
NOW,
∠BAD = ∠EAC
Adding ∠DAC to both the sides
∠BAD+∠DAC = ∠EAC+∠DAC
∠BAC=∠DAE
ΔABC ≌ ΔDAE {SAS congruency}
BC = DE{CPCTC} H.P.
4. ΔPQR is given and the sides QP AND RP have been produced
to S AND T such that PQ = PS AND PR = PT. Prove that the
segment QR || ST.
5. In the given figure, AB = BC AND ∠ABO = ∠CBO, then prove
that ∠DAB = ∠ECB.
6. In the given figure, AD is bisector of ∠BAC AND ∠CPD =
∠BPD. Prove that ΔCAP ≌ ΔBAP.
7. In the given figure, PS is median produced upto F AND QE and
RF are perpendiculars drawn from Q AND R, prove that QE =
RF.
8. IN THE GIVEN FIGURE, EQUILATERAL ΔABD AND ΔACE ARE
DRAWN ON THE SIDES OF A ΔABC. PROVE THAT CD = BE.
9. IN GIVEN FIGURE, RS IS DIAMETER AND PQ CHORD OF A
CIRCLE WITH CENTRE O. PROVE THAT (A) ∠RPO = ∠OQR (B)
∠POQ = 2∠PRO
10. IN THE GIVEN FIGURE, T AND M ARE TWO POINTS
INSIDE A PARALLELOGRAM PQRS SUCH THAT PT = MR AND
PT || MR. THEN PROVE THAT
(A) ΔPTR ≌ ΔRMP
(B) RT || PM AND RT = RM
Triangle Inequality Properties:
In a triangle:
(i) The sum of any two sides of a triangle is always greater than the
third side.
(ii) side opposite to the greater angle is longer.
(iii) angle opposite the longer side is greater .
Exercises:
1. P is a point on the bisector of ∠ABC. If the line through P,
parallel to BA meet BC at Q, prove that BPQ is an isosceles
triangle.
Solution:
∠ 𝐴𝐵𝐷 = ∠𝐷𝐵𝐶 {𝐵𝐷 𝑖𝑠 𝐵𝑖𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟 𝑜𝑓 ∠𝐵}
∠1 = ∠3{𝐴𝐿𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑛𝑎𝑡𝑒 𝐴𝑛𝑔𝑙𝑒𝑠}
∠2 = ∠3
𝐵𝑄 = 𝑃𝑄 {𝑆𝑖𝑑𝑒𝑠 𝑂𝑝𝑝𝑜𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑒 𝑡𝑜 𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑙 𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑙𝑒𝑠}
Hence, BPQ is an Isosceles triangle.
2. ABC is a right triangle with AB = AC. Bisector of ∠A meets BC
at D. Prove that BC = 2 AD.
3. Show that in a quadrilateral ABCD, AB + BC + CD + DA < 2
(BD + AC).
4. Show that in a quadrilateral ABCD, AB + BC + CD + DA > AC +
BD.
5. AB and CD are the smallest and largest sides of a quadrilateral
ABCD. Out of ∠B AND ∠D decide which is greater.