- Anatomy Nursing College
Lecture - Dr. Mohammed .Hayawi
Digestive system
Anatomy of Digestive System
Digestive system consists of:
1. Gastrointestinal Tract (GIT).
2. Accessory organs of digestive system : (pancreas ,liver and gall bladder)
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1. Gastrointestinal Tract (GIT).
GIT is a digestive tract consists of oral cavity, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small intestinal, large
intestinal, and anus.
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ORAL CAVITY
Structures of Oral Cavity are:
1. Lips: It is a mucous membrane protecting the anterior opening of the mouth. It’s also called labia.
[Link] tissue (Tonsils) :
a. Palatine tonsils are in the oropharynx, at the end of the soft palate.
b. Pharyngeal tonsil (adenoids when enlarge). Often-called adenoids are located high in the
nasopharynx.
c. Lingual tonsil: are at the base of the tongue.
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3. Hard palate. It is forms the anterior roof of the mouth.
4. Soft palate. It is forms the posterior roof of the mouth.
5. Uvula. Is a fleshy finger like projection of the soft palate which extends downward from its posterior edge
6. Salivary glands: 3- pairs of salivary glands empty their secretions into the mouth:
• The parotid glands (large glands lies anterior to the ear)
• The submandibular gland
• Small sublingual gland
Pharynx:
From the mouth, food passes posterior into the oropharynx and laryngopharynx.
The pharynx is subdivided into:
• Nasopharynx, is a part of respiratory passageway.
• Oropharynx, is posterior to oral cavity.
• Laryngopharynx, which continuous with the esophagus.
•
Esophagus (gullet):
It runs from the pharynx through the diaphragm to the stomach, about 25cm (10 inches) long, descends
toward thoracic cavity posterior to the trachea, and then enters the abdominal cavity through the esophageal
hiatus (an opening in the diaphragm,) to empties into the stomach. It is essentially a passageway that conducts
food to the stomach.
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• Esophagus Comprises:
• 1. Upper esophageal sphincter just below the pharynx and composed from skeletal muscle fibers,
to prevent air from entering esophagus.
• 2. Middle third of esophagus muscular layers compose from mixture of skeletal fibers and smooth
muscle cells
• 3. Lower esophageal sphincter (cardiac sphincter) composed from smooth muscle, which
normally remains in state of active contraction to prevent backflow of materials from the stomach
into esophagus. Esophagus innervated by sympathetic and parasympathetic (esophageal plexus).
STOMACH
Stomach is Divided into Four Regions:
[Link] region 3. Body of stomach.
2. Fundus . 4. Pylorus
The pylorus continuous with the small intestine through the pyloric sphincter or valve.
The stomach is approximately 25cm long, but its diameter depends on how much food it contains when it’s
full. It can hold about 4 liters of food. Stomach is innervated by sympathetic and parasympathetic nerve
fibers (esophageal plexus).
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Musculature of the Stomach:
• the Muscularis mucosa and Muscularis externa of the stomach contain extra layers of smooth muscle
cells in addition to circular and longitudinal layers,
• The third layer called oblique layer of smooth layer which strength the stomach wall. Internally the
stomach lining is composed of numerous gastric folds (rugae) these folds are observed only when the
stomach is empty.
SMALL INTESTINE
* Anatomically , small intestine has three subdivisions:
1. Duodenum: 25 cm.
2. Jejunum:is about 2.5 meters..
3. Ileum: about 3.5 meters, It is joins the large intestine at the iliocecal valve.
*Histologically: Structures of Small Intestinal
[Link]: the intestinal lining show transverse folds called plica and this is a permanent feature that does not
disappear when the small intestine fills, small intestine contains roughly 800 plica to increase the
surface for absorption .
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[Link]: mucosa of small intestine is project into a series of fingerlike structures called intestine villi.
Structures of Villi:
a. epithelium ( simple columnar epithelium )
b. capillary network
c. lacteal (lymphatic vessels)
d. nerves
3. Payer's patches (aggregated lymphoid nodules):
Lamia propria of ileum contains 20-30 masses of lymphoid tissue (lymphoid nodules) called payer's patches
to protect small intestine from bacteria.
4. Intestinal glands a. Goblet cells.
b. Intestinal glands or crypts of lieberkuhn.
c. Submucosal glands or Brunner's glands (present only in duodenum)
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LARGE INTESTINE
Large Intestine is Divided into Four Structures
1. Cecum and appendix. is the first part. It contains worm like appendix, a potential trouble spot, since
it is usually twisted. It’s an ideal location for bacteria to accumulate and multiply. Inflammation of the
appendix – appendicitis is the usual result.
2. Colon: divided into: -
a. Ascending colon: travels up the right side of the abdominal cavity and makes a turn in the
right side (hepatic flexure) toward left side .
b. Transverse colon: travels across the abdominal cavity.
c. Descending colon: turns at the left side and descend down to enter the pelvis.
d. Sigmoid colon: S-shaped, the part of colon that enters the pelvis.
The sigmoid colon, rectum and anal canal lie in the pelvis.
3. Rectum.
4. Anal canal: The anal canal ends at the anus, which opens to the exterior. The anal canal has an :
- External voluntary skeletal muscle (voluntary sphincter)
- Internal involuntary sphincter formed by smooth muscle.
2. Accessory organs of digestive system : (pancreas ,liver and gall bladder)
PANCREAS
I. Structures of Pancreas : [Link] [Link] [Link]
The pancreas is approximately 12–15 cm long and 2.5 cm thick. It is situated across the back of the
abdomen, behind the stomach. The head of the pancreas is on the right side of the abdomen and it is
connected to the duodenum through the pancreatic duct. The narrow end of the pancreas, called the tail,
extends to the left side of the body
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LIVER
I. Structures of the Liver
The liver is the largest solid organ in the body. In adults, the liver can weigh up to 1.5 kg. It is in the upper-
right abdomen, just under the rib cage and below the diaphragm (the thin muscle below the lungs and heart
that separates the chest cavity from the abdomen.)
1. Right lobe , 2. left lobe ,3. Caudate lobe ,4. Quadrate lobe
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Liver and Gall bladder: The liver is the larger gland in the body. It is located under the diaphragm more
to the right side of the body.
The liver has four lobes and is suspended from the diaphragm and abdominal wall by a delicate mesentery
cord, the falciform ligaments.