ANSWERS AND SOLUTIONS: Polynomial and Rational Expressions 131

ANSWERS AND SOLUTIONS

48. A The volume of the space station is V = Bh, where

3 2 3• 2 3• B is the area of the base, which is the same as
Using the formula, A = s = 15 = 225
4 4 4 the area of the hexagonal ­cross-​­section. Each
side of the hexagon must be 60 feet long. Split
3 2 3• 2 3• 1.732 •
A= s = 15 = 225 ≈ 225 ≈ 97.4. the hexagon into six equilateral triangles 60 feet
4 4 4 4
on a side. The area of the
49. A Multiplying the given area by 4 and then 3 2 3 • 2 3 • 1.732 •
triangle is A = s = 60 = 3600 ≈ 3600 = 155
dividing by 3 gives the square of the 4 4 4 4
length of the side: s 2 = 200. Take the 3 • 1.732 •
square root to get the length of a side: = 3600 ≈ 3600 = 1558.8 .
4 4
s = 200 ≈ 14. The hexagon’s area is 6 times this:
50. 4,676,400 1558.8 × 6 = 9352.8. The volume of the station is
V = Bh = 9352.8 • 500 = 4,676,400 cubic feet.

Chapter 10 Polynomial and Rational Expressions

1. C 2a + 5b − 7 + a − 9b − 6 = 8. A 6x and 9y are added, so the expression is

2a + 1a + 5b − 9b − 7 − 6 = a sum.
3a − 4b − 13
9. A The coefficient is the numerical factor in a
2. B 5(3x − 2y + 4) = variable term.
5 • 3x − 5 • 2y + 5 • 4 =
10. D Sharon interviews 2s households. Seven
15x − 10y + 20
fewer than 2s is 2s − 7.
3. A (2x + 5) − (5x − 7) =
11. B (3x2 + x − 2) + (x2 − 4x + 7) =
2x + 5 − 5x + 7 =
3x2 + x2 + x − 4x − 2 + 7 =
2x − 5x + 5 + 7 =
4x2 − 3x + 5
−3x + 12
12. A (3x + 2y) − (2x + 3y) =
4. 5 + 2x
3x + 2y − 2x − 3y =
“five more than twice a number” = “5 more 3x − 2x + 2y − 3y = x − y
than 2x” = 5 + 2x
13. C (6x2 + 2x − 4) − (2x2 − 5x + 1) =
5. C 7 and (y − 1) are multiplied, so the 6x2 + 2x − 4 − 2x2 + 5x − 1 =
expression is a product. 6x2 − 2x2 + 2x + 5x − 4 − 1 =
4x2 + 7x − 5
6. x3 − 8
14. A Add the exponents: x 3 • x 6 • x 2 = x 3 + 6 + 2 = x 11
“eight less than the cube of a number” =
x 3
• x 6 • x 2 = x 3 + 6 + 2 = x 11
“8 less than x3” = x3 − 8
15. B 2 x 4 • 4 x 5 = (2 • 4 ) x 4 + 5 = 8 x 9
7. B  9 9
C + 32 = ( −40) + 32 = 9( −8) + 32 = −72 + 32 = −40
5 5 x8
9 16. D Subtract exponents: = x 8−2 = x 6
+ 32 = ( −40) + 32 = 9( −8
) + 32 = −72 + 32 = −40 x 2
5

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 132 ANSWERS AND SOLUTIONS: Polynomial and Rational Expressions

ANSWERS AND SOLUTIONS

25 x 9 y 4 5 • 5x 9− 6 5x 3
17. D = = 27. x2 + x − 3
15 x 6 y 12 5 • 3 y 12 − 4 3 y 8
“the sum of the square of a number and three
18. C 5x3y(3xy2 + 2x2y3) = less than the number” = “the sum of x2 and
5x3y • 3xy2 + 5x3y • 3x2y3 = x – 3” = x2 + x − 3
15x4y3 + 10x5y4 28. C −16t2 + 350 = −16 • 42 + 350 =
−16 • 16 + 350 = −256 + 350 = 94 feet
19. D (3x + 4)(2x − 5) =
3x • 2x − 3x • 5 + 4 • 2x − 4 • 5 = 29. A The leading coefficient is the number in
6x2 − 15x + 8x − 20 = front of the term with the largest exponent.
6x2 − 7x − 20
30. B 12x4y + 9x3y2 − 6x2y2 =
20. B (x − 2y)(2x − y) =
3x2y • 4x2 + 3x2y • 3xy − 3x2y • 2y =
x • 2x − x • y − 2y • 2x + 2y • y =
2x2 − xy − 4xy + 2y2 = 3x2y(4x2 + 3xy − 2y)
2x2 − 5xy + 2y2 31. D 3x2 − 8x + 4 =
3x2 − 6x − 2x + 4 =
12 p3 q − 16 p5 q2 + 10 p 4 q 4 12 p3 q 16 p5q2 10 p 4 q 4 3x(x − 2) − 2(x − 2) =
21. C = − +
8 p2 q3 8 p2 q3 8 p2 q3 8 p2 q3 (x − 2)(3x − 2)
12 p3 q − 16 p5 q2 + 10 p 4 q 4 12 p3 q 16 p5q2 10 p 4 q 4 32. C 2x2 − xy − y2 =
= − + =
8 p2 q3 8 p2 q3 8 p2 q3 8 p2 q3 2x2 − 2xy + xy − y2 =
3 p 2 p3 5 p2 q 2x(x − y) + y(x − y) =
= − + (x − y)(2x + y)
2q2 q 4
33. A 12x2y + 40xy − 32y =
3 2 2
22. A 21x − 14 x 7 x (3 x − 2) 3 x − 2 4y[3x2 + 10x − 8] =
= 2 =
3
14 x + 21x 2
7 x ( 2 x + 3) 2 x + 3 4y[3x2 − 2x + 12x − 8] =
4y[x(3x − 2) + 4(3x − 2)] =
23. A 9 s 3t + 6 st 2 3st (3s 2 + 2t ) 3 4y(3x − 2)(x + 4)
= =
6 s 3t + 4 st 2 2 st (3s 2 + 2t ) 2 34. (4x – 9y)(4x + 9y)
24. C 2x − 3
)
2
x + 2 2x + x − 6
16x2 − 81y2 = (4x)2 − (9y)2 = (4x − 9y)(4x + 9y)
35. 2x2 = x + 5
2
2x + 4x
“twice the square of a number is five more
− 3x − 6 than the number” → “twice the square of
− 3x − 6 a number = five more than the number” →
“twice x2 = five more than x” → 2x2 = x + 5
25. B 2x2 − 4xy − 3y2 =
36. A The degree of a polynomial in a single
2 • 52 − 4 • 5(−1) + 3(−1)2 =
variable is the largest exponent.
2 • 25 + 4 • 5 + 3 • 1 =
50 + 20 + 3 = 73 d 390 390
37. D = = = 65 miles per hour
26. x4 − 2x3 − 7x2 + 6x + 5 t +4 2+4 6

Write the highest-degree term, then the next

highest, then the next, etc.

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 ANSWERS AND SOLUTIONS: Polynomial and Rational Expressions 133

ANSWERS AND SOLUTIONS

2 5 2 2 x 5 4 5x 4 + 5x x +1 x −1 2x
38. C + = • 2+ • = + 2 = 42. 2 C + − 2 =
3x 2 6 x 2 3x x 6 x 6x 2
6x 6x 2 x − 4 2 x + 4 x −4
2 5 2 2 x 5 4 5x 4 + 5x x +1 x −1 2x
+
= • + • = + = = + − =
3x 2 6 x 2 3x 2 x 6 x 6 x 2 6 x 2 6x2 2( x − 2) 2( x + 2) ( x − 2)( x + 2)
2 5 2 2 x 5 4 5x 4 + 5x x+2 x +1 x−2 x −1 2 2x
+ = • +
• = + 2 = = • + • − •
3x 2 6 x 2 3x 2 x 6 x 6x 2
6x 6x2 x+2 2( x − 2) x − 2 2( x + 2) 2 ( x − 2)( x + 2)
x+2 x +1 x−2 x −1 2 2x x 2 + 3x + 2 x 2 − 3x + 2 4x
2x − 5 x + 1 = 2x − 5• x +1+ • − • = + −
39. B + = x + 2 +2( x − 2) x − 2 2( x + 2) 2 ( x − 2)( x + 2) 2( x − 2)( x + 2) 2( x − 2)( x + 2) 2( x − 2)(
5 x + 10 3 x + 6 5( x + 2) 3( x + 2)
x 2 + 3x + 2 x 2 − 3x + 2 4x
2x − 5 x +1 2x − 5 x +1 = + − =
+ = + = 2( x − 2)( x + 2) 2( x − 2)( x + 2) 2( x − 2)( x + 2)
5 x + 10 3 x + 6 5( x + 2) 3( x + 2)
3 2x − 5 5 x +1 6 x − 15 5 x + 5 11x= −210x2 − 4x + 4 2( x 2 − 2 x + 2) =
=
= 3 • 5( x + 2) + 5 • 3( x + 2) = 15( x + 2) + 15( x + 2) = 15( x 2+( 2x )− 2)( x + 2) 2( x − 2)( x + 2)

3 2x − 5 5 x +1 6 x − 15 5x + 5 11x − 10 x2 − 2x + 2
= + • = + = =
3
•
5( x + 2) 5 3(
x + 2) 15( x + 2) 15( x + 2) 15( x + 2) ( x − 2)( x + 2)
3ax 4 2 6b3 x 5 x4 x5 x 4 x5 x9
3x 4y 3x • 3x 2 y • 4 y 9x 2
8y 43.
2 A 2 • = • =
9 x 8−b83 yy 9a 6 y 3 4 y a5 y 3 4 a5 yy 3 4 a5 y 4 =
40. D − = − = − =
10 y 15 x 3 x 10 y 2 y 15 x 30 xy 4 30 xy 3 5 30 xy
3ax2 62b x x4 x5 x 4 x5 x9
3x 4y 3x • 3x 2 y • 4 y 9x 2
8y 2 • = • =
9 x 3 − 8 y 6 3 4 y a5 y 3 4 a5 yy 3 4 a5 y 4 =
−
= − = − = 8b y 9 a y
10 y 15 x 3 x 10 y 2 y 15 x 30 xy 430 xy 3 5 30 xy
3ax 6b x x4 x5 x 4 x5 x9
2 2 2 2 • =
• = =
3x 4y 3x 3x 2 y • 4 y 9x 8y 9 x − 8 y 8b y 9 a y
3 6 3 4y a y 5 3 5
4 a yy 3
4 a5 y 4
− = • − = − =
0 y 15 x 3 x 10 y 2 y 15 x 30 xy 30 xy 30 xy
x2 − 2x − 3 x2 − 9 ( x − 3)( x + 1) ( x − 3)( x + 3)
44. B • = •
3x x 3x x x 2
+ 3 x x 2
+ 2 x + 1 x ( x + 3) ( x + 1)( x + 1)
41. D − = −
2 x − 10 2 x + 6 2( x − 5) 22( x + 3)
x − 2x − 3 x 2 −9 ( x − 3)( x + 1) ( x − 3)( x + 3) =
• = •
3x x 3x x x 2
+ 3 x x 2
+ 2 x + 1 x ( x + 3 ) ( x + 1)( x + 1)
− = − =
2 x − 10 2 x + 6 2( x − 5) 2( x + 3) 2
= x − 3 • x − 3 = ( x − 3)
x+3 3x x−5 x x x + 1 x ( x + 1)
= • − • =
x + 3 2( x − 5) x − 5 2( x + 3)
x − 3 x − 3 ( x − 3)2
2 2 2 = •2 =
3x + 9 x x − 5x 3 x + 9 x x− x + x5+x1 x ( x + 1)
= − ==
2( x − 5)( x + 3) 2( x − 5)( x + 3) 2( x − 5)( x + 3)
20 x 2 y 5 10b2 x 6 20 x 2 y 5 9a 8 y 3 2 y 5 a2 y 3 2a2 y 8
3x 2 + 9 x x 2 − 5x 3x 2 + 9 x − x 2 + 5x 45. D ÷ = • = • =
= − = = 27 a 6
b 9 a 8 3
y 27 a 6
b 10 b 2 6
x 3b b2 x 4 3b3 x 4
2( x − 5)( x + 3) 2( x − 5)( x + 3) 2( x − 5)( x + 3)
2 20 x 2 y 5 10b2 x 6 20 x 2 y 5 9a 8 y 3 2y5 a2 y 3 2a2 y 8
2 x + 14 x 2 x ( x + 7) x ( x6+ 7)÷ = • = • =
= = = 8 3
27a 6b 10b2 x 6 3b b2 x 4 3b3 x 4
2( x − 5)( x + 3) 2( x − 5)( x + 3) ( x 27− 5a)(bx + 39) a y
20 x 2 y 5 10b2 x 6 20 x 2 y 5 9a 8 y 3 2 y 5 a2 y 3 2a2 y 8
2 x 2 + 14 x 2 x ( x + 7) x6( x +÷ 7) 8 3 = • = • =
= = = 27a b 9 a y 27 a 6
b 10 b 2 6
x 3b b2 x 4 3b3 x 4
2( x − 5)( x + 3) 2( x − 5)( x + 3) ( x − 5)( x + 3)
2 x 2 + 14 x 2 x ( x + 7) x ( x + 7)
= =
2( x − 5)( x + 3) 2( x − 5)( x + 3) ( x − 5)( x + 3)

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 134 ANSWERS AND SOLUTIONS: Solving Equations and Inequalities

ANSWERS AND SOLUTIONS

4x + 8 x2 − 4 4x + 8 x2 + x − 6 3 x 2 + 7 x − 2 3( −4 )2 + 7( −4 ) − 2 3 • 16 + 7( −4 ) − 2
46. A ÷ = 2 • 48. C = =
2 x 2 − 7 x + 3 2( −4 )2 − 7( −4 ) + 3 2 • 16 − 7( −4 ) + 3
2 2
x + 3x x + x − 6 x + 3x x2 − 4
4x + 8 x2 − 4 4x + 8 x2 + x − 6 3 x 2 +
7 x − 2 3( −4 )2 + 7( −4 ) − 2 3 • 16 + 7( −4 ) − 2
÷ = 2 • = = =
2 2
x + 3x x + x − 6 x + 3x x2 − 4 2 x 2 − 7 x + 3 2( −4 )2 − 7( −4 ) + 3 2 • 16 − 7( −4 ) + 3
2 2
= 4( x + 2) • ( x + 3)( x −32x) + 47 x• −12 = 4 3( −4 ) + 7( −
4 ) − 2 3 • 16 + 7( −4 ) − 2 =
=
2= =
x ( x + 3) ( x + 2)( x −22x) − x7 x 1 + 3 x 2( −4 ) − 7( −4 ) + 3 2 • 16 − 7( −4 ) + 3
2

4( x + 2) • ( x + 3)( x − 2) 4 •1 4 = 48 − 28 − 2 = 18 = 2
= = = 32 + 28 + 3 63 7
x ( x + 3) ( x + 2)( x − 2) x 1 x
48 − 28 − 2 18 2
= = =
32 + 28 + 3 63 7
x 2 − 5 x • x 2 − 7 x + 12 2 x − 10
47. D ÷ 2 =
4x2 x 2 − 16 x + 2x − 8
49. A
= x 2 − 5 x • x 2 − 7 x + 12 • x 2 + 2 x − 8 =
4x2 x 2 − 16 2 x − 10 “the quotient of 5 more than a number and 5
less than the number” = “the quotient of x + 5
= x ( x − 5) • ( x − 3)( x − 4 ) • ( x − 2)( x + 4 ) =
x+5
4x2 ( x − 4 )( x + 4 ) 2( x − 5) and x – 5” =
x −5
= 1 • x − 3 • x − 2 ( x − 3)( x − 2)
=
4x 1 2 8x 50. B
1 • x − 3
x − 2 ( x − 3)( x − 2)
= • = After the donation to charity, there are
4x 1 2 8x
p – 1000 dollars left. This is split evenly
between three people, so each person gets
p − 1000 dollars.
3

Chapter 11 Solving Equations and Inequalities

1. p = 17 p – 5 + 5 = 12 + 5 → p + 0 = 17 → p = 17 5. 0 5 x + 2 ( x – 9 ) = 7 x + 10 → 5 x + 2 x – 18 = 7 x + 10 →
+ 5 → p + 0 = 17 → p = 17
p – 5 + 5 = 12 5 x + 2 ( x – 9 ) = 7 x
+ 10 → 5 x + 2 x – 18 = 7 x + 10 →
7 x – 18 = 7 x + 10 → 7 x – 18 – 7 x = 7 x + 10 – 7 x
7 s –56 1s
2. s = –8 = → = –8 → s =7 x–8– 18 = 7 x + 10 → 7 x – 18 – 7 x = 7 x + 10 – 7 x
7 7 1
7 x – 18 = 7 x + 10 → 7 x – 18 – 7 x = 7 x + 10 – 7 x –18 = 10. This equation is
3. x = 4 –3 x + 17 = 5 → –3 x + 17 – 17 = 5 – 17 → true for no value of x.
–3 x + 17 = 5 → –3 x + 17 – 17 = 5 – 17 →

–3 x –12 7(b + 11) 245
–3 x = –12 → = →x=4 6. B   7(b + 11) = 245 → = → b + 11 = 35 →
–3 –3 7 7
–3 x –12 7(b + 11) 245
–3 x = –12 → = →x=4 7(b + 11) = 245 →    = → b + 11 = 35 →
–3 –3 7 7
7(b + 11) 245
6( a – 8) 7–(b42+ 11) = 245 → = →   b + 11 = 35 →
4. a = 1 = → a – 8 = –7 → 7a – 8 + 8 7= –7 +  b8+→11 –a 11
= 1= 35 – 11 → b = 24
6 6
6( a – 8) –42
= → a – 8 = –7 → a – 8 + 8 = –7 + 8 → a = 1
6 6

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