Physics
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PERFECT
PHYSICS (Vol. II)
Std. XII Sci.
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Salient Features
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Written as per Latest Board Paper Pattern
Subtopic-wise segregation for powerful concept building
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Complete coverage of Textual Exercise Questions, Intext Questions and Numericals
Marks provided to the Questions as per relevant weightage wherever deemed necessary
Relevant Previous Years’ Board Questions:
March 2013 to July 2023
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Each chapter contains:
- ‘Quick Review’ of the chapter for quick revision
- ‘Apply Your Knowledge’ section for application of concepts
- ‘Important Formulae’ and ‘Solved Examples’ to cover numerical aspect in detail
- ‘Exercise’ to provide Theory questions, Numericals and MCQs for practice
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- ‘Competitive Corner’ to give the glimpse of prominent competitive examinations
- ‘Topic Test’ at the end of each chapter for self-assessment
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Includes Important Features for holistic learning:
- About the Chapter - Reading Between the Lines - NCERT Corner
- Enrich Your Knowledge - Gyan Guru - Strategy
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- Connections - Caution
Q.R. codes provide:
- The Video/pdf links boosting conceptual retention
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- Solutions of Numericals for Practice and Topic Tests
- Model Question Paper along with Solution
Includes Board Question Paper of February 2024 (Solution in pdf format through QR code)
Printed at: India Printing Works, Mumbai
© Target Publications Pvt. Ltd.
No part of this book may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, C.D. ROM/Audio Video Cassettes or electronic, mechanical
including photocopying; recording or by any information storage and retrieval system without permission in writing from the Publisher.
Balbharati Registration No.: 2018MH0022 P.O. No. 12283
TEID: 3443
PREFACE
Perfect Physics Vol. II, Std. XII Sci. is intended for every Maharashtra State Board aspirant of
Std. XII, Science. The scope, sequence, and level of the book are consistent with the latest textbook
released by Maharashtra State board.
At a crucial juncture of cracking a career defining board examination, we wanted to create a book that
not just develops the necessary knowledge, tools and skills required to excel in the examination in
students but also enables them to appreciate the beauty of subject and piques their curiosity.
We believe the students need meaningful content presented in a way that is easy to read and understand
rather than being mired down with facts and information. They do much better when they understand
why Physics is relevant to their everyday lives.
Comprehension of Physics eventuates naturally when subject is studied systematically with sincere and
dedicated efforts.
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The Core of Physics lies in its concepts. Therefore, writing clear and lucid explanations of fundamental
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concepts is our highest priority. Moreover, special care has been taken to ensure that the topics are
presented in a logical order.
Every chapter in this book begins with ‘About the Chapter’ that offers a brief introduction of the chapter
and orients students towards the topic from examination point of view. The coherent Question/Answer
approach helps students expand their horizon of understanding of the concepts. Though Physics is
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communicated in English, it is expressed in Mathematics. To help the students hone their problem-solving
skills, ample numericals of different types are amalgamated. Log calculations are presented as seemed
necessary to give students idea of solutions expected in board examination.
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The scope of the book extends beyond the State Board examination as it also offers a plethora of
Multiple Choice Questions (MCQs) in order to familiarize the students with the pattern of competitive
examinations.
In addition, the Topic-Test has been carefully crafted to focus on concepts, thus providing the students
with a quick opportunity for self-assessment and giving them an increased appreciation of chapter-
preparedness. ‘Model Question Paper’ based on latest paper pattern is provided along with solution which
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can be accessed through QR code to help students assess their preparedness for final board examination.
We believe; amongst building concepts, advancing into numbers and equations, it is essential to ponder
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underlying implications of subject. Students should read from references, visit authentic websites, watch
relevant fascinating links and even experiment on their own following proper safety guidelines. We
have added several features to nurture the curiosity of students.
As famous hat detective Sherlock Holmes has pointed, people see, they do not observe. By becoming
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attentive to their surroundings students can easily perceive how Physics has touched entire spectrum of life.
The very realization is catalytic enough for students to admire and further dive into this compelling subject.
Our Perfect Physics Vol. II, Std. XII Sci. adheres to our vision and achieves several goals: building
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concepts, developing competence to solve numericals, recapitulation, self-study, self-assessment
and student engagement—all while encouraging students toward cognitive thinking.
The flow chart on the adjacent page will walk you through the key features of the book and elucidate how
they have been carefully designed to maximize the student learning.
We hope the book benefits the learner as we have envisioned.
Publisher
Edition: Sixth
The journey to create a complete book is strewn with triumphs, failures and near misses. If you think
we’ve nearly missed something or want to applaud us for our triumphs, we’d love to hear from you.
Please write to us on: mail@[Link]
KEY FEATURES
‘About the Chapter’ is a short
introduction designed to stimulate About the
students’ appetite for the topic. chapter
Reading between the lines provides
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Reading elaboration or missing fragments of
concept which is essential for
between
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complete understanding of the
the lines
concept.
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Strategy provides a step-by-step
process to break a complex Strategy
numerical problem into simpler
parts.
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Caution helps students to be
Caution watchful against commonly made
mistakes.
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NCERT Corner covers information NCERT
from NCERT textbook relevant to Corner
topic.
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Connections enable students to
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Connections interlink concepts covered in
different chapters.
QR code provides:
i. Access to a video/PDF in order to
boost understanding of a concept
or activity
ii. Solutions to Numericals for Practice QR Codes
iii. Solutions to the Topic Tests
iv. Model Question Paper with solution
v. Solution to Board Question Paper
of February 2024
Continue…
KEY FEATURES
Enrich Enrich Your Knowledge presents
Your fascinating information about the
Knowledge concept covered.
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Gyan Guru illustrates real life
applications or examples related to GG-Gyan
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the concept discussed. Guru
Apply
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Your Apply Your Knowledge includes
Knowledge challenging questions.
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Quick
Quick review includes tables/ flow
Review
chart to summarize the key points in
chapter.
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Important Important Formulae includes all of the
Formulae key formulae in the chapter.
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Competitive Corner includes selective
questions from prominent
[NEET (UG), JEE (Main), MHT CET] Competitive
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competitive exams based entirely on Corner
the syllabus covered in the chapter.
Board Includes relevant Board questions from
Questions March 2013 to July 2023
PAPER PATTERN
There will be single question paper of 70 Marks and practical examination of 30 Marks in Physics.
Duration of the question paper will be 3 hours.
Section A: (18 Marks)
This section will contain Multiple Choice Questions and Very Short Answer (VSA) type of
questions.
There will be 10 MCQs and 8 VSA type of questions, each carrying one mark.
Students will have to attempt all these questions.
Section B: (16 Marks)
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This section will contain 12 Short Answer (SA-I) type of questions, each carrying 2 marks.
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Students will have to attempt any 8 questions.
Section C: (24 Marks)
This section will contain 12 Short Answer (SA-II) type of questions, each carrying 3 marks.
Students will have to attempt any 8 questions.
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Section D: (12 Marks)
This section will contain 5 Long Answer (LA) type of questions, each carrying 4 marks.
Students will have to attempt any 3 questions.
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Distribution of Marks According to the Type of Questions
Type of Questions
MCQ 1 Mark each 10 Marks
VSA 1 Mark each 8 Marks
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SA - I 2 Marks each 16 Marks Percentage wise distribution of marks
SA - II 3 Marks each 24 Marks Theory 63%
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LA 4 Marks each 12 Marks Numerical 37%
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Disclaimer
This reference book is transformative work based on latest Textbook of Std. XII Physics published by the Maharashtra State Bureau of Textbook
Production and Curriculum Research, Pune. We the publishers are making this reference book which constitutes as fair use of textual contents which are
transformed by adding and elaborating, with a view to simplify the same to enable the students to understand, memorize and reproduce the same in
examinations.
This work is purely inspired upon the course work as prescribed by the Maharashtra State Bureau of Textbook Production and Curriculum Research,
Pune. Every care has been taken in the publication of this reference book by the Authors while creating the contents. The Authors and the Publishers
shall not be responsible for any loss or damages caused to any person on account of errors or omissions which might have crept in or disagreement of
any third party on the point of view expressed in the reference book.
© reserved with the Publisher for all the contents created by our Authors.
No copyright is claimed in the textual contents which are presented as part of fair dealing with a view to provide best supplementary study material for
the benefit of students.
CONTENTS
Chapter Marks without Marks with
Chapter Name Page No.
No. option option
8 Electrostatics 4 6 1
9 Current Electricity 4 6 61
10 Magnetic Fields due to Electric Current 4 6 101
11 Magnetic Materials 4 5 157
12 Electromagnetic Induction 5 7 191
13 AC Circuits 4 6 231
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14 Dual Nature of Radiation and Matter 4 5 275
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15 Structure of Atoms and Nuclei 4 6 314
16 Semiconductor Devices 4 5 365
Board Question Paper: February 2024
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(Solution in pdf format through QR code)
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Scan the given Q.R. Code in Quill – The Padhai App to view the
Model Question Paper with Solution.
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Chapters 1 to 7 are a part of Std. XII: Perfect Physics (Vol. I)
[Reference: Maharashtra State Board of Secondary and Higher Secondary Education, Pune - 04]
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Note: 1. * mark represents Textual question.
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2. # mark represents Intext question.
3. + mark represents Textual examples.
4. symbol represents textual questions that need external reference for an answer.
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Scan the adjacent QR Code to know more about our “Model Question Papers with
solutions” book for Std. XII (Sci.) and Gear up yourself to score more in the XII Board
Examination.
Scan the adjacent QR Code to know more about our “Board Questions with solution”
book for Std. XII (Sci.) and Learn about the types of questions that are asked in the XII
Board Examination.
8 Electrostatics
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About the chapter…
D The chapter can be divided into three parts. First part introduces
C
students to the application of the Gauss’ law of electrostatic to the different
P2
symmetrical charge distributions. Second part of the chapter deals with the
B electric potential and potential energy of system of charges. The chapter
50 kV further on continues to the study the electric polarisation and introduces
DC B E
supply concept of capacitors.
M Chapter is allotted weightage of 6 marks with option and 4 marks
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A without option. Concepts and computation together form the backbone of this
P P1 chapter. Therefore, equal emphasis should be given to both theory questions
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as well as numericals of this chapter. The chapter is important from MCQ’s
point of view.
CONTENTS AND CONCEPTS
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8.1 Introduction 8.8 Dielectrics and Electric Polarisation
8.2 Application of Gauss’ law 8.9 Capacitors and Capacitance, Combination
8.3 Electric Potential and Potential Energy of Capacitors in Series and Parallel
8.4 Electric Potential due to a Point Charge, a 8.10 Capacitance of a Parallel Plate Capacitor
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Dipole and a System of Charges Without and With Dielectric Medium
8.5 Equipotential Surfaces Between the Plates
8.6 Electrostatic Potential Energy of Two Point 8.11 Displacement Current
Charges and of a Dipole in an Electrostatic 8.12 Energy Stored in a Capacitor
Field 8.13 Van de Graaff Generator
8.7 Conductors and Insulators, Free Charges and
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Bound Charges Inside a Conductor
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8.1 Introduction
q
E ds = ε 0
Q.1. Can you recall? (Textbook page no. 186)
where q is the total charge within the surface.
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i. What are conservative forces? [2 Marks]
Mathematically,
Ans:
a. If work done by or against a force is
q
E ds
independent of the actual path, the force is said 0
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to be a conservative force. where is the total flux coming out of a closed
b. During work done by a conservative force, the surface and q is the total charge inside the
mechanical energy is conserved. closed surface.
c. Work done is completely recoverable. Gaussian surface: All the lines of force
Example: gravitational force, magnetic force etc. originating from a point charge penetrate an
imaginary three dimensional surface. The total
ii. What is potential energy? [1 Mark]
flux E = q/ε0. The same number of lines of
Ans: Potential energy is the work done against
force will cross the surface of any shape. The
conservative force (or forces) in achieving a
total flux through both the surfaces is the same.
certain position or configuration of a given system.
iii. What is Gauss’ law and what is a Gaussian
Calculating flux involves calculating E ds ,
surface? [3 Marks] hence it is convenient to consider a regular
Ans: Gauss’ law: The flux of the net electric field surface surrounding the given charge
through a closed surface equals the net charge distribution. A surface enclosing the given
enclosed by the surface divided by ε0. charge distribution and symmetric about it is a
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Std. XII Sci.: Perfect Physics (Vol. II)
Gaussian surface. For example, if we have a ii. It also provides equivalent methods for finding
point charge the Gaussian surface will be a electric field intensity by relating values of the
sphere. If the charge distribution is linear, the field at a closed surface and the total charges
Gaussian surface would be a cylinder with the enclosed by that surface.
charges distributed along its axis. Gaussian iii. It is a powerful tool which can be applied for the
surface offers convenience of calculating the calculation of the electric field when it originates
from charge distribution of sufficient symmetry.
integral E ds . A Gaussian surface is purely
imaginary and does not exist physically. SOLVED EXAMPLES
*Q.2. Two charges of magnitudes 4Q and +2Q are Q.5. A plane area of 100 cm2 is placed in uniform
located at points (2a, 0) and (5a, 0) electric field of 100 N/C such that the angle
respectively. What is the electric flux due to between area vector and electric field is 60.
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these charges through a sphere of radius 4a Determine the electric flux over the surface.
with its centre at the origin? [2 Marks] [2 Marks]
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Ans: Solution:
Given: =ds 100cm2 =100104 m2 =102 m2,
4Q +2Q E = 100 N/C, = 60
O X1 X2 To find: Electric flux ()
4a
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Formula: = Eds cos
Calculation: From formula,
Given: d(OX1) = 2a = 100 102 cos 60
d(OX2) = 5a 1
=1
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Radius, r = 4a 2
A Gaussian surface is of radius 4a and contains = 0.5 Nm2/C
charge 4Q inside. Ans: The electric flux over the surface is 0.5 Nm2/C.
As the flux depends only upon charge enclosed
by Gaussian surface, required flux according to 8.2 Application of Gauss’ law
Gauss’ law would be,
Q.6. Obtain expression for electric field intensity
e
q 4Q
= due to uniformly charged spherical shell or
0 0
hollow sphere. [4 Marks]
Ans:
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Q.3. Write common steps involved in calculating
i. Consider a sphere of radius R with its centre at
electric field intensity by using Gauss’
theorem. [2 Marks] O, charged to a uniform surface charge density
Ans: Common steps involved in calculating electric σ placed in a dielectric medium of permittivity
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field intensity by using Gauss’ theorem: ε (ε = ε0k). The total charge on the sphere,
i. Identify the charge distribution as q = σ 4πR2.
ii. To find the electric field intensity at a point P, at
linear/cylindrical/spherical charge density.
a distance r from the centre of the charged
ii. Visualize a Gaussian surface justifying its
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sphere, imagine a concentric Gaussian sphere of
symmetry for the given charge distribution.
radius r passing through P as shown in the
iii. Obtain the flux by Gauss’ law and mark as figure below. Let ds be a small area around the
equation (1). point P on the Gaussian surface.
iv. With the electric field intensity E as unknown,
E
obtain electric flux by calculation, using
geometry of the structure and symmetry of the
Gaussian surface and mark as equation (2).
v. Equating equation (1) and equation (2), electric
P ds
field intensity E can be calculated. R
E
ds
Q.4. State importance of Gauss’ law. [2 Marks]
Ans:
Gaussian Surface
i. Gauss’ law gives the relationship between the
electric charge and its electric field. Uniformly charged spherical shell or hollow sphere
2
Chapter 8: Electrostatics
iii. By Gauss’ theorem, the net flux through a
closed Gaussian surface, !
q
= (for air/vacuum k=1) ….(1) If charged object is placed in any medium other
0
than air or vacuum, 0 in expression for electric
where q is the total charge inside the closed field intensity will change to k0 where k is
surface. dielectric constant of that medium.
iv. Due to symmetry and spheres being concentric,
the electric field at each point on the Gaussian
surface has the same magnitude E and it is Q.7. Obtain an expression for electric field
directed radially outward. Also, the angle intensity due to an infinitely long straight
between the direction of E and the normal to the charged wire or charged conducting cylinder.
surface of the sphere (ds) is zero i.e., cos θ = 1 [4 Marks]
OR
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E ds = E ds cosθ = E ds
Derive an expression for electric field
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Flux d through the area ds, d = E ds
Total electric flux through the Gaussian surface intensity due to an infinitely long straight
charged wire. [2 Marks][July 23]
= E ds Eds E ds Ans:
2
= E 4r ….(2)
i. Consider a uniformly charged wire of infinite
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v. From equations (1) and (2),
length having a constant linear charge density
q
= E 4πr2 (charge per unit length), kept in a medium of
0
permittivity ( = 0k).
q
=
E ….(3)
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4 0 r 2 ii. To find the electric field intensity at P, at a
2 distance r from the axis of the charged wire,
Substituting q = σ × 4πR in equation (3),
2 imagine a coaxial Gaussian cylinder of length l
=E 4R 2 and radius r (closed at each end by plane caps
4 0 r
2
normal to the axis) passing through the point P
R
=
E as shown in the figure. Consider a very small
0r 2
area ds at the point P on the Gaussian surface.
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From equation (3) it can be seen that, the
electric field at a point outside the shell is the
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same as that due to a point charge. R
vi. Direction of electric field is outward if shell or
r P ds
sphere is positively charged and inward if it is
l E
negatively charged. ds
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vii. Thus, it can be concluded that a uniformly Gaussian Surface
charged sphere is equivalent to a point charge at
its centre. Infinitely long straight charged wire
viii. Special cases: (cylinder)
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Case (a): If point P lies on the surface of the
charged sphere, r = R iii. By Gauss’ theorem, the net flux through a
q closed surface,
=
E 2
=
40R 0
q
= (for air/vacuum k = 1) ….(1)
Case (b): If point P lies inside the sphere 0
Since there are no charges inside, σ = 0
where q is the total charge inside the closed
E=0
surface.
READING BETWEEN THE LINES iv. By symmetry, the magnitude of the electric field
will be the same at all the points on the curved
Points (i) to (v) of the above answer are surface of the cylinder and will be directed
presented as per sequence of common steps radially outward. The angle between the
described in Q.3.
direction of ሬEԦ and the normal to the curved
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Page no. 4 is purposely left blank.
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To see complete chapter buy Target Notes or Target E‐Notes
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Chapter 8: Electrostatics
Gaussian
Surface ENRICH YOUR KNOWLEDGE
+
+ +++ Value of permittivity of free space is
+ +++++ 0 = 8.85 10–12 C2/Nm2
ds +++++ + ds ds
1
E ++ + E = 9 109 Nm2/C2
+ P 40
P +++++ r
+ + 1
Hence, in calculations is retained for
40
Charged infinite plane sheet easier substitutional value.
q
iii. By Gauss’ theorem, the net flux through a Linear charge density, =
l
closed surface
q
q Surface charge density, =
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= (for air/vacuum k = 1) ….(1) A
0
q
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where q is the total charge inside the closed Volume charge density, =
V
surface.
iv. By symmetry electric field is perpendicular to
plane sheet and directed outwards, having same SOLVED EXAMPLES
magnitude at a given distance on either sides of
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the sheet. The electric field is at right angles to +Q.11. A sphere of radius 10 cm carries a charge of
the end caps and away from the plane. Its 1 µC. Calculate the electric field
magnitude is the same at P and P. The flux i. at a distance of 30 cm from the centre of the
passing through the curved surface is zero as the sphere
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electric field is tangential to this surface. ii. at the surface of the sphere and
iii. at a distance of 5 cm from the centre of the
The total flux through the closed Gaussian sphere.
surface is given by, (Example 8.1 of Textbook page no. 187)
= Eds Eds Eds [3 Marks]
P P curved surface
Solution:
e
= EA + EA Given: q = 1 µC = 1 × 106 C
θ = 0 for ends P and P; cos θ = 1 R = 10 cm
…. 0 = 8.85 10–12 C2/Nm2
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and θ = 90 for curved surface; cos = 0
1
= 2EA ….(2) = 9 109 Nm2/C2
40
v. From equations (1) and (2),
To find: Electric Field (E)
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q 1 q
= 2EA Formula: E=
0 4 0 r 2
A q Calculation:
= 2EA …. i. For r = 30 cm = 0.3 m
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0 A
From formula,
=
E 9 109 106
2 0 =E
0.32
This is the required expression. 9 109 6
= = 105 N/C
vi. Direction of electric field is outward if sheet is 9 10 2
positively charged and inward if it is negatively ii. r = R=10 cm = 0.10 m
charged. From formula,
9 109 106
READING BETWEEN THE LINES =E 2
= 9 × 109 – 6 + 2
0.1
Points (i) to (v) of the above answer are = 9 × 105 N/C
presented as per sequence of common steps iii. r = 5 cm = 0.05 m
described in Q.3. ⸪ r < R, electric field inside the sphere is zero
i.e., E = 0
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Page no. 6 to 21 are purposely left blank.
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To see complete chapter buy Target Notes or Target E‐Notes
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Std. XII Sci.: Perfect Physics (Vol. II)
The discharging due to lightning passes to the Q.64. State reason for restricted movements of
ground through the metallic body of the car charge carriers in electrolytic conductors.
thereby keeping person sitting inside safe. [1 Mark]
Ans: In electrolytic conductors, positive and negative
NCERT Corner ions act as charge carriers but their movements
are restricted by the electrostatic force between
Electrostatic shielding due to cavity in
them and the external electric field.
conductor:
Whatever be the charge and field configuration 8.8 Dielectrics and Electric Polarisation
outside, any cavity in a conductor remains shielded
from outside electric influence, the field inside the
cavity is always zero. This is known as Q.65. Explain concept of electric polarisation.
electrostatic shielding. [2 Marks]
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E
> 0 Ans:
++ + +
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+ i. Certain substances when are placed in an
E –– external field, their positive and negative
< 0 –
– E=0
– charges get displaced in opposite directions and
= 0, V = V0
the molecules develop a net dipole moment.
–– + This is called polarization of the material.
Conducting –– – – +
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+ ++ > 0 ii. The dipole moment per unit volume is called
body < 0
E E polarization and is denoted by P . For linear
isotropic dielectrics P e E .
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Where, e is a constant called electric
GG - Gyan Guru
susceptibility of the dielectric medium.
iii. Examples: Dielectrics substances show electric
polarisation.
Elevators can act as
ENRICH YOUR KNOWLEDGE
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unintended Faraday cages,
shielding cell phones and
radios from signal from In every atom there is a positively charged nucleus
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outside. and there are negatively charged electrons
This is the precise reason surrounding it. The negative charges form an
why upon entering an electron cloud around the positive charge. These
two oppositely charged regions have their own
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elevator mobile phones
become unfunctional centres of charge (where the effective charge is
located). The centre of negative charge is the
Q.63. Define free charges and bound charges. centre of mass of negatively charged electrons and
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[2 Marks] that of positive charge is the centre of mass of
Ans: Free charges: In metallic conductors, the positively charged protons in the nucleus.
electrons in the outermost shells of the atoms
are loosely bound to the nucleus and hence can Q.66. What is electric susceptibility of dielectric
easily get detached and move freely inside the medium? [2 Marks]
metal. When an external electric field is applied, Ans:
they drift in a direction opposite to the direction
i. A quantity that describes electrical behaviour of
of the applied electric field. These charges are
a dielectric is called as electric susceptibility of
called free charges.
dielectric medium.
Bound charges: The nucleus, which consist of
ii. It is denoted by e.
the positive ions and the electrons of the inner
shells, remain held in their fixed positions. iii. It is constant for a dielectric but has different
These immobile charges are called bound values for different dielectrics.
charges. iv. For vacuum e = 0.
22
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Chapter 8: Electrostatics
Q.125. Internet my friend. (Textbook page no.211)
i. [Link]
ii. [Link]
iii. [Link]
iv. [Link]
[Students can use links given above as reference and collect information about Electrostatics.]
QUICK REVIEW
Gauss’ theorem
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Electrostatics
q
E ds
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0 The study of
Van de Graaff generator
Electric field due to a: electricity/electric
i. Circular closed cylinder: charges at rest
E = /20r
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ii. Infinite planesheet: E = Charge
20 gives rise to
iii. Infinite plane sheet having
uniform thickness: E =
20 Electrostatic Electric
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Electric field
iv. Spherical shell (for r R): force potential
q energy
=
E Electric
4r 20 potential
v. Spherical shell (for r<R): E=0
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Electric Potential Relation between Electrostatic Electric Electric potential at any
potential: difference: electric field potential due potential due to point due to electric
W V = VB – VA intensity and to a point system of dipole:
V=
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q0 WAB pontential difference: charge: charges: 1 pcos
V = V=
q0
E=–
dV
V=
1 q
V=
1 n qi
40 r a 2 cos2
2
dx 40 r 40 i 1 ri
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Dielectrics
Electric potential energy
Polar dielectrics: It has permanent of a point charge:
electric dipole moment even if the 1 qq0
electric field is absent. =
U
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40 k r
Example: HCl, water, alcohol, NH3
Electric potential energy
– + – + of a system of two point
+ + –
–
– – charges:
+ –+ + –+ q1q 2
– U=W=
40 r12
Non polar dielectrics: Every molecule
has zero dipole moment in its normal Electric potential energy
state. of an electric dipole in
Examples: H2, N2, O2, CO2, benzene, uniform electric field:
methane
U p E = pE cos
=
+ +
– –
+
–
+ +
– –
45
Std. XII Sci.: Perfect Physics (Vol. II)
Capacitors
Capacitance: Types of capacitor: Combinations Energy stored
The ability of i. Parallel plate capacitor:
i. Capacitors in series: Energy:
a conductor k A
to store a. C = 0 C2 C3 1 Q2 1 1
d C1 U= QV CV2
charge. 2 C 2 2
b. Cm = k Cair +Q Q +Q Q +Q Q
Q
=
C
V + + + + + + + V1 V2 V3
Q Q
V
t
+ ( )
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ii. Spherical capacitor: K
ab 1 1 1 1
C = 4k0 = + +
ba CS C1 C2 C3
++ + ii. Capacitors in parallel:
+ b a +
nt
+ +Q1 C1 Q1
+
+ + +
C2
iii. Cylindrical capacitor:
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+Q2 Q2
2k0l
C= C3
b Q Q
2.303log
a +Q3 Q3
a b
+ K
V
+ +
e
+ + CP = C1 + C2 + C3
l + +
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+ +
+ +
m
IMPORTANT FORMULAE 4. Dielectric constant of a medium: k =
0
Sa
1. Charge per unit length (Linear charge
1 q
q 5. Electric intensity: E =
density): = 4πkε 0 r 2
l
2. Charge per unit surface area (Surface charge 6. Electric intensity at a point outside a charged
q spherical conductor:
density): =
A q σR 2
i. Emedium = = ….(r > R)
3. Electric flux: 4πk ε 0 r 2
kε 0 r 2
i. = E ds = Eds cos q σR 2
ii. Evacuum = = ….(r > R)
q 4πε0r 2 ε 0r 2
ii. =
0 q
where, =
q 4R 2
iii. =
k 0 iii. Einside = 0 ….(r < R)
46
Chapter 8: Electrostatics
7. Electric intensity at a point outside a charged 16. Capacitance of capacitor with dielectric:
cylindrical conductor: E0
Cd = C0
i. Cylinder in any medium, Ed
R where, C0 is original capacitance
=E = = ….(r > R)
2 r 2 k 0 r k 0 r E0 is original electric field
ii. Cylinder in free space or vacuum, Ed is electric field with dielectric
1 2 17. Energy stored in a charged capacitor:
=E = ….(r > R)
2 0 r 40 r 1 Q2 1 1
=
U = CV2 = QV
iii. Einside = 0 ….(r < R) 2 C 2 2
8. Electric intensity at short distance from a 18. Series combination of ‘n’ condensers:
charged conductor of any shape: i. V = V1 + V2 + V3 ……+ Vn
ii. Q = Q1 = Q2 = Q3 = …… = Qn
t
i. =
E 1 1 1 1 1
k 0 iii. .....
en
C C1 C 2 C3 Cn
ii. Conductor in free space or air or vacuum,
19. Parallel combination of ‘n’ condensers:
E0 = = kE
0 i. Q = Q1 + Q2 + ….. + Qn
ii. V = V1 = V2 = V3 = ….. = Vn
9. Electric intensity at a point outside a
iii. C = C1 + C2 + C3 + …… + Cn
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uniformly charged infinite plane sheet:
EXERCISE
=E
2
Theory Questions for Practice
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10. Work done:
i. W = qV ii. W = q(VB VA) 8.1 Introduction
11. Torque on a dipole: 1. Give importance of Gauss’ law. [2 Marks]
i. = p E ii. = pE sin Ans: Refer Q.4.
iii. For = 90, max = pE iv. For = 0, min = 0 8.2 Application of Gauss’ law
e
12. Work done by the external torque on dipole: 2. What will be the electric field intensity at a
point P inside a charged sphere? [1 Mark]
pl
=
W d pE sin d
ext Ans: Zero
0 0
= pE cos 0 cos 3. Derive an expression for electric field intensity
due to uniformly charged spherical shell or
m
13. Potential energy of electric dipole in external hollow sphere. [4 Marks]
electric field: Ans: Refer Q.6.
U() – U(0) = pE(cos0 – cos) 4. State the formula for electric field intensity at a
point outside an infinitely long charged
Sa
Q
14. Capacity of condenser: C = cylindrical conductor. [1 Mark] [July 18, 22]
V Ans: Formula for electric field intensity at a point
15. Parallel plate condenser: outside an infinitely long charged cylindrical
i. Intensity between the plates, conductor is, E =
2 k 0 r
Q Q
=E
A k 0 Ak 0 5. Obtain an expression for electric field intensity
ii. Potential difference between the plates, at a point outside uniformly charged thin plane
V = Ed sheet. [4 Marks] [July 17]
Ans: Refer Q.10.
iii. Capacity between the plates,
Aε 8.3 Electric Potential and Potential Energy
=
C = k C0
d 6. Write a short note on electrostatic potential
Aε 0 energy. [2 Marks]
iv. Capacity of vacuum, C0 =
d Ans: Refer Q.17.
47
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To see complete chapter buy Target Notes or Target E‐Notes
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pl
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Chapter 8: Electrostatics
28. Define 8.11 Displacement current
i. free charges ii. bound charges
39. Explain origin of Displacement current.
[2 Marks] [3 Marks]
Ans: Refer Q.63. Ans: Refer Q.106.
8.8 Dielectrics and Electric Polarisation 40. Obtain relation between conduction current and
displacement current. [2 Marks]
29. What is electric polarisation? [2 Marks]
Ans: Refer Q.107.
Ans: Refer Q.65.
8.12 Energy Stored in a Capacitor
30. Write a short note on dielectrics. [2 Marks]
Ans: Refer Q.67. 41. Obtain an expression for energy stored in a
capacitor. [3 Marks]
31. What are polar dielectrics and non-polar Ans: Refer Q.109.
dielectrics? [2 Marks] [Mar 22]
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Ans: Refer Q.68. 8.13 Van de Graaff Generator
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32. Categorize the following into polar and non- 42. What is the principle of Van de Graaff
polar dielectrics: [1 Mark] [July 23] generator? [2 Marks]
i. H2O ii. CO2 Ans: Refer Q.118.
Ans. i. H2O – polar dielectric 43. Explain the construction of a Van de Graaff
ii. CO2 – non-polar dielectric generator.
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[4 Marks]
33. With the help of neat diagram, explain how Ans: Refer Q.119.(Construction and diagram only)
non-polar dielectric material is polarised in 44. How does a Van de Graaff generator work?
external electric field of increasing intensity. [3 Marks]
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[3 Marks] [Oct 15] Ans: Refer Q.119 (Working only)
Ans: Refer Q.69. 45. State any four applications of Van de Graaff
generator. [2 Marks]
8.9 Capacitors and Capacitance, Combination of
Ans: Refer Q.120.(Any four uses)
Capacitors in Series and Parallel
34. What is the principle of a capacitor? [3 Marks] Numericals for Practice
e
Ans: Refer Q.74.
8.1 Introduction
35. Obtain an expression for the effective
1. A point charge of 10 C is situated at the centre
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capacitance of three parallel plate capacitors
connected in series. [4 Marks] of a sphere of radius 10 cm. Calculate the
electric flux through its surface. [2 Marks]
Ans: Refer Q.78.
Ans: 1.13 106 Nm2/C
36. Obtain an expression for effective capacitance
m
2. The electric intensity on the surface of a charged
of three capacitors connected in parallel.
conductor of area 0.5 m2 is 200 V/m. If the
[4 Marks]
electric flux is found to be 86.6 Nm2/C, find the
Ans: Refer Q.79. angle between the normal drawn to the surface
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8.10 Capacitance of a Parallel Plate Capacitor and the electric intensity. [2 Marks]
Without and With Dielectric Medium Ans: 30
Between the Plates 8.2 Application of Gauss’ law
37. Draw neat, labelled diagram of a parallel plate 3. A metal sphere of radius 10 cm is situated in air
capacitor with a dielectric slab between the and carries a charge of 44 C. Calculate intensity
plates. [2 Marks] [July 22] of electric field at a point close to its surface.
Ans: Refer Q.94 (Diagram only) [2 Marks]
Ans: 3.96 107 N/C
38. Discuss the capacitance of a parallel plate
capacitor when the capacitor is filled with 4. A metal cylinder of radius 10 cm has a surface
i. dielectric of constant k charge density 2 105 C/m2. Find the intensity
ii. conducting slab of electric field at a distance of 1 metre along a
[2 Marks] line perpendicular to its axis. [2 Marks]
Ans: Refer Q.96. Ans: 2.26 105 N/C
49
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To see complete chapter buy Target Notes or Target E‐Notes
e
pl
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Sa
Chapter 8: Electrostatics
21. Connect three capacitors of capacity 3 F, 3 F
C1 C2 C3 D
and 6 F such that their equivalent capacitance
is 5 F. [3 Marks] A 10 F
10 F 10 F
Ans: Series combination of 3 F and 6 F is to be
connected in parallel with 3 F Ans: The effective capacity between A and D is
22. A parallel plate capacitor has a capacity of 4 F 30 F.
and a charge of 5 103 C is deposited on its 8.12 Energy Stored in a Capacitor
plate. Find the p.d. across the capacitor. If the
distance between the two plates is 1 mm, Find 30. Two condensers of capacitances C1 = 3 F and
the intensity of electric field between the two C2 = 6 F arranged in series are connected in
plates of capacitor. [3 Marks] parallel with a third condenser C3 = 4 F. The
Ans: 1250 V, 1.25 106 N/C arrangement is connected to a 6.0 V battery.
Calculate the total energy stored in the
t
23. Two capacitors having capacities 1 pF and 2 pF
condenser. [3 Marks]
are connected in parallel and a battery of e.m.f
Ans: 1.08 104 J
en
30 V is connected across the combination.
Calculate the resultant capacity of the 31. The capacity of a parallel plate air capacitor is
combination and the charge deposited on the 10 F and it is given a charge of 40 C.
plate of each capacitor. [3 Marks] Determine the electrical energy stored in the
Ans: 3 pF, 9 1011 C capacitor. [2 Marks]
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8.10 Capacitance of a Parallel Plate Capacitor Ans: 8 105 J
Without and With Dielectric Medium
32. Two capacitors each of capacity 5 F and a
Between the Plates
battery of e.m.f 180 V are given to you. Which
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24. A parallel plate capacitor filled with air has an combination gives the maximum energy? What
area of 6 cm2 and plate separation of a 3 mm. is its value? Also find the charge on each
Calculate its capacitance. [3 Marks] [Mar 22] capacitor of that combination. [4 Marks]
Ans: 1.77 pF 2
Ans: Parallel combination, 16.2 10 J, Charge on
25. A parallel plate capacitor has the area of each each capacitor of parallel arrangement
plate 500 cm2, the distance between the plates is = 900 C.
0.1 mm. Calculate its capacity when the medium
e
between the plates is (i) air (ii) medium of Scan the given Q. R. Code in
dielectric constant 4. [3 Marks] Quill - The Padhai App to view
pl
Ans: i. 4.425 103 F ii. 17.7 103F the solutions of the Numericals
26. A parallel plate air condenser has a capacity of for practice.
15 F. What will be the new capacity if a marble
m
slab of dielectric constant 6 is introduced between
MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS
the two plates such that entire space between
plates is filled by marble slab? [1 Mark]
[1 Mark Each]
Ans: 90 F
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27. A parallel plate capacitor has two plates, each of 1. Gauss’ law helps in
area 100 cm2. The distance between the plates is (A) determination of electric field due to
0.5 104 cm and the dielectric constant of the symmetric charge distribution.
medium between the plates is 4. Find the (B) determination of electric potential due to
capacitance of the capacitor. [2 Marks] symmetric charge distribution.
Ans: 0.708 F (C) determination of electric flux.
28. Calculate equivalent capacity of 2 F, 4 F, (D) situations where Coulomb’s law fails.
6 F and 8 F in series and parallel 2. Electric intensity at a point near a charged
combination. [3 Marks] sphere of charge q is given by
Ans: i. 0.96 F ii. 20 F. 1 q 1 q
(A) =E (B) =
E
4 0 k r 2 20 k r
29. Find the effective capacity between A and D in
the given circuit: 1 q
(C) =E (D)
= E
[2 Marks] 0k 4πε0 r
51
Std. XII Sci.: Perfect Physics (Vol. II)
3. The electric intensity due to a charged sphere at 12. Two capacitor of capacities C1 and C2 are
a point outside the sphere increases with connected in parallel. Then the equivalent
increase in capacitance is
(A) dielectric constant . (A) C1 + C2 (B) C1 C2/C1 + C2
(B) distance from the centre of sphere. (C) C2/ C1 (D) C1 /C2
(C) charge on sphere.
(D) square of distance from the centre of 13. Van de Graaff generator produces _________.
sphere. (A) zero potential
(B) high potential
4. Intensity of electric field at a point close and (C) breakdown voltage
outside a charged conducting cylinder is (D) low potential
proportional to _______.
(r is the distance of a point from the axis of 14. If the charge on the condenser of 10 F is
cylinder) [Mar 14] doubled, then the energy stored in it becomes
t
1 1 1 ______. [Mar 17]
(A) (B) (C) (D) r3 (A) zero
r r2 r3
en
5. Condenser is a device used to store (B) twice that of initial energy
(A) large potential at low charge. (C) half the initial energy
(B) low potential at low charge. (D) four times the initial energy
(C) large charge at low potential.
(D) large charge at large potential. Scan the adjacent QR Code to know
nt
6. When a capacitor is connected to a battery, more about our “Board Questions
(A) an alternating current flows in the circuit. with solution” book for Std. XII
(B) no current flows at all. (Sci.) and Learn about the types of
(C) a current flows for some time and finally
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questions that are asked in the XII
it decreases to zero.
(D) current keeps on increasing and reaches
maximum after some time. 15. _______ of conductors and insulators can be
understood on the basis of free and bound
7. If the air surrounding a charged conductor is charges.
changed by other insulating medium, its (A) The mechanical properties
(A) capacity increases. (B) The electrical behaviour
e
(B) capacity decreases. (C) The magnetic behaviour
(C) capacity does not change. (D) The dielectric behaviour
(D) capacity becomes zero.
pl
16. The _______ dielectrics develop net dipole
8. The energy of a charged capacitor resides in moment in presence of an electric field.
(A) the electric field only. (A) polar
(B) the magnetic field only. (B) non-polar
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(C) both the electric and magnetic fields. (C) polar and non-polar
(D) neither in the electric nor in the magnetic (D) solid
field.
9. The relation between electric charge, electric 17. Dielectric constant of metals is _______.
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potential and capacity is (A) 0 (B) 1
(A) C = Q/V (B) C = V/Q (C) –1 (D) ∞
(C) V = QC (D) all of these
18. Match the two columns in correct sequence.
10. Four coulomb charge is uniformly distributed on
2 km long wire. Its linear charge density is Common units of
Their values
(A) 2 C/m (B) 4 C/m capacitance
(C) 4 103 C/m (D) 2 103 C/m i. 1 pF a. 10–6 F
ii. 1 F b. 10–12 F
11. Two capacitors of capacity C1 and C2 are
connected in series. Their combined capacity C iii. 1 nF c. 10–9 F
is given by
(A) (i – b), (ii – c), (iii – a)
(A) C1 + C2 (B) C1 C2
(B) (i – c), (ii – b), (iii – a)
C1C2 C1 + C2 (C) (i – b), (ii – a), (iii – c)
(C) (D)
C1 + C2 C1C2 (D) (i – a), (ii – b), (iii – c)
52
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e
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m
Sa
Std. XII Sci.: Perfect Physics (Vol. II)
33. The angle at which maximum torque is exerted q q
by the external uniform electric field on the = Q
4 0 3L 4 0 L
electric dipole is _______. [Mar 22]
(A) 0 (B) 30 qQ
=
(C) 45 (D) 90 60L
24. Dielectric constant of medium
ANSWERS TO MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS 12
26.5510
=k = =3
1. (A) 2. (A) 3. (C) 4. (A) 0 8.851012
5. (C) 6. (C) 7. (A) 8. (A)
27. Total flux is independent of shape and radius.
9. (A) 10. (D) 11. (C) 12. (A)
13. (B) 14. (D) 15. (B) 16. (C) F 3000
17. (D) 18. (C) 19. (D) 20. (D) 29. E= = = 1000 N/C
t
q0 3
21. (A) 22. (A) 23. (A) 24. (B)
1 q 1 q
en
25. (D) 26. (C) 27. (C) 28. (B) =
V = r = E r
40 r 40 r2
29. (A) 30. (C) 31. (C) 32. (B)
33. (D) = 1000 0.01 ( r = 1 cm = 0.01 m)
= 10 V
HINTS TO MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS
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COMPETITIVE CORNER
19. For a parallel plate capacitor:
Charge is conserved. Hence, remains constant. 1. Three concentric metal shells A, B and C of
respective radii a, b and c (a < b < c) have
Co
A 0 1
i. =
C C surface charge densities +, and +
d d
ii. V = Ed V d respectively. The potential of shell B is:
[JEE (Main) 2018]
A0 b2 c2 b2 c2
20. Without slab, capacitance C = (A) a (B) a
d 0 b 0 c
A0
e
With slab capacitance, C = (C)
a 2 b2
(D)
a2 b2
1 c c
d t 1 0 a 0 b
k
pl
Hint: Potential of shell B will be equal to sum of
A0 A0
C = = potentials due to charges present on all the three
3 1 d 3d
d d 1 shells.
4 k 4 4k
VB = VA + VB + VC
m
+
A0 A 0 4k
= = Now, as the potential is –
d 3 d k 3
1 same inside the shell as +
4 k
that on the surface, a b
Sa
22. For circular plates, A = r2 = (0.08)2 m2 k 4a 2
VA =
Charge Q = CV b c
A0 k 4b 2
= V VB =
d b
0.08 8.85 1012
2
k4c2
= 100 VC =
103 c
= 1.78 108 C k 4a 2 k 4b 2 k 4c 2
VB =
b b c
23. Work done WCD = Q(VD VC)
Where, VD is net electric potential at D and a2 1
VB = b c .... k
VC is net electric potential at C. 0 b 40
Here, VC = 0 a b
2
2
VB = c
WCD = QVD 0 b
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Chapter 8: Electrostatics
18. A parallel plate capacitor has plate area ‘A’ and 19. The capacitance of a parallel plate capacitor is
separation between plates is ‘d’. It is charged to 2.5 μF. When it is half filled with a dielectric as
a potential difference of V0 volt. The charging shown in figure, its capacitance becomes
battery is then disconnected and plates are 5 μF. The dielectric constant of the dielectric is
pulled apart three times the initial distance. The [MHT CET 2023]
work done to increase the distance between the
plates is (ε0 = permittivity of free space)
[MHT CET 2023] Air Medium
30A V0 2 0 A V0 2
(A) (B)
d 2d
0 A V0 2 ε0 A V0 2
(C) (D) (A) 7.5 (B) 3
3d d
0A (C) 4 (D) 5
Hint: Let the initial capacitance be C0 =
t
d 0A
Hint: Given C = = 2.5 μF
Let the charge on the capacitor be Qinitial = C0V0 d
en
Plate separation is increased by 3 times Capacitance of air filled with area,
i.e., d′ = 3d 0 A / 2
C1 =
0 A 1 0 A C0 d
Cfinal =
3d 3 d 3 Capacitance of dielectric filled area,
Let Qfinal be the final charge on the capacitor and k r0 A / 2
nt
Vfinal be the final potential on the capacitor. C2 =
d
1
Qfinal = Cfinal Vfinal = C 0 Vfinal As, C1 and C2 are in parallel configuration.
3
As the capacitor is isolated, Ceq = C1 + C2
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Qfinal = Qinitial, Given: Ceq = 5 μF
1 0 A k r 0 A
C0V0 = C 0 Vfinal =5
3 2d 2d
Vfinal = 3V0 2.5 2.5
5= kr
Work done = Final P.E – Initial P.E 2 2
1 1 3.75
= C final Vfinal C 0 V0
2 2
kr
1.25
e
2 2
1 C0 1 kr = 3
= 9V02 C 0 V02
2 3 2
pl
3 1
= C0 V02
2 2
= C 0 V02
m
0 AV02 0A
= …( C0 = )
d d
Time: 1 Hour 30 Min TOPIC TEST Total Marks: 25
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SECTION A
Q.1. Select and write the correct answer: [04]
i. The dielectric constant of a conductor is _______.
(A) unity (B) zero
(C) infinite (D) non-negative integer
ii. In Van de Graaff generator, electric charge deposited on the larger sphere is due to
(A) corona discharge (pointed conductor effect). (B) friction.
(C) both friction and corona discharge. (D) electrostatic shielding.
iii. If the number of capacitors is connected in series then
(A) charge on each capacitor is same and potential is different.
(B) potential is same but charge is different.
(C) both charge and potential are same.
(D) both charge and potential are different.
59
Std. XII Sci.: Perfect Physics (Vol. II)
iv. Electric intensity due to a charged sphere at a point outside the sphere decreases with _______.
(A) increase in charge on sphere.
(B) increase in dielectric constant.
(C) decrease in the distance from the centre of sphere.
(D) decrease in square of distance from the centre of sphere.
Q.2. Answer the following: [03]
i. State formula for work done against electrostatic force while displacing charge +q0 at distance r1
towards charge +Q at distance r2.
ii. Define equipotential surface.
iii. Give two examples each of polar and non-polar molecules
SECTION B
Attempt any Four: [08]
t
Q.3. What is electrostatic potential energy?
Q.4. Show graphical variation of electric field (or electric force) and electric potential due to a single
en
charge at a distance r.
Q.5. Explain why no work is done to move a charge anywhere in the equatorial plane of electric dipole.
Q.6. An infinite line charge produces a field of 2 104 N/C at a distance of 9 cm. Calculate the linear
charge density.
Q.7. Two identical parallel plate air capacitors are connected in series to a battery of e.m.f. ‘V’. If one of
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the capacitor is completely filled with dielectric material of constant ‘k’, then determine the value of
potential difference of the other capacitor.
Q.8. Three capacitors of capacities 8 F, 8 F and 4 F are connected in a series and potential difference
of 100 volt is maintained across the combination. Calculate the charge on capacitor of capacity
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4 F.
SECTION C
Attempt any Two: [06]
Q.9. Derive an expression for electric potential due to a point charge.
Q.10. Derive an expression for potential energy of a system of two-point charges.
Q.11. A parallel plate air capacitor has rectangular plates, each of area 40 cm2 separated by a distance of
e
4 mm. The potential difference between the plates is 800 volt. Calculate
i. its capacitance ii. the charge on each plate
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iii. the electric field intensity between the two plates.
SECTION D
Attempt any One: [04]
m
Q.12. i. Draw neat labelled diagram of a Van de Graaff generator.
ii. Electrostatic energy of 5 104 J is stored in a capacitor at 1000 V. What is the charge on the
capacitor?
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Q.13. i. Derive relation between conduction current and displacement current.
ii. What will happen if a parallel plate capacitor is filled with (a) dielectric of constant k
(b) conducting slab?
Scan the given Q. R. Code in Quill - The Padhai App
to view the solutions of the Topic Test.
60
Written as per the latest textbook prescribed by the Maharashtra State Bureau of Textbook
Production and Curriculum Research, Pune.
Precise
PHYSICS (Vol. I)
Std. XII Sci.
t
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Salient Features
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Written as per Latest Board Paper Pattern
Subtopic-wise segregation for powerful concept building
Complete coverage of Textual Exercise Questions, Intext Questions and Numericals
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Marks provided to the Questions as per relevant weightage as deemed necessary
Relevant Previous Years’ Board Questions:
- March 2013 to July 2023
Each chapter contains:
- ‘Quick Review’ of the chapter for quick revision
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- ‘Important Formulae’ and ‘Solved Examples’ to cover numerical aspect in detail
- ‘Exercise’ to provide Theory questions, Numericals and MCQs for practice
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- Selective questions from NCERT textbook for practice
Includes Important Feature to elucidate concept: Reading Between the Lines
Q.R. codes provide:
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- The Video/pdf links boosting conceptual retention
Includes Board Question Paper of February 2024 (Solution in pdf format through QR code)
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Printed at: Prabodhan Prakashan Pvt. Ltd., Navi Mumbai
© Target Publications Pvt. Ltd.
No part of this book may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, C.D. ROM/Audio Video Cassettes or electronic, mechanical
including photocopying; recording or by any information storage and retrieval system without permission in writing from the Publisher.
Balbharati Registration No.: 2018MH0022 P.O. No. 12838
TEID: 3454
PREFACE
Precise Physics Vol. I, Std. XII Sci. is intended for every Maharashtra State Board aspirant of Std. XII,
Science. The scope, sequence, and level of the book are consistent with the latest textbook released by
Maharashtra State board.
We believe that the study of Physics needs driving desire to learn and willingness to work hard. The
earnestness to dive into the subject eventuates naturally when students are presented with meaningful content
that is easy to read and understand rather than being mired down with facts and information. Students do much
better when they grasp the nub of the subject.
While beginning with a chapter in Physics, students should study to understand the content and not merely
read point blankly. They can go slowly, knowing Physics can’t be read like a novel, choosing their own pace.
But it is essential for students to comprehend the concepts involved, ruminate and reproduce their own
t
versions of the same.
en
To quote Albert Einstein, “If you can’t explain it simply, you don’t understand it yourself.”
Students should then attempt theoretical questions based on these concepts to gauge the level of understanding
achieved.
Next advance after gaining command over theory would be numericals. Though Physics is communicated in
nt
English, it is expressed in Mathematics. Hence, it is essential to befriend formulae and derivations. These
should be learnt and memorized. Once physical mathematics of concept is ingrained, solved numericals should
be studied, starting from simple problems to difficult by escalating level of complexity gradually. Students are
required to practise numericals and ascertain their command on problem solving. Calculations at this stage
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must be done using log table keeping in mind that calculators are not allowed in Board Exams. When it
comes to problems in Physics nothing makes students perfect like practice!
Amongst building concepts, advancing into numbers and equations, it is essential to ponder underlying
implications of subject. Students should read from references, visit authentic websites and watch relevant
fascinating links.
e
Such a holistic preparation of subject is the key to succeed in the board examination.
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After all, “Success is no accident. It is hard work, perseverance, learning, studying, sacrifice and most of
all, love of what you are doing or learning to do,” as said by legendary football player Pele and students
should bear it in mind!
m
Our Precise Physics Vol. I, Std. XII Sci. adheres to our vision and achieves several goals: building
concepts, developing competence to solve numericals, recapitulation and self-study —all while
encouraging students toward cognitive thinking.
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Features of the book presented below will explicate more about the same!
We hope the book benefits the learner as we have envisioned.
Publisher
Edition: Sixth
The journey to create a complete book is strewn with triumphs, failures and near misses. If you think we’ve
nearly missed something or want to applaud us for our triumphs, we’d love to hear from you.
Please write to us on: mail@[Link]
KEY FEATURES
Reading Reading between the lines provides
between elaboration or missing fragments of
the lines concept essential for complete
understanding of the concept.
QR code provides:
t
i. Access to a video/PDF in order to
boost understanding of a concept QR Codes
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or activity
ii. Solutions to Board Question Paper
February 2024
Solved Examples offer complete
Solved solution to numerical including log (as
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Important
Important Formulae includes all of the
Formulae
key formulae in the chapter.
Quick Quick review includes tables/ flow chart
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Review to summarize the key points in chapter.
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Exercise includes subtopic-wise Exercise
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additional questions and problems.
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Multiple
Choice Multiple Choice Question includes
textual as well as additional MCQs.
Questions
Includes: Board
i. Selective and relevant Board Questions
questions from March 2013 to & Paper
July 2023
ii. Board Question Paper 2024
PAPER PATTERN
There will be single question paper of 70 Marks and practical examination of 30 Marks in Physics.
Duration of the paper will be 3 hours.
Section A: (18 Marks)
This section will contain Multiple Choice Questions and Very Short Answer (VSA) type of questions.
There will be 10 MCQs and 8 VSA type of questions, each carrying one mark.
Students will have to attempt all these questions.
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Section B: (16 Marks)
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This section will contain 12 Short Answer (SA-I) type of questions, each carrying 2 marks.
Students will have to attempt any 8 questions.
Section C: (24 Marks)
This section will contain 12 Short Answer (SA-II) type of questions, each carrying 3 marks.
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Students will have to attempt any 8 questions.
Section D: (12 Marks)
This section will contain 5 Long Answer (LA) type of questions, each carrying 4 marks.
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Students will have to attempt any 3 questions.
Distribution of Marks According to the Type of Questions
Type of Questions
MCQ 1 Mark each 10 Marks
VSA 1 Mark each 8 Marks
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SA - I 2 Marks each 16 Marks Percentage wise distribution of marks
SA - II 3 Marks each 24 Marks Theory 63%
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LA 4 Marks each 12 Marks Numerical 37%
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Disclaimer
This reference book is transformative work based on latest Textbook of Std. XII Physics published by the Maharashtra State Bureau of Textbook
Production and Curriculum Research, Pune. We the publishers are making this reference book which constitutes as fair use of textual contents which are
transformed by adding and elaborating, with a view to simplify the same to enable the students to understand, memorize and reproduce the same in
examinations.
This work is purely inspired upon the course work as prescribed by the Maharashtra State Bureau of Textbook Production and Curriculum Research,
Pune. Every care has been taken in the publication of this reference book by the Authors while creating the contents. The Authors and the Publishers
shall not be responsible for any loss or damages caused to any person on account of errors or omissions which might have crept in or disagreement of
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© reserved with the Publisher for all the contents created by our Authors.
No copyright is claimed in the textual contents which are presented as part of fair dealing with a view to provide best supplementary study material for
the benefit of students.
CONTENTS
Chapter Marks without Marks with
Chapter Name Page No.
No. option option
1 Rotational Dynamics 5 7 1
2 Mechanical Properties of Fluids 5 7 42
3 Kinetic Theory of Gases and Radiation 5 7 85
4 Thermodynamics 5 7 112
5 Oscillations 4 5 147
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6 Superposition of Waves 4 6 181
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7 Wave Optics 5 7 215
Board Question Paper: February 2024
255
(Solution in pdf format through QR code)
Chapters 8 to 16 are a part of Std. XII: Precise Physics (Vol. II)
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[Reference: Maharashtra State Board of Secondary and Higher Secondary Education, Pune - 04]
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Note: 1. * mark represents Textual question.
2. # mark represents Intext question.
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3. + mark represents Textual examples.
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4. symbol represents textual questions that need external reference for an answer.
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Scan the adjacent QR Code to know more about our “HSC 25 Question Papers & Activity
Sheets with Solutions” book for Std. XII (Sci.) and Gear up yourself to score more in the XII
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Board Examination.
Scan the adjacent QR Code to know more about our “Board Questions with Solutions”
book for Std. XII (Sci.) and Learn about the types of questions that are asked in the XII
Board Examination.
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1 Rotational Dynamics
Contents and Concepts
1.1 Introduction 1.7 Theorem of Parallel Axes and Theorem of
1.2 Characteristics of Circular Motion Perpendicular Axes
1.3 Applications of Uniform Circular Motion 1.8 Angular Momentum or Moment of Linear
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Momentum
1.4 Vertical Circular Motion
1.9 Expression for Torque in Terms of
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1.5 Moment of Inertia as an Analogous Quantity
Moment of Inertia
for Mass 1.10 Conservation of Angular Momentum
1.6 Radius of Gyration 1.11 Rolling Motion
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1.1 Introduction
ds d
Velocity v= =
dt dt
Q.1. What is the difference between revolution
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dv d
Acceleration a = =
and rotation of an object? [1 Mark] dt dt
Ans: During revolution, the object (every particle in
the object) undergoes circular motion about some Q.5. State the expression for tangential velocity (in
vector form) when a body is performing
point outside the object or about some other
circular motion. Also, express it in its
object. During rotation, the motion is about an magnitude.
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axis of rotation passing through the object. [1 Mark]
Ans:
1.2 Characteristics of Circular Motion i. In vector form, tangential velocity is given by,
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v = r
Q.2. Can you recall? (Textbook page no. 1)
What is circular motion? [1 Mark] ii. The magnitude of v is given by, v = r
m
Ans: Motion of an object around a circular path is
called as circular motion. Reading between the lines
Q.3. State the characteristics of circular motion.
Tangential velocity describes the motion of an
[2 Marks]
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object along the edge of the circle whose
Ans: direction at any given point on the circle is
i. Accelerated motion: As the direction of velocity always along the tangent to that point.
changes at every instant, it is an accelerated motion.
ii. Periodic motion: During the motion, the
particle repeats its path along the same
trajectory. Thus, the motion is periodic.
v
Q.4. State the analogy of the following linear and
O
rotational quantities: r
i. Displacement ii. Velocity
iii. Acceleration [3 Marks] Here, v = tangential velocity,
Ans:
= angular velocity,
Quantity Linear Rotational
r = position vector (radius vector from
Displacement s the centre of circular motion)
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Std. XII Sci.: Precise Physics (Vol. I)
iv. In order to continue the horizontal motion, force iii. Since friction cannot be relied upon to provide
of static friction fs should be always less than or required centripetal force on all road conditions
equal to μsN. and causes wear and tear of tyres, we need a
fsμsN banked road for a two-wheeler.
mv 2 iv. Having a banked road allows a vehicle to turn
mgμs …[From equation (1) and (2)]
r independent of frictional force without
damaging the tyres.
s v 2 rg
g v2
r s Q.30. Derive expression for angle of banking when
The minimum safest velocity of a body to move a vehicle (consider to be a point) moves along
a curved banked road neglecting friction.
rg
in well of death is,vmin = [3 Marks]
s Ans:
Scan the given Q. R. Code in i. The vertical section of a vehicle on a curved
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road of radius ‘r’ banked at an angle ‘θ’ with the
Quill - The Padhai App to get
horizontal is shown in the figure.
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conceptual clarity about well of death
N N cos
with the aid of a linked video.
Q.27. Explain the concept of lower limit and upper
limit on the turning speed. [2 Marks] N sin
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Ans:
i. If a road is banked at 90°, it imposes a lower
limit on the turning speed.
ii. For an unbanked road (banking angle = 0), mg
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there is an upper limit for the turning speed.
iii. It means that for any other banking angle
ii. Considering the vehicle to be a point and
(0< θ < 90°), the turning speed will have the
ignoring friction (not eliminating) and other
upper as well as the lower limit.
non-conservative forces like air resistance, there
*[Link] are curved roads banked? [2 Marks] are two forces acting on the vehicle:
Ans: a. weight (mg), vertically downwards
b. normal reaction (N), perpendicular to the
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i. While taking a turn on a horizontal road, the force
of static friction between the tyres of the vehicle surface of the road.
and the road provides the necessary centripetal iii. As the motion of the vehicle is along a horizontal
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force (or balances the centrifugal force). circle, the resultant force must be horizontal and
ii. However, the frictional force is having an upper directed towards the centre of the track. Hence, the
limit. Also, its value is usually not constant as vertical force mg must be balanced.
the road surface is not uniform. iv. Thus, normal reaction (N) is resolved into,
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iii. Thus, in real life, we should not depend upon it, a. N sin - along the horizontal.
as it is not reliable. b. N cos - along the vertical.
iv. For this purpose, the surfaces of curved roads v. The vertical component N cos balances the
are tilted with the horizontal with some angle θ. weight i.e., N cos = mg ….(1)
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v. This is called banking of a road or the road is vi. Horizontal component Nsinθ being the
said to be banked. resultant force, must be the necessary
vi. When the road is banked, the horizontal centripetal force (or balance the centrifugal
component of the normal reaction provides the force).
necessary centripetal force required for circular mv 2
motion of vehicle. N sin = ….(2)
r
*[Link] we need a banked road for a two-wheeler? Dividing equation (2) by equation(1),
Explain. [3 Marks] v2
tan =
Ans: rg
i. When a two-wheeler takes a turn along v2
= tan–1
unbanked road, frictional force provides rg
centripetal force. This is an expression for angle of banking when
ii. The rider makes vehicle lean inward to balance a a vehicle moves along a curved banked road
torque that can cause vehicle to topple outward. neglecting friction.
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Chapter 1: Rotational Dynamics
*Q.92.A big dumb-bell is prepared by using a =
28
R5
uniform rod of mass 60 g and length 20 cm. 15
Two identical solid thermocol spheres of 28
= 3.142 (2 101)5 8000
mass 25 g and radius 10 cm each are at the 15
two ends of the rod. Calculate moment of I = 15.02 kg m2
inertia of the dumb-bell when rotated Ans: M.I. of the uniform solid sphere about a
about an axis passing through its centre tangent to its surface is 15.02 kg m2.
and perpendicular to the length.
[3 Marks] 1.8 Angular Momentum or Moment of
Solution: Linear Momentum
Mass of rod, M = 60 g,
Length of rod, L = 20 cm, Q.94. Explain the analogous of angular momentum
in rotational motion to linear momentum in
Mass of solid sphere, m = 25 g,
t
translational motion. [2 Marks]
Radius of sphere, r = 10 cm Ans:
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L = 20cm i. The quantity in rotational mechanics, analogous
to linear momentum is angular momentum or
moment of linear momentum.
r ii. It is similar to the torque being moment of a
L/2 force.
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20cm
iii. If p is the instantaneous linear momentum of a
particle undertaking a circular motion, its
Moment of Inertia of the system = Moment of angular momentum at that instance is given by
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Inertia of rod (about its perpendicular L r p , where r is the position vector from
bisector) + Moment of Inertia of two spheres
the axis of rotation.
ML2 2 L
2
= + 2 mr 2 m r iv. In magnitude, it is the product of linear
12 5 2 momentum and its perpendicular distance from
the axis of rotation.
20
2
+ 2 25 10 25 10 10
2
= 60
2 2
L = P × r sin
e
12 5
Where is the smaller angle between the
= 2000 + 22000 = 24000 gcm2
directions of P and r .
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Ans: Moment of inertia of the dumb-bell when v. The expression for angular momentum, L = Iω
rotated about an axis passing through its is analogous to the expression, p = mv of linear
centre and perpendicular to the length is momentum, if the moment of inertia I replaces
24000 gcm2. mass, which is its physical significance.
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Q.93.A uniform solid sphere has radius 0.2 m and *Q.95. Derive an expression that relates angular
density 8 103 kg/m3. Find the moment of momentum with the angular velocity of a
inertia about the tangent to its surface. rigid body. [3 Marks]
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( = 3.142) [2 Marks] [July 17] Ans:
Solution:
Given: R = 0.2m, = 8000 Kg/m3
To find: Moment of inertia (I) m2
r2 rN
7
Formulae: i. Io = MR2 mN
5 r1 m1
ii. Mass (M) = volume density
Calculation: From formula (ii),
M = V = R 3
4
A body of N particles
3
From formula (i), i. Consider a rigid object rotating with a constant
I = R 3 R2 angular speed ‘ω’ about an axis perpendicular to
7 4
5 3 the plane of paper.
27
Std. XII Sci.: Precise Physics (Vol. I)
ii. Let us consider the object to be consisting of N Similarly,
number of particles of masses m1, m2, …..mN at (K.E)2 = 22 n 22 I
respective perpendicular distances r1, r2, …..rN
from the axis of rotation. E = (K.E)2 – (K.E)1
iii. As the object rotates, all these particles perform = (22 n 22 22 n12 ) I
UCM with same angular speed ω, but with
different linear speeds v1 = r1 ω,
E = 2 2 n 22 n12 I
v2 = r2 ω, .....vN = rN ω. E
I =
2 n 22 n12
2
iv. Directions of individual velocities v1 , v 2 , ….. v N ,
are along the tangents to the irrespective tracks. 1000
=
v. Linear momentum of thefirst particle is of 2 3.142 30 (20)2
2 2
magnitude p1 = m1v1 = m1r1ω.Its direction is
I = 0.1013 kg m2
t
along that of v1 .
Ans: The moment of inertia of the wheel is
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vi. Its angular momentum is thus of magnitude 0.1013 kg m2.
L1 = p1r1 = m1 r12
vii. Similarly, L2 = m1 r22 , L3 = m3 r32 ,….,
1.9 Expression for Torque in Terms of
Moment of Inertia
LN = mN rN2 .
*[Link] an expression relating the torque with
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viii. For a rigid body with a fixed axis of rotation, all
these angular momenta are directed along the angular acceleration for a rigid body.
axis of rotation, and this direction can be [3 Marks]
obtained by using right hand thumb rule. Ans:
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ix. As all of them have the same direction, their i. Consider a rigid object rotating with a constant
magnitudes can be algebraically added. angular acceleration ‘α’ about an axis
x. Thus, magnitude of angular momentum of the perpendicular to the plane of paper.
body is given by
L = m1 r12 + m1 r22 +….+mN rN2
= m1r12 m 2 r22 .... m N rN2 I m2 fN
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f2 r2 rN mN
where, I = m1r12 m 2r22 .... m N rN2 is the moment f1 = m1a1
of inertia of the body about the given axis of r1 m
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1
rotation.
A body of N particles
Solved Examples
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ii. Let us consider the object to be consisting of N
Q.96. Energy of 1000 J is spent to increase the number of particles of masses m1, m2,…..mN at
angular speed of a wheel from 20 rad/s to respective perpendicular distances r1, r2,…..rN
30 rad/s. Calculate the moment of inertia of from the axis of rotation.
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the wheel. [2 Marks][Feb 20] iii. As the object rotates, all these particles perform
Solution: circular motion with same angular acceleration
Given: n1 = 20 r.p.s, α, but with different linear (tangential)
n2 = 30 r.p.s, accelerations, a1 = r1, a2 = r2,….,aN = rN,etc.
E = 1000 J iv. Force experienced by the first particle is,
To find: Moment of inertia (I) f1 = m1a1 = m1r1
1 v. As these forces are tangential, the irrespective
Formula: K.E = I2
2 perpendicular distances from the axis are r1, r2,
Calculation: From formula, …..rN.
1 vi. Thus, the torque experienced by the first particle
I 2n1
2
(K.E)1 =
2 is of magnitude 1 = f1r1 = m1r12
= 22 n12 I Similarly,2= m 2 r22 , 3 = m 3r32 ….N = m N rN2
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28
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Std. XII Sci.: Precise Physics (Vol. I)
Quick Review
Rolling motion
1 K2
Total energy, E = Mv2 1 2
2 R
2gh
Velocity, v =
K2
1 2
Physical Perpendicular R
Parallel axes theorem
quantities axes theorem gsin
Acceleration, a =
Statement: The moment of Statement: The moment K2
I = mr2
inertia (Io) of an object about any of inertia (Iz) of a laminar 1 2
R
t
1
K.E. = I2 axis is the sum of its moment of object about an axis (z)
2 Useful values:
inertia (IC) about an axis parallel perpendicular to its plane
en
= I to the given axis, and passing is the sum of its moment K2 2 K2
2 ; 2 = 1,
L = I through the centre of mass and of inertias about two R Solid 5 R hollow
I the product of the mass of the mutually perpendicular sphere cylinder
K= axes (x and y) in its plane,
M object and the square of the K2 1 K2 2
distance between the two axes, all the three axes being 2 ; 2
Io = Ic + Mh2 concurrent, Iz = Ix + Iy R Solid 2 R hollow 3
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Cylinder sphere
Rotational Motion
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Rotational Dynamics
Circular Motion
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Uniform Circular Conical Pendulum Vertical Circular
Banking of road
Motion Motion
Angular frequency,
At lowest point:
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g
=
Unbanked road Lcos vL = 5rg
Centripetal force
Time Period, mv2L
Centripetal force is Maximum possible speed, TL = + mg
Lcos r
m
directed along the radius vmax = s rg T = 2
g At highest point:
towards the centre of a
circle. Rider should bend through Frequency, vH = rg
In vector form, it is given v2
an angle, = tan1 . 1 g mv2H
by rg n= TH = mg
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2 Lcos r
mv 2 Minimum safest velocity of At midway point:
F = r̂0
r a body for move in well of
vM = 3rg
rg
death, vmin = Difference between
Centrifugal force s tension at lower most
Centrifugal force is and uppermost point:
directed along the radius TL TH = 6 mg
Banked road
away from the centre of a
circle. v2
In vector form, it is given Angle of banking: = tan–1
rg
mv 2
by, F = + r̂0 Most safe speed, vs = rg tanθ
r
tan s tan s
vmin = rg ; vmax = rg
1 s tan 1 s tan
34
34
Chapter 1: Rotational Dynamics
Important Formulae L cos
ii. Period of conical pendulum, T = 2
g
1. In U.C.M angular velocity:
14. For mass tied to string:
i. = v ii. = i. Minimum velocity at lowest point to complete
r t
2 V.C.M: vL = 5rg
iii. = 2n iv. =
T ii. Minimum velocity at highest point to complete
V.C.M: vH = rg
2. Angular displacement:
iii. Minimum velocity at midway point to complete
i. = t ii. = 2 t
T in V.C.M: vM = 3rg
iii. = 2nt iv. Tension at highest point in V.C.M:
3. Angular acceleration: mv2H
TH = mg
t
r
i. = 2 1 ii. = 2 (n2 n1)
t t mv 2m
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v. Tension at midway point in V.C.M: TM =
4. Linear velocity: r
i. v = r ii. v = 2nr vi. Tension at lowest point in V.C.M:
mv2L
5. Centripetal acceleration or radial TL = + mg
r
v2 vii. Difference between tension at lower most and
nt
acceleration: a = = 2r
r uppermost point:TL TH = 6 mg
n
Tangential acceleration: a T = r
6. 15. Moment of Inertia: I = m r i i
2
= dmr 2
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i 1
7. Centripetal force:
2
mv I
i. FCP = ii. FCP = mr2 16. Radius of gyration: K =
r M
42mr
iii. FCP = 42 mrn2 iv. FCP = 17. Kinetic energy:
T2
v. FCP =mg = m2r
1 2 1
i. K.E = I = I (2n)2
2 2
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8. Centrifugal force: FCF = FCP
1
ii. [Link] = Mv2
v2 1 2
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9. Inclination of banked road: = tan
1 2 1 K
2
rg 1 2 2
iii. [Link]= [Mv + I ] = Mv R 2
2 2
10. On unbanked road:
i. Maximum velocity of vehicle to avoid skidding
m
2gh
on a curve unbanked road: vmax = rg 18. Velocity of rolling body: v =
K2
1 2
v2 R
ii. Angle of leaning: = tan1
rg
Sa
g sin θ
19. Acceleration of rolling body: a =
11. On banked road: K2
1 2
μ s tan θ R
i. Upper speed limit: vmax = rg 20. Torque acting on a body:
1 μ s tan θ
dL d n n
tan θ μ s i. = I = ii. =I = 2I 2 1
ii. Lower speed limit: vmin = rg dt dt t
1 μ s tan θ
21. Angular momentum of a body: L = I = I(2n)
iii. vmax = rg tan (in absence of friction)
22. From principle of perpendicular axes:
12. Height of inclined road: h = l sin IZ = IX + IY
13. Conical Pendulum: 23. From principle of parallel axes: Io = Ic + Mh2
i. Angular velocity of the bob of conical
24. From principle of conservation of angular
g momentum:
pendulum, =
L cos i. I11 = I22 ii. I1n1 = I2n2
35
Std. XII Sci.: Precise Physics (Vol. I)
Analogs of kinematical equations of linear and rotational motion:
Equation for translational motion Analogous equation for rotational motion
vav = u v av = 0
2 2
a = dv v u = d 0
dt t dt t
v = u + at = 0 + t
u v 1 2 0 1 2
s = vavt = t = ut + at = avt = t = 0t + at
2 2 2 2
v2 = u2 + 2as 2 = 02 + 2
Analogs of linear and rotation motion:
Translational motion Rotational motion
t
Quantity Symbol/expression Quantity Symbol/expression Inter-relation, if possible
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Linear Angular
displacement s displacement s = r
Linear velocity
ds Angular velocity
d
v = = v = r
dt dt
nt
Linear dv Angular d
acceleration a= acceleration = = r
dt dt
Rotational inertia
Inertia or mass m or moment of I I = r 2dm m i ri2
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inertia
Linear Angular
momentum p = mv momentum L = I L = r p
Force
dp Torque
dL
f = = = r f
dt dt
Work W= f s Work W= -
e
Power P = dW = f v Power P = dW = -
dt dt
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M.I. of different bodies with different axis of rotation:
No. Shape of regular body Axis of rotation Moment of Inertia
i. Rod of mass M and Centre of rod and perpendicular to length. ML2
length L (thin rod)
m
12
One end and perpendicular to length. ML2
3
ii. Circular ring of mass M Line passing through its centre and perpendicular
Sa
MR2
and radius R to its plane.
Any diameter. 1
MR2
2
Any tangent in the plane of the ring. 3
MR2
2
Any tangent perpendicular to the plane of the ring. 2 MR2
iii. Circular disc of mass M Through centre, perpendicular to plane of disc. 1
MR2
and radius R 2
Any diameter. 1
MR2
4
Tangent in the plane of the disc. 5
MR2
4
Tangent perpendicular to plane of disc. 3
MR2
2
36
36
Chapter 1: Rotational Dynamics
iv. Solid sphere of mass M Any diameter. 2
MR2
and radius R 5
Any tangent. 7
MR2
5
v. Hollow sphere of mass M Any diameter 2
MR2
and radius R 3
vi. Solid cylinder of mass M, Axis passing through its centre and parallel to its 1
MR2
radius R and length L length. 2
Through centre perpendicular to length. R 2 L2
M
4 12
vii. Hollow cylinder of mass Axis passing through its centre and parallel to its
MR2
M, radius R length
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viii. Annular ring or thick Axis passing through its centre and perpendicular to I = 1 M r22 r12
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walled hollow cylinder its plane 2
ix. Uniform symmetric Any diameter r2 r1
I= 2M 3 3
5 5
spherical shell
5 r2 r1
x. Uniform plate or Axis passing through its centre of the side and I = 1 M(L2 + b2)
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rectangular parallelepiped perpendicular to its plane 12
8. An object of mass 2 kg attached to wire of
Exercise length 5 m is revolved in a horizontal circle. If it
makes 60 r.p.m. Find its
1.2 Characteristics of Circular Motion
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i. angular speed ii. linear speed
1. Mention characteristics of circular motion. iii. centripetal acceleration
[2 Marks] iv. centripetal force [3 Marks]
Ans: Refer Q.3. Ans: i. 6.28 rad/s ii. 31.4 m/s
2. Explain right hand thumb rule. [1 Mark] iii. 197.192 m/s2 iv. 394.384 N
Ans: Refer Q.6 1.3 Applications of Uniform Circular Motion
9. Obtain an expression for maximum possible
e
3. With the help of an example, explain the term speed for a vehicle to move on horizontal
uniform circular motion. [2 Marks] unbanked road. [3 Marks]
Ans: Refer Q.8 Ans: Refer Q.22
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4. Difference between centripetal force and 10. Derive an expression for angle at which the two
centrifugal force. [2 Marks] wheeler rider has to lean with the vertical while
Ans: Refer Q.14 driving along an unbanked circular road. [3 Marks]
m
Ans: Refer Q.23
5. A body of mass 1 kg is tied to a string and
revolved in a horizontal circle of radius 1 m. 11. Describe well of death. [1 Mark]
Calculate the maximum number of revolutions per Ans: Refer Q.25
minute, so that the string does not break. Breaking
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12. Obtain an expression for minimum safest velocity
tension of the string is 9.86 N. [2 Marks] of a body to move in well of death. [2 Marks]
Ans: 30 Ans: Refer Q.26
6. A 0.5 kg mass is rotated in a horizontal circle of 13. Obtain an expression for angle of banking when
radius 20 cm. Calculate the centripetal force acting a vehicle moves along a curved banked road.
on it, if its angular speed of rotation is 0.6 rad/s. [2 Marks]
[2 Marks] Ans: Refer Q.30
Ans: 0.036 N 14. Obtain an expression for lower and upper speed
7. A string breaks under a tension of 10 kg-wt. If limit for a vehicle moving on a banked road.
the string is used to revolve a body of mass [4 Marks]
12 g in a horizontal circle of radius 50 cm, what Ans: Refer Q.32
is the frequency of revolution and linear speed 15. If friction is made zero for a road, can a vehicle
with which the body can be revolved? move safely on this road?
[g = 9.8 m/s2] [3 Marks] [1 Mark] [Feb 23]
Ans: 20.34 rev/s, 63.95 m/s Ans: Refer Q.33 (i)
37
Std. XII Sci.: Precise Physics (Vol. I)
16. Define the following terms. 27. Obtain an expression for moment of inertia of a
i. Simple pendulum ii. Conical pendulum uniform disc about an axis passing through
[2 Marks] centre and perpendicular to the plane.[2 Marks]
Ans: Refer Q.34(i and ii) Ans: Refer Q.72
17. Obtain an expression for time period of a
28. Calculate the moment of inertia of a uniform
conical pendulum. [4 Marks]
disc of mass 10 kg and radius 60 cm about an
Ans: Refer Q.35
axis perpendicular to its length and passing
18. State the factors on which frequency of a through its centre. [1 Mark] [Mar 22]
conical pendulum depends? [2 Marks] 1
Ans: Refer Q.36 Ans: I = 1 MR2 = 10 (0.6)2 = 5 0.36 = 1.8 kg m2
2 2
19. Can a string become horizontal during revolutions 1.6 Radius of Gyration
in conical pendulum? Explain. [2 Marks]
t
Ans: Refer Q.38 29. Define radius of gyration and give its physical
significance.
en
20. With what maximum speed a car be safely
[2 Marks] [Oct 13; July 18; Mar 19]
driven along a curve of radius 40 m on a
horizontal road, if the coefficient of friction Ans: Refer Q.77(ii) and Q.75
between the car tyres and road surface is 0.3? 1.7 Theorem of Parallel Axes and Theorem of
[g = 9.8 m/s2] [2 Marks] Perpendicular Axes
Ans: 10.84 m/s
nt
30. State and prove theorem of parallel axes.
21. Find the angle of banking of a railway track of [4 Marks] [Mar 14, 16, 20; July 23]
radius of curvature 250 m, if the optimum
Ans: Refer Q.81
velocity of the train is 90 km/hr. Also find the
elevation of the outer track over the inner track
Co
31. State and prove theorem of perpendicular axes
if the two tracks are 1.6 m apart. [3 Marks] about moment of inertia. [4 Marks]
Ans: 1419, 0.3955 m Ans: Refer Q.83
22. A stone of mass one kilogram is tied to the end of
a string of length 5 m and whirled in a vertical 32. M.I of a solid sphere about its diameter is 25 kg
circle. What will be the minimum speed required m2. Find its M.I. about a tangent. [2 Marks]
at the lowest position to complete the circle? Ans: 87.5 kg m2
e
[Given: g = 9.8 m/s2] [2 Marks]
33. The moment of inertia of a disc about an axis
Ans: 15.65 m/s
passing through its centre and perpendicular to
pl
23. A flat curve on a highway has a radius of its plane is 20 kg m2. Determine its moment of
curvature 400 m. A car goes around a curve at a inertia about an axis
speed of 32 m/s. What is the minimum value of i. coinciding with a tangent perpendicular to its
coefficient of friction that will prevent the car from plane.
m
sliding? (g = 9.8 m/s2) [1 Mark] ii. passing through a point midway between the
Ans. 0.26 centre and a point on the circumference,
perpendicular to its plane. [3 Marks]
1.4 Vertical Circular Motion 2
Ans: i. 60 kg m ii. 30 kg m2
Sa
24. A particle of mass m, just completes the vertical
circular motion. Derive the expression for the 1.8 Angular Momentum or Moment of Linear
difference in tensions at the highest and the Momentum
lowest points. [4 Marks] [Mar 13]
Ans: Refer Q.53 34. Obtain an expression that relates angular
25. Obtain an expression for upper limit on the momentum with the angular velocity of a rigid
speed when vehicle is at the top of a convex body. [2 Marks]
overbridge. [2 Marks] Ans: Refer Q.95
Ans: Refer Q.60 1.9 Expression for Torque in Terms of Moment
1.5 Moment of Inertia as an Analogous Quantity of Inertia
for Mass 35. Derive an expression for torque acting on a
26. Give the physical significance of moment of body rotating with uniform angular acceleration.
inertia. [2 Marks] [3 Marks] [July 16]
Ans: Refer Q.69 Ans: Refer Q.97
38
38
Chapter 1: Rotational Dynamics
1.10 Conservation of Angular Momentum 2. The bulging of earth at the equator and
flattening at the poles is due to _______.
36. State law of conservation of angular momentum. (A) centripetal force
[1 Mark] [July 22]
(B) centrifugal force
Ans: Refer Q.99 (Statement only)
(C) gravitational force
37. State and prove: law of conservation of angular (D) electrostatic force
momentum. [3 Marks] [Oct 15]
OR 3. If a cycle wheel of radius 0.4 m completes one
State and prove principle of conservation of revolution in 2 seconds, then acceleration of the
angular momentum. [2 Marks] [Feb 23] cycle is _______ m/s2.
Ans: Refer Q.99 (A) 0.4 (B) 0.4 2
2 0.4
38. An automobile engine develops 62.84kW while (C) (D)
0.4 2
rotating at a speed of 1200 rpm. What torque
t
does it deliver? [1 Mark] [July 22] 4. In rotational motion of a rigid body, all particles
move with ______. [Feb 20]
en
P P 62.84 kW
Ans: τ = (A) same linear velocity and same angular
2n 2 3.142 1200 rpm
velocity
62840 W
500 Nm (B) same linear velocity and different angular
2 3.142 1200 / 60 rps velocity
39. The angular momentum of a body changes by (C) different linear velocities and same
nt
80 kg m2/s. When its angular velocity changes angular velocities
from 20 rad/s to 40 rad/s, find the change in K.E (D) different linear velocities and different
of rotation. [2 Marks] angular velocities
Ans: 2400 J
*5.
Co
A particle of mass 1 kg, tied to a long string is
1.11 Rolling Motion whirled to perform vertical circular motion,
under gravity. Minimum speed of a particle is
40. Obtain an expression for total kinetic energy of 5 m/s. Consider following statements.
1 K2 i. Maximum speed must be 5 5 m/s.
a rolling body in the form MV2 1 2 .
2 R ii. Difference between maximum and minimum
[2 Marks] [Mar 16] tensions along the string is 60 N.
e
Ans: Refer Q.106 Select correct option.
(A) Only the statement (i) is correct.
41. Obtain expressions for the acceleration of a
pl
rigid body along the an incline and the speed (B) Only the statement (ii) is correct.
after falling through a certain vertical distance. (C) Both the statements are correct.
[3 Marks] (D) Both the statements are incorrect.
Ans: Refer Q.109 [Note: Question has been modified to get the required
m
answer.]
Multiple Choice Questions 6. The minimum velocity (in m s1) with which a
car driver must traverse a flat curve of radius
Sa
[1 Mark Each] 150 m and coefficient of friction 0.6 to avoid
skidding is (g = 10 m/s2)
*1. When seen from below, the blades of a ceiling (A) 60 (B) 30
fan are seen to be revolving anticlockwise and (C) 15 (D) 25
their speed is decreasing. Select correct
statement about the directions of its angular 7. Maximum safe speed does not depend on
velocity and angular acceleration. (A) mass of the vehicle.
(A) Angular velocity upwards, angular (B) radius of curvature.
acceleration downwards. (C) angle of inclination (banking).
(D) acceleration due to gravity.
(B) Angular velocity downwards, angular
acceleration upwards. 8. A 500 kg car takes a round turn of radius 50 m
(C) Both, angular velocity and angular with a speed of 36 km/hr. The centripetal force
acceleration, upwards. acting on the car will be
(D) Both, angular velocity and angular (A) 1200 N (B) 1000 N
acceleration, downwards. (C) 750 N (D) 250 N
39
Std. XII Sci.: Precise Physics (Vol. I)
9. The radius of gyration of a solid sphere of 17. If ‘L’ is the angular momentum and ‘I’ is the
radius r about a certain axis is r. The distance of L2
this axis from the centre of the sphere is _____ r moment of inertia of a rotating body, then
2I
(A) 0.6 (B) 0.5 represents its
(C) 0.5 (D) 0.6 (A) rotational P.E.
(B) total energy
10. Rotational K.E of a body is 10 J. If the angular
(C) rotational K.E.
momentum vector coincides with the axis of
(D) translational K.E.
rotation and its M.I about this axis is 5 kgm2
then its angular momentum is ______ SI units. 18. A thin ring has mass 0.25 kg and radius 0.5 m. Its
(A) 10 (B) 20 M.I. about an axis passing through its centre and
(C) 30 (D) 40 perpendicular to its plane is _______. [Mar 18]
(A) 0.0625 kg m2
11. If the angular velocity of a body rotating about a (B) 0.625 kg m2
t
given axis is doubled, then its rotational K.E (C) 6.25 kg m2
(A) is doubled. (D) 62.5 kg m2
en
(B) is halved.
(C) becomes four times. 19. The moment of inertia of a ring of mass
(D) becomes one-fourth. 5 gram and radius 1 cm about an axis passing
through its edge and parallel to its natural axis is
12. A sphere is rolling on a horizontal surface (A) 5 g cm2 (B) 2.5 g cm2
nt
without slipping. The ratio of the rotational K.E (C) 20 g cm 2
(D) 10 g cm2
to the total kinetic energy of sphere is
(A) 2/5 (B) 2/7 20. Angular momentum of two bodies of moment of
(C) 5/7 (D) 3/7 inertia I1 and I2( I1> I2) is same. If E1 and E2 are
rotational K.E, then
Co
13. A body is acted upon by a constant torque. In (A) E1 = E2 (B) E1> E2
4 seconds its angular momentum changes from L (C) E1< E2 (D) E1 E2
to 4L. The magnitude of the torque is _______.
L 3L *21. In a certain unit, the radius of gyration of a
(A) (B)
4 4 uniform disc about its central and transverse
(C) 3L (D) 12L axis is 2.5 . Its radius of gyration about a
tangent in its plane (in the same unit) must be
e
14. For a rolling hollow sphere, ratio of translational
K.E: rotational K.E: total K.E is (A) 5 (B) 2.5
(A) 3 : 2 : 5 (B) 1 : 2 : 5 (C) 2 2.5 (D) 12.5
pl
(C) zero (D) 5 : 3 : 2 *22. Consider following cases:
*15. Select correct statement about the i. A planet revolving in an elliptical orbit.
ii. A planet revolving in a circular orbit. Principle
m
formula (expression) of moment of inertia (M.I.)
of conservation of angular momentum comes in
in terms of mass M of the object and some of its
force in which of these?
distance parameter/s, such as R, L, etc.
(A) Only for (i)
(A) Different objects must have different
(B) Only for (ii)
Sa
expressions for their M.I.
(C) For both, (i) and (ii)
(B) When rotating about their central axis, a
(D) Neither for (i), nor for (ii)
hollow right circular cone and a disc have
the same expression for the M.I. *23. A thin walled hollow cylinder is rolling down an
(C) Expression for the M.I. for a parallelopiped incline, without slipping. At any instant, the ratio
rotating about the transverse axis passing “Rotational K.E.: Translational K.E.: Total K.E.” is
through its centre includes its depth. (A) 1:1:2 (B) 1:2:3
(D) Expression for M.I. of a rod and that of a (C) 1:1:1 (D) 2:1:3
plane sheet is the same about a transverse
axis. 24. When the bob performs a vertical circular
motion and the string rotates in a vertical plane,
16. The shaft of a motor rotates at a constant the difference in the tension in the string at
angular velocity of 3000 r.p.m. The radian it has horizontal position and uppermost position is
turned through in one second is _______ _______. [Mar 22]
(A) 1000 (B) 1 (A) mg (B) 2mg
(C) 100 (D) 10 (C) 3mg (D) 6mg
40
40
Chapter 1: Rotational Dynamics
25. A body performing uniform circular motion has
constant _______. [July 23]
(A) velocity
(B) kinetic energy
(C) displacement
(D) acceleration
Answers to Multiple Choice Questions
1. (B) 2. (B) 3. (B) 4. (C)
5. (C) 6. (B) 7. (A) 8. (B)
9. (D) 10. (A) 11. (C) 12. (B)
13. (B) 14. (A) 15. (B) 16. (C)
17. (C) 18. (A) 19. (D) 20. (C)
t
21. (B) 22. (C) 23. (A) 24. (C)
en
25. (B)
Hints to Multiple Choice Questions
5. vmax = 5rg
nt
= 5 rg = 5 5 .…(since, vmin = rg )
TL TH = 6 mg = 6 1 10 = 60 N
I
Co
9. K=
M
Using theorem of parallel axes,
2
I = Io + Mh2 = Mr2 + Mh2
5
2
M r2 h2
5
e
r=
M
2
r2 = r2 + h2
pl
5
3 2
h= r h= r= 0.6 r
5 5
m
18. Ic = MR2 = 0.25 0.52 = 0.0625 kgm2
1
21. Case I: MR2 = MK12
2
Sa
2
R
K12 =
2
5
Case II: MR2 = M K 22
4
5
M 2 K 12 = MK 22
4
5 5
K 22 = K12 = 2.5 = 2.5 2.5
2 2
K2 = 2.5 m
K2
23. For hollow cylinder, =1
R2
K2 1 K2
2
:1: = 1:1:2
R R2
41
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