1 rectors and The

Eneometny of Spac .

1
compab =
☆ ab

T
3
a te
projab = sompab
bor
-

at [ brcy =
$ 3bo -

ha bla
.

-x 5 y

- yo ←2 v

w (t) [ 1.3 fr
0

A = = = *

8. + wet ,

dL
altbyitE
+
m .
lrr ).
:
o a mr = m ro-

in .

poo
yt ,
"a bcs
1
=
P
d comP P
.
n -
.
.

□
= .

. ,
 2 .
Veator Functions
G rst )- flf 3 ,
gafs, bhtss
<

Q (A b3

LEJab Irstilalf
θ =

-
fds
/ rst3 l =

op ( teas

T lumiit
tangent westory Eurvattume
.
.

A
)rr " A )
=
(

1 =" "
×)
T β( x 3 =

= " 1 +++ y

S3 R
= T 1N 1
= Tdt r ( x] =
< 2 fln ) )
.
:

tT XT
" '
h =
. +

r" =
! :|
! B× T ]+

" '
IT " |
∴
klt) =

IT ≡F =
1
T .T
'
+ TT -
= D
"
T J =
O .
TXT ,

TNB

"
a t)
. Tht )

=1 Ossalating Plame 1T ,
n )

3 cTrcle of arvature [ )
' st '
NCE = itnormal rector
IT " AI T
f
.

: naaodTus =

Nn B

( A ) = TIt ] X NEt ) . miit binormal vecton

‰
Normal Blame EB ,
N )

'(
sB = [ J + [ Tπ ) s =EN ,=tT
n'
( s
N] = = NIT
'
)
+

(
'

s XT N
s
,

s
(,
11 N( : s
+ B )

Torsiom
s ( +) ω 6t )
= -
[ (
s 3 /N , [
[ s)= - s

0 N
=
1 k

" t )β ' ,

Fremet Semat -

brmanlas

1 .

os = kN
2 .

s =
- kT + EB

|
= = =
1 ==
βe P5]
) k

.
N
,
N =
BET
1
[: (+/ 3 0 ]
ds +
S
=
T +B 5 ,
1 kti dIT
= I ,
" N
,
= - kT + EBs ,

=
< f ( t)
g /f ) hlt)
γ ( A) = .
3
,

VEt3 =
r. ]t
Kv = . 0

Nt ) 1 =
t =
. = 1
= vrsts
'
VsAI =
&T , alt ] =
'
w T + kvPN

'

v a .
=
v N .

√ lt 3 =
WT

☆
r
aht ) =☆ ' ( )= + T ) +
= vs
"(
vT : kv=
f
' T
1
× e an =

.
' '
=
T + kv N
μ
μ
3 Partial
.
BerTvatires I .

sevel Curves :
flaly ) k =

- lim fbsyyet HE 30 , 7830 5 . t .

OKK a ) e( y
-
b
] <δ S ( l ( y) - L I KE
Eiliy ) - y lu ,b

lim
byf ( 3),
y]
=
fla b)
"

( by ( s ( a ,

=
fyla , bl lth ,
tla b) - , b)
Sc (x . y ) =
f
= =
l
. ltb (g ) - flyug )

btbry fy y= lns .
fcasby f(
fylu b ] ,
=
-
Sy ( l.
y) = =
yph 1-

Elasrant s Thm
'
.

fly fye .
Br 2 fay [ a, b) =
fyp lm ,
b 3

psd ilns =
flanth
- , bfh ) - flath , by ) -

(fla , bth ) -
flaib ) ] 3 .
s. w ) olh )
=(f ath ,b+ h -flabta ) )
( 1

-
( f(ath ,
b) -
f (a . b) ]
f (s, bth) - f . b )
gi ( )
x =

gly ] =
flathiy ) -

flany )
olhy =
, Catht - gila =
hgice
.

by M 53
∞ (h 3 glb+ h ) glb )
-

ElU atblor laaph , as

=
E U
g )
)
,
. .
0

th thalkibtth )
-

foulaiby )
:
=
hfaylkcdl , Adelbi bttal ou lbttks tos lby M ..
W 3

I lim byfaylk , d )
=
=
sh fbly la .
b ) fyala , b =lso h fayla
)
=
(
b3
,

(cadzsla.

f P[ =fiy
Y× , . )
2
, .
, 2

2 - 20 =( Sxx y , . ] (x -> o ] (
*fy( l .
y 3 [y y )
.
-
.

( a 1b ) mδ L [≥ , y)

I
h (l g ) , =
flanity +. f
(( a , b ) [ x - a )+ fy a , [y b )
( )
-

I =
fEly 37 ( abl

f
. +
Dz = fa ( a , b3 wo ( + fyla . b 3 oy + E 1 43 k fEaD
.
t
=
t
fy + t E 2

E . Ea D s dz fadsl + fydy
y3 ]
3
. bes (o
=
0 → 0
, ,

fa , fyr (a , b ) ,
la tbzansa
,

f <lb 3 .
4 Partial DerTratires I
.

The Charn Rule

< Eanse | 3 =f 3 ( y ) = h( t )
= g(←
(
,
2

,
K y ,
)

" =

(+ .
E Canse 23 =f( x , y
2 ] ,
K = g s , ) yk (
( t
,
s
, ←)
,

= s + y. = □ +

< Gemeral Nersion ?

U 31 ; , 31 n .[ , t
…
tm

, =
,
t, +
… +
.
( (, , m 3 >

, , =0=
. F

v
β

( = -
F *

" ,
. ~

S (310 , yo] ) U =
Ea b ☆ .

( blotha , yotab ) l -
Pu f (ahosyo = ]
limmso + f

5 , U =< a , b ) ,

Buf ( z" y 3 =
fnEd , y] a + fy ( l y 7 b
3 .

Duf (b* y 3 =
Pf( )
,
y)
0
~
f
gradientos
"

BS( aly ] :fa sl . g ,fy( < (

) l ,g )
>
= i +

aothc )
dTmof
fplotha Yofhb ,

Duf (30 , Yo 203=

,

3g Of (t Y
-

; , = . 0 , 20 ]
1

cfu =
Ea , b , 0 s

l ( 40 thu ) - 5( * )
∂us ( x) =
.
.

.
f ,
Buf( x 105 ( x ) ) .

Pf ) Du 51 ×) 8f M = 1 Dflas .
θ
.
=

, Pf 11 M .

Lerel Surfuses
Tanagent plames to ~ ~ F<ksy . a ) = k

s rse ] as ( t 3 gEt 3 h (t ) ?
Fa(lo yo 3 Fy 1 . 1 v .
=
, .

, ,
a 03 [a(- 21 . + l ] ly yo ] +=( yo
. - , .
z 03 a [ -
20 ) = o

FK , y , 23 = ∞

. Nomal Iime t+ α t= 0
- o= y Y0
220
-

DF r (t 3
Fy P D
= .

-
=

x
:
F
∞F t wEt )
"
 losal matimumI minTmin
-

ra (l y] f (9 fmin
{
F( y b<☆
= b)
28 . 0 ,
- 3
] f
. . :

fll. y 3 ≤ flaib ) : lmar

ft cub )alyh .malx / lmin , (9 , 67 ,

f. laib 3 =
ω , fyla ,
b3 =
w

P5 ) f( l , b )
y (ac )
! gayflrg
)
=

)
.

f (a b ) . . f ew .

Sia b ) . - . e
N
. f

q< 0 ( by ]
g(
/
=
b) = 0 ( by "
)
=> fbelamnb ) = = fyllb ) = 0

Second Derivarsives Tast

foaclar , b ) = 0. fy ( a, b
) =ω .

P5 ] U = ahik 3 .

(h k | 3

tzy /
f
faht fyk
Blaib )
= ty Bu5 =
,

mekg
β

Du f = h .
:) 1330 .
fsx 3 ω .
) la? m

i π] 13 . 0 .
foua < o fmat k hfkytkfyy
h f.
=

akfayh f kzfyy
bmyemoaz
+
T:] BEO s fla , b3
9
= s

fiylhtk )hltb
5
=

☆ B 0 =
test farled [ ]

-
EVT
.

closed .boemleadset aBa S ,

G tmax
.
,
a MTn
.

Method of Lagranage Mmltipkers

.

r8 = x 8g uth
∆
5 Multiple
.

Iategrals I

double
infegral
fflisldAlnmmy . f (
1

= 5 . yi ** ) A
≈

lubk

nTdpoint rule
, (

kf ( ] dA ≈ f y , Y) 0 A

vailme
averosege

fare =

sSS (l, y 3dt

fedSabspliyndbcdy
d
Sab S .
- fcly) dybe =

Center of mass

m -
f, β (lig ) d/ t . Ihc= f, Y β
(y
] dA .My =S ( β Eny] dH
-

inertTar

ffy ffs f
p

In y ) IA . Iy ( al y 3 dA 10 Bey) P (y 3 dit
=
(β =

=
, ,

Suffase area

Z = 5 (. y ] .
( 31 . Y / E 12 .
fa , fy :

s A (s3 =

+-
y( dA

[ .Y ☆ ☆
n

,x 2

2 ]< ! y
?
axb =
< -

fa bxoy , -
fy o< oy , b
3kiy ☆

slaxb l
=i
. 4fy δ A

∴
S =

limm " a + bl =S 4fy| dA

,
6 .
Mnttiphe Istegrals I .

triple integral
f ( liyK . yigkt , ☆π
SE JCy ,
23 dV =

lnm
. ns .
* Z JDV

Jacoblan
.

ogluirs , y
hEau , v)

*
vu
ldudv

"

. 2 v

= .. d
mv
. dueedo
13 Vestor
.
Calculus I
.

Vecfor field
F () F (l . y 3
,
y3 . .
a

smootbcurre
r /t 3 : smowth Cure a=3 p (t 3 : , Kt 3 F D

Iine integral
.

= f ( bl yi53
Safllgbds dim :
*
,
D 5:
.

Sabf ( yler ) ieildt =

asen ,

β
.

faflbl .ylds fa f ( =
l( t) .
y (t ) ] a' ( tidt
f
Safbsysaly = fab ( ( ) yst ) yKtalt he , 1]

.
ITme
integral of F

ScEodi =
Sab F ( rles 3 . π 'Etldt =
f
( . 5 ds :
E (

)]
π=
)

fc Pdx +
Qdy + Rdz

thervem
lundamantal oITme integrals
ε . smooth curve .
r (t ) .
a ≤tab .

f .
.
88 : C .

Scaf . dr = f
( r( k )] - f

( rlal 3 ( f . F
= 8f ,
f F potenfial Sumatiom .

Pf ) ↓
Scxf .
dr =

fa of ( r (t ) ) onit ) dt

oflrchy 3 o
γ 'se ]
=e +
y]
+ =
1 flrce ) '
lby Charn Bule I 3
b
fcofadr So fde f ( raelb dt =
.
=
[fcrelyJab =
flrkb) ] -

fcrean ) "

FC , fcF . dr
ε
B
[a = 3fF dr -
= O

"
( )
o .
F dr
.
=
fe F dr faaF dr
.
-
+ - =

fa .Fdr - fe
. F - dr = ω

[≈ ) (
Fdr =
O faF dr - = -

faaFdr = f

- a.
F dr
- 3 F . □
,

Ca :
positive ofTanteal
C :

4Fat opar conmectedegTonB cf open Gonmected

regiom
-

≈☆ BS =
F S 5; ,

R83

,
"
1.F .
" FYi" Fipldr -
, ↑
.

Fs, l
'
"
iis

F Bi +
=
Qj .

, y)

Sanpy fodr
.y
=
fsaby β
Pdx + Qdy

fcarby F
1.
y3
f (1 y ) =
(, ] odry .

) y)
( f( l .
y)
=
( Sclig Plx =
P(Bny >
" y'
ESw ) Ci !
=
2

E '
f( y
Qdy =
①
DF =
P: + Q , P
Q ,

P5 ] 5 :

=
2
8
-

s
. t .

∞ f
-

= F

.. =
)

DFβ + QZ ,
open sTmphy conmaated wagion D
-
cf
open simply -
comsrested

G
urve
smooth
B Q .
,
=
,

F .

sGreen ' Theoren

C .

Bosstively orianted .
precewTse smootk -

, simple closed cupve

3:
ragTon bounded by E
P Q ,
:

S PdxtQdy =
.
(
-
] dA

P5) .

:sgifan
, β
SaPdxe Sa
β

fas Plx fa pP f
≈
Pdxt = (
. gilalbds + p(l ga (axs 3 dn

Js Sapdx s gdA
µ " ,
a
.
,

.
,

,
: gdA -Sg gol
- Pp
gal ) Br glnil) ) ahe
,
,

1 -
.
," ,
a b

Pyigai , Sa (

ostofaQdy = LdA
.
So Bdx +
Qly =

S -

3 dA

Curl .

Birergent
EHIF =
RXF diVF =
7 . F

θ
8 cM
ε
, Cul (a 5 ] =
0 .
DF =
2 + QZ+Rk . P .Q R . 2 ,

pf 3
curl /353 =
B + Rf diw lanl F ) =
① ,

=
< . , , [ , ,
2, P53 arl F =
③ ,- ,
~ -

=
α ③ ,
, , Y. ,
?
dir faurl F
=Zty
)
-
+ ~ α2
+ .
- y
= ⑦
y ]
=
3
DP Fonds sfdiNF (
.
ny ] d / 2
,
. F Tds S
.
-
=
nlF kdA .

D
F F PS} cirlt )
EUIF D β

"
.Fdr ( -Td f =S
=

dftChyGren
, , ,
F ( KA ☆ ) Jhms
w '
.

=☆ . ' ( tldt s
F .
]
F

curlF
.

= .

k dA

^ :
.

( Fnds (
Pdy- Qd = × +
] d* =

d :vFdA

Sist 3 , ycts 6 F

PEtQFon lt3 xEt

T =
-③ )
= P

(
t

n y 1, ☆ : f) s
=

1 ' -
b Vector
.
Calcanlus .

.
Surfare Avea

smooth parametric surSace 5 : r u,( ry =

sluny it
ylu , v]
Z + zluiv ] k [M ,
v ] ED af r (t 3 :

rlmw ) :

surfaceaarea of S A ( sf
I γ ux teld *
s :

w
P S]
-

"

" .
v

o
s A (53 :
limmins . 1 K* ( 2 Uv

"
axldud☆
.

level surface ; paliy 3 = Eoa

gesl yus
.

,
ya ,

3 st (s) =
f * (] [ dA

Pf ] (= <
1,☆ ,
g3 , γ y ED | 1
=
.
gy 3

1 ( 5 ≤* =

y grs gy

Sur face-
Integrals
.

cf opsenfed surSace :

uni' t normal rector n .

fFds ffFinds Flux = ; osF across S ,

[Link] = . (Buxtrbalff
F

SF ds =SS
.
=, 5

mds = SGF
' unyuxIuxmldA . F
[ ruxK) dA ,

☆ =
-
p - y + R 3 dA
①
F - ds 6

βs ) E (y ]
= aol ( . y ,
gGl .
y] >

s Va2 = ∠1, 8 .
gsas ,
ty = $☆ 1 l ,
gys
rxty= - | 3
ga . Guy
L
-
.

S. F ds . =

- agy
- pg + R
] dA
.

Stoke s Thewrern '

S orTenteal Biecewise -smoothsutface .bounded by a stmple closeal

,
,BTesewise
-smooth
boundarycarveCwTthpostfiveOI
F: open vagion u

s
SaF dn sCurlF-
= .
ds

P5 ] F =
p: +
Qj + Rk
S ε ,
. v ( ts =
haEt 3 ,
y (t 3 ,
glalt 3 ,
yht 33 >

fnl F d ?- -∂ ] α
-
233 dA
(
.
δ =
- .] y + -

θ
F . dr = . Pe + Q ++ R ←[ QtR ] db )
]
.

. IP 9 R . ]d 1

□ □

3 + +( + , + Ry-

□]
= > +
, .
α,
Q / iy al" ) )
y , (

Bsrergence Theoram
E :
simple soltalreglon . 5. boundarysurface of E ,postTreoutwardorTaututio

F oBen
:

region

ofFds = IWEdv

P5 } S2 : ha (iy )

SF fsFonds fS
.
ds = = P: nds + f, Qg . nds +
fSRkomds
.

sihilluy
,

SRk - ads= ,Rkinds+ fs .Rkinds+ ff.

Rkondsy
f

Ef
.
n= ∠ -

gas gy
-

, 13

β5 ) 2=
gax .
y]

GR ( l. y bull . y ) ydA
, fR ( ohiy
+
, hasay ) ) dA let →lly
.

M= Bf
z 3 = a -

g (" y ) = 0

angs gy 13
= -

W , .

S1 n .

fdivFdv = dv f
+
dV + v

Sn melg
s
aV=
)
,
dv= Rk nds f
f .

- Plaiy hiiyl i -

☆ w ) P ①
.

ff di√ Fdv =

fSF ds
.