Building’s Water Supply and Drainage & Solid
Waste Collection and Disposal System.
Module:3
History of water supply and sanitation
❖ The history of water supply and sanitation is one of a logistical challenge to
provide clean water and sanitation systems since the dawn of civilization.
❖ Areas where water resources, infrastructure or sanitation systems were insufficient,
diseases spread and people fell sick or died prematurely.
❖ Major human settlements could initially develop only where fresh surface water was
plentiful, such as near rivers or natural springs.
❖ Throughout history, people have designed systems to get water into their
communities and households and disposing wastewater and later also treating the
waste water was planned.
❖ The historical focus of sewage treatment was on the conveyance of raw sewage to a
natural body of water, e.g. a river or ocean, where it would be diluted and dissipated.
Early human habitations were often built next to water sources. Rivers would often
serve as a crude form of natural sewage disposal.
❖ Sewage treatment (or domestic wastewater treatment, municipal wastewater
treatment) is a type of wastewater treatment which aims to
remove contaminants from sewage to produce an effluent that is suitable to discharge
to the surrounding environment or an intended reuse application, thereby
preventing water pollution from raw sewage discharges.
Water sources
Global distribution
• Water is present in abundant quantities on and under Earth’s surface, but less than 1 percent of it is liquid fresh
water.
• Most of Earth’s estimated 1.4 billion cubic km of water is in the oceans or frozen in polar ice caps and glaciers.
• Ocean water contains about 35 grams per liter of dissolved minerals or salts, making it unfit for drinking and for
most industrial or agricultural uses.
• There is ample fresh water—water containing less than 3 grams of salts per litre, - to satisfy all human needs.
• It is not always available, though, at the times and places it is needed, and it is not uniformly distributed over the
globe, sometimes resulting in water scarcity for susceptible communities.
• In many locations the availability of good-quality water is further reduced because of urban development,
industrial growth, and environmental pollution.
Water Treatment
• Public drinking water systems use different water treatment methods
to provide safe drinking water for their communities.
• Public water systems often use a series of water treatment steps that
include ---
✔ coagulation,
✔ flocculation,
✔ sedimentation,
✔ filtration, and
✔ disinfection.
Coagulation
• Coagulation is often the first step in water treatment.
• During coagulation, chemicals with a positive charge are added to
the water.
• The positive charge neutralizes the negative charge of dirt and other
dissolved particles in the water. When this occurs, the particles bind
with the chemicals to form slightly larger particles.
• Common chemicals used in this step include specific types of salts,
aluminum, or iron.
Flocculation
• Flocculation follows the coagulation step.
• Flocculation is the gentle mixing of the water to form larger, heavier
particles called flocs.
• Often, water treatment plants will add additional chemicals during
this step to help the flocs form.
Sedimentation
• Sedimentation is one of the steps water treatment plants use to
separate out solids from the water.
• During sedimentation, flocs settle to the bottom of the water
because they are heavier than water.
Filtration
• Once the flocs have settled to the bottom of the water, the clear water on
top is filtered to separate additional solids from the water.
• During filtration, the clear water passes through filters that have different
pore sizes and are made of different materials (such as sand, gravel, and
charcoal).
• These filters remove dissolved particles and germs, such as dust, chemicals,
parasites, bacteria, and viruses.
• Activated carbon filters also remove any bad odors.
• Water treatment plants can use a process called ultrafiltration in addition
to or instead of traditional filtration. During ultrafiltration, the water goes
through a filter membrane with very small pores. This filter only lets
through water and other small molecules (such as salts and tiny, charged
molecules).
Disinfection
• After the water has been filtered, water treatment plants may add one or
more chemical disinfectants (such as chlorine, chloramine, or chlorine
dioxide) to kill any remaining parasites, bacteria, or viruses.
• To help keep water safe as it travels to homes and businesses, water
treatment plants will make sure the water has low levels of the chemical
disinfectant when it leaves the treatment plant.
• This remaining disinfectant kills germs living in the pipes between the
water treatment plant and your tap.
• In addition to or instead of adding chlorine, chloramine, or chlorine dioxide,
water treatment plants can also disinfect water using ultraviolet (UV) light.
• UV light and ozone work well to disinfect water in the treatment plant, but
these disinfection methods do not continue killing germs as water travels
through the pipes between the treatment plant and your tap.
Water Distribution Systems and Operations
• Drinking water comes from a variety of different sources.
• As water makes its way through the hydrologic cycle, it comes back to
land in the form of precipitation (rain, snow, etc.).
• Some of it is captured in lakes and rivers, while some of it percolates into
the earth’s surface and becomes groundwater.
• Groundwater can be pumped back up through groundwater wells and
surface water can be treated and delivered to customers.
• In order for water to continue to flow out of the faucet when it is turned on
by customers, it requires a network of pipes, pumps, storage, and other
components which make up a distribution system.
• Here we will discussion about the storage, pipes, pumps, and various
appurtenances.
• Appurtenance is a general term used to describe things such as valves,
fire hydrants, meters, among other things.
Distribution Systems-
Once the source brings the water to the water supplier, it must make its way through a network
of pipes, facilities, and various appurtenances in order for water to get to the customer. Below
is a breakdown of the primary components of each of these.
❑ Pipelines
1. Transmission Mains ❑Appurtenances
2. Distribution Mains
1. Valves
3. Service Laterals
2. Angle Joints
❑ Facilities 3. Fire Hydrants
1. Storage Structures 4. Meters
2. Pump Stations
3. Pressure Reducing Stations
Distribution Systems-
Pipelines
• Pipelines are arteries and veins of a water distribution system.
• They are in a variety of lengths and sizes and deliver water throughout a
wide range of areas.
• They are commonly referred to as-
✔ transmission,
✔ distribution, and
✔ service mains/pipes.
Transmission Mains
• As water is brought from a surface water treatment plant to a water supplier, or as
water is pumped from the ground, it must be connected to piping to begin the
distribution process.
• Many times a surface water treatment plant and sometimes drinking water wells
are located outside of the area where water is to be supplied.
• In such case, transmission mains play an important role in bringing water to the
distribution system.
• Transmission mains are large diameter pipes, which travel long distances
carrying large volumes of water.
• Some transmission mains can exceed diameters of 10 feet (120 inches) or more.
Not all water suppliers have transmission mains of this size and some may not
travel long distances. Smaller water suppliers might have transmission mains
around 24 inches in diameter and only travel a mile or less.
• Transmission mains are commonly welded steel and ductile iron pipe.
Distribution Mains
• Distribution mains typically range in size from 6 inches up to 24 inches in
diameter.
• There are three common network structures distribution mains are laid out
in: arterial, grid, and tree.
• The “tree” network is typically the least desirable since they result in
multiple dead ends. A dead end is a pipeline, which ends without any
connections on the end of it. For example, most cul-de-sacs are dead ends.
• A grid network is usually the most desirable because all the pipelines within
the grid are interconnected. Distribution mains are most commonly ductile
iron pipe. However, polyvinyl chloride (PVC) is also extensively used.
Asbestos cement pipe is often found in older water systems and is not
typically installed any more.
Service Laterals
• In order for water to get to each customer individually, pipes need to
be connected to a distribution main and brought to the customers
parcel. Service laterals are these pipes.
• Service laterals are typically made of copper or plastic and connect to
a distribution main and run to the customer’s parcel, connecting to a
water meter.
• The picture below refers to the “distribution main” as a water main
and the “service lateral” as a service line
Pump house
• A pump house is a building that contains water pumps that
move water for irrigation, land drainage, sewage treatment,
or fire fighting. Pump houses have been around for a long
time and are still commonly used.
• What Are Pump Houses?
• A pump house is a building that houses powerful pumps
for irrigation or many other purposes. Pump houses are
also called pumping stations.
• Pump houses are also used in fire fighting and for other
purposes. There are pump houses for land drainage,
drinking water, wastewater, canals, and more.
Pumping Station Maintenance
• Irrigation pump houses can be anywhere from small to large,
depending on the purpose. If the owners do not maintain the
equipment, it will eventually stop working properly or break.
• In the humid Florida climate, rust is a big threat. Rust can destroy
external and internal piping, plus other essential parts of the system.
Routine rust removal is necessary.
Other Parts That Need Maintenance
• Motors can also break if they are not maintained. You need to grease the
bearings, or they will fail. Variable frequency drives can also fail due to the
connections heating up repeatedly.
• There are other parts of a pumping station that need maintenance,
including:
• Pump station protective devices
• Pressure tanks
• Centrifugal stations
Wet and dry solid waste segregation
• Dry waste includes wood and related products, metals and glass. Wet
waste typically refers to organic waste usually generated by eating
establishments and are heavy in weight due to dampness. With
segregation, each form of waste goes into its category at the point of
dumping or collection, but sorting happens after dumping or
collection.
•Waste segregation can be defined as the process of
identifying, classifying,dividing and sorting of garbage
and waste products in an effort to reduce, reuse and
recycle materials.
• In order to segregate waste appropriately, it is important to correctly
identify the type waste that is generated. For the purposes of waste
segregation at source, waste is identified and classified into the following
categories depending on their biological, physical and chemical properties:
• Dry Waste – Refers to all items that are not considered wet/soiled items.
This includes both recyclable and non-recyclable materials. Dry waste
includes items such as bottles, cans, clothing, plastic, wood, glass, metals
and paper.
• Wet Waste – Refers to all items that are organic like food items, soiled food
wrappers, hygiene products, yard waste, tissues and paper towels, as well as
any other soiled item that would contaminate the recyclables.
• Sanitary Waste – Refers to all liquid or solid waste originating solely from
humans and human activities. (Can also include items from medical waste)
• Hazardous Household Waste – Refers to all household products that contain
corrosive, toxic, ignitable, or reactive ingredients, other than used oil.
• E-Waste – Refers to all kinds of electronic waste.
• Hazardous Waste – Refers to all items, products and by-products that contain
corrosive, toxic, ignitable or reactive ingredients.
• Inert Waste – Refers to waste items that are neither chemically or biologically
reactive nor decompose easily
Type of Waste Color of Bin
Wet Waste Green
Dry Waste Blue
Sanitary Waste Red
E-Waste Black or Grey
Hazardous Waste Black
Significance of Waste Segregation
Waste segregation is critical because of the fact that certain types of wastes can be hazardous and can
contaminate the environment if not managed correctly. (Some of these types of waste may also have the
potential to cause disease or get into water supplies or contaminate the land with different types of
leachates.)
When waste is unsegregated, it may get contaminated with different types of waste being stored together.
Such waste cannot be treated or managed and most of the time end up being dumped into local dump yards
or landfills. With waste segregation, management of different types of wastes becomes possible. This directly
results in reduced amounts of waste being dumped at dump yards or landfills.
Waste Segregation is always step one for all types of waste management solutions that may be implemented
either on individual level or community level.
Color Codes for Bins
What is the difference between wet waste and segregation?
Wet waste typically refers to organic waste usually generated by eating
establishments and are heavy in weight due to dampness. With
segregation, each form of waste goes into its category at the point of
dumping or collection, but sorting happens after dumping or collection.
Segregation of waste ensures pure, quality material.
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