Science 2 Notes IMP
Heridity & Evolution :-
What is heredity ?
- Heredity is the transfer of biological characters from one generation to another via
genes.
Who is father of modern genetic
- Gregor Johann Mendel is pioneer of the modern genetic.
What is transcription ?
- Transcription is the process of synthesis of RNA from DNA..
What is Tranlation ?
- Translation is the process of synthesis of proteins according to the genetic
message present on mRNA.
What Is Translocation ?
- Translocation is the transport of soluble products of photosynthesis from leaves to other
parts of the plant.
What is Central Dogma ?
- Central dogma explains the flow of genetic information in a cell from DNA to RNA
and from RNA to protein.
What is Triplet Codon ?
- A triplet codon is a sequence of three consecutive nucleotides on mRNA that codes
for a specific amino acid.
What Is mutation and with example ?
- Any nucleotide of the gene changes its position that causes a minor change which
is nothing but the ‘mutation’.
Ex- Sickle Cell Anemeia
What Is evolution ?
- Evolution is the gradual change occurring in living organisms over a long duration.
Evidences of evolution\;-
1. Morphological Evidences
2. Anatomical Evidences
3. Vestigial Organs :-
- Degenerated or underdeveloped useless organs of organisms are called as vestigial
organs.
Ex :- Appendix , Ear Muscles , Tail Bone
Appendix is not useful in human body but it is useful in cows because for digestion of
the grass and ability to bring back the grass eaten by cow to mouth is the thing which
is not useful in human and useful in animals .
4. Palaeontological Evidences
- Remnants and impressions of such organisms remain preserved underground.
These are called as fossils.
- Carbon dating method is used to determine the age of ancient objects, fossils, and
dead organisms by measuring the amount of radioactive carbon-14 present in them.
- The radioactivity element is C-14
- Carbon dating method is based upon the radioactive decay of naturally occurring
C-14 and it is developed by Willard Libby.
5. Connecting Links
Ex - Duckbill Platypus , Lungfish , Peripatus
👉 Duck-billed Platypus is the connecting link between reptiles and mammals.
👉 Peripatus is the connecting link between annelids and arthropods.
👉 Lungfish is the connecting link between fishes and amphibians.
6. Embryological Evidences:
Ex- Fish , Pig , Cow , Man
Darwin’s theory of natural selection:-
Darwin’s theory of natural selection explains how organisms change slowly over
generations.
According to this theory, more organisms are produced than can survive. Due to this,
there is a struggle for existence.
Organisms show variations, and those with useful variations survive and reproduce,
while others die.
The organisms which survive are called the “fittest”.
Over a long period of time, these useful variations are passed on to the next
generation, leading to evolution.
Lamarckism :- Only Theory is imp
1st :- use or disuse of organs
2nd :- inheritance of acquired characters
Human Evolution:-
Who is Wise man ?
Ans - Neanderthal man
Who is human like animal ?
Ans - Chimpanzees
2. Life Processes in Living
Organisms Part -1
By What Eating we get carbohydrates , protein , lipids ( Fats ) ?
Ans - We obtain the carbohydrates from milk, fruits, jaggary, cane sugar, vegetables.
We Obtain the protein from meats , poultry , fish , eggs , dairy products
We Obtain the lipids from avocados, nuts, seeds, olive oil, canola oil, fatty fish
We get 4kcal energy from protein
We get 9kcal energy from lipids
Carbohydreat is obtained in the form of ATP. For this purpose, glucose, a type of
carbohydrates is oxidized step by step in the cells. This is called as cellular
respiration.
NAD: Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide
FAD: Flavin adenine dinucleotide
ATP: Adenosine triphosphate
muscle cell does the anaerobic respiration
Proteins are large, complex molecules made up of smaller units called amino acids
linked together by peptide bonds.
The substances formed by specific chemical bond between fatty acids and alcohol
are called as lipids.
fatty acids are used for producing hormones like progesterone, estrogen,
testosterone, aldosterone, etc.
Vitamins are a group of heterogeneous compounds of which, each is essential for
proper operation of various processes in the body.
e.g. A, B, C, D, E and K.
🌱 Life Processes in Living Organisms –
Part 2
5. Explain the process of sexual reproduction in plants.
Sexual reproduction in plants involves formation of male and female gametes, pollination,
fertilization, and formation of seeds and fruits.
6. Describe the human reproductive system with a labeled diagram.
The human reproductive system produces gametes and supports reproduction.
● Male system: Testes, vas deferens, penis
● Female system: Ovaries, fallopian tubes, uterus
(In exam, draw and label the diagram.)
7. What is sex determination in humans? Explain with a flowchart.
Sex determination depends on sex chromosomes.
● Mother → XX
● Father → XY
If sperm carries X → Female (XX)
If sperm carries Y → Male (XY)
8. Differentiate between asexual and sexual reproduction.
Asexual Sexual
One parent Two parents
No gametes Gametes
involved
No variation Variation present
🌍 Environmental Management
9. What are the objectives of disaster management?
● Minimize loss of life and property
● Provide quick rescue and relief
● Rehabilitation of affected people
10. How can biodiversity be conserved?
● Protecting forests and wildlife
● Creating national parks and sanctuaries
● Reducing pollution
11. Explain the causes and effects of acid rain.
Causes: Emission of SO₂ and NO₂ from industries and vehicles.
Effects: Damage to plants, soil, water bodies, and buildings.
⚡ Towards Green Energy
12. Explain the solar photovoltaic effect.
Solar photovoltaic effect is the conversion of solar energy into electrical energy using solar
cells.
13. Give two commercial uses of biotechnology.
● Production of vaccines
● Production of insulin
14. Why is nuclear energy not environmentally friendly?
It produces radioactive waste which is harmful and difficult to dispose of safely.
🐾 Animal Classification
15. Identify the phylum of an organism with a pseudocoelomate body
and thread-like shape.
Phylum: Aschelminthes (Nematoda)
16. Differentiate between homologous and analogous organs.
Homologous Analogous
Same structure Different structure
Different function Same function
17. Classify the following:
● Cockroach → Arthropoda
● Whale → Mammalia
● Cat → Mammalia
● Human hand → Mammalia
🦠 Introduction to Microbiology
18. Define biotechnology.
Biotechnology is the application of living organisms or their products for human welfare.
19. What are microorganisms? Give two examples.
Microorganisms are minute organisms not visible to naked eye.
Examples: Bacteria, yeast.
20. Explain the role of microbes in food production.
Microbes are used in making curd, bread, cheese, and fermented food.
🧬 Cell Biology and Biotechnology
21. What is the peculiarity of DNA structure?
DNA has a double helix structure with complementary base pairing.
22. Explain the process of protein synthesis.
Protein synthesis occurs in two steps:
● Transcription: DNA → RNA
● Translation: RNA → Protein
23. What is the difference between mitosis and meiosis?
Mitosis Meiosis
Somatic cells Reproductive cells
Two daughter cells Four daughter
cells
No variation Variation present
🧠 Social Health
24. What are the symptoms of stress?
● Anxiety
● Irritability
● Lack of concentration
25. Give two remedies for stress.
● Yoga and meditation
● Physical exercise
26. Why is social health important?
Social health helps in maintaining good relationships and mental well-being.
🚨 Disaster Management
27. What are the steps in disaster management?
● Preparedness
● Mitigation
● Response
● Rehabilitation
28. Name two natural disasters and their preventive measures.
● Earthquake: Earthquake-resistant buildings
● Flood: Proper drainage system
📊 Recent Exam Trends (2024–2025)
MCQ Answers:
● Glucose oxidation produces CO₂ and H₂O → True
● Vinegar contains acetic acid → True
● Solar photovoltaic cells convert solar energy to electrical energy → True
Short Answer:
29. Why is the mother not responsible for the sex of the child?
Because the father’s sperm decides the sex of the child.
30. Why do higher plants perform anaerobic respiration?
Due to lack of oxygen in waterlogged conditions.
Long Answer:
31. Explain the process of energy production in cells.
Energy is produced in cells by respiration. Glucose is broken down to release energy in the
form of ATP.
32. Describe the structure and function of the human excretory system.
The human excretory system includes kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder, and urethra.
It removes nitrogenous wastes and maintains water balance.