GUJARAT TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY

Program Name: Bachelor of Engineering

Level: UG
Branch: ALL
Course / Subject Code: BE01R00051
Course / Subject Name: Basic Electrical Engineering

w. e. f. Academic Year: 2024-25

Semester: Ist Year
Category of the Course: ESC

Prerequisite: NA
Rationale: Electricity has been the main source of energy for the developing and developed
countries. Per capita consumption of electricity of a country can be considered as
an indicator of the development of the country. In view of this, it is essential for all
engineering graduates to know the basic aspects of electrical engineering. This
subject deals with basic circuit solution methods, introduction to electrical
machines and basics of domestic electrical installations.

Course Outcome:
After Completion of the Course, Student will able to:

No Course Outcomes RBT Level

01 Apply fundamental electrical laws and circuit theorems to electrical circuits. Application
02 Analyze single phase and three phase AC circuits. Analyze
03 Describe operating principle and applications of static and rotating electrical Understand
machines.
04 Understand the wiring methods, electricity billing, and working principles of Read &
circuits protective devices and personal safety measures. Understand
05 Understand the electrical safety and purpose, types and scope of earthing Read &
systems Understand

Teaching and Examination Scheme:

Teaching / Learning Scheme

Total Assessment Pattern and Marks
(in Hours per semester)
Credits Total
Theory Tutorial / Practical
= Marks
L T P TW/SL TH ESE PA PA/ TW/ ESE
TH/30
(E) (M) (I) SL (I) (V)
45 0 30 45 120 04 70 30 20 30 50 200
Where L = Lecture, T= Tutorial, P= Practical, TW/SL = Term-Work / Self-Learning, TH = Total Hours, PA = Progressive
Assessment, ESE = End-Semester Examination
w.e.f. 2024-25 [Link] Page 1|6
 GUJARAT TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY
Program Name: Bachelor of Engineering
Level: UG
Branch: ALL
Course / Subject Code: BE01R00051
Course / Subject Name: Basic Electrical Engineering

Course Content:

Unit No. of % of
Content
No. Hours Weightage
1. DC Circuits:
Electrical circuit elements (R, L and C), voltage and current independent
sources, Kirchoff’s current and voltage laws, analysis of simple circuits
with dc excitation, Superposition, Thevenin and Norton Theorems, Star- 7 15
delta/Delta-Star conversion, Time-domain analysis of first-order RL and
RC circuits.
2. AC Circuits
Representation of sinusoidal waveforms, peak, RMS and average values
of different signals, form factor and peak factor, Phasor representation
of AC quantities, real power, reactive power, apparent power, power
factor. 9 20
Analysis of single-phase ac circuits consisting of R, L, C, RL, RC, RLC
combinations (series and parallel), Series and parallel resonances, Three
phase balanced circuits, voltage and current relations in star and delta
connections, Power measurement in three phase balanced circuits.
3. Magnetic Circuits & Transformers
Magnetic effect of electrical current, cross and dot convention, right hand
thumb rule and cork screw rule, Concepts of m.m.f, flux, flux density,
reluctance, permeability and field strength, Analogy between electric and
magnetic circuits, Magnetic Circuits, B-H Curve, Hysteresis Loop, 8 15
Hysteresis and Eddy current losses, Construction and working principle
of single-phase transformers: Construction, principle of working, voltage
and current ratios, losses, definition of regulation and efficiency, Ideal
and practical transformer.

4. Fundamentals of Electrical Machines

Generation of rotating magnetic fields, Construction and working of
Single-phase induction motors (Split phase, Capacitor start, Permanent
split capacitor, Capacitor start/capacitor run).
Single phase induction motor applications: pumps, refrigerators, fans, 9 20
compressors, and portable drills.
Construction and working of brushless DC motors and its application:
Electrical Vehicle, washing machines, Blowers, Computers/Laptops

w.e.f. 2024-25 [Link] Page 2|6

 GUJARAT TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY
Program Name: Bachelor of Engineering
Level: UG
Branch: ALL
Course / Subject Code: BE01R00051
Course / Subject Name: Basic Electrical Engineering

5. Electrical Wiring and Installations

Components of LT Switchgear: Switch Fuse Unit (SFU), MCB,
ELCB, MCCB.
Types of lamps, fixtures & reflectors, illumination schemes for
domestic, industrial & commercial premises, Lumen requirements for
different categories.
Earthing – Types of earthing and its importance.
Safety precautions for electrical appliances. 12 30
Types of Batteries, Characteristics of Batteries (Voltage, storage
capacity, discharge curve, cycle life).
Elementary calculations for energy consumption of home appliances
and electricity bill.
Basic electrical measurements with Ammeter, Voltmeter, Wattmeter
and Energy meter (working principle and circuit connection).
Total 45 100

Suggested Specification Table with Marks (Theory):

Distribution of Theory Marks
R Level U Level A Level N Level E Level C Level
40 20 20 20 0 0

Where R: Remember; U: Understanding; A: Application, N: Analyze and E: Evaluate C: Create (as per Revised
Bloom’s Taxonomy)

References/Suggested Learning Resources:

(a) Books:

1) D. C. Kulshreshtha, “Basic Electrical Engineering”, McGraw Hill, 2009.

2) Basic Electrical Engineering - Nagsarkar and Sukhija, Oxford University Press
3) B. L. Theraja, “Electrical Technology – Part I and II”, S. Chand and Co. 2012
4) D. P. Kothari and I. J. Nagrath, “Basic Electrical Engineering”, Tata McGraw Hill, 2010.
5) J. B. Gupta “ Basic Electrical Engineering”, S.K. Kataria & Sons,2023.
6) A Chakrabarti,S Nath and C K Chanda ”Basic Electrical Engineering”,TATA McGraw Hill,
7) S.L. Uppal “Electrical Wiring Estimating and Costing”, Khanna Publisher, 1987
8) Irving M. Gottlieb “"Practical Electric Motor Handbook"Newnes,1997
9) L. S. Bobrow, “Fundamentals of Electrical Engineering”, Oxford University Press, 2011.
10) E. Hughes, “Electrical and Electronics Technology”, Pearson, 2010.
11) V. D. Toro, “Electrical Engineering Fundamentals”, Prentice Hall India, 1989.

w.e.f. 2024-25 [Link] Page 3|6

 GUJARAT TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY
Program Name: Bachelor of Engineering
Level: UG
Branch: ALL
Course / Subject Code: BE01R00051
Course / Subject Name: Basic Electrical Engineering

Open source software and website:

1. [Link]
Suggested Course Practical List:
1) Introduction of Resistors, Capacitors and Inductors and usage of measuring instruments – voltmeter,
ammeter, multi-meter, oscilloscope.
2) To verify the Kirchoff’s current and Kirchoff’s voltage laws.
3) To verify the Thevenin’s and Norton’s theorems.
4) To verify Superposition’s theorems
5) To obtain sinusoidal steady state response of R-L and R-C circuits – impedance calculation and
verification phasor relationships between voltage and current and to observe the phase differences
between current and voltage phasors
6) To obtain steady-state and transient time-response of R-L, R-C, and R-L-C circuits to a step change
in DC input voltage (transient may be observed on a Digital Storage Oscilloscope)
7) To verify the phasor relationships between currents and voltages for resonances in R-L-C circuits
8) To measure the power in three phase balanced circuits using two wattmeter method
9) To verify the current phasor and voltage phasor relationships in three phase star and delta
connections
10) Demonstration of cut-section models and charts of various machines
11) Demonstration of domestic switch gears like MCB, ELCB, MCCB etc. of different ratings
12) Understanding of various safety precautions for electrical installations
13) Demonstration of various types of wires, fuses and cables
14) To Calculate energy consumption of various appliances and house hold electricity bills
15) To verify the power factor improvement in single phase AC circuit
16) Study the different types of domestic wiring
17) To obtain Hysteresis loop of a magnetic material on CRO/DSO

List of Laboratory/Learning Resources Required:

Ammeters, Voltmeters, Wattmeters, Resistors, Capacitors and Inductors of appropriate rating. Multimeters,
Digital storage oscilloscope, Cut section models/charts of various machines, Demo units for MCB, ELCB,
MCCB etc, Samples of wires and cables. Charts for earthing and safety precautions.

 Self-Learning Activity
Total Self-Learning Hours: 45
No. Activity Name Units Hours Brief Description Evaluation Criteria
Mapped
1 Technical Unit 1, 2, 3 10 (5+5) Watch curated videos (e.g., Report + Oral
Video-Based NPTEL/MIT OCW) on DC Presentation
Learning circuits, AC power,
w.e.f. 2024-25 [Link] Page 4|6
 GUJARAT TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY
Program Name: Bachelor of Engineering
Level: UG
Branch: ALL
Course / Subject Code: BE01R00051
Course / Subject Name: Basic Electrical Engineering

Transformers. Submit a
reflective report.
2 Numerical Unit 1, 2, 3 10 (5 × 2h) Solve 5 numerical Correctness,
Assignment assignments covering method, clarity
Writing Theorems, Power factor, AC
analysis, and Transformer
calculations.
3 Simulation & Unit 1, 2, 3 10 (5 × 2h) Simulate basic circuits Report +
Problem (RLC, transformer Screenshot +
Solving Using equivalent), transient Output sheet
Software analysis, and AC load
(Scilab, behavior.
Tinkercad,
LTSpice)
4 Case Study: Unit 5 5 (2.5+2.5) Study household wiring Report + Practical
Domestic layout and energy bills. Recommendations
Wiring & Estimate load, usage, and
Electricity suggest efficiency
Billing improvements.
5 Poster / PPT Unit 4, 5 4 Topic examples: “BLDC Technical clarity +
Preparation Motor in EV”, “Earthing Visual appeal +
Methods”, “Difference Presentation
between MCB & MCCB”
6 Group Unit 5 2 Discuss safety norms, role of Technical depth,
Discussion / protective devices, and articulation
Seminar on earthing types.
Electrical
Safety &
Earthing
7 Online Unit 1 to 5 2 Attempt at least 3 online Quiz scores +
Technical Quiz quizzes with screenshot of Reflection Note
/ Interactive scores and a 100-word
Simulation learning reflection.
(Electrical4U /
[Link])
8 Maintenance / Unit 1, 2, 4, 2 Record at least 5 issues Clarity of issue,
Troubleshooting 5 encountered during lab resolution steps
Logbook (Lab sessions and how they were
Based) resolved.
9 Annotated Unit 2, 3 Extra Make a 5–6 minute video Clarity, technical
Concept Video (Optional 5) explaining topics like phasor accuracy,
w.e.f. 2024-25 [Link] Page 5|6
 GUJARAT TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY
Program Name: Bachelor of Engineering
Level: UG
Branch: ALL
Course / Subject Code: BE01R00051
Course / Subject Name: Basic Electrical Engineering

(Optional – relationships or transformer originality

Higher Bloom’s working.
level)

Unit-Wise Mapping of Self-Learning Activities

Unit Topic Relevant Activities

1 DC Circuits Activities 1, 2, 3, 7, 8

2 AC Circuits Activities 1, 2, 3, 7, 8, 9

3 Magnetic Circuits & Transformers Activities 1, 2, 3, 9

4 Electrical Machines Activities 1, 5, 8

5 Electrical Wiring, Safety & Billing Activities 4, 5, 6, 7, 8

Note:
 All the suggested activity should be related to the subject.

 The number of hours is suggestive. Faculty can sub-divide the number of hours based on the [Link],
total number of hours is fixed.

 Rubrics for the evaluation can be prepared by the faculty.

 All records pertaining to the evaluation and assessment of self-learning activities must be properlymaintained and
preserved at the institute level. These records should be made available to the universityupon request.

 Institutes are encouraged to utilize digital platforms, such as Microsoft Teams, for effective record-keeping and to
ensure transparency in the evaluation and assessment of self-learning activities.

*******

w.e.f. 2024-25 [Link] Page 6|6

 A Laboratory Manual for

Basic Electrical Engineering

(BE01000051)

B.E. Semester 1st and 2nd (All

Branches)

Directorate of Technical Education, Gandhinagar,

Gujarat
 L. D. College, Ahmedabad
Certificate
This is to certify that Mr./Ms. ___________________________________
________ Enrollment No. _______________ of B.E. Semester _____
Electrical Engineering of this Institute (GTU Code: 028) has satisfactorily
completed the Practical / Tutorial work for the subject Basic Electrical
Engineering (BE01000051) for the academic year __________.

Place: __________
Date: __________

Name and Sign of Faculty member

Head of the Department

Basic Electrical Engineering (BE01000051)

Preface

Main motto of any laboratory/practical/field work is for enhancing required skills as well as
creating ability amongst students to solve real time problem by developing relevant competencies
in psychomotor domain. By keeping in view, GTU has designed competency focused outcome-
based curriculum for engineering degree programs where sufficient weightage is given to
practical work. It shows importance of enhancement of skills amongst the students and it pays
attention to utilize every second of time allotted for practical amongst students, instructors and
faculty members to achieve relevant outcomes by performing the experiments rather than having
merely study type experiments. It is must for effective implementation of competency focused
outcome-based curriculum that every practical is keenly designed to serve as a tool to develop
and enhance relevant competency required by the various industry among every student. These
psychomotor skills are very difficult to develop through traditional chalk and board content
delivery method in the classroom. Accordingly, this lab manual is designed to focus on the
industry defined relevant outcomes, rather than old practice of conducting practical to prove
concept and theory.

By using this lab manual students can go through the relevant theory and procedure in advance
before the actual performance which creates an interest and students can have basic idea prior to
performance. This in turn enhances pre-determined outcomes amongst students. Each experiment
in this manual begins with competency, industry relevant skills, course outcomes as well as
practical outcomes (objectives). The students will also achieve safety and necessary precautions
to be taken while performing practical.

This manual also provides guidelines to faculty members to facilitate student centric lab activities
through each experiment by arranging and managing necessary resources in order that the
students follow the procedures with required safety and necessary precautions to achieve the
outcomes. It also gives an idea that how students will be assessed by providing rubrics.

This laboratory manual is designed to supplement the theoretical knowledge gained in the Basics
Electrical Engineering course. It provides practical hands-on experience to reinforce concepts
such as Ohm's Law, Various laws and theorems, AC/DC circuits, Electrical Machines and safety
& protection. The manual includes step-by-step instructions for conducting experiments, as well
as detailed explanations of the underlying principles and equations. The experiments in this
manual have been carefully selected to cover the key topics in Basic Electrical Engineering and
to help students develop critical thinking, problem-solving, and troubleshooting skills. This
manual is an essential resource for any student studying electrical engineering, as it provides a
practical approach to understanding the theoretical concepts learned in class..

Utmost care has been taken while preparing this lab manual however always there is chances of
improvement. Therefore, we welcome constructive suggestions for improvement and removal of
errors if any.
Basic Electrical Engineering (BE01000051)

Basics Electrical Engineering

BE01000051

Lab manual prepared by

[Link]/[Link]
Assistant Professor, Electrical Engineering,
L.D. College of Engineering
Ahmedabad

Branch Coordinator
Dr. [Link]
Professor, Electrical Engineering
L.D. College of Engineering
Ahmedabad

Committee Chairman
Dr N M Bhatt
Professor of Mechanical Engineering
L. E. College, Morbi
Basic Electrical Engineering (BE01000051)

Practical – Course Outcome matrix

Course Outcomes (COs):

CO-1 : Apply fundamental electrical laws and circuit theorems to electrical circuits.
CO-2 : Analyze single phase and three phase AC circuits.
CO-3 : Describe operating principle and applications of static and rotating electrical machines.
CO-4 : Understand the wiring methods, electricity billing, and working principles of
circuits protective devices and personal safety measures.
CO-5: Understand the electrical safety and purpose, types and scope of earthing systems

Sr.
Objective(s) of Experiment CO1 CO2 CO3 CO4 CO5
No.

1. To verify the Kirchhoff’s laws for the given network √

To verify the Superposition theorem for the given

2. √
network

3. To verify the Thevenin’s theorem for the given network √

4. To demonstrate B-H curve √

To determine resistance, inductance, power and power

5. √
factor of series R-L circuit
To verify the current and voltage relationships in three
6. √
phase star and delta connections
To measure power in three phase circuit using two
7. √
watt-meter method

8. To study BLDC motors. √

To demonstrate the working of miniature circuit

9. √
breaker (MCB)
To study different types of batteries and its
10. √
applications.
Basic Electrical Engineering (BE01000051)

Industry Relevant Skills

The following industry relevant competency are expected to be developed in the student by
undertaking the practical work of this laboratory.
1. By performing experiments in Basic Electrical Engineering, students can develop a
systematic approach to identify and troubleshoot faults in electrical systems.
2. Students can get aware about elementary electrical safety by following the safety
guidelines while performing experiments in the lab.
3. By working in a team and presenting their experimental results, students can develop
effective communication skills.
4. Students can develop analytical skills by analyzing the experimental data and drawing
meaningful conclusions.
5. By documenting their experimental results, students can develop documentation skills
that are essential in the industry.

Guidelines for Faculty members

1. Teacher should provide the guideline with demonstration of practical to the students
with all features.
2. Teacher shall explain basic concepts/theory related to the experiment to the students before
starting of each practical
3. Involve all the students in performance of each experiment.
4. Teacher is expected to share the skills and competencies to be developed in the
students and ensure that the respective skills and competencies are developed in the
students after the completion of the experimentation.
5. Teachers should give opportunity to students for hands-on experience after the
demonstration.
6. Teacher may provide additional knowledge and skills to the students even though not
covered in the manual but are expected from the students by concerned industry.
7. Give practical assignment and assess the performance of students based on task
assigned to check whether it is as per the instructions or not.
8. Teacher is expected to refer complete curriculum of the course and follow the
guidelines for implementation.

Instructions for Students

1. Students are expected to carefully listen to all the theory classes delivered by the faculty
members and understand the COs, content of the course, teaching and examination scheme,
skill set to be developed etc.
2. Students shall organize the work in the group and make record of all observations.
3. Students shall develop maintenance skill as expected by industries.
4. Student shall attempt to develop related hand-on skills and build confidence.
5. Student shall develop the habits of evolving more ideas, innovations, skills etc. apart from
those included in scope of manual.
6. Student shall refer technical magazines and data books.
7. Student should develop a habit of submitting the experimentation work as per the schedule
and s/he should be well prepared for the same.
Basic Electrical Engineering (BE01000051)

Index
(Progressive Assessment Sheet)
Sr. No. Objective(s) of Experiment Page Date of Date of Assessme Sign. of Remar
No. perform submiss nt Teacher ks
ance ion Marks with date

Total
 Experiment No:
To verify the Kirchhoff’s law for the given network
Date:

Competency and Practical Skills: Knowledge of Kirchhoff's laws, Familiarity with the network
components, Ability to measure voltage and current

Relevant CO: Apply fundamental electrical laws and circuit theorems to electrical circuits.

Objectives: (a) To know the basic principles of Kirchhoff’s laws and their significance in circuit
analysis.
(b) To measure the currents at different nodes in the circuit and then compare them
with the sum of the currents entering and leaving the node.
(c) To measure the voltages across different elements in the circuit and then
compare them with the sum of the voltages in the closed loop.
(d) To solve the circuit using KCL and KVL and find the unknown currents and
voltages.
Equipment/Instruments: Resistors , Ammeters, Voltmeters, Regulated DC power supply,
Connecting probes.

Theory: Kirchhoff’s laws Kirchhoff’s laws are particularly useful (a) in determining the equivalent
resistance of a complicated network and (b) for calculating the currents flowing in the various
conductors.
⮚ KIRCHHOFF’S VOLTAGE LAW :
It states that “the algebraic sum of products of currents and resistances in each of the conductors in
any closed path in a network plus the algebraic sum of the [Link] in that path is zero”. In other
words,
∑IR + ∑e.m.f. = 0

It should be noted that algebraic sum is the sum which takes into account the polarities of the voltage
drops. Following sign convention is suggested:

SIGN CONVENTIONS :
a) battery e.m.f.: A rise in voltage should be given a + ve sign and a fall in voltage a –ve sign.
Keeping this in mind, it is clear that as we move from negative terminal of source to positive
terminal, there is a rise in potential, hence this voltage should be given a +ve sign. If, on the
other hand, we move from +ve terminal to –v terminal of voltage source, then there is a fall
in potential, hence it is to be considered as –ve.

b) Sign of IR Drop: Whenever we move in the direction of current there is a drop in voltage, Since
the current always flows from point at higher potential to the point at lower potential. Hence Voltage
drop in the current direction is taken as –ve. However, if we go in a direction opposite to that of the
current, then there is a rise in voltage.

⮚ KIRCHHOFF’S CURRENT LAW (KCL) :

It states that “in any electrical network, algebraic sum of the currents meeting a point is zero”. In
another way, it simply means that the total current leaving a unction is equal to the total current
entering that junction. It is obviously true because there is no accumulation or depletion of current
at any junction of the network. Consider the case of a few conductors meeting at a node as in fig.

Some conductors have currents leading to node whereas some have currents leading away from
node. Assuming the incoming currents to be positive and the outgoing currents negative, applying
KCL at node we have,
I1 + I2 -I3 -I4 = 0 OR I1 + I2 = I3 + I4

Set up diagram:

KVL
 KCL

Safety and necessary Precautions:

1. Wear protective gear
2. Ensure proper wiring
3. Use appropriate voltage
4. Use appropriate measuring equipment
5. Avoid touching the circuit
6. Handle components with care
7. Follow laboratory guidelines

Procedure:
1. Connect the circuit as per circuit diag.
2. Switch on the DC voltage supply, Adjust the voltage to any suitable value.
3. Take the reading of all the ammeters for KCL experiment and measure the voltages across all
the resistors for KVL experiment.
4. Changed the voltage of power supply and repeat step (3) and verify laws.

Observations:
1) KVL:
Measured:
SR Voltage V1 Voltage V2 Voltage V3 Total Voltage
No (V) (V) (V) V= V1+ V2 + V3

2) KCL:
Measured:
SR No Brach Current I1 (A) Brach Current I2 (A) Source Current I3 (A)
Calculation:

Results:
KVL:
Theoretical Measured
SR Total Voltage Total Voltage
No V= V1+ V2 + V3 V= V1+ V2 + V3
1
2
3
KCL:

Theoretical Measured
SR Total Current Total Current
No I3= I1+ I2 I3= I1+ I2
1
2
3
Conclusion:

Quiz:
1. State kirchhoff’s laws in context of DC circuit.

2. Any closed path formed by the branches in a network is called a_____________.

3. In network having N nodes, the number of independent equations required to solve the
network, with ground is as the reference node, is__________
4. Differentiate loop and Mesh.

Suggested Reference:
1. "Engineering Circuit Analysis" by William H. Hayt and Jack E. Kemmerly, The McGraw Hill
2. "Basic Electrical Engineering" by T. K. Nagsarkar and M. S. Sukhija, Oxford university press.
3. [Link] Basic Electronics Virtual Laboratory(IIT
KHARAGPUR)

References used by the students:

Rubric wise marks obtained:

5=Excellent 4=Very Good 3=Good 2=Fair 1=Needs more work

Rubrics Knowledge Calculations JiWriting Journal work and Total
skills submission
Marks
 Experiment No:
To verify the superposition theorem for the given network.
Date:

Competency and Practical Skills: Knowledge of superposition law, Familiarity with the network
components, Ability to measure voltage and current

Relevant CO: Apply fundamental electrical laws and circuit theorems to electrical circuits.

Objectives: (a) To construct a circuit containing multiple sources (such as voltage sources or
current sources) and resistors.
(b) To measure the response (voltage or current) at a specific point in the circuit
using a multimeter.
(c) To verify that the total response of the circuit when all sources are turned on is
equal to the algebraic sum of the responses measured when each source is turned
on individually
(d) To compare the experimental results with the theoretical predictions based on
the superposition theorem
Equipment/Instruments: Resistors , Ammeters, Voltmeters, Regulated DC power supply,
Connecting probes.

Theory: The Superposition Theorem is a fundamental principle in electrical engineering that states
that the response of a linear circuit to a set of multiple inputs can be calculated by considering the
individual responses of the circuit to each input, taken separately.

More specifically, the theorem states that in a linear circuit containing multiple sources (such as
voltage or current sources), the total response at any point in the circuit is the sum of the responses
due to each individual source acting alone, with all other sources turned off. In other words, the
contribution of each source to the final response is calculated independently and then added together
to obtain the total response.

The Superposition Theorem is based on the principle of linearity, which states that a linear system's
response to a sum of inputs is equal to the sum of the responses to each individual input. The
theorem can be applied to any linear circuit, regardless of its complexity, and it is a powerful tool
for simplifying circuit analysis and understanding circuit behavior. However, it can only be applied
to circuits with linear components, and it assumes that all the sources are independent of each other.

Set up diagram:
Safety and necessary Precautions:
1 Wear protective gear
2 Ensure proper wiring
3 Use appropriate voltage
4 Use appropriate measuring equipment
5 Avoid touching the circuit
6 Handle components with care
7 Follow laboratory guidelines

Procedure:
Connection are made as per the circuit diagram shown in figure given above.
1 Vary the supply voltage VS1 & VS2 and take the corresponding reading (I’1 +I’2)from the
ammeter.

2 Now VS2 is short circuited. Vary VS1 & take the corresponding reading I’1 from the
ammeter as shown in figure

3 Now VS1 is short circuited. Vary VS2 & take the corresponding reading I’2 from the
ammeter as shown in figure .
 4 Finally Verify whether I = ± I’1 ± I’2

Observations:

Measured Value
When both Vs1 and Vs2 are acting (I’1+I’2)
When only Vs1 is acting (I’1)
When only Vs2 is acting (I’2)

Calculation:
Result:

Current Through R2
Theoretical Value Measured Value
When both Vs1 and Vs2 are acting (I’1+I’2)
When only Vs1 is acting (I’1)
When only Vs2 is acting (I’2)

Conclusion:

Quiz:
1. State superposition theorem.

2. What is Node and super Node?

3. What are limitations of super position theorem?

4. Superposition theorem is applicable for linear network or nonlinear network? Justify your
answer.

Suggested Reference:
1. "Engineering Circuit Analysis" by William H. Hayt and Jack E. Kemmerly, The McGraw Hill
2. "Basic Electrical Engineering" by T. K. Nagsarkar and M. S. Sukhija, Oxford university press.
3. [Link] Analog Signals, Network and Measurement
Laboratory(IIT KHARAGPUR)
References used by the students:

Rubric wise marks obtained:

5=Excellent 4=Very Good 3=Good 2=Fair 1=Needs more work

Rubrics Knowledge Calculations Participation Journal work and Total
submission
Marks
 Experiment No:
To verify Thevenin’s Theorem for given network.
Date:

Competency and Practical Skills: Knowledge of Thevenin’s law, Familiarity with the network
components, Ability to measure voltage and current

Relevant CO: Apply fundamental electrical laws and circuit theorems to electrical circuits.

Objectives: At the end of this experiment, student will be able to

(a) Know about the Thevenin’s Law.
(b) Determine voltage across and current through any branch of circuits.
Equipment/Instruments: Resistors , Ammeters, Voltmeters, Regulated DC power supply,
Connecting probes.

Theory: Thevenin's theorem states that any linear circuit can be replaced by an equivalent circuit
containing a single voltage source and a single series resistor, known as the Thevenin equivalent
circuit. This equivalent circuit has the same voltage-current characteristics as the original circuit
between two terminals, also known as the load terminals.

To experimentally verify Thevenin's theorem, you can follow these steps:

⮚ Identify the circuit for which you want to find the Thevenin equivalent circuit.
⮚ Disconnect any load or resistor connected to the circuit.
⮚ Measure the open-circuit voltage across the load terminals. This voltage is the Thevenin
voltage (Vth).
⮚ Determine the equivalent resistance of the circuit seen from the load terminals. To do this,
short-circuit the voltage source and measure the current flowing through the load terminals.
This current is the short-circuit current (Isc). The equivalent resistance (Rth) is given by Rth
= Vth/Isc.
⮚ Connect the Thevenin voltage source (Vth) in series with the equivalent resistance (Rth) to
form the Thevenin equivalent circuit.
⮚ Verify that the Thevenin equivalent circuit provides the same voltage-current characteristics
as the original circuit between the load terminals. One can do this by connecting different
resistive loads to the load terminals and measuring the resulting currents and voltages. The
values should
match those
obtained
from the original
circuit.

Figure given above illustrates concept of thevenin’s theorem. Figure shows that given network is
replaced by thevenins equivalent which contains a voltage source Voc or Vth and a thevenins
equivalent resistance RTH.
Voc orVth:
This voltage is called open circuit voltage .It is the voltage between open circuited load terminals.
So Voc=Vth=VAB with ZL open circuited.

Set up diagram:

Fig.1

Safety and necessary Precautions:

1 Wear protective gear
2 Ensure proper wiring
3 Use appropriate voltage
4 Use appropriate measuring equipment
5 Avoid touching the circuit
6 Handle components with care
7 Follow laboratory guidelines

Procedure:
1 Connect the circuit as per fig.1.
2 Adjust the output voltage of the regulated power supply(Vs) to an appropriate value.
3 Note down the response (current) through the branch of interest i.e. AB (ammeter
reading).
4 Reduce the output voltage of the regulated power supply to 0V and switch-off the supply.
5 Disconnect the circuit and connect circuit as per the fig.2.
 Fig.2

6 Adjust the output voltage of the regulated power supply(Vs) to an appropriate value.
7 Note down the voltage across the load terminals AB (Voltmeter reading) that gives Vth.
8 Reduce the output voltage of the regulated power supply to 0V and switch-off the supply.
9 Disconnect the circuit and connect circuit as per the fig.3.

Fig.3

10 Adjust the output voltage of the regulated power supply to an appropriate value.
11 Note down the current (I) supplied by the source (ammeter reading).
12 The ratio of Vs and I gives the Rth (Thevenin’s Resistance).

Observations:

SR No Measured Value
1 Rth=
2 Vth =
3 IL =

Calculation:
Result:

Theoretical Value Measured Value

Rth= Rth=
Vth = Vth =
IL = IL =

Conclusion:

Quiz:
1. State Thevenin’s Theorme.

2. Draw the equivalent circuit for thevenin’s theorem.

3. What is the other name of thevenin’s theorem?

4. Thevenin’s theorem can be applied to networks containing active elements only. True/false?

Suggested Reference:
1. "Engineering Circuit Analysis" by William H. Hayt and Jack E. Kemmerly, The McGraw Hill
2. "Basic Electrical Engineering" by T. K. Nagsarkar and M. S. Sukhija, Oxford university press.
3. [Link] Analog Signals, Network and Measurement
Laboratory(IIT KHARAGPUR)

References used by the students:

Rubric wise marks obtained:

5=Excellent 4=Very Good 3=Good 2=Fair 1=Needs more work

Rubrics Knowledge Calculations Participation Journal work and Total
submission
Marks
 Experiment No:
To demonstrate B-H curve
Date:

Competency and Practical Skills: Knowledge of Electromagnetism, Familiarity with the Equipment, Basic
Knowledge of DSO/CRO Ability to measure voltage and current

Relevant CO: Describe operating principle and applications of static and rotating electrical
machines.

Objectives: (a) To determine the magnetic properties of a material.

(b) To study the hysteresis phenomenon.
(c) To analyze the magnetic behavior of a material.
(d) To compare different materials.
Equipment/Instruments: B-H Curve Kit, CRO/DSO, Connecting probes.

Theory: The flux density B is the ratio of the total no of lines of force existing in the magnetic field
(in webers) and the area (in m2) . Thus,
B=Total no. of lines of force (wb)/ Area (m2)
The permeability (µ) is the ratio of the change in flux density to the change in field intensity.
µ=change in flux density / change in field intensity = Δ B / Δ H
Materials like cobalt, nickel, iron which posses a value of y much greater than unity are called
ferromagnetic materials. Materials with m less than unity are called diamagnetic while materials
with µ values slightly greater than unity are termed as paramagnetic. For vacuum, the value of the
permeability is unity. When an alternating current is allowed to flow through an air core coil the
variation of flux density (B) with magnetising force (H), the flux density increses in phase with the
magnetising force.
Similarly the flux density decreases with the magnetising force in phase. However, for an iron cored
Coil or a coil consisting of a core of ordinary steel, the B-H or magnetization curve is exhibit. Due
to residual magnetism, the B-H curve or magnetization curve of the Iron core forms a loop called
the Hysteresis loop.
Saturable reactors normally use cores of nickel iron or silicon iron alloys. These materials may be
of(a) high permeability type (mumetal or permalloy) and (b) grain oriented alloys. Normally
saturable reactors employ
a)Thin laminations to reduce eddy current loss
b)Construction without gap to minimise flux leakage.

RETENTIVITY, COERCIVITY AND HYSTERSIS:

Ferromagnetic materials contain large no. of small regions, called domain. In each domain, all the
atomic magnets are fixed in rigid parallelism. Thus each domain has a net magnetization in a
particular direction distributed randomly. When a specimen of ferromagnetic material is placed in
a magnetizing field (H), the specimen is magnetized by induction. As the magnetizing field (H) is
varied, the intensity of magnetization of the specimen, ‘I’ changes. The variation in ‘I’ with
variation in H is shown in Figure (1). The point O represents an initially unmagnetised specimen
and a zero magnetizing field. As H is increased, ‘I’ also increases but not uniformly. When all the
domains are aligned in the field direction, the magnetization of specimen gets saturated at A. Any
further increase in H result no more increase in ‘I’.
If H is now decreased, ‘I’ also decreases but following a path AB. Thus ‘I’ lags behind H.
When H becomes zero, ‘I’ still has a value equal to OB. This amount of magnetization is called the
“residual magnetism" or "retentivity” of the specimen. Thus the retentively of a specimen is a
measure of the intensity of magnetisation remaining in the specimen when the magnetising field is
removed. If the magnetising field H be now increased in the reverse direction, the value of ‘I’ further
decreases, still lagging behind H and becomes zero when H has a value equal to OC. This value of
the magnetising field is called the “coercive force" or “coercivity” of the specimen. Thus coercivity
is a measure of the magnetising field required to destroy the residual magnetism of the specimen.
As H is increased beyond OC, the specimen is increasingly magnetized in the negative
direction, until the magnetic saturation is reached at D. By taking H back from its negative saturation
value, through zero, to its original positive saturation value, a similar curve DEFA is obtained.
It is thus found that the intensity of magnetization ‘I’ always lags behind the magnetising
field H, when H changes. The lagging of I behind H is called “hysteresis”. The closed curve
ABCDEFA which represents a cycle of magnetization of the specimen is known as the ’hysteresis
‘curve’ of the specimen. A graph between magnetic induction B and magnetising field H is similar
in shape with the only difference that B never becomes constant but always increases with H. Hence
in the B-H curve, the corners A and D are not straight but sloping.
Set up diagram:

Fig.2

Safety and necessary Precautions:

1 Wear protective gear
2 Ensure proper wiring
3 Use appropriate voltage
4 Use appropriate measuring equipment
5 Avoid touching the circuit
6 Handle components with care
7 Follow laboratory guidelines

Procedure:
1 Arrange the connections as Shown in Fig. (2) i.e. by Connecting the dotted A, B & C, D
points through patchcords. Connect X,Y and common points of CRO to points marked On
the front panel. Set the AC output between 3V-15V. Throw the sample select switch
Towards internal position so that FIG. (2) internal sample connects in the Circuit.
 2 Switch ON the instrument using ON/ OFF toggle switch provided on the front panel.
3 To get the proper loop vary the resistance (VR) & adjust the horizontal and vertical gain
controls (Gh and Gv) of the CRO to obtain proper shape and size of the waveform (Hystersis
Loop) as shown in Fig. (1).
4 Observe the Coercivity and Retentivity on CRO as shown in Fig. (1).
5 Tracing of B-H Curve: After obtaining a curve of suitable shape on CRO, a tracing paper is
put on the screen. Now, set the vertical gain Gv to zero (with maximum horizontal gain) to
obtain a straight line on the paper which marks the H-axis and then set the horizontal gain
Gh (vertical gain Gv is not zero) to zero to get a straight line which marks B-axis. Now,
adjust horizontal and vertical gain controls to their original position to obtain a curve of
suitable shape. Trace this curve on the paper.

Observations:

Conclusion:

Quiz:
1. The unit of magnetic field intensity is ________________
2. Magnetic circuit obeys
a) Kirchoff’s Law b) Thevenin’s theorem c) Nortorn’s theorem d) None of these
3. The word “Hysteresis” means_______________________
4. The unit of H x B is ______________________

Suggested Reference:
1. "Basic Electrical Engineering" by T. K. Nagsarkar and M. S. Sukhija, Oxford university press.

References used by the students:

Rubric wise marks obtained:

5=Excellent 4=Very Good 3=Good 2=Fair 1=Needs more work

Rubrics Knowledge Calculations Participation Journal work and Total
submission
Marks
 Experiment No:
To determine resistance, inductance, power and power factor of series R-L
circuit
Date:

Competency and Practical Skills: Knowledge of circuit theory, Familiarity with electrical components,
Understanding of measuring instruments, Familiarity with safety measures, Analytical and troubleshooting
skills, Ability to construct circuits.

Relevant CO: Analyze single phase and three phase AC circuits.

Objectives: (a) To understand the basic concepts of resistance, inductance, power, and power
factor in R-L series circuits and how they are related to each other.
(b) To learn how to measure the resistance and inductance of a circuit using
appropriate equipment and techniques, such as mustimeters.
(c) To investigate the relationship between the voltage, current, and phase angle in
an R-L series circuit and to determine the power factor of the circuit..
(d) To understand the practical applications of R-L series circuits in electrical
engineering, such as in AC power transmission and electric motors.
Equipment/Instruments: Rheostat, Ammeters, Voltmeters, Wattmeter, single phase AC Supply,
Inductive coil, Connecting probes.

Theory: The series R-L circuit comprises a resistor and an inductor connected in series with a
voltage source. When an AC voltage is applied to the circuit, it causes a current to flow through the
circuit. Due to the presence of inductance, the current lags behind the voltage by an angle. The
phase angle between the voltage and the current is known as the power factor.

The power factor of a circuit is defined as the ratio of the real power (P) to the apparent power (S).
The real power is the power consumed by the circuit, while the apparent power is the product of the
voltage and current. The power factor ranges from 0 to 1, with a power factor of 1 indicating a
purely resistive circuit.

The resistance (R) and inductance (L) of the circuit can be calculated using various electrical
measuring instruments, such as a voltmeter, an ammeter, and a wattmeter.

A choke coil can be considered as a series combination of resistance r and self-inductance L. Choke
coil is connected in series with a non – inductive resistance R (lamp-bank) across a 230 V, 50 Hz
AC supply. As per the fig.1,

𝑉𝑠
𝑍𝑐𝑘𝑡 = (1)
𝐼
𝑉𝑐𝑜𝑖𝑙
𝑍𝑐𝑜𝑖𝑙 = (2)
𝐼
𝑉𝑅
𝑅= (3)
𝐼
Where Zckt – Impedance of Total circuit
Zcoil – Impedance of choke coil
R – Resistance of Rheostat
Vs – Supply Voltage
 VR – Voltage across Rheostat
r – Resistance of choke coil

fig.1

It is evident that (𝑅 + 𝑟)2 + 𝑋 2 = Z2ckt (4)

𝑅 2 + 2𝑅𝑟 + 𝑟 2 + 𝑋 2 = Z2ckt
But Z2coil = 𝑟 2 + 𝑋 2
L = X
𝑅 2 + 2𝑅𝑟 + Z2coil = Z2ckt

Z2
− Z2
−R2
r= ckt coil

2
R (5)

Now, Z2coil = 𝑟 2 + 𝑋 2

X= Zcoil
2
−r2 (6)
But, L = X
X X
L= = H
 2
f
Thus, resistance and inductance of choke coil can be calculated.
Set up diagram:

Safety and necessary Precautions:

1 Wear protective gear
2 Ensure proper wiring
3 Use appropriate voltage
4 Use appropriate measuring equipment
5 Avoid touching the circuit
6 Handle components with care
7 Follow laboratory guidelines

Procedure:
1. Set up the series R-L circuit by connecting the rheostat and choke coil in series.
2. Connect the voltmeter across the resistor to measure the voltage (VR).
3. Connect the ammeter in series with the circuit to measure the current (I).
4. Connect the wattmeter to measure the power consumed by the circuit.
5. Switch on the AC voltage supply, Adjust the voltage to any suitable value
6. Record the readings of voltage, current, and power.
7. Repeat the measurements for different values of voltages.
8. Calculate the resistance (r), inductance (L), power (P), and power factor (PF).

Observations:

Voltage Voltage
Supply
across across Current Power
Sr. No. voltage
rheostat VR coil Vcoil I (amps) P (watts)
Vs (volts)
(volts) (volts)

1.

2.

3.
Calculation:
(Reading-1)
Vs V VR
Zckt = Zcoil= coil R=
(1) I = I = I =

Z2
−Z2
−R 2
L=
X
r= ckt coil H
X =Z −r = 2f =
2 2 2
(2) 2R = coil

R+r
=
cos
(3) Zckt = =
Power P=VsIcos

(Reading-2)
V V VR
Zckt = s Zcoil= coil R=
(1) I = I = I =

Z2
−Z2
−R 2
L=
X
r= ckt coil H
X2 =Zcoil
−r2= 2f =
2
(2) 2R =

R+r
=
cos
(3) Zckt = =
Power P=VsIcos

(Reading-3)
V V VR
Zckt = s Zcoil= coil R=
(1) I = I = I =
 Z2
−Z2
−R 2
L=
X
r= ckt coil H
X =Z −r = 2f =
2 2 2
(2) 2R = coil

R+r
=
cos
(3) Zckt = =
Power P=VsIcos

Result:

Inductive
Inductan
Resistance reactance Power
Sr. ce of coil Power
R Zckt Zcoil of coil of coil factor
No (L) H (P) Watt
(r) Ω (X) Ω (cosΦ)

1.

2.

3.

PHASOR DIAGRAM:
1. Select the scale 1 cm = _______ volts.
2. Draw the current (I) as a reference phasor OE as shown in Fig. 1.
3. Draw the phasor OB (=VR) to the scale in phase with the current phasor OE.
4. From the point B, draw an arc of radius equal to Vcoil (to the scale).
5. From the point O, draw an arc of radius equal to Vs (to the scale) such that it intersects the
previous arc at A.
6. Thus, phasor BA represents the voltage across the coil and phasor OA represents the supply
voltage.
7. Draw the perpendicular from the point A intersecting the current phasor at D.
8. Phasor BD represents the voltage across the resistance of the coil. Hence BD = Ir.
9. Phasor AD represents the voltage across the inductive reactance of the coil. Hence AD = IX
10. Determine r and L from the phasor diagram. Compare the results.
 fig.2
Conclusion:

Quiz:
1. Define RMS value.

2. What is phasor?

3. What is impedance triangle?

4. State advantages of sinusoidal alternating quantity.

Suggested Reference:
1. "Basic Electrical Engineering" by T. K. Nagsarkar and M. S. Sukhija, Oxford university press.
2. [Link]

References used by the students:

Rubric wise marks obtained:

5=Excellent 4=Very Good 3=Good 2=Fair 1=Needs more work

Rubrics Knowledge Calculations Participation Journal work and Total
submission
Marks
 Experiment No:
To verify the current and voltage relationships in three phase star and delta
connections.
Date:

Competency and Practical Skills: Understanding of Three-Phase Systems, Knowledge of Star and Delta
Connections, Familiarity with Electrical Instruments, Practical Skills in Wiring, Analytical and Problem-
Solving Skills, Safety and Lab Etiquette

Relevant CO: Analyze single phase and three phase AC circuits.

Objectives: (a) To understand the concepts of three-phase power systems, star and delta
connections, and their applications in practical scenarios.
(b) To verify the relationship between line and phase voltages and currents in three-
phase star and delta connections using various measuring instruments such as
voltmeters, ammeters, and wattmeters
(c) To understand the importance of safety measures when working with electrical
circuits and equipment.
Equipment/Instruments: 3-phase Auto Transformer, AC voltmeters and Ammeters, lamp load,
Connecting wires.

Theory: Three-phase power systems are widely used in electrical power distribution. The three-
phase system consists of three conductors carrying alternating currents that are 120 degrees out of
phase with each other. The most common configurations for three-phase systems are star and delta
connections. In this write-up, we will discuss the current and voltage relationships in both star and
delta connections and the methods to verify them.
Star Connection:
In a three-phase star connection, three-phase windings of a transformer or an electrical machine are
connected together at a common point called the neutral. The three-phase conductors are connected
to the remaining ends of the windings, and the voltage between any two of these conductors is
known as the line voltage. The current flowing in each winding is known as the phase current.

Fig.1
In the three-phase system, where all the three phases wires are connected to a common point. This
common point is known as the neutral point. And this type of connection is known as Star
Connection. The star connection will be called a three-phase three-wire system when only three live
wires are used. And the star connection will be called a three-phase four-wire system when all the
three phases and the neutral wire is used. The neutral wire is connected to the neutral point where
all three phases are connected. As the star connection looks like the English letter 'Y', it is also
known as wye connection.

⮚ In the star connection, all three phases are connected to a neutral point. If the voltage across
all the phases and the current in each phase are equal, the voltage of the neutral point will
be zero.
⮚ In the star connection, the line voltage and phase voltage are different. Line voltage is root
3 times of phase voltage. Line voltage is measured between any two phases whereas phase
voltage is measured between any one phase and neutral.
⮚ In a star connection, we can have two different voltages, so we can connect it with two
different circuits operated at two different voltages. For example, from a 440V three-phase
system, we can get two different voltages such as 440V and 230V.
⮚ In the star connection, the line current is equal to the phase current.
⮚ In the star connection, less insulation is required for each phase as the phase voltage is less
than the line voltage.

As the line and phase voltage is different for the star connection,

So relationship of line voltage with phase voltage is,

𝑉𝐿 = √3 ∗ 𝑉𝑃𝐻
Line Voltage = √3 * Phase Voltage

The relationship of line current in the star connection is

𝐼𝐿 = 𝐼𝑃𝐻
Line Current = Phase Current

Delta Connection:

In a three-phase delta connection, the three-phase windings are connected in a closed loop. Each
winding is connected to the next winding in the sequence, and the end of the third winding is
connected back to the beginning of the first winding. The voltage between any two of the windings
is known as the phase voltage, and the current flowing in each winding is known as the phase
current.
 Fig.2
⮚ There is no neutral point in the delta connection.
⮚ In the delta connection, phase voltage is equal to the line voltage.
⮚ In the delta connection, the line current is root three times the phase current.
⮚ Delta connection provides a single voltage. Here, you can not get two different voltages like
the star connection.

As the line and phase current is different for the delta connection,
So relationship of line current is,
𝐼𝐿 = √3 ∗ 𝐼𝑃𝐻
Line Current = √3 * Phase Current
The relationship of line voltage in the delta connection is
𝑉𝐿 = 𝑉𝑃𝐻
Line Voltage = Phase Voltage

Set up diagram:
Star Connection:

Delta Connection:

Safety and necessary Precautions:

1 Wear protective gear
2 Ensure proper wiring
3 Use appropriate voltage
4 Use appropriate measuring equipment
5 Avoid touching the circuit
 6 Handle components with care
7 Follow laboratory guidelines

Procedure:
Star Connected Load
a. Connect the circuit of star connection as per circuit diagram shown above.
b. Switch on the AC voltage supply by keeping the autotransformer in minimum position.
c. Vary the auto transformer voltage and set at appropriate value.
d. Note down corresponding readings of ammeter and voltmeters.
𝑉
e. Verify 𝑉𝑃𝐻 = 𝐿 and 𝐼𝐿 = 𝐼𝑃𝐻
√3
f. Repeat the above procedure for different value of voltages.
g. Bring back the auto transformer to minimum position. Switch off the supply and remove all
connections.
Delta Connected Load
a. Connect the circuit of delta connection as per circuit diagram shown above.
b. Switch on the AC voltage supply by keeping the autotransformer in minimum position.
c. Vary the auto transformer voltage and set at appropriate value.
d. Note down corresponding readings of ammeter and voltmeters.
𝐼
e. Verify 𝑉𝐿 = 𝑉𝑃𝐻 and 𝐼𝑃𝐻 = 𝐿
√3
f. Repeat the above procedure for different value of voltages.
g. Bring back the auto transformer to minimum position. Switch off the supply and remove all
connections.

Observations:
Star Connection:
SR Line Voltage Phase Voltage Line Phase Current VPH = VL/√3
No VL (V) VPH (V) Current IL IPH (A)
(A)

Delta Connection:
SR Line Voltage Phase Voltage Line Phase Current IPH = IL/√3
No VL (V) VPH (V) Current IL IPH (A)
(A)

Calculation:
Conclusion:

Quiz:
1. What are advantages of 3-Ø supply over 1-Ø supply?

2. What do you mean by balanced system?

3. Write the formula of Active power for 3-Ø delta connected load.

4. Phase angle between line voltage and phase voltage in star connected load is_________

Suggested Reference:
1. B. L. Theraja, “Electrical Technology – Part I and II”, S. Chand and Co. 2012
2. Basic Electrical Engineering - Nagsarkar and Sukhija, Oxford University Press

References used by the students:

Rubric wise marks obtained:

5=Excellent 4=Very Good 3=Good 2=Fair 1=Needs more work

Rubrics Knowledge Calculations Participation Journal work and Total
submission
Marks
 Experiment No:
To Measure power in three phase circuit by two wattmeter method.
Date:

Competency and Practical Skills: Knowledge of three-phase power systems, Knowledge of Wattmeters,
Familiarity with two-wattmeter method, Understanding of safety precautions,

Relevant CO: Analyze single phase and three phase AC circuits.

Objectives: (a) To understand the principle of operation of the two-wattmeter method.

(b) To learn the connection of wattmeters in a three-phase circuit
(c) To verify the theory of two-wattmeter method by calculating power in three-
phase circuit.
(d) To observe the phase angle between the voltage and current in a three-phase
circuit and to determine the power factor of the circuit.
(e) To compare the power calculated by the two-wattmeter method with the power
calculated by the three-wattmeter method and to evaluate the accuracy of the two-
wattmeter method
Equipment/Instruments: 3-phase Auto Transformer, AC voltmeters and Ammeters, lamp load,
Connecting wires.

Theory: Power in a three phase system with balanced or unbalanced load can be measured by two
wattmeter method. The load may be star or delta connected. Here we have considered star connected
load as shown in fig, although it can be equally applied to a delta connected load.
Two wattmeter methods is the most common method for the measurement of power in 3- phase
system. The current coils are of two wattmeters are connected in series in any two lines and the
potential coils are connected between these lines and the third line in which the current coil is not
connected. It can be proved that the sum of instantaneous values of power indicated by these
wattmeters equal s the total power absorbed by the 3-phase load.
Let us consider two wattmeters connected to measure power in three phase circuit as shown in
circuit diagram.
Instantaneous reading of P1 wattmeter, P1 = I1. (V1 - V3)
Instantaneous reading of P2 wattmeter, P2 = I2. (V2 - V3)
Sum of instantaneous readings of two wattmeter’s, P = P1+ P2
= I1 (V1 - V3) + I2. (V2 - V3)
= V1I1+ V2I2 - V3 (I1 + I2)

From Kirchoff’s law, I1 + I2 + I3 = 0 OR I3 = - (I1+I2)

Therefore, the sum of instantaneous readings of two wattmeters, V1I1 + V2I2 + V3I3
Therefore the sum of 2 wattmeter readings is equal to the power consumed by the load. This is
irrespective of whether the load is balanced or unbalanced.

For balanced star connected load

ABBREVIATIONS:
Line Voltage (VL) = √3 Phase Voltage (VPH)
Line Voltage (VL) = VRY = VYB = VBR = VL = √ 3 VPH
Phase Voltage (VPH) = VR = VY = VB = VPH =V
Line Current (IL) = Phase Current (IPH) = I
Set up diagram:

Safety and necessary Precautions:

1. Wear protective gear
2. Ensure proper wiring
3. Use appropriate voltage
4. Use appropriate measuring equipment
5. Avoid touching the circuit
6. Handle components with care
7. Follow laboratory guidelines

Procedure:
1. Make connections as per circuit diagram.
2. Keep operating dial of 3-phase variac at its null ('0') position & then switch ON 3-phase
input a.c. supply.
6. By controlling the operating dial of 3-phase variac, set the input phase voltage (V) at
appropriate value making sure that the 3-phase supply is balanced.
7. Gradually increase the load equally in all phases and note down various readings
8. Note line voltages and line currents of respective lines.
9. Note readings of wattmeter (W1) and wattmeter (W2).
𝑊1−𝑊2
10. Calculate ∅ = (√3 )
𝑊1+𝑊2

Observations:
Observation Table Calculations
Wattmeter 3 ф Active Power
Sr. Line Voltage Line Current
Reading (=P)
No.
P = W1 P = √3 VL
VRY VYB VBR IR IY IB W1 W2
+W2 IL cos ф
1.

2.

3.
Calculation:
3- ф Active Power P = √3 VL IL cos ф = _________
3-ф Re active Power Q = √3 VL IL sin ф = _________
Apparent Power S = √3 VL IL = _________

Conclusion:

Quiz:
1. Define power factor.

2. Two wattmeter method is applicable for star connected system or delta connected system or
both? Justify your answer.
3. Total number of phase sequence in 3-Ø AC system is___________
4. In the two wattmeter method of measuring power in 3-Ø circuit, the two wattmeter will show
equal readings when the power factor angle is equal to______

Suggested Reference:
1. A. Chakrabarti, Circuit Theory (Analysis and Synthesis). Fifth Edition : 2006, Dhanpat Rai and
Co.
2. Basic Electrical Engineering - Nagsarkar and Sukhija, Oxford University Press
3. [Link] Analog Signals, Network and Measurement
Laboratory(IIT KHARAGPUR)

References used by the students:

Rubric wise marks obtained:

5=Excellent 4=Very Good 3=Good 2=Fair 1=Needs more work

Rubrics Knowledge Calculations Participation Journal work and Total
submission
Marks
 Experiment No:
To demonstrate the working of miniature circuit breaker (MCB)
Date:

Competency and Practical Skills: Knowledge of electrical circuits, Familiarity with MCBs,
Understanding of measuring instruments, Practical skills in wiring and circuit assembly, Knowledge
of safety precautions.

Relevant CO: Comprehend electrical installations, their protection and personnel safety.

Objectives: (a) To understand the operating principles of miniature circuit breakers and their role
in electrical circuit protection.
(b) To plot the current vs. time characteristics of the MCB for different levels of
overcurrent and to observe the trip time of the MCB.
(c) To identify the limitations and applications of MCBs and to appreciate their
importance in electrical safety.
Equipment/Instruments: Ammeter, Voltmeter, Single phase supply, MCB, Connecting Wires.

Theory: The theory behind the laboratory experiment to plot the characteristics of miniature circuit
breaker (MCB) involves understanding the operation and behavior of the MCB under different
abnormal conditions.

An MCB is a type of circuit breaker that is commonly used in low-voltage electrical systems to
protect against overcurrents and short circuits. It is designed to trip and open the circuit when the
current exceeds a certain value, which is known as the tripping current.
Construction of MCB:
MCB embodies a complete enclosure in a moulded insulating material. This provides mechanically
strong and insulated housing.

The switching system consists of a fixed and a moving contact to which incoming and outgoing
wires are connected. The metal or current carrying parts are made up of electrolytic copper or silver
alloy depending on the rating of the circuit breaker.
As the contacts are separated in the event of an overload or short circuit situation, an electric arc is
formed. All modern MCBs are designed to handle arc interruption processes where arc energy
extraction and its cooling are provided by metallic arc splitter plates.

These plates are held in a proper position by an insulating material. Also, arc runner is provided to
force the arc that is produced between the main contacts.

The operating mechanism consists of both magnetic tripping and thermal tripping arrangements.

The magnetic tripping arrangement essentially consists of a composite magnetic system that has a
spring loaded dashpot with a magnetic slug in a silicon fluid, and a normal magnetic trip. A current
carrying coil in the trip arrangement moves the slug against spring towards a fixed pole piece. So
the magnetic pull is developed on the trip lever when there is a sufficient magnetic field produced
by the coil.

In case of short circuits or heavy overloads, strong magnetic field produced by the coils (Solenoid)
is sufficient to attract the armature of the trip lever irrespective of the position of the slug in the
dashpot.
The thermal tripping arrangement consists of a bimetallic strip around which a heater coil is wound
to create heat depending on the flow of current.

The heater design can be either direct where current is passed through a bimetal strip which affects
part of electric circuit or indirect where a coil of current carrying conductor is wound around the
bimetallic strip. The deflection of a bimetallic strip activates the tripping mechanism in case of
certain overload conditions.

The bimetal strips are made up of two different metals, usually brass and steel. These metals are
riveted and welded along their length. These are so designed such that they will not heat the strip to
the tripping point for normal currents, but if the current is increased beyond rated value, the strip is
warmed, bent and trips the latch. Bimetallic strips are chosen to provide particular time delays under
certain overloads.
Working & Operation of MCB
Under normal working conditions, MCB operates as a switch (manual one) to make the circuit ON
or OFF. Under overload or short circuit condition, it automatically operates or trips so that current
interruption takes place in the load circuit.

The visual indication of this trip can be observed by automatic movement of the operating knob to
OFF position. This automatic operation MCB can be obtained in two ways as we have seen in MCB
construction; those are magnetic tripping and thermal tripping.
Under overload conditions, the current through the bimetal causes it to raise the temperature of it.
The heat generated within the bimetal itself is enough to cause deflection due to thermal expansion
of metals. This deflection further releases the trip latch and hence contacts get separated.

In some MCBs, the magnetic field generated by the coil causes it to develop pull on bimetals such
that deflection activates the tripping mechanism.

Under short circuit or heavy overload conditions, magnetic tripping arrangement comes into the
picture. Under normal working conditions, the slug is held in a position by a light spring because
the magnetic field generated by the coil is not sufficient to attract the latch.

When a fault current flows, the magnetic field generated by the coil is sufficient to overcome the
spring force holding the slug in position. And hence slug moves and then actuate the tripping
mechanism.

A combination of both magnetic and thermal tripping mechanisms are implemented in most
miniature circuit breakers. In both magnetic and thermal tripping operations, an arc is formed when
the contacts start separating. This arc is then forced into arc splitter plates via arc runner.

These arc splitter plates are also called arc chutes where arc is formed into a series of arcs and at
the same time energy extracted and cools it. Hence this arrangement achieves the arc extinction.

To plot the characteristics of an MCB, the experiment typically involves measuring the tripping
current of the MCB under different conditions. This can be done by connecting the MCB in series
with a power source and a load, and then introducing different levels of fault current by varying the
load or introducing a short circuit.

The experiment involve measuring the tripping current at different time intervals to observe the
behavior of the MCB over time. This can help to determine the tripping characteristics of the MCB,
such as the time-delay characteristics and the instantaneous trip characteristics.
Set up diagram:

Safety and necessary Precautions:

1. Wear protective gear
2. Ensure proper wiring
3. Use appropriate voltage
4. Use appropriate measuring equipment
5. Avoid touching the circuit
6. Handle components with care
7. Follow laboratory guidelines

Procedure:
1. Connect the circuit as per circuit setup diag.
2. Switch on 1-Ø AC supply and set appropriate voltage.
3. Gradually vary the load until MCB gets tripped.
4. Note down the tripping current.
.

Observations:
Tripping Current=

Conclusion:

Quiz:
1. What is the function of MCB?
 2. State difference between MCB and MCCB.

3. What is the difference between fuse and MCB?

Suggested Reference:
1. "Switchgear and protection" by Sunil S Rao, Dhanpat rai.
2. MCB (Miniature Circuit Breaker) - Construction, Types & Working ([Link])

References used by the students:

Rubric wise marks obtained:

5=Excellent 4=Very Good 3=Good 2=Fair 1=Needs more work

Rubrics Knowledge Calculations Participation Journal work and Total
submission
Marks
 Experiment No:
To Study BLDC Motors
Date:

Competency and Practical Skills: Basic Electrical Knowledge, Reading and Understanding
Electrical Diagrams, Knowledge of safety precautions.

Relevant CO: Describe operating principle and applications of static and rotating electrical
machines

Objectives: (a) To understand the constriction of BLDC Motors.

(b) To familiarize with BLDC Motors terminologies.
(c) To study working principle of BLDC Motors.
Equipment/Instruments: Cut section of DC Motors.

Theory: Brushless DC motors (BLDCs) have been a primary focus for numerous motor
manufacturers, as they are becoming the preferred choice in a growing number of applications,
particularly in the field of motor control technology. BLDC motors possess numerous advantages
over brushed DC motors, such as the capacity to operate at high velocities, improved heat
dissipation, and high efficiency. They are indispensable elements of contemporary drive
technology, and they are frequently employed in actuating motors, machine tools, electric
propulsion, robotics, computer peripherals, and even electrical power generation. In terms of
reliability, size, and total system cost, these electric motors have become highly effective as a result
of the advancements in sensor-less technology and digital control.

A brushless DC motor (BLDC) is a permanent magnet synchronous electric motor powered by

direct current (DC) electricity, utilising an electronically controlled commutation system—where
commutation refers to the process of generating rotational torque by altering phase currents at
precise intervals—rather than a mechanical commutation system.

BLDC motors are also known as trapezoidal permanent magnet motors. In contrast to traditional
brushed DC motors, which utilise brushes to establish mechanical contact with the rotor's
commutator, thereby creating an electrical connection between a DC power source and the rotor's
armature windings, a BLDC motor utilises electrical commutation with a permanent magnet rotor
and a stator featuring a series of coils.

Key Differences Between a BLDC Motor and a Brushed DC Motor

Aspect Brushed DC Motor Brushless DC (BLDC) Motor
Mechanical Commutation: Uses a Electronic Commutation:
Commutation
commutator and brushes for switching current Uses an electronic controller to
Method
in the windings. switch current in the windings.
Contains a physical commutator and Does not have a commutator;
Commutator brushes to transfer current to the rotor relies on electronic circuits to
windings. control current flow.
Requires periodic maintenance due to wear of Low maintenance as there are
Maintenance
brushes and commutator. no brushes or commutator.
More efficient due to reduced
Less efficient due to friction and power loss in
Efficiency friction and precise electronic
the brushes.
control.
 Figure 1 Difference between Brushless and Brushed DC Motor

Principle of Operation of a BLDC Motor

A Brushless DC (BLDC) motor operates based on the interaction between magnetic fields
produced by the stator and rotor. The stator contains coils (windings) arranged in phases, which
create a rotating magnetic field when current flows through them. The rotor, which has
permanent magnets, aligns itself with the stator's magnetic field due to magnetic attraction and
repulsion. As the stator's magnetic field rotates, the rotor follows, producing continuous
rotational motion. This interaction ensures smooth torque generation and efficient operation,
making the BLDC motor highly reliable and widely used in various applications.
In this motor, the permanent magnet (or field poles) spins while the current-carrying
conductors remain stationary. The armature coils are electrically switched by transistors or
silicon-controlled rectifiers at the appropriate rotor location, ensuring that the armature field is
in spatial quadrature with the rotor field poles. Consequently, the force exerted on the rotor
induces its rotation. Hall sensors or rotary encoders are predominantly employed to detect the
rotor's position and are situated around the stator. The rotor position data from the sensor
facilitates the determination of the appropriate timing for switching the armature current.

Electronic Commutation in a BLDC Motor

Conventionally in brushed DC motors, the commutator mechanically reverses the current
direction in the rotor windings as the rotor turns, ensuring continuous torque in one direction.
The physical contact between brushes and commutator causes wear, friction, and electrical
noise, limiting efficiency and lifespan. To overcome this, electronic commutation was
introduced. The electronic controller senses the rotor's position (using Hall sensors or back
EMF) and switches the current in the stator windings at the right time to maintain rotation and
torque. It eliminates physical wear, increases efficiency, enables precise control of speed and
torque, and allows for quieter operation.
Thus, unlike traditional brushed motors, BLDC motors use electronic commutation to control
the energizing of the stator phases. In this process, sensors (such as Hall sensors) detect the
rotor's position and send feedback to the motor controller. Based on this feedback, the
controller switches the current between the motor's phases in a precise sequence to ensure that
the stator's magnetic field remains synchronized with the rotor's position.
The stator phases are energized in pairs (e.g., A-B, B-C, C-A), with one phase acting as the
positive terminal, another as the negative terminal, and the third phase left unenergized in each
step. This sequence repeats as the rotor moves, ensuring continuous rotation.
Consider the following configuration of three windings in the stator, which are denoted by the
letters A, B, and C. For the purpose of clarity, let us replace the rotor with a single magnet.
The application of current through a coil generates a magnetic field, with the orientation of the
 Figure 1 Generalized Block Diagram of BLDC Motor

field lines, or the poles of the resultant magnet, determined by the direction of the current flow
through

Field system

The function of the field system is to produce uniform magnetic field within which the armature
rotates. Field coils are mounted on the poles and carry the dc exciting current. The field coils are
connected in such a way that adjacent poles have opposite polarity. The m.m.f. developed by the
field coils produces a magnetic flux that passes through the pole pieces, the air gap, the armature
and the frame. Practical d.c. machines have air gaps ranging from 0.5 mm to 1.5 mm.

Figure 2 BLDC Motor Winding Arrangement and Stator Winding Supply Voltage Waveform

By applying this principle, supplying current to coil A will generate a magnetic field that attracts
the rotor magnet. The rotor magnet's position will shift slightly clockwise to align with A.
Passing current through coils B and C sequentially will result in the rotor magnet rotating in a
clockwise direction. To enhance efficiency, we can utilise a single coil to wind the opposing coils,
thereby achieving double attraction. To enhance efficiency, it is possible to energise two coils
simultaneously, allowing one coil to attract the magnet while the other repels it. At this time, the
third will remain inactive.
Based on the diagram presented, it can be confirmed that at any given moment, one phase is
positive, one phase is negative, and the third phase remains idle (or floating). Based on the inputs
from the Hall Sensors, two phases are switched according to the diagram provided above.

In a full 360° rotation of the rotor magnet, there are six applicable combinations of coils A, B, and
C, as illustrated in the subsequent timing diagram.
Thus, this electronic commutation system replaces the commutator and brushes in a DC motor,
resulting in enhanced reliability and reduced noise during operation. BLDC motors can operate at
high speeds due to the lack of brushes. BLDC motors often exhibit an efficiency of 85 to 90 percent,
while brushed DC motors have an efficiency of 75 to 80 percent. A diverse array of BLDC motors
exists, encompassing minor power ranges, fractional horsepower, integral horsepower, and
enormous power ranges.

Figure 3 Generalized Block Diagram of BLDC Motor

Construction
The construction of BLDC motors can take place in a variety of various physical layouts. These can
be constructed as single-phase, two-phase, or three-phase motors (depending on the stator
windings), depending on the configuration. Three-phase brushless direct current (BLDC) motors
with permanent magnet rotors are the most prevalent type of motors utilised. The construction of
this motor has similarities with three phase induction motor and conventional DC motor.

Figure 4 Cross section view of BLDC Motor

Figure 5 Parts of the BLDC Motor

According to power supply capacity, the stator must have the right voltage rating. 48 V or less
BLDC motors are best for robotics, automotive, and small actuation applications. Whereas
industrial and automation systems employ 100 V or higher motors.
A Brushless DC (BLDC) motor consists of the following main components:
Stator
The stator is the stationary part of the motor that generates a rotating magnetic field. It is made of
laminated steel sheets to reduce eddy current losses. The stator has concentrated windings or
distributed windings, arranged in specific patterns (e.g., star or delta configuration). The windings
are energized sequentially by an electronic controller to produce a rotating magnetic field, which
interacts with the rotor. in a Brushless DC (BLDC) motor.
The materials used for the stator and rotor are carefully chosen to enhance performance, efficiency,
and durability. The stator, which is the stationary part of the motor, is typically made from laminated
steel sheets to reduce energy losses caused by eddy currents. These steel laminations are coated
with insulation to minimize electrical losses. The stator windings are made of copper, which is
preferred for its excellent electrical conductivity, ensuring efficient current flow and strong
magnetic field generation
Rotor
The rotor, which is the rotating part of the motor, is usually made of a solid steel core to provide
mechanical strength. Permanent magnets, typically made from materials like neodymium-iron-
boron (NdFeB) or ferrite, are attached to or embedded within the rotor. Neodymium magnets are
preferred in high-performance applications due to their strong magnetic properties, while ferrite
magnets are used for cost-effective designs.
The rotor is the rotating part of the motor, driven by the interaction with the stator's magnetic field.
It is typically made of steel to support the magnets and ensure mechanical strength. Hence,
permanent magnets are mounted on the rotor, and their polarity interacts with the stator's magnetic
field to generate torque. The number of poles can range from two to eight, with North (N) and South
(S) poles arranged in an alternating pattern, depending on the application. The poles are arranged
in three distinct ways in the image below. The magnets are positioned on the rotor's outer periphery
in the initial scenario

Figure 3 Different Arrangements of the Permanent Magnets on the Rotor of BLDC Motor

Thus, there are two main types based on magnet placement:

o Surface-mounted: Magnets are placed on the surface of the rotor.

o Interior-mounted: Magnets are embedded within the rotor.

Permanent Magnets
Magnets are critical in creating the interaction between the rotor and stator. Typically made of rare
earth materials like neodymium, ferrite, or samarium-cobalt for high magnetic strength. The
magnets on the rotor provide a consistent magnetic field, which aligns with the stator's field to
produce motion.
Using permanent magnets in Brushless DC (BLDC) motors offers several advantages, making them
highly efficient, reliable, and suitable for a wide range of applications. These advantages stem from
the unique properties of permanent magnets, such as their ability to generate a strong and consistent
magnetic field. Below are the key benefits:
The permanent magnets-
-offer a consistent magnetic flux, reducing energy input and rotor losses, resulting in improved
efficiency compared to induction or wound-rotor motors.
-provide high torque-to-weight and power-to-weight ratios. Smaller, lighter motors with the same
power output are appropriate for space-constrained applications like electric cars and drones.
-offer reliable magnetic fields, eliminating frictional losses and rotor copper losses, unlike brushed
DC motors and induction motors.
-reduce core losses, enhancing thermal efficiency.
-can be used without electrical stimulation or mechanical commutation, decreasing wear. No
maintenance is needed to replace brushes and commutators without brushes.
-reduce rotor inertia, allowing for high-speed operation and improved dynamic responsiveness.
-generate less heat than electrically stimulated motors due to no losses in rotor magnetic field
generation. Reduced heating enhances motor longevity and dependability. BLDC motors have a
simpler rotor without windings, slip rings, or brushes. It streamlines production and enhances
durability.
-provide fine speed and torque control, making BLDC motors appropriate for automotive (electric
cars, power steering), robotics, and automation. Aerospace, drones, HVAC, pumps, compressors,
etc.
Windings
Windings are copper wires wound around the stator poles. When energized by the electronic
controller, they create electromagnetic fields. Three-phase windings are most common in BLDC
motors. The windings are activated sequentially to produce a rotating magnetic field. BLDC motors
use two main types of winding configurations based on the back-EMF waveform they generate:
Trapezoidal Winding Configuration: The windings are designed to produce a trapezoidal back-
EMF waveform. The stator windings are concentrated in such a way that the magnetic field
distribution results in a trapezoidal shape. This configuration requires simpler control logic (often
called six-step commutation). It is ideal for cost-sensitive and less precision-critical applications,
such as cooling fans, pumps, and household appliances.
Sinusoidal Winding Configuration: The windings are designed to produce a sinusoidal back-EMF
waveform. The stator windings are distributed to ensure that the magnetic field in the air gap is
sinusoidal. Requires advanced electronic controllers to perform sinusoidal commutation (e.g., Field
Oriented Control, FOC). Such winding is employed in BLDC motors used in high-precision and
noise-sensitive applications, such as electric vehicles, robotics, and drones.
The choice of winding configuration in a BLDC motor depends on the application's requirements
for smoothness, noise, cost, and control complexity. Trapezoidal windings are preferred for simple
and cost-effective solutions, while sinusoidal windings are used for precision and performance-
critical applications.
Position Sensors
In a Brushless DC (BLDC) motor, Hall sensors or other position sensors play a crucial role in
detecting the rotor's position, which is necessary for the motor’s operation. Unlike traditional
brushed DC motors that rely on mechanical brushes for commutation, BLDC motors use electronic
commutation to control the energizing of stator windings. The position sensors rovide feedback to
the motor controller about the rotor's orientation relative to the stator. This information ensures that
the correct stator winding is energized at the right time, maintaining synchronization between the
rotor and the stator's magnetic fields. This synchronization minimizes torque ripple, enhances
efficiency, and ensures smooth and reliable operation of the motor.
In addition to Hall sensors, advanced sensors such as optical encoders and resolvers are used in
applications that require high precision or operate in harsh environments. Alternatively, sensorless
control methods, which estimate rotor position based on back-EMF, are also popular for cost-
sensitive or high-speed applications. These position-detection techniques enable key motor
functions like speed control, torque production, and direction management. For first-year
engineering students, understanding the role of position sensors in BLDC motors lays the
foundation for exploring electronic commutation, motor control, and real-world applications such
as robotics, electric vehicles, and industrial automation systems.
Losses in BLDC Motor:
In a Brushless DC (BLDC) motor, there are several types of losses that occur during its operation,
which affect its overall efficiency. Understanding these losses is essential for first-year
engineering students as it helps in designing more efficient motors for various applications.
Copper Losses (I²R Losses):
Copper losses occur due to the resistance of the copper windings in the stator. When current flows
through the stator windings to create a magnetic field, some of the electrical energy is lost as heat
due to the resistance of the copper wire. These losses increase with higher currents and contribute
to motor heating, reducing efficiency. The thicker the copper wire, the lower the resistance and the
smaller the copper losses.
Iron Losses (Core Losses):
Iron losses, also known as core losses, occur in the stator due to the alternating magnetic
field. The core material (typically steel) experiences magnetization and demagnetization as the
stator's magnetic field changes direction. This causes energy to be lost in the form of heat. Iron
losses in BLDC motor can further be subdivided as:
o Hysteresis Loss: Loss due to the friction of magnetic domains in the steel when they
change direction.
o Eddy Current Loss: Loss due to circulating currents induced in the core material
by the changing magnetic field.
These losses are dependent on the frequency of the alternating magnetic field and the
 properties of the core material.
Mechanical Losses:
Mechanical losses occur due to friction in the bearings, air resistance (windage losses), and any
other moving parts. Even though BLDC motors do not have brushes (which contribute to friction
in brushed motors), mechanical losses still occur in the form of friction between the rotor and
bearings or resistance from the air as the rotor spins. Mechanical losses increase with higher speeds
and contribute to the overall energy loss in the motor.
Stray Losses:
Stray losses are the result of factors that are not easily categorized, such as leakage flux or
non-ideal motor design. These losses may arise from imperfect magnetic field interactions or
imperfections in the materials used. These losses are typically small but still contribute to the
overall inefficiency of the motor.
Switching Losses:
In BLDC motors, the switching of the power transistors (such as MOSFETs or IGBTs) in the
electronic commutation process also results in energy losses. Each time the transistors switch on or
off, there is a small amount of energy lost due to the voltage and current changes. Switching losses
are more noticeable at higher speeds and switching frequencies.
Applications of BLDC Motor:
Brushless DC (BLDC) motors are widely used in many everyday applications due to their high
efficiency, reliability, and low maintenance requirements. Here are some common applications of
BLDC motors in daily life:
o Electric Vehicles (EVs): BLDC motors are commonly used in electric cars, e-bikes,
and electric scooters for propulsion. Their high efficiency and smooth operation
make them ideal for these applications.
o Drones and UAVs: Drones and unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) use BLDC
motors because of their lightweight, high power-to-weight ratio, and precise control,
which are crucial for stable flight.
Household Appliances:
o Fans: BLDC motors are used in ceiling fans, table fans, and exhaust fans for their
energy efficiency and quiet operation.
o Vacuum Cleaners: Many modern vacuum cleaners use BLDC motors to provide
powerful suction while keeping noise levels low.
o Washing Machines: Some washing machines use BLDC motors for smooth
operation, reduced vibration, and higher energy efficiency.
Computer Cooling Fans: BLDC motors are used in computer cooling fans because of
their efficiency, reliability, and the ability to run at variable speeds, which helps in
controlling the temperature of computer components.
HVAC Systems: BLDC motors are used in heating, ventilation, and air conditioning
(HVAC) systems, especially in air handlers and blowers, due to their energy-saving
potential and smooth operation.
Power Tools: Cordless power tools like drills, saws, and screwdrivers often use BLDC
motors because they provide higher efficiency, longer battery life, and less maintenance
compared to brushed motors.

Conclusion:
Quiz:
1. What is the main difference between a BLDC motor and a brushed DC motor?
a) BLDC motors use brushes, while brushed DC motors do not.
b) BLDC motors have higher losses compared to brushed DC motors.
c) BLDC motors use electronic commutation instead of mechanical brushes.
d) Brushed DC motors are more efficient than BLDC motors.

2. Which material is commonly used for the windings in a BLDC motor?

a) Aluminium
b) Copper
c) Iron
d) Steel
3. What is the role of position sensors in a BLDC motor?
a) To detect the speed of the motor.
b) To detect the position of the rotor for electronic commutation.
c) To reduce noise during operation.
d) To increase the motor's torque output.

4. Describe the principle of operation of a BLDC motor.

5. What are the common rotor configurations in a BLDC motor?

6. Explain the importance of electronic commutation in a BLDC motor.

Suggested Reference:

1. "Basic Electrical Engineering" by T. K. Nagsarkar and M. S. Sukhija, Oxford university press.

[Link]://[Link]/2016/05/bldc-brushless-dc-motor-construction-working-
[Link]
3. [Link]

References used by the students:

 Rubric wise marks obtained:

5=Excellent 4=Very Good 3=Good 2=Fair 1=Needs more work

Rubrics Knowledge Calculations Participation Journal work and submission Total
Marks

Rubric wise marks obtained:

5=Excellent 4=Very Good 3=Good 2=Fair 1=Needs more work

Rubrics Knowledge Calculations Participation Journal work and Total
submission
Marks
 Experiment No:
To study different types of batteries and its applications.
Date:

Competency and Practical Skills: Knowledge of basic chemistry, Familiarity with electrical circuits,
Understanding of battery technology.
Relevant CO: Comprehend electrical installations, their protection and personnel safety.

Objectives: (a) To understand the basic principles of battery operation.

(b) To identify the differences between primary and secondary batteries, and their
respective advantages and disadvantages.
(c) To explore the various types of primary batteries, such as alkaline, lithium, and
zinc-carbon batteries, and their unique properties and applications.
(d) To investigate the different types of secondary batteries, such as lead-acid,
nickel-cadmium, and lithium-ion batteries, and their specific characteristics and
uses.

Equipment/Instruments: Batteries.

Theory: A battery is a collection of one or more cells that go under chemical reactions to create the
flow of electrons within a circuit. There is lot of research and advancement going on in battery
technology, and as a result, breakthrough technologies are being experienced and used around the
world currently. Batteries came into play due to the need to store generated electrical energy. As
much as a good amount of energy was being generated, it was important to store the energy so it
can be used when generation is down or when there is a need to power standalone devices which
cannot be kept tethered to the supply from the mains. Here it should be noted that only DC can be
stored in the batteries, AC current can’t be stored.

Battery cells are usually made up of three main components;

1. The Anode (Negative Electrode)

2. The Cathode (Positive Electrode)
3. The electrolytes

The anode is a negative electrode that produces electrons to the external circuit to which the battery
is connected. When batteries are connected, an electron build-up is initiated at the anode which
causes a potential difference between the two electrodes. The electrons naturally then try to
redistribute themselves, this is prevented by the electrolyte, so when an electrical circuit is
connected, it provides a clear path for the electrons to move from the anode to the cathode thereby
powering the circuit to which it is connected. By changing the arrangement and material used to
build the Anode, Cathode and Electrolyte we can achieve many different types of battery
chemistries enabling us to design different types of battery cells.

Types of Batteries
Batteries generally can be classified into different categories and types, ranging from chemical
composition, size, form factor and use cases, but under all of these are two major battery types;

1. Primary Batteries
2. Secondary Batteries
1. Primary Batteries
Primary batteries are batteries that cannot be recharged once depleted. Primary batteries are made
of electrochemical cells whose electrochemical reaction cannot be reversed.

Primary batteries exist in different forms ranging from coin cells to AA batteries. They are
commonly used in standalone applications where charging is impractical or impossible. A good
example of which is in military grade devices and battery powered equipment. It will be impractical
to use rechargeable batteries as recharging a battery will be the last thing in the mind of the soldiers.
Primary batteries always have high specific energy and the systems in which they are used are
always designed to consume low amount of power to enable the battery last as long as possible.

Some other examples of devices using primary batteries include; Pace makers, Animal trackers,
Wrist watches, remote controls and children toys to mention a few.

The most popular type of primary batteries are alkaline batteries. They have a high specific energy
and are environmentally friendly, cost-effective and do not leak even when fully discharged. They
can be stored for several years, have a good safety record and can be carried on an aircraft without
being subject to UN Transport and other regulations. The only downside to alkaline batteries is the
low load current, which limits its use to devices with low current requirements like remote controls,
flashlights and portable entertainment devices.

2. Secondary Batteries
Secondary batteries are batteries with electrochemical cells whose chemical reactions can be
reversed by applying a certain voltage to the battery in the reversed direction. Also referred to
as rechargeable batteries, secondary cells unlike primary cells can be recharged after the energy
on the battery has been used up.

They are typically used in high drain applications and other scenarios where it will be either too
expensive or impracticable to use single charge batteries. Small capacity secondary batteries are
used to power portable electronic devices like mobile phones, and other gadgets and appliances
while heavy-duty batteries are used in powering diverse electric vehicles and other high drain
applications like load levelling in electricity generation. They are also used as standalone power
sources alongside Inverters to supply electricity. Although the initial cost of acquiring
rechargeable batteries is always a whole lot higher than that of primary batteries but they are the
most cost-effective over the long-term. Secondary batteries can be further classified into several
other types based on their chemistry. This is very important because the chemistry determines some
of the attributes of the battery including its specific energy, cycle life, shelf life, and price to mention
a few.

The following are the different types of rechargeable batteries that are commonly used.

1. Lithium-ion(Li-ion)
2. Nickel Cadmium(Ni-Cd)
3. Nickel-Metal Hydride(Ni-MH)
4. Lead-Acid

1. Nickel-Cadmium Batteries
The nickel–cadmium battery (NiCd battery or NiCad battery) is a type of rechargeable
battery which is developed using nickel oxide hydroxide and metallic cadmium as electrodes. Ni-
Cd batteries excel at maintaining voltage and holding charge when not in use. However, NI-Cd
batteries easily fall a victim of the dreaded “memory” effect when a partially charged battery is
recharged, lowering the future capacity of the battery.

In comparison with other types of rechargeable cells, Ni-Cd batteries offer good life cycle and
performance at low temperatures with a fair capacity but their most significant advantage will be
their ability to deliver their full rated capacity at high discharge rates. They are available in different
sizes including the sizes used for alkaline batteries, AAA to D. Ni-Cd cells are used individual or
assembled in packs of two or more cells. The small packs are used in portable devices, electronics
and toys while the bigger ones find application in aircraft starting batteries, Electric vehicles and
standby power supply.

Some of the properties of Nickel-Cadmium batteries are listed below.

● Specific Energy: 40-60W-h/kg

● Energy Density: 50-150 W-h/L
● Specific Power: 150W/kg
● Charge/discharge efficiency: 70-90%
● Self-discharge rate: 10%/month
● Cycle durability/life: 2000cycles
2. Nickel-Metal Hydride Batteries
Nickel metal hydride (Ni-MH) is another type of chemical configuration used for rechargeable
batteries. The chemical reaction at the positive electrode of batteries is similar to that of the nickel–
cadmium cell (NiCd), with both battery type using the same nickel oxide hydroxide (NiOOH).
However, the negative electrodes in Nickel-Metal Hydride use a hydrogen-absorbing alloy instead
of cadmium which is used in NiCd batteries

NiMH batteries find application in high drain devices because of their high capacity and energy
density. A NiMH battery can possess two to three times the capacity of a NiCd battery of the same
size, and its energy density can approach that of a lithium-ion battery. Unlike the NiCd chemistry,
batteries based on the NiMH chemistry are not susceptible to the “memory” effect that NiCads
experience.

Below are some of the properties of batteries based on the Nickel-metal hydride chemistry;

● Specific Energy: 60-120h/kg

● Energy Density: 140-300 Wh/L
● Specific Power: 250-1000 W/kg
● Charge/discharge efficiency: 66% - 92%
● Self-discharge rate: 1.3-2.9%/month at 20oC
● Cycle Durability/life: 180 -2000

3. Lithium-ion Batteries
Lithium-ion batteries are one of the most popular types of rechargeable batteries. There are
many different types of Lithium batteries, but among all the lithium-ion batteries are the most
commonly used. You can find these lithium batteries being used in different forms popularly
among electric vehicles and other portable gadgets. If you are curious to know more about batteries
used in Electric vehicles, you can check out this article on Electric Vehicle Batteries. They are
found in different portable appliances including mobile phones, smart devices and several other
battery appliances used at home. They also find applications in aerospace and military applications
due to their lightweight nature.

Lithium-ion batteries are a type of rechargeable battery in which lithium ions from the
negative electrode migrate to the positive electrode during discharge and migrate back to the
negative electrode when the battery is being charged. Li-ion batteries use an intercalated
lithium compound as one electrode material, compared to the metallic lithium used in non-
rechargeable lithium batteries.

Lithium-ion batteries generally possess high energy density, little or no memory effect and low self-
discharge compared to other battery types. Their chemistry alongside performance and cost vary
across different use cases, for example, Li-ion batteries used in handheld electronic devices are
usually based on lithium cobalt oxide (LiCoO2) which provides high energy density and low safety
risks when damaged while Li-ion batteries based on Lithium iron phosphate which offer a lower
energy density are safer due to a reduced likelihood of unfortunate events happening are widely
used in powering electric tools and medical equipment. Lithium-ion batteries offer the best
performance to weight ratio with the lithium sulphur battery offering the highest ratio.

Some of the attributes of lithium-ion batteries are listed below;

● Specific Energy: 100: 265W-h/kg

● Energy Density: 250: 693 W-h/L
● Specific Power: 250: 340 W/kg
● Charge/discharge percentage: 80-90%
● Cycle Durability: 400: 1200 cycles
● Nominal cell voltage: NMC 3.6/3.85V

4. Lead-Acid Batteries
Lead-acid batteries are a low-cost reliable power workhorse used in heavy-duty applications. They
are usually very large and because of their weight, they’re always used in non-portable applications
such as solar-panel energy storage, vehicle ignition and lights, backup power and load levelling in
power generation/distribution. The lead-acid is the oldest type of rechargeable battery and still very
relevant and important into today’s world. Lead-acid batteries have very low energy to volume and
energy to weight ratios but it has a relatively large power to weight ratio and as a result, can supply
huge surge currents when needed. These attributes alongside its low cost make these batteries
attractive for use in several high current applications like powering automobile starter motors and
for storage in backup power supplies.

Selecting the right battery for your application

One of the main problems hindering technology revolutions like IoT is power, battery life affects
the successful deployment of devices that require long battery life and even though several power
management techniques are being adopted to make the battery last longer, a compatible battery
must still be selected to achieve the desired outcome.

Below are some factors to consider when selecting the right type of battery for your project.

1. Energy Density: The energy density is the total amount of energy that can be stored per unit
mass or volume. This determines how long your device stays on before it needs a recharge.

2. Power Density: Maximum rate of energy discharge per unit mass or volume. Low power: laptop,
i-pod. High power: power tools.

3. Safety: It is important to consider the temperature at which the device you are building will work.
At high temperatures, certain battery components will breakdown and can undergo exothermic
reactions. High temperatures generally reduces the performance of most batteries.

4. Life cycle durability: The stability of energy density and power density of a battery with
repeated cycling (charging and discharging) is needed for the long battery life required by most
applications.
5. Cost: Cost is an important part of any engineering decisions you will be making. It is important
that the cost of your battery choice is commensurate with its performance and will not increase the
overall cost of the project abnormally.

Some important characteristics of batteries include:

Capacity: This refers to the amount of energy that a battery can store and deliver. The unit of
measurement for capacity is ampere-hours (Ah) or milliampere-hours (mAh), and it determines how
long a battery can power a device before it needs to be recharged.

Voltage: This is the electrical potential difference between the positive and negative terminals of a
battery. It determines the amount of electrical energy that can be delivered by the battery and is
typically measured in volts (V).

Chemistry: The chemical composition of a battery determines its performance characteristics, such
as its capacity, voltage, and discharge rate. Different types of batteries use different chemical
compositions, including alkaline, lithium-ion, lead-acid, and nickel-cadmium.

Discharge rate: This refers to how quickly a battery can deliver its energy. It is usually measured
in amperes (A) or milliamperes (mA) and can be affected by factors such as the temperature, load,
and age of the battery.

Cycle life: This is the number of charge and discharge cycles that a battery can go through before
its performance starts to degrade. It is influenced by factors such as the chemistry of the battery, its
usage patterns, and the quality of its construction.

Self-discharge rate: This refers to the rate at which a battery loses its charge when it is not in use.
It can vary depending on the chemistry of the battery and its storage conditions.

Temperature range: The performance of a battery can be affected by the temperature at which it
is used and stored. Different types of batteries have different temperature ranges for optimal
performance.
Overall, these characteristics are important to consider when selecting a battery for a particular
application, as they can impact the battery's performance, lifespan, and overall cost-effectiveness.

Conclusion:

Quiz:
1. What is primary cell and secondary cell?

2. Do temperature have effect on battery?

 3. Mercury cell is primary cell. True/False? Justify your answer.

Suggested Reference:
1. [Link]
3. Different Types of Batteries and their Applications ([Link])

References used by the students:

Rubric wise marks obtained:

5=Excellent 4=Very Good 3=Good 2=Fair 1=Needs more work
Rubrics Knowledge Calculations Participation Journal work and Total
submission
Marks
 Assignments for

Basic Electrical Engineering

(BE01000051)

B.E. Semester 1st and 2nd (All

Branches)

Directorate of Technical Education, Gandhinagar,

Gujarat
 L. D. College, Ahmedabad
Certificate
This is to certify that Mr./Ms. ___________________________________
________ Enrollment No. _______________ of B.E. Semester _____
Electrical Engineering of this Institute (GTU Code: 028) has satisfactorily
completed the Practical / Tutorial work for the subject Basic Electrical
Engineering (BE01000051) for the academic year______________.

Place: __________
Date: __________

Name and Sign of Faculty member

Head of the Department

Basic Electrical Engineering (BE01000051)

Assignments – Course Outcome matrix

Course Outcomes (COs):

CO-1 : Apply fundamental electrical laws and circuit theorems to electrical circuits.
CO-2 : Analyze single phase and three phase AC circuits.
CO-3 : Describe operating principle and applications of static and rotating electrical machines.
CO-4 : Understand the wiring methods, electricity billing, and working principles of
circuits protective devices and personal safety measures.
CO-5: Understand the electrical safety and purpose, types and scope of earthing systems
Sr.
Objective(s) of Experiment CO1 CO2 CO3 CO4 CO5
No.

1. Assignment-1 √

2. Assignment-2 √

3. Assignment-3 √

4. Assignment-4 √

5. Assignment-5 √
 Basic Electrical Engineering (BE01000051)

Index
(Progressive Assessment Sheet)

Sr. Objective(s) of Experiment Page Date of Date of Assessme Sign. of Remar

No. No. perform submiss nt Teacher ks
ance ion Marks with date
1 Assignment-1

2 Assignment-2

3 Assignment-3

4 Assignment-4

5 Assignment-5
Total
 Assignment-1:

Date:

Relevant CO: Apply fundamental electrical laws and circuit theorems to electrical circuits.

1) Find the current delivered by battery in the given circuit.

2) Find the equivalent resistance between A & B for given circuit.

3) Derive equations for star to delta transformations.

4) Determine the current in each branch using the Nodal analysis for given circuit.

5) Using superposition theorem, calculate branch current I20.

 6) Determine thevenin’s equivalent circuit between terminal A & B.

7) Find IL using Norton’s theorem for given circuit.

8) An initially uncharged capacitor is in series with resistor and connected to dc supply at

t=0. State their expression and define the time constant.

Rubric wise marks obtained:

5=Excellent 4=Very Good 3=Good 2=Fair 1=Needs more work

Rubrics Knowledge Calculations Writing Journal work and Total
skills submission
Marks
 Assignment-2
Date:

Relevant CO: Analyze single phase and three phase AC circuits.

1) A coil takes a current of 10.0 A and dissipates 1410 W when connected to a 230 V, 50 Hz
sinusoidal supply. When another coil is connected in parallel with it, the total current taken
from the supply is 20.0 A at a power factor of 0.866. Determine the current and the overall
power factor when the coils are connected in series across the same supply.

2) A circuit, having a resistance of 4.0 Ω with an inductance of 0.5H and a variable capacitance
in series, is connected across a100V,50Hz supply. Calculate capacitance required to attain
resonance, voltages across inductor and capacitor at resonance and Q factor.

3) For the balanced system shown in figure, find: a) The magnitude of the line current b) The
magnitude of the line and phase voltages at the load c) The real, reactive and apparent
powers consumed by the load d) The power factor of the load

4) The line voltage and wattmeter reading of balanced Y connected load are V L=400W, W1=-
540W, W2=750W respectively. Find the total active power and reactive power absorbed,
impedance and power factor of the load.
5) An alternating voltage has the equation v = 141.4 sin 377t, what are the values of (a) RMS
voltage (b) frequency (c) the instantaneous voltage when t = 3 ms?
6) Prove the average power in an AC circuit is equal to 𝐜𝐨𝐬 ∅ .
7) Compare the relation between star and delta connections of line voltage, phase voltage, line
current and phase current.
8) Write the properties of series and parallel resonance.

Rubric wise marks obtained:

5=Excellent 4=Very Good 3=Good 2=Fair 1=Needs more work

Rubrics Knowledge Calculations Writing Journal work and Total
skills submission
Marks
 Assignment-3
Date:

Relevant CO: Describe operating principle and applications of static and rotating electrical
machines

1) LV winding is always nearer to the core. Interpret the statement.

2) classify the types of transformer.
3) Describe the construction and working of single phase transformer.
4) Explain the construction and working of single phase induction motor.
5) Give classification of single phase induction motor and explain each in detail.
6) Explain the generation of rotating magnetic field of single phase induction motor.
7) A 2000/200V, 20 kVA transformer has 66 turns in the secondary. Calculate a) Primary turns
b) Primary and secondary full load currents (neglect the loss).
8) An ideal 25 kVA transformer has 500 turns on the primary winding and 40 turns on the
secondary winding. The primary is connected to 3000V, 50 Hz supply. Calculate a) primary
and secondary currents on full load b) secondary emf c) the maximum core flux.
9) A 50 Hz, single phase transformer has 6600/400V having emf per turn is 10 V and the
maximum flux density in the core is 1.6T. Find the (a) Suitable number of primary and
secondary turns (b) Cross sectional area of the core.
10) Why are single-phase induction motors commonly used in household appliances?
11) How does a single-phase induction motor operate in a refrigerator?
12) What are the advantages of using a single-phase induction motor in water pumps?
13) Why are fans generally equipped with single-phase induction motors?
14) What role do single-phase induction motors play in air compressors?
15) How does a single-phase induction motor enhance the portability of electric drills?
16) What are the main components of a brushless DC motor?
17) How does the working principle of a BLDC motor differ from a brushed DC motor?
18) What are the advantages of using a brushless DC motor over a conventional DC motor?
19) Explain the role of electronic controllers in the operation of BLDC motors.
20) How does the absence of brushes in a BLDC motor impact its efficiency and lifespan?
21) Why are BLDC motors preferred in electric vehicles over traditional induction motors?
22) How do BLDC motors improve the efficiency of washing machines?
23) What advantages do BLDC motors offer in computer cooling systems?
24) How are BLDC motors utilized in blowers and HVAC systems?
25) What makes BLDC motors ideal for use in modern laptops?

Rubric wise marks obtained:

5=Excellent 4=Very Good 3=Good 2=Fair 1=Needs more work

Rubrics Knowledge Calculations Writing Journal work and Total
skills submission
Marks
 Assignment-4
Date:

Relevant COs: Understand the wiring methods, electricity billing, and working principles of
circuits protective devices and personal safety measures.

1) Write safety precautions for Electrical Appliances.

2) State and explain in brief important electrical characteristics of battery

3) Give the comparison of fuse, MCB, ELCB and MCCB.

4) What are the different types of lamps used in lighting applications?

5) Calculate current, resistance and energy consumed by an oven rated 230V, 1kW when used
for 20 hours. Also, calculate the electricity bill at the rate of Rs. 7/unit.

6) What are the different types of light fixtures, and where are they commonly used?

7) How do reflectors enhance the efficiency of lighting systems?

8) How do incandescent, fluorescent, and LED lamps differ in terms of efficiency and lifespan?

9) What factors should be considered when selecting a lamp for a specific application?

10) Calculate the electricity bill amount for a month of April, if 4 bulbs of 40 W for 5 h, 4 tube
lights of 60 W for 5 h, a TV of 100 W for 6 h, a washing machine of 400 W for 3 h, a water
pump of 0.5 HP for 15 minutes are used per day. The cost per unit is Rs 3.50. Consider 1
HP = 746 watts

Rubric wise marks obtained:

5=Excellent 4=Very Good 3=Good 2=Fair 1=Needs more work

Rubrics Knowledge Calculations Writing Journal work and Total
skills submission
Marks
 Assignment-5
Date:

Relevant COs: Understand the electrical safety and purpose, types and scope of earthing
systems

1) Write safety precautions for Electrical Appliances.

2) How does earthing protect electrical appliances and human safety?

3) How does improper earthing lead to electrical hazards?

4) Explain plate and pipe earthling with diagram.

5) What are the common causes of electrical fires, and how can they be prevented?

6) How does an ammeter and voltmeter work, and how should it be connected in a circuit?

7) Explain the difference between a wattmeter and an energy meter.

8) What is the function of a wattmeter, and how is it connected in an electrical circuit?

9) How does an energy meter measure electrical energy consumption?

10) Why is it important to use the correct range while measuring voltage or current?

Rubric wise marks obtained:

5=Excellent 4=Very Good 3=Good 2=Fair 1=Needs more work

Rubrics Knowledge Calculations Writing Journal work and Total
skills submission
Marks
 Basic Electrical Engineering
(BE01000051)
Assignments prepared by
[Link]/ [Link]
Assistant Professor, Electrical Engineering,
L.D. College of Engineering
Ahmedabad

Branch Coordinator
Dr. [Link]
Professor, Electrical Engineering
L.D. College of Engineering
Ahmedabad

Committee Chairman
Dr N M Bhatt
Professor of Mechanical Engineering
L. E. College, Morbi