Treaty of Westphalia Napoleonic Code

- In 1648, this was a treaty or a set of - forbade the birth privilege and it encouraged
agreements that were signed in 1648 to freedom of religion and it promoted
actually end the 30-year war between major meritocracy in government service.
continental powers in Europe.
- Europe was actually drowned in religious Meritocracy
blood battles for over 30 years and to end - is a system where people are actually
this tussle for sovereignty and religious rewarded based on their abilities and efforts
dominance among the countries in Europe at and not based on their wealth or status in life
that time.
- The Peace Treaty of Westphalia was signed Concert of Europe
by European powers in 1648. The war - It was an alliance that sought to restore the
between Catholics and Protestants made the sovereignty of the state. So, they wanted to
Holy Roman Empire, Spain, France, Sweden, restore the freedom of those countries
and the Dutch Republic to design a system - is a general agreement among the great
that would prevent wars in the future. powers of 19th century Europe for them to
- also call a Westphalian system maintain the European balance of power,
- the Treaty of Westphalia promoted principles political boundaries, and spheres of
of religious tolerance and equality, meaning influence. This is also called the Metternich
anyone who would sign the Treaty of system, which is named after the Austrian
Westphalia would exercise or would be able diplomat who helped structure it, Clemens
to exercise complete control over their von Metternich. And this system lasted from
domestic affairs and they would not meddle 1815 to 1914.
in each other's affairs. Meaning, no one - It collapsed because of World War I. But the
would meddle in each other's affairs, no one international system that is present until
would be forced to spread this kind of today, it still has the traces of the history of
religious belief in other countries, in this Concert of Europe
neighboring countries.
Internationalism
Napoleon Bonaparte - a movement which advocates for a greater
- believed in the principles of the French economic and political cooperation among
Revolution, which are liberty, equality, and the nations for the theoretical benefit of all.
fraternity. - principally divided into two broad categories.
- Bonaparte's mission actually ended in 1815 And those two are liberal and socialist
when he was finally defeated by the Anglo internationalism
and Prussian armies in the Battle of - to have good cooperation and relations
Waterloo. among the nations, to achieve greater
- After the Battle of Waterloo and after they economic and political cooperation for the
were able to successfully exile Bonaparte, we benefit of everyone
call it the Concert of Europe. So, this was an
alliance of great powers to prevent another Liberal Internationalism
war. - is a concept actually that promotes cooperation
among nations to achieve that. It's the same goal
as internationalism, peace, prosperity, and
sustainable development. The key word here is - The idea is that in the future, after having
cooperation among nations. total democracy and self-determination, these
1. Immanuel Kant countries or these states will have the ability
- there's a need to form common international to work with each other in order to create a
principles. better world for everyone.
- without a form of world government, the - believes in the ability of the government to
international system would be chaotic. maintain and achieve the common goals that
- states like citizens of countries must be able he supports for internationalism, which is,
or must be willing to give up some of their again, world peace, shared prosperity, and
freedom and establish a continuously sustainable development
growing state consisting of various nations,
which will ultimately include the nations of the Socialist Internationalism
world. In short, Kant imagined a global
government. 1. Karl Marx
- known for rejecting nationalism because
2. Giuseppe Mazzini. Marx believed that any authentic version of
- an advocate for the unification of various internationalism should purposely reject
Italian-speaking mini-states and he was a nationalism, which rooted individuals in
major critic of the maternity system domestic problems rather than global ones
- a republic needs a government where there - emphasized economic equality, dividing the
is no king, queen, or hereditary succession. world into classes rather than countries
He was a major critic of the maternity system - For Marx, there are only two types of people.
because the maternity system restored the Those are capitalists and proletarians.
power of the monarchs Capitalists are those people who have the
- He proposed a system of three nations that means of production
cooperated with each other to create an - These are businessmen and factories. While
international system For Mazzini, the proletarians are those who have no means of
independent states would be the basis of an production or no ability to start a business.
equally free, cooperative, and international These are those who work for capitalists
system. For him, it doesn't necessarily mean - Marx and his co-author Friedrich Engel,
that there is one global government that will believed in a socialist revolution that seeks to
solve all the problems of the whole world. For overthrow the state.
him, it's okay that there are different states, - socialist internationalism is a concept that is
but it's important that these states will be rooted in socialism. And it emphasizes the
cooperating with each other and will respect solidarity and cooperation among the socialist
each other in order to attain the goals that we or left-leaning groups, parties, and
mentioned in the article. movements, and governments across
national boundaries. At its core, socialist
3. Woodrow Wilson internationalism actually advocated for the
- former president of the United States unity of the working class and oppressed
- actually saw nationalism as well as a people globally
prerequisite for internationalism. - So workers of the world unite. You have
- He forwarded the principles of democracy nothing to lose but your chains. That's their
and self-determination. He said that countries battle cry.
in the world need to be free and independent.
 - They want to transcend national interests and 3 Powers of IOs
promote common goals such as social 1. Power of Classification
justice, equality, and international peace - meaning they can invent and apply
categories and create powerful
Difference between Liberal and Social standards
2. Ability to Change the Meaning of Words
- They believe in the ability and the power of the - the meanings that they generate can
government. Having a structured government is have an impact on the variety of
important in order for us to attain our goals as an policies that they will do
international community. During socialist 3. Power to Defuse Norms
internationalism, they wanted to overthrow the - they can establish and debunk
government because they believe that the standards in the world
government and having a nationalistic idea will
actually hinder them from creating and United Nations
advocating for policies that will help them achieve - most prominent international organization in
their battle cry, which are social justice, equality, the contemporary world
and international peace. - divided into five active organs. Organs
meaning these are the offices or sectors that
Political Globalization are included.
- refers to the growth of the worldwide political
system. Both in terms of size and complexity. 1. General Assembly
And one of the key aspects of political - the main deliberative policy making
globalization is actually the declining importance and representative organ of the
of nation-state, and the emergence and arrival United Nations. So decisions on
of new characters or actors in the political scene important questions such as those on
peace and security, admission of new
Effects of Globalization to Governance members, and budgetary matters are
1. post-sovereign governance, emergence of talked and discussed in this
post-sovereign governance Assembly. It requires a two-thirds
2. shift in the main attributes of what we consider majority of the General Assembly for
as the state you to make important decisions on
3. promotes and moves toward multilayered those matters.
governance, and it encourages some
privatization of governance. 2. Security Council
- has 15 total, only 15 members. It only
International Organization has 15 countries, this council. And it is
- are also known as international in charge of evaluation whether there
intergovernmental organizations, or the groups is a threat to the peace or an act of
that are primarily made up of member states aggression that's actually happening.
- these organizations are not just simple - P5 re China, France, Russia, UK, and
organizations because they serve as platforms US
for states to actually discuss. - our SC is somehow an heir to the
tradition of great power diplomacy that
started with the Maternic or Concert of
Europe
3. Economic and Social Council
- the principal body of the UN for
coordination, policy review, policy
dialogue, and recommendations on
social and environmental issues. It
has 54 members elected every three
years, and it is the central platform of
the United Nations to discuss matters
on sustainable development.

4. International Court of Justice

5. Secretariat
- consists of the Secretariat General and tens
of thousands of international UN staff
members.
- they carry the day-to-day work of the UN. So
they are the ones working behind the scenes,
and they also do the work of mandating other
members or other organs of the United
Nations. So they stand as the bureaucracy of
the United Nations.