About this Module

Forensic 5: Lie Detection Techniques

This course deals with the study of lie detection and interrogation. It covers
the methods of detecting deception. This study the uses of a polygraph instrument
and the standard procedures of polygraph examination including modern deception
detection techniques (CMO 05, series of 2018).

This course includes the study of the different methods and techniques in lie
detection. The anatomy of lying, its theory, kinds and types. It includes the conduct
of polygraph examination. It covers also the history, personalities and developments
of Lie detection in different countries as a tool of crime investigation and also in
relation to court proceedings.

This is a 3-unit course with 5 hours of interaction: 2 hours lecture and 3 hours
laboratory.

As the COVID-19 pandemic continue to affect the educational system, a blended

approach will be used. In a week, 3 hours will be spent for modular approach (home
assignment) and 2 hours for online instruction.

After completion of the course, the students shall be able to:

 explain the significance of studying the human nervous system

physiology in relation to lie detection;
 trace the historical development of lie detection;
 identify and define the underlying principles of each scientific methods
of detecting deception;
 enumerate the principal uses, objectives, and technical procedures of polygraphy;
 formulate questions, describe chart markings, and interpret chart
probing; use the interrogation techniques as applied in polygraphy;
 enumerate completely the qualification and the responsibilities of
the polygraph examiner; and
 explain the legal implication of observing the ethics criminal interrogation.

Rubrics for the activity could be found at the end of the Module.

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 Table of Contents

Chapter 4: Question Formulation, Chart Marking and Probing

Instructions 4
Objectives 4
Pre-Test 4

Introduction 6

Lesson 1: Type of Questions 6

Lesson 2: Test techniques and Supplementary test 9
Lesson 3. Chart markings, interpretation and probing 13
Lesson 4. Tracings as indications of deception 18

Post-Test 24

Process Question 25

Activity 25

Rubrics 25

About the Compiler 26

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3
 CHAPTER 4:
QUESTION FORMULATION, CHART MARKING AND PROBING

INSTRUCTIONS
In this module, there will be Pre-Test and Post-Test. Please answer Pre-Test
without first reading the materials. Post-test could be found at the end of the
chapter. Submit your answers for Pre-test, Post-Test, Process questions and Chapter
Activity at the google classroom. Post-Test, Process Questions and Chapter Activity
are graded.
However, Pre-Test are not graded but will be used by the Instructor/
Professor to asses if there is an increase of knowledge after reading the lesson.
Laboratory activity sheets were also indicated at the end of the chapter.
“Learning is easy and fun, if we take it with positivism and motivation to do
so. We may deviate from what is usual, but stepping into something new is another
avenue to innovate”.
Enjoy learning at home!

OBJECTIVES
1. Explain the types and procedures in formulating test questions;
2. Explain the different test techniques and supplementary test; and
3. Discuss different chart markings and interpretation of polygraph results.

PRE-TEST
Instruction: Choose the correct answer. Submit only the letter of your choice.

1. These are question devised without definite relationship with the case under
investigation. They are intended to establish subject’s physiological norm and to
lessen the excitement stage produced by relevant question.
a) Relevant question
b) Irrelevant question
c) Knowledge Question
d) Evidence Connecting Questions

2. It is the “keynote to accurate chart interpretation”

a) Chart markings
b) Question formulation
c) Test Techniques
d) Supplementary Test
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3. This test is conducted if the respond on the previous test is doubtful, it becomes
essential to conduct additional test. This consist of a test concerning fabricated
incident of a similar nature but one which appears to be real in so far as the
subject is concerned.
a) Peak of Tension test
b) Guilt Complex test
c) Silent Answer test
d) Yest Test

4. “Do you know who stabbed Mr. X?” is an example of a question:

a) Relevant question
b) Irrelevant question
c) Knowledge Question
d) Evidence Connecting Questions

5. This means that the response occur in two or more [Link] is the most important
and reliable indicator of deception
a) Norm
b) Response
c) Specific response
d) Markings

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 INTRODUCTION
Question formulation is the “keynote to accurate chart interpretation”. If a
relevant question is phrased and delivered properly, to determine its particular
purpose, it will influence subject’s flight mechanism in a manner, which will make
chart interpretation easy.

Chart Markings are also vital in the proper interpretation of examination

results. One second when the examiner missed to put proper markings may affect
the results later.

These will be discussed in this chapter.

LESSON [Link] OF QUESTIONS

LESSON 1 OUTCOMES:
1. Identify the different types of questions used in polygraph examinations;
2. Explain the points to be considered in formulating test questions; and
3. Formulate test questions to achieve desirable response from the subject.

ACTIVATE YOUR MIND!!!

Have you encountered being wherein you felt nervous yet you know you done
nothing wrong?

Does the way you have been questioned affected you much or was it
about how the questioned was constructed?

Question formulation is important in lie detection techniques in order to

arrive at the desired reaction from the subject.

ACQUIRE KNOWLEDGE AND SKILLS!!

There are general and specific rules to be followed in the formulation of the test
question.
The question to be formulated must:
a) Be simple and direct.
b) Not involve legal terminology like murder, rape etc.
c) Be answerable by YES or NO.
d) Be clear and phrased in a language the subject can easily understand.
e) Not be in the form of an accusation.
f) Never contain an inference that presupposes knowledge on the part of the
subject.
g) Refer to one offense only.
h) Not contain influence to one’s religion, race or belief

TYPES OF QUESTIONS:
1. Relevant Questions

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 Keeler developed this kind of test.
 These are direct question having an extreme and specific relationship to the
crime or matter under investigation and these are primary or key question
ask by the examiner in order to solve specific issue.

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 Relevant Question is classified into two:
a. Strong Relevant or Primary or Crucial Question
 These question are intended and created to test for direct
participation only specifically designed to produced an emotional
response in guilt subject.
 Example: Were you the one who actually killed Mr. X?
b. Weak Relevant or Secondary Question
 These are questions concern in several secondary aspects of the
crime or problems often deals with guilty knowledge and partial
involvement.
 Example: Were you the one who actually stabbed Mr. X?

2. Irrelevant Question
 These are question devised without definite relationship with the case under
investigation. They are intended to establish subject’s physiological norm and
to lessen the excitement stage produced by relevant question.
 Example: “Is your first name May?”
“Are you 19 years of age?

3. Evidence Connecting Questions

 This is intended to arouse guilty subject and focus his attention on the
probability of incriminating proof that would tend to establish his guilt. In
formulating the question the examiner must know from the investigator
whether or not pieces of evidence were collected from the scene of the crime.
 Example: “Was the knife found at the scene of the crime,
yours?” “Was the pair of shoes left at the house
of Mr. Y, yours?

4. Knowledge Question
 This question is intended to discover whether the subject possesses
information regarding the identity of the offender or as to the location of the
evidence or other secondary elements facts of the case under investigation.
 Example: “Do you know who stabbed Mr. X?”

5. Sacrifice or DYAT Question

 This is intended to obtain responses usually produced by the introduction of
the first relevant question in the sequence. These divulge the subject’s norm
plus stimulus and excitement stage.
 Example: “Do you intend to answer truthfully all questions that I’m going
to ask you? ”

6. Control Question (Probable Lie)

 This is a question intended to generate a response in an innocent subject and
provide the basis for assessing the subject’s perceptual set. Control Question
is classified into two:
a) Primary Control Question
 is based on known lie. It must concern about actions that
transpired within three (3) to five (5) years time prior to case
under investigation occurred.
 Example: “Before attaining the age of 28, have you ever stolen

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 anything?”
b) Secondary Control Question
 is more precise in nature and is based on another experience of
unlawful activity, which improves the chance for
responsiveness. Its range covers

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 up to the current period. The question for responsiveness must
not be connected to the case under investigation.
 Example: “Have you ever stolen anything in your Community?”

7. Symptomatic Question
 These are three groups of question place as one by Backster and they
intended to verify the previous charts and detect indirect participation or
guilty knowledge. The “S” stands for “suspect”; the “K” stands for “know”
and the “Y” stands for “you”.
 Example: “Do you SUSPECT anyone in stealing Benny’s
money?” “Do you KNOW who steal Benny’s
money?”
“Did YOU steal Benny’s money?”

APPLY IT!!
Write your own 10 questions with a combination of relevant and
irrelevant questions in proper intervals.

ASSESS YOUR LEARNING!!

Can the polygraph examination be considered not effective when the
examiner did not have the proper ability and strategy in formulating test
questions?

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 LESSON 2: TEST TECHNIQUES AND SUPPLEMENTARY TEST

LESSON 2 OUTCOMES:
1. Discuss the different test techniques;
2. Assess its differences and on what instances it is only applicable; and
3. Create your own set of test questions.

ACTIVATE YOUR MIND!!!

Have you caught from your wrong because follow-up questions?

Are the presentation or order of questions affects your giving of answers?

ACQUIRE KNOWLEDGE AND SKILLS!!

R/I Technique
This examination is composed of five (5) tests.

TEST I. GENERAL QUESTION TEST

 This test is about the case under investigation.
 These are sequence of relevant, irrelevant and control question asked in a
designed order.
 The questions are arranged in order to contrast the subject’s response
between relevant questions and control questions.
 The answer to the question is restricted to yes or no only.

The sequence and sample of General Question Test are as follows:

1Q- Irrelevant – Is your first name Raine?
2Q- Irrelevant – Do you know that today is Thursday?
3Q- Weak Relevant – Between 7:30 AM to 10:30 AM of October 2002, did you open
the table drawer of Mr. Reynaldo Suave?
4Q- Irrelevant – Are you married?
5Q- Strong Relevant – Where you the one who actually stole the missing P
50,000.00 cash money of Mr. Reynaldo Suave?
6Q- Control – Before attaining the age of 25 have you ever stolen anything?
7Q- Irrelevant – Do you know how to read?
8Q- Evidence Connecting – Were the bunch of keys recovered under the table of Mr.
Reynaldo Suave, yours?
9Q- Knowledge – Do you know who stole the cash money of Reynaldo Suave?
10Q- Secondary Control – Have you ever stolen anything from your current employment?

TEST II – CARD OR NUMBER TEST (STIMULATION OR VERIFICATION TEST)

 Upon finishing of the first test, here is another part of the test; examiner will
show to the subject seven (7) variously numbered card faces down. The
cards are set in such a way

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 the examiner will right away know which card has been chosen by the
subject. The numbers 7, 11 and 13 should not be used because other subjects
are superstitious and numbers 6 and 9 should not be included to avoid
confusion on the part of the subject. The cards with numbers 15, 8, 4, 14, and
12 are used.
 The subject is given an instruction to get a card, look at it and memorize the
number of the card that was chosen and return it without showing it to the
examiner or telling the number. After the selection is finished, the examiner
shuffles the cards and will instruct the subject to answer “no” to each
question regarding the cards, even if the number of the card has chosen is
asked. In short one of the subject’s answers to the questions will be a lie.
 The verification test is intended to assure the innocent examinee of the
accurateness of the test and of the competency of the polygraphist. It further
serves to arouse the guilty examinee.

TEST III – SPOT RESPONDER TEST

 This test contains question previously asked questions in General Question
Test (GQT). With the same number of the same question on the earlier test,
the sequence would be:

1Q- Irrelevant – Is your first name Raine?

3Q- Weak Relevant – Between 7:30 AM to 10:30 AM of October 25, 2002, did you
open the table drawer of Mr. Reynaldo Suave?
2Q- Irrelevant – Do you know that today is Thursday?
4Q- Irrelevant – Are you married?
5Q- Strong Relevant – Were you the one who actually stole the missing P
50,000.00 cash money of Mr. Reynaldo Suave?
6Q- Control- Before attaining the age of 25 have you ever stolen anything?
7Q- Irrelevant – Do you know how to read?
8Q- Evidence Connecting – Were the bunch of keys recovered under the table of Mr.
Reynaldo Suave, yours?
9Q- Knowledge – Do you know who stole the cash money of Mr. Reynaldo Suave?
10Q- Secondary Control – Have you ever stolen anything from your current employment?

TEST IV- MIXED QUESTION TEST

 The test is the same with Test III but question of GQT is again mixed and the
sequence of the question are as follows:

4Q- Irrelevant – Are you married?

IQ- Irrelevant – Is your first name Raine?
9Q- Knowledge – Do you know who stole the cash money of Mr. Reynaldo Suave?
6Q- Control – Before attaining the age of 25 have you ever stolen anything?
2Q- Irrelevant – Do you know that today is Thursday?
3Q- Weak Relevant – Between 7:30 AM to 10:30 AM of October 25, 2002, did
you open the table drawer of Mr. Reynaldo Suave?
10Q- Secondary Control – Have you ever stolen anything from your current
employment?
5Q- Strong Relevant – Were you the one who actually stole the missing P
50,000.00 cash money of Mr. Reynaldo Suave?
6Q- Control – Before attaining the age of 25 have you ever stolen anything?
8Q- Evidence Connecting – Were the bunch of keys recovered under the table of Mr.

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Reynaldo Suave, yours?

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 10Q- Secondary Control – Have you ever stolen anything from your current
employment?

TEST V- SILENT ANSWER TEST (SAT)

 In this test the subject is instructed by the examiner to avoid from giving
any verbal answer to the questions that are to be asked of him during the
test.
 The subject is instructed to pay attention to each question and answer the
question only to himself, silently.
 In short, the subject should “sub vocalize” his answer, in addition, he should
think of the truthful answer and give that truthful answer-silently to himself.

Two important points was found to be essential in order to achieve the

utmost benefits from the test.

 First, the subject should understand, clearly that on the Silent Answer Test
(SAT) he will be asked of the same question. Just like on the previous test
and is exactly in the order they were asked before.
 Secondly, it is significant for the subject to understand that though he is not
to answer verbally any test question, he should answer all test questions
silently in his mind with truthful answer only.

Purpose of each test:

Test I
 The first two (2) Irrelevant Questions are designed to condition subject to
have standard tracing and to establish truth-telling pattern the primary part
of the record.

Test II
 To check feasible distortion when the selected number is asked.
Test III
 To determine the responsiveness of the subject to critical question and also
serve as a check on possibility of spot respond.
Test IV
 To compare the degree of reaction between Relevant and Control Question.
Test V
 To serve as an affirmative check.

SUPPLEMENTARY TEST

In order to have a better conclusion, special test may be performed and

incorporated as a part of the standard procedure or may used as supplementary
tests depending upon the result of the standard test.

1. Yes Test:
 In cases where a distortion arises on the general question test, card or
third test, the “yes” test should be administered before the mixed question
test.

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  The “Yes” test is performed by giving instruction to the subject answer “yes”
to all the questions to be asked, including that question that pertains to the
issue under investigation.
 The control question is removed as a preventive measure for the subject to
avoid from being concerned over the control questions and having a
temptation to distort the polygraph record.

2. Guilt Complex Test:

 If the respond on the previous test is doubtful, it becomes essential to
conduct additional test.
 This consist of a test concerning fabricated incident of a similar nature but
one which appears to be real in so far as the subject is concerned.
 The purpose of this test is to compare the responses with those that emerge
on the actual test record when question were asked about the issue under
investigation.
 The guilt complex question acts as a defense against mistaking the relevant
question responses of guilt complex reactor for deception responses that is, it
acts as specialized control question.
 An example of this question is, “Did you steal the money from the house at
Bonifacio?” While it is true that the money was stolen but it is not in from the
house at Bonifacio rather the money was stolen from the house at
Magsaysay.

3. Peak Of Tension Test:

 The test is applicable only in cases where subject has not been informed by
investigator or by other person or other sources like print media of all the
vital facts of the offense in question.
 The investigator prepares seven (7) questions and one of them has a specific
bearing on the case under investigation.
 The specific question must refer to several facts of the event that the subject
doesn’t know,
 Example:
1Q – Introductory Phrase plus padding question – Do you know
whether the stolen watch of Roy is a Gucci?
2Q – Padding – Is it a Citizen?
3Q – Padding – Is it a Guess?
4Q – Relevant Question – Is it a Seiko?s
5Q – Padding – Is it a
Rolex? 6Q – Padding – Is it
a Timex? 7Q – Padding – Is
it a Bulova?

APPLY IT!!

Choose a partner at home. Prepare set of

cards. Try the Silent Answer Test.

ASSESS YOUR LEARNING!!

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Does ALL the supplementary test be given in one shot or one-time examination only?

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 LESSON 3. CHART MARKINGS, INTERPRETATION AND PROBING

LESSON 3 OUTCOMES:
1. Familiarize different chart markings;
2. Determine how to achieve specific response in chart interpretation; and
3. Create your personalized chart markings.

ACTIVATE YOUR MIND!!!

When an evidence is found at the crime scene, markings, labeling or tagging is

done.

In polygraph examination, when a response has been recorded, proper

markings must be done. It will guide the examiner during chart interpretation.

Have you missed important details while listening to someone? Is it better to

write it down or mark it?

ACQUIRE KNOWLEDGE AND SKILLS!!

Markings are made with the use of sign and symbols to facilitate evaluation
and interpretation in charts. An examiner must have the best training, using the
advance methods, but none of these are of any value without the proper chart
marking.

Chart marking plays a vital role in polygraph technique. Merely one of the
two seconds off on chart markings immediately generate misinterpretations, as we
all know misinterpretations brings the ever-present potential of trap consequence.

Signs and Symbols in Chart Markings:

1. X
a. indicates the beginning or the start of the test
b. Inform the subject that the rest is about to begin.
c. “X” is placed on the chart below the cardio tracing,
d. Wait for fifteen (15) to twenty (20) seconds before asking the first question
in order to record the normal pattern of the subject.

2. XX
a. X indicates the end or ending of the test
b. Mark “XX” below the cardio tracing
c. Inform the subject that the test is about to end by giving the instruction to sit
properly, the blood pressure cuff will be released in a moment and deactivate
the instrument after 10 seconds without stimulus insertion.

3. / /
a. When a question is asked, a stimulus mark or a vertical line is placed on the
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chart below the cardio tracing.

1
 b. The single stimulus mark or the vertical line indicates the beginning of the
question and double vertical line indicates the ending of the question.

4. Question Numbering
a. Extreme care should be taken to ensure that the correct question number
is used to identify the question asked and to prevent misinterpretation of the
test charts.
b. The numbering of question on the chart can be done between the stimulus
mark, either below or to the right of the stimulus marking.

5. + , - and No Sign
a. Plus sign (+) indicates that the subject answer the questions with “Yes”,
Minus sign (-) indicates that the subject answer “No”, and “N” for No sign
should be placed when the subject fails to answer question being asked or
when “Silent Answer Test” is conducted.
b. Signs are placed below or at the right side of the number of question.

6. T----------------T
a. Talking by the subject other than the “Yes” or “No”, answers indicate on
the chart letter “T” at the subject starts to talk and again where the subject
stopped talking.
b. Draw a horizontal line between the two (2) Symbols to show length of talking.

7. “TI”
a. Indicates for talking instructions
b. Indication is made on the chart below the cardio pattern when subject is
diplomatically instructed regarding talking.

8. “C”
a. Indicates if the subject is coughing.
b. It can also cause a sharp ring in the galvo and a break on a pattern,
depending on its intensity.

9. “M”
a. Indicates for movements, and it should place exactly above below any break in
tracings.
b. Draw horizontal line between the two (2) symbols to determine the length of
movement.

10. “MI”
a. For movement instruction. Indication is made on the chart below the cardio patterns.

11. (↑) or (↓)

a. The mechanical adjustment is done only when necessary and shall preceded
by an irrelevant question and is indicated by an arrow pointing up (↑) or down
(↓) adjacent to respective pattern where the adjustment is made.

12. “CT”
a. is placed on the chart for clearing of throat, and is frequently placed below
the pneumo tracing, both galvo and cardio tracings may be affected

1
 depending on its intensity.

13. “OSN”
a. Outside noise is indicated on the chart with letters “OSN” and shall be
placed on the chart where the galvo, cardio and pneumo activity appears as
a result of any noise or sound sufficient to cause disturbance in the pattern.

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14. “S”
a. is indicated on the chart for sigh in the chart and shall be placed inside the
pneumo tracing exactly where it took place. It may be indicative of deception
or merely denotes relief, because of the psychological implications involved,
it must be distinguished from deep breath.

15. “SN”
a. Sniff is indicated on the chart as “SN” and shall be placed below the pneumo
tracing where the sniff was noted.

16. “SZ”
a. Indicates for sneeze and should place just below the pneumo tracing at the
point when sneeze occurred. Such occurrence will affect all three (3) tracing
to varying degrees.

17. “B”
a. Indicates for burp or belch occurs. Burping affects both pneumo and galvo tracings.

18. “L”
a. is placed on the chart if the subject laughs and should be placed below the
break point of the pneumo tracing. This will also affect the cardio tracing.

19. “Y”
a. Yawn is indicated with letter “Y” on the chart and placed below the
pneumo tracing where yawn occurs.
b. Yawning will also affect the cardio and galvo tracings.

20. “VC”
a. stands for change of voice when subjects answer the question. The change of
voice will also affect the galvo and pneumo tracing.

21. “IM”
a. Indicates for involuntary movement at the break point of the cardio tracing.
b. The subject will actually jerk occasionally thus, this will affect galvo and
pneumo tracings. Involuntary movements frequently contains
deception criteria.

22. “ARM”
a. Extraneous factors due to blood pressure cuff discomfort will affect all the
three (3) tracings, it is indicated on the chart with “ARM”, enclosed in a circle.
If the discomfort continues, draw a horizontal line for duration of the apparent
discomfort with the additional “ARM” in a circle at termination of discomfort.

23. “BI”
a. Indicates for breathing instruction and “BI” is placed below the cardio
tracings. This is being done when the subject is carefully and properly
instructed regarding deep breathing.
24. “RQ”
a. is indicated on the chart below the cardio tracing when the subject requests
a repetition of the question.

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25. “PJ”
a. Indicates for paper jam.

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26. “kn”- means amplifier normal

27. “20kn”- amplifier manual

28. “MRA”- Movement of Right Hand

29. “MLA”- Movement of Left Hand

30. “DB”- indicated deep breath

31. “X/ 60/ 1.5 A”- first markings of the examiner on the chart

32. “XX/ 60/ 1.5 A”- examiner’s mark after the test

33. “60”- millimeter or mercury shown in sphygmomanometer dial

34. “1.5”- ohms of skin electrical resistance sensitivity

35. “A or M”- refers to automatic or manual galvo amplifier used

 The following are written above the Pneumo pattern near the beginning of
the chart for identification or information on the Test Charts:
a. Subject’s name, rank or profession
b. Date and time of examination
c. Test or Chart number
d. Examiner’s Initial

 The subject will be required to sign across the three (3) recorded graphs for
the purpose of positive identification of the chart at the end of the
examination.

Without chart marking, it is impossible to evaluate the chart or to arrive at any

conclusion. The tracings have no meaning unless you know what occurred at each point
throughout the chart. The accuracy of the result of polygraph of polygraph test
depends on the competency of the polygraph examiner and a well-trained
investigator.

CARDINAL RULE IN CHART INTERPRETATION

“Any change from normal requires an explanation”

There are rules to be followed:

1. There must be SPECIFIC RESPONSE.
2. To be specific response, the response must form deviation from norm.
3. It must appear in at least two (2) test charts.
4. The best indication of deception is the simultaneous specific response in
the three (3) tracing of the chart

NORM
• generally refers to the type of cardio, pneumo, and galvo tracings
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produced by the subject’s body on a moving chart paper prior to the
insertions of relevant questions.

2
 • it indicates the particular type of physiological phenomena taking place
within the subject’s body.

RESPONSE
• changes or deviation from normal recording of the pneumo, cardio, and
galvo tracing which emerge as the subject answers to the test question.
• deviation from the subject’s norm

SPECIFIC RESPONSE
• response occur in two or more charts.
• the most important and reliable indicator of deception

“What is the Relevance of the Test Charts?”

It is the basis of the examiner’s findings. It contains the reaction of the
subject during the
tests.

The Legal Rule in Chart Interpretation”

There must be a specific response and the specific responses must appear
consistently the same in relevant questions in two or more charts.

APPLY IT!!

If you will be starting a polygraph examination, what should the

markings be? How about in ending your examination?

ASSESS YOUR LEARNING!!

How vital are chart markings in the polygraph examination?

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 LESSON 4. TRACINGS AS INDICATIONS OF DECEPTION

LESSON 2 OUTCOMES:
1. Determine tracings indicative of deception; and
2. Evaluate if the polygraph test could be fooled or beaten; and

ACTIVATE YOUR MIND!!!

Does polygraph test detect lies? Or just record responses and physiological
changes in the body?

ACQUIRE KNOWLEDGE AND SKILLS!!

In polygraph examination, there are signs or responses which are indicative

of deception in which the examiner must be familiar with.

Changes in pneumo tracing which may fall into category of specific response
when accompanied by a response in the cardio or even the galvo tracing.

Pneumo tracings which may be considered indicative of deception:

1. Change in rhythm or regularity

2. Change in amplitude or volume
3. Change in inspiration, expiration rate/ratio
4. Notch or serrated inspiration or expiration stroke
5. Change or loss of baseline
6. Hyperventilation
7. Suppression
8. Respiratory Block

 Change in rhythm or regularity

- the rate or normal breathing is 18 cycles per minute.
- The changes are due to the need for
oxygen to compensate for an accelerated heart
action or for earlier breathing suppression.

 Change in amplitude or volume

- a normal respiration will have an average of
about one pint (unit of volume/capacity) of air is
inhaled and exhaled during a single cycle, this is
known as tidal air.
But the lungs are not completely deflated during
normal exhalation, there is still a residual air
remaining. There is an increase in the residual
volume causing the recorded
inspiration stroke to go higher and the expiration
stroke lower than in the normal breathing when in a

2
sigh.

2
 Notch or serrated inspiration or expiration stroke
- serration maybe recorded in the case the
subject is in an intense nervous state as a result of
tremendous breathing. Notch on either stroke may
signify catching of
the breath when surprised or shocked, talking, coughing,
crying, and swallowing, may affect the tracing.

 Hyperventilation
- regular deep breathing
- caused by prolonged suppression of the
breathing such as loss of oxygen has to
be compensated when

 Suppression
- or shallow breathing, a kind of breathing
expected shock or an attempt to control the
reaction to the shock received.

 Respiratory Block
- an exaggerated form of suppression in
which there is strange shortening of
both the inspiration and expiration
stroke that it appears as straight line.

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Galvo tracings which may be considered indicative of deception:

1. Vertical rise at point of deception

2
2. Double saddle response

3
3. Long duration and/or degree of response following point of deception

4. Plunging of galvo tracings

3
In most cases the galvo is a measure of increase or decrease of the subject’s skin

resistance, rise and fall stimuli. The highest or lowest or absence of such rise or fall

3
 in the

crucial question may also be indicative of deception.

3
1. Vertical rise at point of deception 2. Double saddle response

3. Long duration and/or degree of response 4. Plunging of galvo tracings

following point of deception

Cardio tracings which may be considered indicative of deception:

1. Increase or decrease in blood pressure

2. Increase or decrease in pulse rate
3. Increase or decrease of amplitude
4. Change in position or disappearance of dicrotic notch
5. Extra systole

 Increase or decrease in blood pressure

- increase in blood pressure is shown by a prolong rise in the blood pressure
tracing during a crucial question and a return to the norm when the
subject is released from that stimulus by the introduction of irrelevant
question.
- decrease in blood pressure, when there is a fall of cardio tracing or after a
crucial question from a level or smooth tracing, this require mechanical
adjustment when the tracing fail to return to its previous level.

3
 Increase or decrease in pulse rate
- increase in pulse rate as the cardio pattern becomes close together
- decrease in pulse rate as the cardio pattern becomes far apart

 Increase or decrease of amplitude

- when the cardio pattern is elevated, there is an increase in amplitude
- a decrease in height in the pattern is a decrease of amplitude

3
 Change in position or disappearance of dicrotic notch
- the dicrotic notch tends to change position depending upon the blood
pressure in the system. Too much air will have the notch at the bottom,
and too little air will place it at the top of the diastolic stroke during rise in
blood pressure. The dicrotic notch tends to go the top of the diastolic and
upon return of the tracing to its position, at times it disappeared
completely.

 Extra systole
- the early contraction of an auricle while fundamental rhythm of the heart
is maintained causes extra systole to appear
- this is great indication of deception, except when the entire cardiac
tracing has it, which may indicative of cardiac trouble.

Accuracy of instrumental detection of deception

The accurateness of instrumental deception detection is dependent upon the

examiner’s capability to diagnose truth or deception by reading and interpreting the
chart of the subject.
If one can precisely interpret the polygrams produced by the combination of
psycho – physiological events, and in turn render a fair and impartial report to
interested parties, purpose will have been accomplished.

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CHART PROBING

Every after the taking of each chart, chart probing should be conducted. The
examiner shows the recorded result with brief explanation as to the importance of
the recorded reactions. He points out the difference between reactions
accompanying irrelevant question and relevant questions. The examiner informs
the subjects that the probing being done is essential in order to attain the test
objective.

Purpose of Chart Probing:

1. To determine the reason of the recorded responses.
2. To composed an overly stimulated subject.
3. To clarify confusion that might have been caused by the questions asked.
4. To convince a doubtful subjects who may be testing the instrument or the
competence of the examiner.
5. To re – stimulate a subject who has little response or no response at all.
6. To know the cause or origin of a flat or unemotional chart.
7. To gain additional information essential to any specific issues.
8. To set the stage for the following chart by correcting the given questions
that needs rephrasing.
9. To sustain a kind of psychological pressure.
[Link] confirm whether or not subject has been truthful in answering the questions
asked during the test.

APPLY IT!!

During the conduct of card test in the previous lesson, have you observed
the increase/ decrease in the heart beats of the subject?

ASSESS YOUR LEARNING!!

“When a person is deceptive, the blood pressure only rises, but there is no
tendency that it will decrease”. Is this statement true or not? Why?

3
 POST-TEST (5 points)
Instruction: Choose the correct answer. Submit only the letter of your choice.
1. “Do you know who stabbed Mr. X?” is an example of a question:
a) Relevant question
b) Irrelevant question
c) Knowledge Question
d) Evidence Connecting Questions
2. This test is conducted if the respond on the previous test is doubtful, it becomes
essential to conduct additional test. This consist of a test concerning fabricated
incident of a similar nature but one which appears to be real in so far as the
subject is concerned.
a) Peak of Tension test
b) Guilt Complex test
c) Silent Answer test
d) Yest Test
3. This means that the response occur in two or more [Link] is the most important
and reliable indicator of deception
a) Norm
b) Response
c) Specific response
d) Markings

4. It is the “keynote to accurate chart interpretation”

a) Chart markings
b) Question formulation
c) Test Techniques
d) Supplementary Test

5. These are question devised without definite relationship with the case under
investigation. They are intended to establish subject’s physiological norm and to
lessen the excitement stage produced by relevant question.
a) Relevant question
b) Irrelevant question
c) Knowledge Question
d) Evidence Connecting Questions

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PROCESS QUESTION: (10 points)

Explain this statement:

“The accuracy of the result of polygraph of polygraph test depends on the

competency of the polygraph examiner”.

ACTIVITY:

1. Lecture (10 points)

What is the importance of Chart Probing?

[Link]: Answer Activity No.9,10,11 and 12.

RUBRICS

Level 5 Level 4 Level 3 Level 2 Level 1

Area of Evaluation Excellent Proficien Adequat Inadequa Unacceptabl
(9-10 t (7-8 e (5-6 te (3-4 e (1-2
points) points) points) points) points)
Content and Full coverage Content is Partial Limited Very limited
organization of content and focus on the coverage of coverage of coverage of content
(Paper is organizes basics and the content content and wherein essentials
organized and ideas logically organizes data and organizes data are not dealt with
readable ; and precisely somewhat organizes very illogically and organizes ideas
addresses the logically and data little lacking in with no logic nor
issue/ topic and precisely logically precision precision
has distinct lacking in
introduction, precision
body and
conclusio
n)
Evidence of Limited Not clearly Incorrectly use Does not cite any
proper citations of cited sources of references credible references
citations sources and or references and citations or sources
from source/s references
Understanding
Word choice of the course Some Word choice Word choice and
and content is understanding and vocabulary vocabulary are
Convention vocabulary shown but of the course do not clearly vague and unclear.
(Citations and show an needs to be content is express ideas
sentence exceptional expounded shown or address the
structure) understandin more subject/ topic.
g of course Word choice
content Word choice and
and vocabulary are
vocabulary are acceptable.
well observed
Word choice
is well
matched to
the
subject/
topic.

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ABOUT THE COMPILER

FRENSIE J. DE MATEO, [Link].

Ms. Frensie J. De Mateo is teaching as Assistant
Professor II at the Criminology Department of Aklan
State University-New Washington Campus. She is
currently the Chair of the Department.
She graduated her Bachelor of Science in
Criminology at Aklan State University-College of
Fisheries and Marine Sciences, New Washington, Aklan
in the year 2013 as Cum Laude.
She finished her Master of Science in Criminology
major in Forensic Science at West Visayas State
University- Lambunao Campus, Lambunao, Iloilo on
October, 2016.
She graduated her Doctor of Philosophy in
Criminology at Philippine College of Criminology,
[Link], Manila last January, 2022.