Regulation: R20

20EE56 - ANALOG ELECTRONICS LAB

LABORATORY MANUAL

(Electrical and Electronics Engineering)

LAKIREDDY BALI REDDY COLLEGE OF

ENGINEERING (AUTONOMOUS)
MYLAVARAM-521230
 EXPERIMENT NO.1
Design and realization of Low pass and High pass filters using RC circuits.

AIM:
i) To Design and observe the response of low pass RC circuit for the given
square waveform for T<<RC, T=RC and T>>RC.
ii) To Design and observe the response of high pass RC circuit for the
given square waveform for T<<RC, T=RC and T>>RC.

APPARATUS REQUIRED:

S. Name of the Specificatio

Quantity
NO Component/Equipment ns
1KΩ,10 KΩ,
1 Resistors 3
100 KΩ
2 Capacitors 0.1µF 1
3 CRO 20MHz 1
4 Function generator 1MHz 1
5 Connecting Wires As Required
6 Breadboard 1

THEORY:

LINEAR WAVE SHAPING

The process of where by the form of a non-sinusoidal signal is altered by
transmission through a linear network is called “LINEAR WAVE SHAPING”.

Low Pass Filter(LPF)

The circuit passes low frequencies readily but attenuates high frequencies
is called Low Pass Filter(LPF) as shown in fig.1 because the reactance of
the capacitor decreases with increasing frequency. At very high
frequencies the capacitor acts as a virtual short circuit and the output falls
to zero. This circuit also works as integrating circuit. circuit in which the
output voltage is proportional to the integral of the input voltage is known
as integrating circuit. The condition for integrating circuit is RC value must
be much greater than the time period of the input wave (RC>>T).
Let Vi is input voltage and i is the resulting current and applying KVL to RC
LPF:

The output voltage is proportional to the integral of the input voltage.

High Pass Filter(HPF)

Circuit attenuates low frequency signals and allows high frequency signals
with little or no attenuation, it is called a high pass circuit as shown in
fig.2.
This circuit works as a differential circuit. A circuit in which the output
voltage is proportional to the derivative of the input voltage is known as
differential circuit. The condition for differential circuit is RC value must be
much smaller then the time period of the input wave (RC<<T).

Applying KVL to RC high pass circuit ,

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:
LOW PASS RC CIRCUIT:

HIGH PASS RC CIRCUIT:

 DESIGN:

1. Choose T = 1m sec.
2. Select C = 0.1µF.
3. For RC = T; select R.
4. For RC >> T; select R.
5. For RC << T; select R.
6. If RC << T, the High pass circuit works as a
differentiator.
7. If RC >> T, the Low pass circuit works as an
integrator.
PROCEDURE:
1. Connect the circuit as shown in figure (fig.1 and fig. 2).
2. Apply the Square wave input to this circuit (V i = 2V (P-P), f = 1KHz).
3. Observe the output waveform for (a) RC = T, (b) RC<<T, (c) RC>>T
4. Verify the values with theoretical calculations.

MODEL WAVEFORM:
LOW PASS RC CIRCUIT:
HIGH PASS RC CIRCUIT:
PRECAUTIONS:
1. Connections should be made carefully.
2. Verify the circuit connections before giving supply.
3. Take readings without any parallax error.

RESULT:

RC low pass and high pass circuits are designed and response of LPF and
HPF are observed.

VIVA QUESTIONS:
1. Define linear wave shaping?
2. When does the low pass circuit act as integrator?
3. When does the high pass circuit acts as a differentiator?
EXPERIMENT NO.2
 Design of Clippers and Clampers Circuits.
AIM:
i) To obtain the output and transfer characteristics of various diode
clipper circuits.
ii) To verify the output of different diode clamping circuits.
APPARATUS REQUIRED:

S. Name of the
Specificatio
No Component/Equipment Quantity
ns
4.7KΩ, 1KΩ
1 Resistors 3
100KΩ,
2 CRO 20MHz 1
3 Function generator 1MHz 1
4 Connecting Wires -- As Required
5 Diode 1N4007 1
6 DC Regulated power supply 0-30V,1A 1
7 Capacitor 1µF ,10µF 2
8 Breadboard -- 1

THEORY:
[Link]:
Non-linear elements (like diodes, transistors) in combination with resistors
can function as clipper circuit. Clipping circuits are used to select
transmission of that part of an arbitrary wave form which lies above or
below some particular reference voltage level. Clipping circuits are also
referred to as Limiters, Amplitude selectors or Slicers.

Clipping circuits are classified based on the position of diode as

i) Series diode clipper ii) Shunt diode clipper
and further they are classified as, with ‘0’ reference, with +ve reference,
with –ve reference; also as positive clipper , negative clipper.
[Link] without Reference Voltage:
A shunt Clipper or Positive clipper without reference connected as shown
in fig.1.
When Diode forward biased, V0 = Vγ,
When Diode reverse biased, V0 ≈ Vi.

[Link] with Reference Voltage:

A Negative clipper with positive reference connected as shown in fig.2.
When Vi < VR, Diode is forward biased, V0 =- VR - Vγ,
When Vi >VR, Diode is reverse , V0 biased, then negative level limited
Diode reverse biased, V0 =Vi.
[Link]: A Clamper Circuit is a circuit that adds a DC level to an AC
signal. Actually, the positive and negative peaks of the signals can be
placed at desired levels using the clamping circuits. As the DC level gets
shifted, a clamper circuit is called as a Level Shifter. The clampers are
classified as (a) Negative clampers (b) Positive clampers.
[Link] without Reference Voltage:
A Positive clamping without reference voltage is connected as shown in
fig.3. During negative half cycle diode is ON permitting the capacitor to
charge 10V-0.6V=9.3V=Vm and output waveform goes approximately
0.6V. The output voltage Vo is now obtained as,

V0= Vi + Vc = Vi+Vm-
0.6V
The above output voltage changed under three cases,
i)V0= +Vm-0.6V, for Vi=0
ii)V0=2vm-0.6V, for Vi= Vm
iii)V0=-0.6V, for Vi=- Vm
the corresponding output waveform as shown in fig.3A.
[Link] with Reference Voltage:

A Positive clamping with reference voltage is connected as shown in fig.4.

During negative half-cycle diode is ON and apply KVL,
-Vi-VR+Vc=0, Vc= Vi+VR
During positive half cycle diode is open and apply KVL,
- Vc+V0-Vi=0, V0 = Vc+Vi
The above output voltage changed under three cases,
i)V0= Vc, for Vi=0
ii)V0= Vc+Vi , for Vi= Vm
iii)V0=0, for Vi=- Vm
the corresponding output waveform as shown in fig.4A.

CIRCUIT DIAGRAMS & MODEL GRAPHS:

[Link]:
i. Positive clipper with zero reference

Fig 1 Positive clipper with zero reference

Input waveform:

Output waveform:

ii. Negative clipper with positive reference

Fig. 2 Negative clipper with positive reference

Model graphs:
Input waveform:

Output waveform:

[Link]:
[Link] peak clamping:

Fig. 3 Positive clamping with zero reference

Input & Output waveform:

Fig. 3A. Output waveform of Negative clamping with zero reference

ii. Positive clamping positive reference voltage

Fig. 4 Positive clamping with reference Voltage

Fig. 4A. Output waveform of Negative clamping with zero reference

PROCEDURE:
CLIPPERS:
1. Connect the circuit as per circuit diagram shown in Fig.1
2. Obtain a sine wave of constant amplitude from function generator
and apply as input to the circuit.
3. Observe the output waveform and note down the amplitude at
which clipping occurs.
4. Draw the observed output waveforms.
5. Repeat the steps 1 to 4 for all other circuits.

CLAMPERS:
1. Connect the circuit as per circuit diagram.
2. Obtain a constant amplitude sine wave from function generator of p-
p, and give the signal as input to the circuit.
3. Observe and draw the output waveform and note down the
amplitude at which clamping occurs.
 4. Repeat the steps 1 to 3 for all circuits.

PRECAUTIONS:
1. Connections should be made carefully.
2. Verify the circuit before giving supply.
3. Take readings without any parallax error.
RESULT:
Clippers and Clampers Circuits are constructed and their input & output
responses are observed.
VIVA:
1. In the fig.1 if reference voltage is 0v then what will be the output?
2. What are the other names for the clippers?
3. What is a clamper?
4. Give some practical applications of clamper.
5. What is the purpose of shunt resistance in clamper?

EXPERIMENT NO-3
Design and Realization of transistorized Astable Multivibtartor for the generation of
square waveform.

AIM:

To Design an Astable Multivibrator to generate a square wave using

Transistor.

APPARATUS REQUIRED:
S. Specificatio
Name of the Quantity
No Component/Equipment ns
1 Resistors 1KΩ, 10KΩ 2
2 CRO 20MHz 1
3 Function generator 1MHz 1
As
4 Connecting Wires -
Required
6 DC Regulated power supply 0-30V,1A 1
7 Transistor BC 107 2
8 Capacitor 0.1 µF 2
9 Breadboard - 1

THEORY:
An Astable multivibrator has two quasi-stable states, and it keeps on switching
between these two states, by itself, No external triggering signal is needed. The astable
multivibrator cannot remain indefinitely in any of these two states. The two amplifiers of an
astable multivibrator are regeneratively cross-coupled by capacitor.
Principle of operation
A collector-coupled astable multivibrator using n-p-n transistor in figure 1. The working
of an astable multivibrator can be studied with respect to the figure. Let it be assumed that
the multivibrator is already in action and is oscillating i.e., switching between the two states.
Let it be further assumed that at the instant considered, Q2 is ON and Q1 is OFF.
i) Since Q2 is ON, capacitor C2 charges through resistor RC1. The voltage across C2 is
VCC.
ii) Capacitor C1discharges through resistor R1, the voltage across C1 when it is about to
start
discharging is VCC.(Capacitor C1 gets charged to VCC when Q1 is ON).
As capacitor C1 discharges more and more, the potential of point A becomes more and
more positive (or less and less negative), and eventually VA becomes equal to V?, the cut in
voltage of Q1. For VA > V?, transistor Q1 starts conducting. When Q1 is ON Q2 becomes
[Link] operations repeat when Q1 becomes ON and Q2 becomes OFF. Thus with Q1
ON and Q2 OFF, capacitor C1 charges through resistor RC2 and capacitor C2 discharges
through resistor R2. As capacitor C2 discharges more and more , it is seen that the
potential of point B becomes less and less negative (or more and more positive), and
eventually VB becomes equal to V?, the cut in voltage of Q2. when VB > V?, transistor Q2
starts conducting. When Q2 becomes On, Q1 becomes OFF. It is thus seen that the circuit
keeps on switching continuously between the two quasistable states and once in operation,
no external triggering is needed. Square wave voltage are generated at the collector
terminals of Q1 and Q2 i.e., at points C and D.
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM

Fig. 1 Astable Multivibtartor

Design Procedure:

The period T is given by

T = T1 + T2 = 0.69 (R1C1 + R2C2)

For symmetrical circuit, with R1 = R2 = R & C1 = C2 = C

T = 1.38 RC

Let VCC = 12V; hfe = 51 (for BC107), VBESat = 0.7V; VCESat = 0.3V Let C =
0.1 F & T = 1mSec.

10-3 = 1.38 x R X 0.1 X 10-6

R = 7.24K (Practically choose 10K ) i.e., R1 and R2 resistors.

Let ICmax=10mA

RC = = 1.17K ( 1K is selected for Rc1 and Rc2)

Procedure:

1. Make then connections as per the circuit diagram.

2. Observe the Base Voltage and Collector Voltages of Q1 & Q2 on
CRO in DC mode and measure the frequency (f = 1/T).
3. Trace the waveforms at collector and base as each transistor with
the help of dual trace CRO and plot the waveforms.
4. Verify the practical output frequency with theoretical values f = 1/T,
where T = 1.38 RC

Expected Waveforms:

Theoretical calculations: F = 1/ T = (1/1.38RC)

R = 10K C = 0.1 F

PRECAUTIONS:
1. Connections should be made carefully.
2. Readings should be noted without parallax error.
Result:

An Astable Multivibrator is designed; the waveforms are observed and

verified the results theoretically.
VIVA QUESTIONS :
1. Define stable state?
2. Define quasi stable state?
3. What are the other names of Astable multivibrator?
4. What are the applications of Astable Multivibrator?
5. What is the formula for frequency of oscillations?

EXPERIMENT NO-4
Design and Realization of transistorized Monostable Multivibtartor for the
generation of Voltage Pulses.
AIM:
To observe the stable state and quasi stable state voltages in monostable
Multivibrator.
APPARATUS REQUIRED:

S. Name of the
Specificatio
No Component/Equipment Quantity
ns
2.2KΩ 2
10KΩ 1
1 Resistors
1.5KΩ 1
1KΩ 2
2 CRO 20MHz 1
3 Function generator 1MHz 1
4 Connecting Wires - As Required
5 DC Regulated power supply 0-30V,1A 1
6 Transistor BC 107 2
7 Capacitor 0.1 µF & 1 µF 2
8 Diode IN4007 1
9 Breadboard - 1

THEORY:

A monostable multivibrator has only one stable state, the

other state being quasi-stable. Normally the multivibrator is in the stable
state, and when an external triggering pulse is applied, it switches from
the stable to the quasi-stable state. It remains in the quasi-stable state f or
a short duration, but automatically reverts i.e. switches back to its original
stable state, without any triggering pulse‟.

Principle of operation

A collector-coupled Monostable multivibrator of the two

transistors Q1 and Q2, Q1 is normally OFF and Q 2 is Normally ON.
Resistor R1 and R2 are connected to the normally OFF transistor,
and the capacitor C is connected to the normally ON transistor.
It is seen from the circuit of the monostable multivibrator
that, under normal conditions, the supply voltage V CC provides
enough base drive to the transistor Q 2 through resistor R, with the
result that Q2 goes into saturation. With Q2 ON, Q1 goes OFF, as
already studied in the context of binary operation.
 With Q2 ON and Q1 OFF, the capacitor finds a charging path.
The voltage across the capacitor is V CC with polarity. It is obvious
that in the stable state of the multivibrator, Q2 is ON and Q1 is OFF.
If the negative triggering pulse is applied to the collector of
Q1, it is transmitted to the base of Q 2 through the capacitor, and
hence makes the base of Q2 negative. Immediately Q2 goes OFF
and Q1 becomes ON. However, this is only a quasi-stable state as is
obvious form the following observation.
With Q1 ON and Q2 OFF, the capacitor C finds a discharging
path. As the capacitor discharges, it is seen that the potential at
the base of the transistor Q2 becomes less and less negative, and
after a time, we have VB = V, the cut-in-voltage of Q2.
As soon as VB crosses the level of Vγ, Q2 starts
conducting and gets saturated. When Q2 becomes ON, Q1 becomes
OFF. Thus the original stable state of the multivibrator is restored.
[ In quasi-stable state: Q1 is ON and Q2 is OFF]
The interval during which the quasi-stable state of the
multivibrator persists i.e., Q2 remains OFF is dependent upon the
rate at which the capacitor C discharges. This duration of the quasi-
stable state is termed as delay time or pulse width or gate time. It
is denoted as T. The wave forms of the voltage at base of the
transistor Q2 and C (Collector of Q1)

R1 & R2 to be calculated.

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:
PROCEDURE:
1. Connect the circuit as per the circuit diagram.
2. Verify the stable states of Q1 and Q2
3. Apply the square wave of 2v p-p , 1KHz signal to the trigger circuit.
4. Observe the wave forms at base of each transistor simultaneously.
5. Observe the wave forms at collectors of each transistor
simultaneously.
6. Note down the parameters carefully.
7. Note down the time period and compare it with theoretical values.
8. Plot wave forms of Vb1, Vb2, Vc1 & Vc2 with respect to time .
CALCULATIONS:
THEORETICAL VALUES:
Time Period, T = 0.693RC

Frequency, f = 1/T =

MODEL WAVEFORMS:

PRECAUTIONS:
1. Connections should be made carefully.
2. Note down the parameters without parallax error.
3. The supply voltage levels should not exceed the maximum rating of
the transistor.
RESULT:
Stable state and quasi stable state voltages in monostable multivibrator
are observed.
QUESTION & ANSWERS:
1. What are the other names of Mono Stable multivibrator?
2. Which type of triggering is used in mono stable multi vibrator?
3. Define transition time?
 EXPERIMENT NO-5
Design and Realization of transistorized Schmitt Trigger

AIM: To design the Schmitt Trigger and observe the waveforms.

APPARATUS REQUIRED:

S. Name of the
Specificatio
No Component/Equipment Quantity
ns
100Ω 1
6.8KΩ 1
1 Resistors 3.90Ω 1
3.3KΩ 1
2.2KΩ 2
2 CRO 20MHz 1
3 Function generator 1MHz 1
As
4 Connecting Wires -
Required
6 DC Regulated power supply 0-30V,1A 1
8 Transistor BC 107 2
9 Capacitor 0.01 µF 1
10 Breadboard - 1

THEORY:
The most important application of Schmitt Trigger circuit are
amplitude comparator and squaring circuit are amplitude comparator and
squaring circuit. The circuit is used to obtain a square waveform from any
arbitrary input waveform. The loop gain is to be less than unity.

If Q2 is conducting there will be voltage drop across RZ which

will elevate the emitter of Q1. Consequently if V is small enough in
voltage, Q1 will be cut-off with Q1 conducting, the circuit amplifies
and since the gain is positive, the output to rise, V2 continues to fall
and Z2 continues to rise. Therefore a value of V will be reached
where Q2 is turned OFF. At the point the output no longer responds
to the input.
Here the input signal is arbitrary except that it has large
enough excursion to carry input beyond the limits of hysteresis
range, VH = (V1 – V2).
The output is a square wave whose amplitude is independent
of the amplitude of the input waveform.
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:
MODEL GRAPH:

PROCEDURE:
1. Connect the circuit as per circuit diagram.
2. Apply VCC of 12V and an input frequency of 1KHz with an amplitude
more than the designed UTP.
3. Observe that the output comes to ON state when input exceeds UTP
and it comes to OFF state when input comes below LTP .
4. Observe the waveforms at VC1, VC2 and VB2 and plot graphs .
PRECAUTIONS:
1. Connections should be made carefully.
2. Readings should be noted carefully without any parallax error.
RESULT:
Schmitt trigger is constructed and observed its performance.
VIVA QUESTIONS
1. What is the other name of the Schmitt trigger?
2. What are the applications of the Schmitt trigger?
3. Define the terms UTP & LTP?
SIMULATION
 EXPERIMENT NO-6
Determination of Gain and Bandwidth of two stage RC Coupled amplifier from the
frequency response using simulation tools.

AIM:
To study the response of a two stage RC-coupled amplifier and calculate
gain and bandwidth.
SOFTWARE REQUIRED: Multisim
THEORY:
As the gain provided by a single stage amplifier is usually not
sufficient to drive the load, so to achieve extra gain multi-stage amplifier
are used. In multi-stage amplifiers output of one-stage is coupled to the
input of the next stage. The coupling of one stage to another is done with
the help of some coupling devices. If it is coupled by RC then the amplifier
is called RC -coupled amplifier. Frequency response of an amplifier is
defined as the variation of gain with respective frequency. The gain of the
amplifier increases as the frequency increases from zero till it becomes
maximum at lower cut-off frequency and remains constant till higher cut-
off frequency and then it falls again as the frequency increases. At low
frequencies the reactance of coupling capacitor C C is quite high and hence
very small part of signal will pass through from one stage to the next
stage.

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:

VCC
12V
XSC1

VCC Ext
R3 Trig

3.3kΩ R9 3.3kΩ B
+
A

C2 R7 C4 + _ + _

R1 1
33kΩ 6
33kΩ
10µF 10µF
U1 8
C1 2 U2 4
R5 5
3.3kΩ 10µF
BC107BP
7 BC107BP
R6
V1 3 1kΩ
R2 9
1mVpk 4.7kΩ
1kHz R4
470 R8 R10 C5
0° C3 4.7kΩ 470Ω 100µF
100µF

0
APPLICATIONS:
Audio amplifiers
Radio Transmitters and Receivers.

PROCEDURE:
1. Open the multisim icon in the system.
2. Place all the necessary components required for the design of the
two stage RC coupled amplifier circuit i.e. Resistors, Capacitors,
Transistors.
3. Voltage sources, Power sources, Ground etc on the design window.
4. Connect all the components by proper wiring and also assure that
nodes are formed at the interconnection points.
5. Connect the two channels of the Oscilloscope to input and output of
the circuit and by using the simulation switch and check the input and
output waveforms.
6. Assign net numbers to input and output wires by double clicking on
the particular wire and clicking on the show option.
7. To observe the frequency response, go to simulate-----► analysis
►ac analysis and select the start and stop frequencies, select
vertical scale as decibels, specify the output variables and click on
simulate.
8. A window opens showing the frequency response on the top and
phase response at the bottom.
9. From the frequency response, calculate the bandwidth of the
Amplifier.
10. To obtain the netlist, go to transfer ►export netlist and save the
netlist in a text file.
11. On opening the text file from the saved location, a netlist is
obtained containing the specifications of all the used components used
in the design of the circuit.
OBSERVATION TABLE:

Gain (db)
S.N Frequency( Output Voltage gain
Avf=20 log
o hz) voltage(vo) (vo/vi)
(vo/vi).

Bandwidth of the CE-CB Cascode amplifier=fh-fl Hz

CALCULATIONS:
Determine lower cut-off frequency and upper cut-off frequency from the
graph.

Calculate Band width.

EXPECTED GRAPH:
FREQUENCY RESPONSE:
RESULT:
The maximum gain is _________________ dB and bandwidth is
_____________ Hz of the CE Amplifier.

QUESTIONS:
1. What are the advantages and disadvantages of multi-stage
amplifiers?
2. Why gain falls at HF and LF?
3. Why the gain remains constant at MF?
4. Explain the function of emitter bypass capacitor, CE?
5. How the band width will be affected as more number of stages are
cascaded?
6. Define frequency response?
7. Give the formula for effective lower cut-off frequency, when N-
number of stages is cascaded.
 EXPERIMENT NO-7
Study of transistorized Current series Feedback amplifier for Bandwidth
improvement using simulation tools.

EXPERIMENT NO: 7
CURRENT SERIES FEEDBACK AMPLIFIER
Aim: To plot the frequency response characteristics of current series
feedback amplifier and to find gain and bandwidth.
SOFTWARE REQUIRED: Multisim
THEORY:
The process of injecting a fraction of output energy of some device
back to the input of the same device is known as feedback. Depending on
the relative polarity of the signal being feedback into a circuit, there are
two basic types of feedback in amplifiers, namely
a. Positive feedback; b. Negative feedback.
Positive feedback
When the feedback signal (voltage or current) is in phase with the
input signal and thus aids it, it is called positive feedback. Positive
feedback increases the gain of the amplifier. However, it has the
disadvantage of increased distortion and instability. Therefore, positive
feedback is seldom used for amplification. One important use of positive
feedback is in oscillators.
Negative feedback
When the feedback signal (voltage or current) is out of phase with
the input signal and thus opposes it, it is called negative feedback.
Negative feedback reduces gain of the amplifier. However, it has a
number of advantages, among them being
a. Higher input impedance
b. Lower output impedance
c. Better stabilized voltage gain
d. Improved frequency response
e. Reduced noise
f. Increased bandwidth
g. More linear operation
It is due to these advantages, negative feedback is frequently employed
in amplifiers.
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:

PROCEDURE:
TO DETERMINE THE FREQUENCY RESPONSE WITH FEEDBACK
1. Open the multisim icon in the system.
2. Place all the necessary components required for the design of the
current shunt feedback amplifier circuit i.e. Resistors, Capacitors,
Diodes, Transistors, Voltage sources, Power sources, Ground etc on the
design window.
3. Connect all the components by proper wiring and also assure that
nodes are formed at the interconnection points.
4. Connect the channel of the Oscilloscope to the output
of the circuit and by using the simulation switch and check output
waveform.
5. To obtain the netlist, go to transfer ►export netlist and save the
netlist in a text file. On opening the text file from the saved location, a
netlist is obtained containing the specifications of all the used
components used in the design of the circuit.
6. Vary the input frequency from 10Hz to 1MHz with input voltage
constant (40mvpp) and note down the output voltage.
7. Calculate the voltage gain in dB using the formula Av=20 log(Vo/Vi).
TO DETERMINE THE FREQUENCY RESPONSE WITH FEEDBACK
1. Now connect E-F terminals in the circuit.
2. Connect the output of the feedback amplifier to the other channel of
the CRO.
3. Vary the input frequency from 10Hz to 1MHz with input voltage
constant (40mvpp) and note down the output voltage.
4. Calculate the voltage gain in dB using the formula Av=20 log
(Vo/Vi).

OBSERVATIONS:
WITHOUT FEEDBACK
Vi= 40mvp-p at 1kHz
S.N Frequency( Output Voltage Gain (db)
o hz) voltage(vo) gain (vo/vi) Avf=20 log (vo/vi).

Bandwidth without feedback=------------

WITH FEEDBACK
Vi= 40mvp-p at 1kHz

Gain (db)
S.N Frequency(h Output Voltage gain
Avf=20 log
O z) voltage (vo) (avf=vo/vi)
(vo/vi).
Bandwidth with feedback = ------------

CALCULATIONS:
1. Determine lower cut-off frequency and upper cut-off frequency from
the graph with and without feedback.
2. Calculate Band width with and without feedback.
3. Calculate the gain and bandwidth product with and without
feedback.
EXPECTED WAVE FORMS:

GRAPH:

PRECAUTIONS:
1. Test Transistors before assembling the circuits
2. Resistors should be connected properly without interchanging the
values.
 3. Check the continuity of the connecting wires.
APPLICATIONS:
The applications where we need stable output waveform.
RESULT:
With feedback:
i. Lower cut-off frequency =
ii. Upper cut-off frequency =
iii. Band width =
Viva Questions:
Define feedback.
What are the types of feedback?
Give an example of Voltage series feedback.
Give an example of Current series feedback.
Give an example of Current shunt feedback.
 EXPERIMENT NO-8
Analysis of Stability and Gain of transistorized Current shunt Feedback amplifier
using simulation tools.

AIM:
To determine the effect of feedback on the frequency response of a
current shunt feedback amplifier using simulation tool.
SOFTWARE REQUIRED: Multisim

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:

PROCEDURE:
TO DETERMINE THE FREQUENCY RESPONSE WITH FEEDBACK
1. Open the multisim icon in the system.
2. Place all the necessary components required for the design of the
current shunt feedback amplifier circuit i.e. Resistors, Capacitors,
Diodes, Transistors, Voltage sources, Power sources, Ground etc on the
design window.
3. Connect all the components by proper wiring and also assure that
nodes are formed at the interconnection points.
4. Connect the channel of the Oscilloscope to the output
of the circuit and by using the simulation switch and check output
waveform.
5. To obtain the netlist, go to transfer ►export netlist and save the
netlist in a text file. On opening the text file from the saved location, a
netlist is obtained containing the specifications of all the used
components used in the design of the circuit.
6. Vary the input frequency from 10Hz to 1MHz with input voltage
constant (40mvpp) and note down the output voltage.
7. Calculate the voltage gain in dB using the formula Av=20 log(Vo/Vi).
TO DETERMINE THE FREQUENCY RESPONSE WITH FEEDBACK
8. Now connect E-F terminals in the circuit.
9. Connect the output of the feedback amplifier to the other channel of
the CRO.
10. Vary the input frequency from 10Hz to 1MHz with input voltage
constant (40mvpp) and note down the output voltage.
11. Calculate the voltage gain in dB using the formula Av=20 log
(Vo/Vi).

OBSERVATIONS TABLE
WITHOUT FEEDBACK
Vi= 40mvp-p at 1kHz

S.N Frequency( Output Voltage Gain (db)

o hz) voltage(vo) gain (vo/vi) Avf=20 log (vo/vi).
Bandwidth without feedback=------------

WITH FEEDBACK
Vi= 40mvp-p at 1kHz

Gain (db)
S.N Frequency(h Output Voltage gain
Avf=20 log
O z) voltage (vo) (avf=vo/vi)
(vo/vi).

Bandwidth with feedback = ------------

EXPECTED GRAPH:
RESULT:
The Av of the current shunt feedback amplifier is _____________ and
the bandwidth is ____________ without feedback and the Av of the current
shunt feedback amplifier is ____________ and the bandwidth is
______________ with feedback.

VIVA QUESTIONS:
1. What is feedback?
2. What are the characteristics of feedback?
3. What is meant by sampling and mixing?
4. What are the configurations of feedback amplifiers?
5. What is the effect of feedback on an amplifier?
6. What is the effect of feedback on input and output resistances?

EXERCISE QUESTION:
1. Determine the input resistance ,Output resistance of Current Shut
Feedback amplifier with and without feedback?

OBSERVATIONS:
 EXPERIMENT NO-9
Design and Realization of transistorized RC Phase shift Oscillator to generate a
sinusoidal signal using simulation tools.

EXPERIMENT NO: 9
RC PHASESHIFT OSCILLATOR
AIM:
To determine the frequency of oscillation of an RC Phase Shift Oscillator.
SOFTWARE REQUIRED: Multisim
THEORY:

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:

DESIGN PROCEDURE:
This gives the approximate frequency of oscillation of a phase shift with
three RC sections. A transfer function analysis of the three-stage network
would give a more accurate expression for frequency of oscillation as
below.

PROCEDURE:
1. Open the multisim icon in the system.
2. Place all the necessary components required for the design of the RC
Phase Shift Oscillator circuit i.e. Resistors, Capacitors, Transistors, Voltage
sources, Power sources, Ground etc on the design window.
3. Connect all the components by proper wiring and also assure that
nodes are formed at the interconnection points.
4. Connect a frequency counter and click on the simulate button.
5. The frequency of oscillation will be displayed on the simulation window.
6. To obtain the netlist, go to transfer -----►export netlist and save the
netlist in a text file. On opening the text file from the saved location, a
netlist is obtained containing the specifications of all the used components
used in the design of the circuit.

EXPECTED WAVEFORM:

RESULT:
The frequency of oscillation of the RC Phase Shift Oscillator is Hz.
QUESTIONS:
1. What is an Oscillator circuit?
2. What is the main difference between an amplifier and an oscillator?
3. State Barkhausen criterion for oscillation.
4. State the factors on which oscillators can be classified.
5. Give the expression for the frequency of oscillation and the
minimum gain required for sustained oscillations of the RC phase shift
oscillator.
6. Why three RC networks are needed for a phase shift oscillator? Can
it be two or four?
7. What are the merits and demerits of phase shift oscillator?
8. At low frequency which oscillators are found to be more suitable?
9. What are the two important RC oscillators?
EXPERIMENT NO-10

Design and Realization of transistorized Colpitts Oscillator to generate a sinusoidal

signal using simulation tools.

EXPERIMENT NO: 10
COLPITTS OSCILLATOR
AIM:
To determine the frequency of oscillation of a Colpitts Oscillator using
simulation tool.
SOFTWARE REQUIRED: Multisim
THEORY:
The Colpitts circuit, like other LC oscillators, consists of a gain
device (such as a bipolar junction transistor, field effect transistor,
operational amplifier, or vacuum tube) with its output connected to its
input in a feedback loop containing a parallel LC circuit (tuned circuit)
which functions as a bandpass filter to set the frequency of oscillation.
Colpitts oscillator is the electrical dual of a Hartley oscillator, where the
feedback signal is taken from an "inductive" voltage divider consisting of
two coils in series (or a tapped coil). Fig. 1 shows the common-base

Colpitts circuit. L and the series combination of C1 and C2 form the

parallel resonant tank circuit which determines the frequency of the
oscillator. The voltage across C2 is applied to the base-emitter junction of
the transistor, as feedback to create oscillations. Here the voltage across
C1 provides feedback. The frequency of oscillation is approximately the
resonant frequency of the LC circuit, which is the series combination of
the two capacitors in parallel with the inductor.
As with any oscillator, the amplification of the active component should be
marginally larger than the attenuation of the capacitive voltage divider, to
obtain stable operation. Thus, a Colpitts oscillator used as a variable
frequency oscillator (VFO) performs best when a variable inductance is
used for tuning, as opposed to tuning one of the two capacitors. If tuning
by variable capacitor is needed, it should be done via a third capacitor
connected in parallel to the inductor (or in series as in the Clapp
oscillator).
DESIGN:
If L=100mH, C5=C6=10µF
Find the Frequency Theoretically and Practically

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:

PROCEDURE:
1. Open the multisim icon in the system.
2. Place all the necessary components required for the design of the
RC Phase Shift Oscillator circuit i.e. Resistors, Capacitors, Transistors,
Voltage sources, Power sources, Ground etc on the design window.
3. Connect all the components by proper wiring and also assure that
nodes are formed at the interconnection points.
4. Connect a frequency counter and click on the simulate button.
5. The frequency of oscillation will be displayed on the simulation
window.
6. To obtain the netlist, go to transfer -----►export netlist and save the
netlist in a text file. On opening the text file from the saved location, a
netlist is obtained containing the specifications of all the used
components used in the design of the circuit.

EXPECTED GRAPH:

OBSERVATIONS:
Theoretical frequency of oscillation:
FT=

Practical frequency of oscillation:

Fp=

RESULT:
The theoretical and practical frequency of oscillation of the Colpitts
Oscillator is calculated as ____________ and ____________.
QUESTIONS:
1. What is an Oscillator?
2. What is the main difference between an amplifier and an oscillator?
3. State Barkhausen criterion for oscillation.
4. State the factors on which oscillators can be classified.
5. What are the factors which contribute to change in frequency in
oscillators?
Additional
Experiments
 Experiment-11
CLASS A, AB, B, C POWER AMPLIFIERS

AIM:
To study the operation of Class A, Class AB, Class B, Class C power
Amplifiers.
APPARATUS REQUIRED:
[Link]. Name Range Quantity
1. Transistor PN2369A 1
1kΩ,100kΩ(pot),100
2. Resistor 2,1,2
Ω
3. Capacitor 47µF 2
4. Function Generator (0-3)MHz 1
5. CRO 30MHz 1
Regulated power
6. (0-30)V 1
supply
7. Bread Board 1
8. Connecting wires

THEORY:
The classification of amplifiers is based on the position of the
quiescent point and extent of the characteristics that is being used to
determine the method of operation.
There are 4 classes of operations. They are
1. Class A [Link] AB [Link] B [Link] C
CLASS A:- (Rv = 70k Ω)In class A operation the quiescent point and the
input signal are such that the current in the output circuit (at the
collector) flows for all times.
Class A amplifier operates essentially over a linear portion of its
characteristic there by giving rise to minimum of distortion .
CLASS B:- (Rv = 40k Ω)In class B operation , the quiescent point is at an
extreme end of the characteristic , so that under quiescent conditions the
power drawn from the dc power supply is very small .If the input signal is
sinusoidal, amplification takes
place for only half cycle.
CLASS AB:- (Rv = 65k Ω) A class AB amplifier is the one that operates
between the two extremes defined for class A and Class B. Hence the
output signal exists for more than 1800 of the input signal.
CLASS C :- (Rv = 25k Ω)In class C operation, the quiescent operating
point is chosen such that output signal (voltage or current)is zero for more
than on half of the input sinusoidal signal cycle.
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:

PROCEDURE:
1. An input sine wave (peak-peak)of 50mV is applied to the circuit.
2. Connect the output to the C.R.O.
3. Varying R3 value, observe and record the output waveforms for
different classes of operation.
4. Also observe the Vi & Vo waveforms using parameter sweep for
different classes of operation.
OBSERVATIONS:
CLASS A:

CLASS AB:
CLASS B:

CLASS C:
.

RESULT:
1. In class A amplifier output current flows for whole 360 0
2. In class AB power amplifier output current flows between 180 0 and
3600.
3. In class B power amplifier output current flows for 180 0
4. In Class C power amplifier output current flows for less than 180 0.

VIVA QUESTIONS:-
1. Define power amplifier.
2. What are the types of power amplifiers?
3. What is efficiency of class-A Transformer coupled power amplifier?
4. What is efficiency of class-B power amplifier?
5. What is efficiency of class-C power amplifier?
6. Define Figure of Merit.

Experiment-12
 Voltage series Feedback amplifier
Aim:
To plot the frequency response characteristics of voltage series
feedback amplifier and find gain and bandwidth.
APPARATUS REQUIRED:

[Link]. Name Range Quantity

1. Transistor BC 107 1
1kΩ,33kΩ,3.3kΩ,1.5
2. Resistor 2,1,1,1
kΩ
3. Capacitor 10µF 2, 3
4. Function Generator (0-3)MHz 1
5. CRO 30MHz 1
Regulated power
6. (0-30)V 1
supply
7. Bread Board 1
8. Connecting wires --

THEORY:
The process of injecting a fraction of output energy of some device
back to the input of the same device is known as feedback. Depending on
the relative polarity of the signal being feedback into a circuit, there are
two basic types of feedback in amplifiers, namely
a. Positive feedback; b. Negative feedback.
POSITIVE FEEDBACK
When the feedback signal (voltage or current) is in phase with the
input signal and thus aids it, it is called positive feedback. Positive
feedback increases the gain of the amplifier. However, it has the
disadvantage of increased distortion and instability. Therefore, positive
feedback is seldom used for amplification. One important use of positive
feedback is in oscillators.
NEGATIVE FEEDBACK
When the feedback signal (voltage or current) is out of phase with
the input signal and thus opposes it, it is called negative feedback.
Negative feedback reduces gain of the amplifier.
However, it has a number of advantages, among them being
a. Higher input impedance
b. Lower output impedance
c. Better stabilized voltage gain
d. Improved frequency response
e. Reduced noise
f. Increased bandwidth
g. More linear operation
It is due to these advantages, negative feedback is frequently employed
in amplifiers.
When any increase in the output signal results into the input in such
a way as to cause the decrease in the output signal, the amplifier is said
to have negative feedback. The advantages of providing negative
feedback are that the transfer gain of the amplifier with feedback can be
stabilized against variations in the hybrid parameters of the transistor or
the parameters of the other active devices used in the circuit. The most
advantage of the negative feedback is that by proper use of this , there is
significant improvement in the frequency response and in the linearity of
the operation of the amplifier. This disadvantage of the negative feedback
is that the voltage gain is decreased.
In Voltage-Series feedback, the input impedance of the amplifier is
decreased and the output impedance is increased. Noise and distortions
are reduced considerably.

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM
PROCEDURE:
1. Connect the circuit on bread board as shown in the circuit diagram.
2. By keeping the amplitude of the input signal constant, vary the
frequency from 0 to 1 MHz
3. Note down the amplitude of the output signal for corresponding
values of input frequencies.
4. Calculate the voltage gain in decibels.
5. Plot in semi-log graph between gain versus frequency and calculate
the band width.
OBSERVATIONS:

Input voltage VIN = -----

S.N FREQUENC GAIN in dB=20log
VOUT GAIN(Av) = VOUT/VIN
O Y Av

CALCULATIONS:
1. Determine lower cut-off frequency and upper cut-off frequency from
the graph with and without feedback.
2. Calculate Band width with and without feedback.
3. Calculate the GAIN BANDWIDTH product with and without feedback.
EXPECTED WAVE FORMS:

GRAPH:

PRECAUTIONS:
1. Test Transistors before assembling the circuits
2. Resistors should be connected properly without interchanging the
values.
3. Check the continuity of the connecting wires.

APPLICATIONS:
The applications where we need stable output waveform.
RESULT:
With feedback:
i. Lower cut-off frequency =
ii. Upper cut-off frequency =
iii. Band width =

VIVA QUESTIONS:
1. Define feedback.
2. What are the types of feedback?
3. Give an example of Voltage series feedback.
4. Give an example of Current series feedback.
5. Give an example of Current shunt feedback.