DAR ES SALAAM INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS AND TELECOMMUNICATION ENGINEERING

SENIOR PROJECT

PROJECT TRITTLE: REMOTELY CONTROLLED ELECTRICAL SWITCH USING

PASSWORD

PROJECT TYPE: PROBLEM SOLVING AND DESIGNING

CANDIDATE NAME: JOACHIM SAMWEL

ADMISSION NO: 150647412615

SUPERVISOR NAME: Mr. JORDAN HOSSEA

JUNE, 2018.
 DECLARATION
I, Joachim Samwel declared that all works described in this project report is my own project and
has not been copied from anywhere else.

CANDIDATE NAME SIGNATURE DATE

Joachim Samwel . .

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 CERTIFICATION

The undersigned certify that they have read and hereby recommend for examination of project
report entitled REMOTELY CONTROLLED ELECTRICAL SWITCH USING PASSWORD, in
fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Bachelor of Engineering in Electronics and
Telecommunications of Dar es Salaam Institute of Technology.

Supervisor: Mr. Jordan Hossea

Signature: …………………………..

Date: ………………………………..

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 ACKNOWLEDGMENT
First and foremost I thank the Almighty God for the precious gift of life and for constant
guidance and strength in accomplishing this project.

Secondly, I would like to express sincere gratitude and appreciation to my project supervisor,
Mr. Jordan Hossea, and a final year project coordinator, Dr. Pesha Petro Ernest whose guidance,
encouragement, views, and recommendations helped in the achievement the project obtained.

Thirdly, I would like to give great gratitude to all lecturers, without forgetting my fellow students
and other people inside and outside the institute who have directly or indirectly provided insights
which have helped in the achievements the project attained.

Lastly, I am deeply grateful to my beloved parents, siblings, relatives, and friends for their
endless and unconditional love, prayers, and support throughout my study period, may the
Almighty God bless you all.

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 ABSTRACT
A circuit breaker is an automatically operated electrical switch designed to protect an electrical
circuit from damage caused by an overload or short circuit. Its basic function is to detect a fault
condition and interrupt current flow. Unlike a fuse, which operates once and then must be
replaced, a circuit breaker can be reset (either manually or automatically) to resume normal
operation. When operated manually, fatal electrical accidents to the line can occur at any time
during the electric line repair due to the lack of communication and coordination between the
maintenance staff and the electric substation staff. In order to avoid such accidents, the breaker
can be so designed such that only authorized person can operate it with a password.

To prevent accidental switching ON by unauthorized workforce, this project proposes a more life
secured switching password-enabled device that strengthens working confidence and prevents an
unauthorized person from switching ON electrical power without the notice of site engineers.

The system has two parts; hardware and software. The Software part consists of Android
Application and PIC instructions. The hardware architecture consists of Android phone, GSM
Modem, Microcontroller and a driver circuit. The GSM modem provides the communication
media between the Android Application and microcontroller by means of SMS messages. The
SMS message consists of commands to be executed. The SMS message is sent to the GSM
modem via the GSM public networks as a text message initiated by the android application
installed in an android phone with a definite predefined format.

Once the GSM modem receives the message, the commands sent will be extracted and executed
by the microcontroller. The system will interpret the commands and turn the power line ON/OFF
via the switching unit.

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 TABLE OF CONTENTS
DECLARATION ......................................................................................................................................

CERTIFICATION ..................................................................................................................................ii

ACKNOWLEDGMENT........................................................................................................................iii

ABSTRACT ........................................................................................................................................... iv

LIST OF FIGURES ............................................................................................................................... ix

LIST OF TABLES .................................................................................................................................. x

LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS ................................................................................................................ xi

CHAPTER ONE ..................................................................................................................................... 1

GENERAL INTRODUCTION ............................................................................................................... 1

1.0 Introduction. ...................................................................................................................................... 1

1.1 Background information ................................................................................................................... 1

1.2 Problem Statement ............................................................................................................................ 2

1.3 Project Objectives ............................................................................................................................. 3

1.3.1 Main Objective............................................................................................................................... 3

1.3.2 Specific Objectives ........................................................................................................................ 3

1.3.3 Scope and Limitation of the Project............................................................................................... 3

1.4 Chapter Conclusion ........................................................................................................................... 3

CHAPTER TWO .................................................................................................................................... 4

METHODOLOGY ................................................................................................................................. 4

3.0 Introduction ....................................................................................................................................... 4

3.1 Literature Review.............................................................................................................................. 4

3.2 Data Collection ................................................................................................................................. 4

3.3 Data Analysis .................................................................................................................................... 4

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3.4 System Design .................................................................................................................................. 5

3.5 Circuit Simulation ............................................................................................................................. 5

3.6 Design Implementation and Testing ................................................................................................. 5

3.7 Report Writing .................................................................................................................................. 5

3.8 Chapter Conclusion ........................................................................................................................... 5

CHAPTER THREE ................................................................................................................................ 6

LITERATURE REVIEW ....................................................................................................................... 6

2.0 Introduction ....................................................................................................................................... 6

2.1 Existing System ................................................................................................................................ 6

2.1.0 Local protection ............................................................................................................................. 6

2.1.1 Using Keypad................................................................................................................................. 7

2.1.2 Using Bluetooth communication ................................................................................................... 9

2.3 Limitation of the Existing Systems ................................................................................................. 11

2.4 Relevant information about the project........................................................................................... 11

2.5 Chapter Conclusion ......................................................................................................................... 14

CHAPTER FOUR ................................................................................................................................. 15

PROPOSED SYSTEM ......................................................................................................................... 15

4.0 Introduction ..................................................................................................................................... 15

4.1 General functionality of the proposed system ................................................................................ 15

4.2 Parts of the proposed System .......................................................................................................... 15

4.2.1 GSM Modem ............................................................................................................................... 15

4.2.2 Android Application .................................................................................................................... 16

4.2.3 Controlling system ....................................................................................................................... 16

4.2.4 Display unit .................................................................................................................................. 17

4.2.5 Switching system ......................................................................................................................... 17

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4.2.6 Power supply................................................................................................................................ 18

4.2.7 Chapter conclusion....................................................................................................................... 18

CHAPTER FIVE .................................................................................................................................. 19

DATA COLLECTION ......................................................................................................................... 19

5.0 Introduction ..................................................................................................................................... 19

5.2 Regulator ......................................................................................................................................... 21

5.3 Switching circuit ............................................................................................................................. 21

5.5 Android Application ....................................................................................................................... 23

5.6 Chapter conclusion.......................................................................................................................... 23

CHAPTER SIX ..................................................................................................................................... 24

DATA ANALYSIS AND DESIGNING .............................................................................................. 24

6.1 Introduction ......................................................................................................................... 24

6.1.1 Regulated power supply ................................................................................................... 24
Qualitative analysis ................................................................................................................... 24
Advantages/reasons for selecting LM7805 and LM7812 d.c voltage regulators ...................... 27
6.1.3 Control unit ................................................................................................................... 28

6.1.4 GSM module................................................................................................................. 30

6.1.5 Display system .............................................................................................................. 31

6.1.6 Switching device........................................................................................................... 32

6.1.7 Android Application ................................................................................................................ 34

[Link] User Interface design ................................................................................................. 34

6.1.8 Chapter conclusion....................................................................................................................... 38

CHAPTER SEVEN .............................................................................................................................. 39

SIMULATION RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONN .............................................................................. 39

7.1 Introduction ......................................................................................................................... 39

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7.2 Simulation Software........................................................................................................................ 39

7.3 Regulated Power supply ...................................................................................................... 39

7.4 Relay Circuit Simulation................................................................................................................. 40

7.5 When the system is turned ON Remotely ....................................................................................... 40

7.8 When the system is turned OFF Remotely ..................................................................................... 41

7.9 Chapter conclusion.......................................................................................................................... 41

CHAPTER EIGHT ............................................................................................................................... 42

PROTOTYPE IMPLEMENTATION AND RESULTS ....................................................................... 42

8.1 The Components Build-up the System ........................................................................................... 42

8.2 Construction of Printed Circuit Board ............................................................................................ 42

8.3 Prototype Testing, Results, and Discussion .................................................................................... 43

8.3.1 Power Supply ............................................................................................................................... 43

8.4 Test of the GSM Module ................................................................................................................ 44

8.5 Test of the interruption switch ........................................................................................................ 44

8.6 Chapter conclusion.......................................................................................................................... 45

CHAPTER NINE .................................................................................................................................. 46

9.1 Conclusions ..................................................................................................................................... 46

9.3 Recommendations ........................................................................................................................... 46

REFERENCES ..................................................................................................................................... 47

APPENDIX A ....................................................................................................................................... 50

APPENDIX B ....................................................................................................................................... 55

APPENDIX C ....................................................................................................................................... 56

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 LIST OF FIGURES
Fig1. 1 Circuit breaker [31] ............................................................................................................ 2

Fig 2. 1 Pad Lock for local protection ............................................................................................ 6

Fig 2. 2 3x4 matrix keypad [32]...................................................................................................... 7
Fig 2. 3 Block diagram of system using keypad ............................................................................. 8
Fig 2. 4 Circuit system using keypad [33] ...................................................................................... 9
Fig 2. 5 Bluetooth module [34] ....................................................................................................... 9
Fig 2. 6 Block diagram of the system using Bluetooth ................................................................. 10
Fig 2. 7 The system using Bluetooth communication [35] ........................................................... 11
Fig 2.8 GSM Module [36] ............................................................................................................ 12
Fig 2. 9 Gsm architecture [37] ...................................................................................................... 12

Fig 4. 1 Block diagram of the proposed system............................................................................ 16

Figure 6. 1 Regulated power supply ............................................................................................. 27

Figure6. 2 ATmega 328P pin mapping [32] ................................................................................. 29
Figure 6. 3 Basic configurations of ATMEGA328p [32] ............................................................. 29
Figure 6. 4 Diagram of LCD display [38]..................................................................................... 32
Figure 6. 6 (a) Dashboard Layout ................................................................................................. 34
Figure 6. 7 (b) Dashboard Layout ................................................................................................. 35
Figure 6. 8 all activities dashboard ............................................................................................... 35
Figure 6. 9 line1 dashboard ........................................................................................................... 36
Figure 6. 10 On Figure 6. 11 Off ......................................................................................... 36
Figure 6. 12 Flowchart of the System ........................................................................................... 37
Figure6. 13 Overall Circuit Schematic ......................................................................................... 38

Figure 7. 1 Regulated Power supply outputs ................................................................................ 39

Figure 7. 2 Relay Circuit Simulation ............................................................................................ 40
Figure 7. 3 shows the remotely turning on ................................................................................... 40
Figure 7. 4 shows the remotely turning on ................................................................................... 41

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 LIST OF TABLES
Table 2. 1 World smartphone market as provided by IDC [18]. .................................................. 13

Table 5. 1 Questionnaire ............................................................................................................... 19

Table 5. 2 Requirement for Control Unit ...................................................................................... 20
Table 5. 3 Parameters Used to Choose the Type of voltage regulator. ......................................... 21
Table 5. 4 Parameters Used to Choose the Type of driver circuit ................................................ 21
Table 5. 5 Frequency range for uplink/downlink of mobile phone operators in Tanzania. .......... 22

Figure 6. 1 Regulated power supply ............................................................................................. 27

Figure6. 2 ATmega 328P pin mapping [32] ................................................................................. 29
Figure 6. 3 Basic configurations of ATMEGA328p [32] ............................................................. 29
Figure 6. 4 Diagram of LCD display [38]..................................................................................... 32
Figure 6. 6 (a) Dashboard Layout ................................................................................................. 34
Figure 6. 7 (b) Dashboard Layout ................................................................................................. 35
Figure 6. 8 all activities dashboard ............................................................................................... 35
Figure 6. 9 line1 dashboard ........................................................................................................... 36
Figure 6. 10 On Figure 6. 11 Off ......................................................................................... 36
Figure 6. 12 Flowchart of the System ........................................................................................... 37
Figure6. 13 Overall Circuit Schematic ......................................................................................... 38

Figure 7. 1 Regulated Power supply outputs ................................................................................ 39

Figure 7. 2 Relay Circuit Simulation ............................................................................................ 40
Figure 7. 3 shows the remotely turning on ................................................................................... 40
Figure 7. 4 shows the remotely turning on ................................................................................... 41

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 LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS
APK – Android application package

DRP – Deutsches Reichspatent

E.M.F – Electromotive Force

EDR – Enhanced Data Rate

GSM – Global System for mobile communication

GPRS – General Packet Radio Service

GUI – Graphical User Interface

HCI – Host Controller Interface

Ib – Beta Current

Ic – Collector Current

IE – Emitter Current

ISM – Industrial, Scientific and Medical radio band

Kb – Kilobyte

LCD – Liquid Crystal Display

SMS – Short Messages Service

SSP – Secure Simple Pairing

UHF – Ultra High Frequency

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 CHAPTER ONE

GENERAL INTRODUCTION

1.0 Introduction.
This chapter introduces and gives the background information of the problem to be solved, the
idea behind what motivated me to do this project, the objectives of the project and significance
of this project also the scope and limitation of the project.

1.1 Background information

Electricity is a very important power source in most areas in the society. It is used in Industries
for day to day production activities in running machines and other production equipments.

A circuit breaker is an automatic device used to stop the flow of current in an electric circuit as a
safety measure.

An early form of circuit breaker was described by Thomas Edison in an 1879 patent application,
although his commercial power distribution system used fuses [3]. Its purpose was to protect
lighting circuit wiring from accidental short circuits and overloads. A modern miniature circuit
breaker similar to the ones now in use was patented by Brown, Boveri & Cie in 1924. Hugo
Stotz, an engineer who had sold his company to BBC, was credited as the inventor on DRP [2].
Stotz's invention was the forerunner of the modern thermal-magnetic breaker commonly used in
household load centers to this day.

All circuit breaker systems have common features in their operation, but details vary
substantially depending on the voltage class, current rating, and type of the circuit breaker.

The circuit breaker must firstly detect a fault condition. In small mains and low voltage circuit
breakers, this is usually done within the device itself. Typically, the heating or magnetic effects
of electric current are employed. Circuit breakers for large currents or high voltages are usually
arranged with protective relay pilot devices to sense a fault condition and to operate the opening
mechanism. These typically require a separate power source, such as a battery, although some

1
high-voltage circuit breakers are self-contained with current transformers, protective relays, and
an internal control power source.

In some cases, people die as a result of occupational accidents or work-related diseases – more
than 2.78 million deaths per year [1]. Additionally, there are some 374 million non-fatal work-
related injuries and illnesses each year, many of these resulting in extended absences from work.
The human cost of this daily adversity is vast and the economic burden of poor occupational
safety and health practices is estimated at 3.94 percent of global Gross Domestic Product each
year [1]. Decent work is safe work [1] [2]. Figure 1.1 shows the circuit breaker installed in the
substation electric panel

Fig1. 1Circuit breaker [31]

1.2Problem Statement
Fatal electrical accidents to the lineman during maintenance can occur due to the improper
protection of circuit breakers [1]. This is due to the lack or poor communication and coordination
between the maintenance staff and the electric substation staff.

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1.3 Project Objectives
The objective of this project is classified as the main objective and specific objectives.

1.3.1 Main Objective

To design and develop a system that will be able to ensure the safety of the maintenance staff by
isolating the equipments/machines from direct contact with the main supply remotely using an
android phone.

1.3.2Specific Objectives
I. To establish design specifications
II. To design an independent power supply for the system
III. To design and program an android application that will be used to initialize the switching
mechanism
IV. To design the interface between the control unit and android application
V. To come up with the prototype that will solve the intended problem

1.3.3 Scope and Limitation of the Project

I. Designing and testing the prototype. At the end of this project, the implementation will be
limited to only the designing and testing of the prototype.
II. In GSM network coverage. This project is only applicable in the area with GSM network
coverage since it requires SMS in sending and receiving commands between the
Smartphone and the system.

1.4 Chapter Conclusion

The background of problem, objectives and the importance of the project that has been described
in a good manner for the purpose of developing awareness of the project and the description of
this chapter shows the importance of the project to the society and gives the direction of the
project and the final perspectives.

3
 CHAPTER TWO

METHODOLOGY

3.0 Introduction
This consists of various methods that will be used to achieve the objectives of the project. These
methods include:

i. Literature review
ii. Data collection
iii. Data analysis
iv. System design
v. Circuit simulation
vi. Design implementation and testing.
vii. Report writing

3.1 Literature Review

This involves the study of the existing system and also involves comparison in terms of their
differences and similarities.

3.2 Data Collection

The data collected will be obtained through questionnaire, survey, observation and review. The
data obtained will contain data to verify problem existence and requirements for the proposed
system design.

3.3 Data Analysis

This process will involve evaluation of data collected, with the aim of obtaining useful
information which will help in drawing conclusion on what to be used in system design. Data
analysis will aid in deciding the type of software and hardware to be used.

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3.4 System Design
System design will involve planning of how the system will be constructed in accordance to data
analysis conclusion. This will include defining the architecture, components, modules, interfaces
and data for the proposed system which aims at achieving the objectives set.

3.5 Circuit Simulation

This will involve the use of mathematical models to replicate the behavior of the actual circuit.
Circuit simulation will provide practical feedback in designing of real-world system hence
allows determination of the correctness and efficiency of the design before actual system
construction.

3.6 Design Implementation and Testing

This will involve realization of the design using specified hardware after successful circuit
simulation. The prototype will then be tested to check its functionality with reference to specified
performance parameters.

3.7 Report Writing

This will involve recording the summary of the work done in every method used in achieving the
objectives set.

3.8 Chapter Conclusion

Various methods in achieving the set objectives are explained in this chapter. The next chapter
will explain the proposed system in details.

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 CHAPTER THREE

LITERATURE REVIEW

2.0 Introduction
This chapter gives a detailed description, feature specification and the operation of the existing
systems.

2.1 Existing System

Up to this time, there have been existing systems that try to solve the problem of protecting the
circuit breaker.

2.1.0 Local protection

This the method used in protecting the circuit breaker by the use of a local key locker. In this
method, during maintenance, the entire circuit breaker panel is locked by the means of the key
lock in order to prevent another person to switch on the line which is in maintenance. Figure 2.1
shows the padlocks used in local protection.

Fig 2.1 Pad Lock for local protection

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2.1.1 Using Keypad
KEYPAD INPUT

The keypad is employed as an external interface to the system through a user can communicate
with the microcontroller to perform an already programmed function. It is used for the
following: inputting the password and changing the password. In this project, a 3 x 4 matrix

keypad was employed as shown in figure 2.2.

Fig 2.2 3x4 matrix keypad [32]

The keypad performs two separate functions; they can serve as numeric keys and function keys.
The numeric keys are design to input numeric values into the system, they include "0 – 9". While
the function keys "*" and "#" are used to process the inputs.

The output of the button pressed on the keypad is displayed on the LCD display as a hidden
character due to privacy and it will display an asterisk (*).

When the input pin is correct it causes the control unit generates the control signal to drive the
switching unit.

7
The keypad itself consumes no power. It works by simply making connections between wires.
For example, suppose the input for the first column is grounded and a voltage is applied at the
input for the first row. If no button is pressed no current will flow through any input. Yet, if
button "1," which is located in the first row and first column, is pressed, a connection is made
between the two inputs mentioned above and current flows through each input. This will only
happen if button "1" is pressed. With this configuration, it would have been possible to connect
the keypad directly to the microprocessor and have it look for a connection across two inputs.

This system uses keypad which needs a person with the password to enter the password
manually to switch on/off the power lines. This system is not better for security because any
person with the knowledge of the password can snick and turn the power line on even if the line
is in maintenance and can still cause the electric shock to the lineman [5]. Figure 2.3 and 2.4
show the block diagram and circuit of the existing system using keypad respectively.

Switching
Powerline
Unit 1
Bluetooth Control

Module Unit

Switching
Powerline
Unit 2

Power Supply

Fig 2.3 Block diagram of system using keypad

8
 Fig 2.4 Circuit system using keypad [33]

2.1.2 Using Bluetooth communication

Bluetooth is the wireless technology standard for exchange of data over short distances using
short-wavelength UHF radio waves in ISM band from 2.0 to 2.485 G from fixed and mobile
devices [7, 8].

The Bluetooth was inverted by Ericson, and it is managed by the Bluetooth Special Interest
Group which has more than 30,000 companies in the area of telecommunications, computing,
and network and consumer electronics. Figure 2.5 shows the Bluetooth module device

Fig 2.5 Bluetooth module [34]

9
This system uses Bluetooth communication which needs a person with a mobile phone having a
Bluetooth to enter the password by pairing the phone with the Bluetooth module. Also, this
system is not best for the protection because anyone with the access with the Bluetooth can
connect and turn on the power [6]. Figure 2.6 and 2.7 shows the block diagram and circuit of the
existing system using Bluetooth.

Switching
Powerline
Control Unit 1
Mobile Bluetooth
Phone Unit
Module

Switching
Powerline
Unit 2

Power Supply

Fig 2.6 Block diagram of the system using Bluetooth

10
 Fig 2.7 The system using Bluetooth communication [35]

2.3 Limitation of the Existing Systems

There are limitations for these systems which bring about the need for further improvement,
some of which include:

• Low level of security because anyone can snick the password and have the authority of
turning the power on when the keypad is used
• With the Bluetooth, it is limited by distance because Bluetooth communication covers a
range of not more than 100 meters [9].

2.4 Relevant information about the project

GSM modem

A GSM modem is a device, which modulates an analog carrier signal to encode digital
information, and demodulates that carrier to decode the transmitted information signals in a
GSM system. GSM modem modulates data from microcontroller so that they will suit the GSM
network. This modem will operate at either the 900MHz or 1800MHz frequency band depends
on available GSM network at the applied area. Modem consists of two parts, which are mobile
telephone radio and Subscriber Identity Module [10].

A GSM Modem is a specialized type of modem which accepts a SIM card, and operates
oversubscription to a mobile operator, just like a mobile phone. From the mobile operator
perspective, a GSM modem looks just like a mobile phone.

11
GSM is a globally accepted standard for digital cellular communication. GSM is the name of a
standardization group established in 1982 to create a common European mobile telephone
standard that would formulate specifications for a pan-European mobile cellular radio system
operating at 900 MHz [17, 20]. Figure 2.8 and 2.9 shows Gsm module and GSM architecture
respectively.

Fig 2.8GSM Module [36]

Fig 2.9 Gsm architecture [37]

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Android is a mobile operating system developed by Google, based on a modified version of
the Linux kernel and other open source software and designed primarily for touch screen mobile
devices such as smartphones and tablets. In addition, Google has further developed Android
TV for televisions, Android Auto for cars and Android Wear for wrist watches, each with a
specialized user interface. Variants of Android are also used on game consoles, digital
cameras, PCs and other electronics.

Initially developed by Android Inc., which Google bought in 2005, Android was unveiled in
2007, with the first commercial Android device launched in September 2008. The operating
system has since gone through multiple major releases, with the current version being 8.1
"Oreo", released in December 2017.

Android has been the best-selling OS worldwide on smartphones since 2011 and on tablets since
2013. As of May 2017, it has over two billion monthly active users, the largest installed base of
any operating system, and as of 2017, the Google Play store features over 3.5 million apps [18].
Table 2.1 below shows world Smartphone operating system market.

Table 2.1 World smartphone market as provided by IDC[18].

Operating System 4Q16 Units 4Q16 Market 4Q15 Units 4Q15 Market
Share (%) Share(%)

Android 353,669.9 81.7 325,394.4 80.7

iOS 77,038.9 17.9 71,525.9 17.7

Windows 1,092.2 0.3 4,395.0 1.1

Other OS 530.4 0.1 887.3 0.5

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Display unit

The display unit is one of the outputs of the control unit and it will be displaying the required
information from the unit.

A display is an output device for presentation of internal processed information from a particular
device or system. Display devices are categorized depending on the technology. Basically, we
have cathode ray tube display, liquid crystal display, light emitting diode display and these made
from gas plasma. Example of the display used is LCD.

Liquid crystal display

A liquid – crystal display is a flat panel display, electronic visual display, or video display that
uses the light modulating properties of liquid crystal. Liquid crystals do not emit light directly
[11].

LCDs are available to display arbitrary images or fixed images with low information content
which can be displayed or hidden, such as preset words, digits and seven-segment displays as in
a digital clock. Generally, we have two categories of the liquid display which are:-

1. Passive matrix LCDs

These are the ones which do not require external light to produce a visible image. In this type of
LED no backlight, I required so as to produce an image. E.g. calculators, wristwatches use this
type of LCD displays.

2. Active matrix LCDs

Active matrix LCDs displays need backlight so as to produce visible images. Active matrix LCD
uses different illumination technologies to provide the required backlight [19].

2.5 Chapter Conclusion

This chapter has described the current methods used to protect the circuit breaker in industries.
The literature review is expected to play a major role in the design of the proposed system as
different ideas from previous works can be used to come up with a new and advanced system.

14
 CHAPTER FOUR

PROPOSED SYSTEM

4.0 Introduction
This chapter describes the function of each block in the proposed system block diagram. It also
explains the functionality of the whole system and signal transfer from one end to another.
Advantages of the proposed system are also being mentioned.

4.1 General functionality of the proposed system

The system has two parts; hardware and software. The Software part consists of Android
Application and Control instructions. The hardware architecture consists of Android phone,
communication model, a control circuit and a driver circuit.

4.2 Parts of the proposed System

4.2.1 GSM Modem

The GSM modem provides the communication media between the Android Application and
control unit by means of SMS messages [28, 29, 30]. The SMS message consists of commands
to be executed. The SMS message is sent to the GSM modem via the GSM public networks as a
text message initiated by the android application installed in an android phone with a definite
predefined format.

Once the GSM modem receives the message, the commands sent will be extracted and executed
by the microcontroller. The system will interpret the commands and turn the power line ON via
the switching unit. Figure 4.1 shows the block diagram of the proposed system.

15
 Android Phone

Display and
Notification
unit
Control
Android App GSM
Unit
Module

Switching
Powerline
Unit
Text

Power Supply

Fig 4.1 Block diagram of the proposed system

4.2.2 Android Application

This project uses the graphical user interface (GUI) application in a format of android application
package file (APK) that is installed in the android phone that contains graphical icons
representing each power line in the circuit breaker that when pressed it triggers the required code
to be sent via SMS.

4.2.3 Controlling system

The system is comprised of a control unit as a brain of the whole system. This is a very important
part of the system, information from all parts of the system are processed in the control unit. The
decision on what to be done based on the conditions of outside environment is done by the
control unit. It is a system of an integrated circuit where instructions are written.

16
4.2.4 Display unit
The display unit is one of the outputs of the control unit and it will be displaying the required
information from the unit. In this project, LCD display will be used as the display unit to the
notification from the customer at the vendor side.

4.2.5 Switching system

In switching system will consist of (i) Transistor as a switch and (ii) Relay
i) A transistor as a Switch
A transistor is a three terminal semiconductor device in which the operation depends on the
interaction of both majority and minority carrier. In this project, NPN transistor is used as a
switch. A transistor operates in the switching mode when is either in cut off or saturation region.
The transistor will be responsible to energize the relay by its collector current when it is in
saturation state or de-energize the relay when it is in the cutoff state.
The transistor in the cutoff state
In order for the transistor to operate in cut off region, the base current (Ib) must be very small.
Therefore when the base is at cut off is at the negative potential that is 0.7V for silicon and 0.2V
for germanium.
The transistor in a saturation region
The large value of Ib will cause the large collector current Ic and all output voltage will appear
across the load. Therefore from those two conditions, the transistor will be biased to operate in
saturation region [13, 21].
ii) Relay
A relay is a switch turned on and off by an electromagnetic property. When a small current flows
through the coil it produces a magnetic field which magnetizes the iron core. This attracts the
armature which closes the switch contact. Therefore a relay is a load switch connected to the
collector terminal of a transistor. The relay is connected with a diode across it and the function of
this diode is to protect the transistor from being damaged by the back e.m.f produced by the relay
when the supply is OFF. The protection is made possible because the back e.m.f is generated to
pass through the transistor it find the diode in forwarding connection as the resulting path
through it instead of a transistor [13, 22, 23].

17
4.2.6 Power supply

The purpose of a power supply is to provide power for all the circuits used in the system. The
components of power supply are step down transformer, Rectifier, a Filter circuit and regulator
circuit [14, 26, and 27].

4.2.7 Chapterconclusion
This chapter has given the details about how the proposed system is made. It also explains how
the system works by analyzing functions of each block in the system. The next chapter gives
details about the data collection.

18
 CHAPTER FIVE

DATA COLLECTION

5.0 Introduction
Data collection is a systematic approach of gathering information from a variety of sources to get
a complete and accurate picture of an area of interest.

Problem Verification Data

The problem was verified through the questionnaire given to staff of Said Salim Bakhresa (SSB)
&Co. Ltd and Murzah Wilmar East Africa Ltd. Table 5.1 below shows the questions and
response.
Table 5.1 Questionnaire

S/N QUESTION RESPONSE

1 Are there any means of protecting the circuit breaker YES NO

from uncertainty turning on during maintenance?
13 00

2 Is there any accident occurred which involve the YES NO

turning on the circuit breaker during maintenance?
07 06

3 How often do the accidents occur? LESS MORE

08 05

4 Are there any complaints about the maintenance stuff YES NO

about the current protection system?
09 04

5 How often are you receiving the complaints? MORE LESS

03 10

6 Is there any need for improving the current protection YES NO

system?
13 00

CONCLUSION due to the above responses, it shows that the problem exists and the current
system needs to be improved.

19
 5.1 Control Unit

This part will be the brain of the system. Table 5.2 shows the data collected and requirements of
the control unit.

Table 5.2 Requirement for Control Unit

FAMILIES
PARAMETER
Arduino PIC-Microcontroller Raspberry Pi
Current "official " Peripheral Interface Controller, Single board
Arduino USB board, with discrete I/O pins, ADC Linux computer
driverless, USB-to- and DAC modules, inbuilt with video
Summary Serial, auto power timers and communications processing and
switching. ports. Re-programmable Flash- GPIO ports.
memory capability.
Onboard USB Multiple component HD Capable
controller Multiple interfacing e.g. PWMs, LCD, Video Processor,
component 10-bit ADC, Opamp etc. HDMI and
interfacing such as Multiple communication composite
Feature PWMs, LCD, 10-bit peripherals, Linear Outputs,
ADC, Opamp etc. Programming, USB, and Onboard
Multiple Ethernet Support. Ethernet.
communication
peripherals.

Power 3.3-5V USB, 7-12 V 2-5.5 V 5-5.25 V

VIN

Memory SRAM 2KB, Up to 128KB for Program RAM 512MB

EEPROM 1KB Memory, 4KB Data Memory
ARM1176JZF-S
Processing
Atmega328 - 16 Up to 16 MIPS / 2-60 MHz - 700 MHz
speed
MHz

20
5.2 Regulator
It is used to regulate the voltage from battery to the required voltage that will be used to operate
on the control unit. Table 5.3 shows the parameter and requirement of the regulator for power
supply

Table 5.3 Parameters Used to Choose the Type of voltage regulator.

- PARAMETER - REQUIREMENT

- Supply Voltage - 7V-24V /typical

- Current consumption - Up to 1A

- Operating frequency - Up to 50Hz

- Output voltage - 2.5V – 5V/typical

5.3 Switching circuit

It is a switching configuration that translates the input voltages to a suitable level to drive the
gates, can be used for controlling different switches in the bridge, a positive, negative, or zero-
potential voltage can be placed across the load. Table 5.4 shows the parameters and requirement
of the switching unit.

Table 5.4 Parameters Used to Choose the Type of driver circuit

PARAMETER REQUIREMENT

Operating voltage 9 to 12V

Operating frequency >200k Higher switching frequency

capability

Operating power <500W Low power consumption

- Load current - 0.5 to 2.0 A

21
5.4 Communication Module

Table 5.5 Frequency range for uplink/downlink of mobile phone operators in Tanzania.

Operator Technology/ Frequenc Assigned Assigned

y band Frequency Range Frequency
Transmission
(MHz) For Uplink Range For
System Downlink
(MHz)
(MHz)

tiGO EGSM 900 887.5 – 890 932.5 – 935

(DAR ONLY)

GSM 890 – 895 935 – 940

GSM 1720 - 1732.5 1815 – 1827.5

Zantel GSM 900 895 – 900 940 – 945

GSM 1800 1710 – 1720 1805 – 1815

Airtel GSM 900 900 – 907.5 945 – 952.5

GSM 1800 1732.5 – 1745 1827.5 – 1840

Vodacom GSM 900 907.5 – 915 952.5 – 960

GSM 1800 1750 – 1760 1845 – 1855

BENSON GSM 1800 1745 – 1750 1840 – 1845

GSM 1800 1780 – 1785 1875 – 1880

EXCELLENTCOM GSM 1800 1760 – 1770 1855 – 1865

22
5.5 Android Application
Before starting Android programming, the Computer needs to have the following installed

I. Android Software Developing Kit (SDK).

II. Eclipse IDE (Integrated development environment)

III. Android Development Tools (ADT) plug-in for Eclipse

IV. Programming language JAVA

5.6 Chapter conclusion

This chapter has described data collected from different sources. These data have shown the
existence of the problem. The data collected will also act as a guide towards analyzing and
designing the proposed system.

23
 CHAPTER SIX

DATA ANALYSIS AND DESIGNING

6.1 Introduction

From the data collected and presented in the previous chapter, this chapter provides the analysis
of the collected data, selection of components, reasons for selecting a particular component or
calculations leading to the selected components to be used in the design. Also, this chapter is
going to talk about major components selection, data analysis, and design.

The data analysis has six sections:

i. The Regulated power supply

ii. Real-time clock
iii. Control unit
iv. Switching unit
v. Wireless communication unit
vi. Display unit

6.1.1 Regulated power supply

A regulated power supply will be used to power various section of the system.

Requirements

i. 5 volts power supply for the control unit, GSM module, Display and ON/OFF indicators.
ii. 12 volts power supply for the switching circuit
iii. Filtered (Ripple free) power supply
iv. Regulated power supply

Qualitative analysis

Required Output = 12Vdc

Supply Voltage = 220Vrms

From the formula

24
On the rectifier

25
 But Vo on the Diode

Vo will be regulated by the RG1 to be 12V

Relay specification 12V, 100mA

Current through each diode Id

Capacitor value C1

Capacitance = Vm2fRLVrms

×100%

×100%

C1 = 2882uF but standard value of C1 = 2800uF

These bases on the comparison of various dc voltage regulators as shown in table 6.1

26
 6. 1 Comparison of d.c voltage regulatorsTable

Device Output voltage Temperature

LM7805 5 0°C to 125°C

LM7812 12 0°C to 125°C

Basing on the requirements, the best choices are the LM7805 and LM7812 d.c voltages
regulators.

Advantages/reasons for selecting LM7805 and LM7812 d.c voltage regulators

i. Has the ability to provide a constant, regulated 5 and 12 d.c volts, respectively.
ii. 78XX series does not require any additional components to provide a constant, regulated
power, making them easy to use and economical
iii. 78XX series IC have built-in protection against a circuit drawing too much power. They
also have protection against overheating and short circuits, making them quite robust in
most applications.

Figure6. 1Regulated power supply

27
6.1.3 Control unit
A control unit used to process the signal from the input and produce the required output in
accordance with the proposed system. Requirements for a control unit are as follows.
i. Built-in analog to digital converter ( ADC)
ii. At least 20 inputs outputs pins
iii. Speed at least 16MHz
iv. Programming memory at least 32KB
v. At least 4 pins supporting serial communication

[Link] Qualitative Analysis of Control Unit

In order to select, the suitable control unit the comparison between different Control units
available in the market shown in table below

Table 6. 2 Available control units

SPECIFICATIONS PIC 18F452 PIC 16F887 AT mega 328p PIC 16F84

Program memory(KB) AGREE DISAGREE AGREE DISAGREE

I/O pins AGREE AGREE AGREE DISAGREE

Built-in ADC Present Present Present ABSENT

Speed (MHz) AGREE AGREE AGREE DISAGREE

Oscillator circuit built-in NO AGREE NO AGREE YES AGREE NO DISAGREE

Serial communication DISAGREE DISAGREE AGREE DISAGREE

support

From the comparison above the Control unit suitable for the proposed system is ATMEGA 328P

28
 Figure6. 2 ATmega 328P pin mapping [32]

Figure6. 3 Basic configurations of ATMEGA328p [32]

29
6.1.4 GSM module
The GSM module is used by the user to sends commands to the control unit remotely.

Requirements

i. Transmission and reception of SMS only.

ii. Serial interface (USART) for communication.
iii. Greater baud rate (about 9000 baud rate per second or above)
iv. Greater frequency range (850MHz, 900MHz, 1800MHz, and 1900MHz).
v. Lower power consumption.

Qualitative analysis

This considers on the comparison GSM modules and then analyzing the best choice. They differ
in various features such as SMS handling, baud rate, frequency bands, cost, size etc.

Table 6. 3 shows various GSM module and their specifications.

GSM module SMS Baud rate Frequency band Input voltage

capability
(Baud/sec) (MHZ)

SIM300 Yes 1200 Tri-band(850,900,1800) 3.4 – 4.5 volts

SIM900 Yes More than Quad-band(850,900,1800,1900) 3.4 – 4.4 volts

9600

SIM800 Yes 900 Dual-band(900,1800) 3.2 – 4.8 volts

As per the qualitative analysis, the best choice of GSM module is GSM900

30
Reasons for selecting GSM900
i. SMS reception and transmission capability
ii. Quad-band frequency range
iii. Greater baud rate

6.1.5 Display system

This is used as the user interface by displaying the clock and the calendar. It will also be used to
display the timetable on the screen and other system statuses.

[Link] Requirements

i. Display at least 16 characters per line and at least two lines to display the status of all
lines simultaneously i.e. Line1 ON/OFF, Line2 ON/OFF
ii. Low power consumption
iii. Easy to interface with a microcontroller
iv. Ability to display characters clearly

[Link] Qualitative analysis

Table 6.4 shows the comparison of various display and their features.

Table 6. 4 Comparison of display units

DISPLAY UNIT Clarity Long character Power Interfacing with

Microcontroller

LCD More clear Yes 3 volts to 5 volts Easier

7 segment Less clear No 5 volts to 12 volts Easy

According to the qualitative analysis, the best choice of the display system is LCD display, as it
meets the necessary requirements. Figure 6.4 show diagram of LCD display.

31
 Figure6. 4 Diagram of LCD display [38]

[Link] Reasons for selecting LCD display

i. Has long character range

ii. Good clarity of characters
iii. Easy to interface with the microcontroller.

6.1.6 Switching device

The switching system will control the switching of the power generator. The switching system
consists of transistors and relays. The switching transistors are used to activate on and off the
relays so as to switch on or off the generator. Basing o the data collected, the requirements for
the switching circuit are as mentioned below.

[Link] Requirements

i. Automatic switching
ii. Small operating voltage ( 5V to 12V)
iii. Ability to trigger/connect large power system from a small power system
iv. Fast switching
v. It must be able to control the opening and closing of a solenoid valve and the starter.

[Link] Factors for selecting an appropriate Relay

i. The voltage and current required to strengthen the coil.

ii. The utmost voltage which we will acquire in the output.
iii. Amount of armature
iv. Amount of contacts for the armature.
v. The number of electrical associates (N/O and N/C).

32
[Link] Relay switching circuit

The relay switching device is incorporated with a transistor, protection diode and a base resistor
to enhance the switching with the control unit.

The transistor specification made the proper selection of the transistor to be used so as to provide
enough driving current for the relay.

The DC resistance of the relay is 400 ohms and its related voltage is 12V.

Calculation of coil current (which is the collector current, Ic)

Vcc = 12 volts, RL=400, Vin = 5V

Therefore, the current passing through the relay coil is 30mA

The transistor BC547 has Gain (β) =110 [12]

So,

The available resistor in the market is 10k. Figure 6.5 shows the switching circuit.

33
6.1.7 Android Application
In developing Android App, the tool that used is the MIT App Inventor which is the platform
designed by Massachusetts Institute of Technology for designing Android Applications.

[Link] User Interface design

The user interface is everything that the user can see and interact with. Android provides a
variety of pre-built UI components such as structured layout objects and UI controls that allow
you to build the graphical user interface for your app. Android also provides other UI modules
for special interfaces such as dialogs, notifications, and menus. This Android application
contains the following layouts.

i) Login dashboard
This layout contains the login options that require an Engineer to enter his username and
password.

Figure6. 5 (a) Dashboard Layout

Both password and username should be entered correctly as registered if one or both is entered
incorrectly the login will be denied and the invalid message will be displayed.

34
 Figure6. 6 (b) Dashboard Layout

ii) All activity dashboard

This layout contains the Buttons of all power lines of the entire system opened after successful
login with the proper username and password.

Figure6. 7 all activities dashboard

35
 iii) Activity Power Line1
This layout contains two toggles Button that sends an SMS when toggled, the first toggle button
sends “#1” when toggled ON and “*1” when toggled OFF. Figure 6.7 below shows the line1
dashboard

Figure6. 8 line1 dashboard

Figure 6.7(a) Line1 dashboard when the buttons are pressed ON or OFF the background Color
change into green when turning on and red when turning off. Figure 6.7b below shows the color
change

Figure6. 9 On Figure6. 10 Off

36
6.1.8Flow Chart
For the system to function properly the control unit has to follow series of steps and process to
complete the task. A flow chart is a diagram that is used to shows the flow of steps or process of
the system between the different stages. Figure 6.8 illustrates the flowchart for the project, which
will be used to control the whole system.

Figure6. 11 Flowchart of the System

37
 Figure6. 12 Overall Circuit Schematic

6.1.8 Chapter conclusion

This chapter has shown how the data collected for each block has been analyzed either
quantitatively or qualitatively to obtain appropriate design for each block in the proposed system
and overall system design. Simulation of the designed system and its results discussion are
explained in the next chapter.

38
 CHAPTER SEVEN

SIMULATION RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONN

7.1 Introduction

This chapter explains how the simulation has been done, simulation results are also attached, and
implementation of the prototype. The circuit simulations for this project are carried out in
Proteus 8.6 professional.

7.2 Simulation Software

The simulation software chosen is Proteus because of the following reasons:

i. It is an open source software

ii. Easy to use and familiarize
iii. Easy to obtain and add libraries of different types of electronic components and modules
iv. It has excellent performance in different varieties of projects ranging from simple
electronic circuit to complex ones

v. Moreover, it offers the capability to prepare printed circuit board layout for actual
realization of the prototypes of different designed systems.

7.3 Regulated Power supply

The simulation results of the power supply. It is supplying 5V output required by the
microcontroller GSM module, LCD display, Interrupt Switches and 12V output for Relay
Switches

Figure 7. 1 Regulated Power supply outputs

39
7.4 Relay Circuit Simulation
The output voltage from the switching unit was obtained after inserting 12V into the switching
unit input with the assumption that the input to the relay from the circuit breaker was 240V

AC

Figure 7. 2 Relay Circuit Simulation

RESULT DISCUSSION: The voltage obtained from the circuit output is sufficient enough to
drive the load.

7.5 When the system is turned ON Remotely

By sending the commands #1, #2 and #3 to the GSM the system should be ON turning on line1,
line2 and line3 respectively. Figures 7.5 below shows the remotely turning

Figure 7. 3 shows the remotely turning on

40
7.8 When the system is turned OFF Remotely
By sending the commands *1, *2 and *3 to the GSM the system should be OFF turning off line1,
line2, and line3 respectively. Figures 7.6 below shows the remotely turning off process

Figure 7. 4shows the remotely turning on

RESULTS DISCUSSION: Since the system can receive sms with commands from the mobile
phone initialized by the android app, this implies that the circuit design is correct and working.

7.9 Chapter conclusion

This chapter has described about the simulation of the proposed system including simulation
tools, simulation environment, performance testing parameter and overall system simulation.
Next chapter gives the details on how the prototype is realized.

41
 CHAPTER EIGHT

PROTOTYPE IMPLEMENTATION AND RESULTS

In this chapter the proposed system is implemented on the actual environment. Where
components and devices needed are build up to a single system. The prototype is implemented
on printed circuit board (PCB).

8.1 The Components Build-up the System

The components used on building the system are Atmega 328P, Bridge rectifier, Voltage
regulators, capacitors, resistors, switches and LED indicators. These components are according
to data analysis.

8.2 Construction of Printed Circuit Board

The construction of the printed circuit board begun in the Proteus professional 8 (software). The
layout is shown in the Figures 8.1. After being prepared in the Proteus Professional 8, the layout
is printed in a transparent paper then undergo the UV light machine process and then etching
process through base water and acid in a special PCB board. After etching the board appears as
shown in the Figures 8.1. Then drilling is done ready to mount components.

Figure 8. 1Printed Circuit Board layout on Proteus

42
 Figure 8. 2: Mounting of components on PCB board

8.3 Prototype Testing, Results, and Discussion

Prototype testing was the next step in the process of completion, testing the performance of the
system, and observing its behavior in the real environment.

8.3.1 Power Supply

During testing, the power supply was working as it was regulating from 220V ac supply to 12V
dc and 5V dc and supplying to desired nodes with respective values as illustrated in Table 8.1

Table 0.1 Voltage Test point

Node Value

Atmega 328P 4.85 – 5.05V

GSM module 4.85 – 5.05V

LCD 4.85 – 5.05V

Relay 11.85 – 12.05V

43
8.4 Test of the GSM Module
The module was tested using the voltmeter to measure Transmit (TX) and Receive (RX) signal
of the module. Transmit (TX) signal was found to be 5V when the module sends to control unit.
And Receive (RX) signal was found to be 5 V when the module receives from the control unit. It
is known the control unit like Atmega 328P gives 5V output on its pin as the rated operating
voltage. The power signal for the module was measured to be 5V.

8.5 Test of the interruption switch

The Switch was tested using the voltmeter to measure Pin's signal of the switch. The switch
sends a signal of 5V to control unit when pressed and 0V when released.

The results of the implemented prototype based on the objectives of the project are;

i. Provide design specifications;

Design specifications were provided from the data analysis. These specifications were
used to design the proposed system.

ii. Interfacing GSM module to the control unit;

GSM module interfaced to the microcontroller and is working properly.

iii. Designing and Interfacing the Android Application to initialize the switching;
The Android App designed and managed to send commands to the GSM module.

Figure 8. 3: A working protottype

44
8.6Chapter conclusion
In this chapter prototype implementation and testing has been explained. Components were
mounted on PCB board and the system was tested. The results show that specific objectives of
the project have been achieved and so the main objective is achieved.

45
 CHAPTER NINE
CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS

9.1 Conclusions
Remotely controlled electrical switch system has been proposed in order to solve the problems of
electrical shock that may results into death or deformity.

This report provides all basic information concerning the existence of the problem and the
procedures towards solving it. Using these procedures, the system has been designed and
realized in both hardware and software. Moreover, the system has been tested and appeared to
give expected results. Considering results obtained after prototype testing, the designed system is
expected to solve the existing problem.

Success in design of this system will help both maintenance stuff to save time and eliminate
probability of electrical shock accidents which can occur at any time in existing system.

9.2 Recommendations
The proposed system has just laid a foundation, there are still more developments that can be
required to improve the system. So it is an invitation for other scholars and experts to work on it
to improve, it should not just end in the prototype.

46
 REFERENCES
[1] Safety and health at work

[Link] (ilo)

[2] Usalama wa afya kazini hauridhishi. FRIDAY, APRIL 26, 2013

[Link]

[3] Robert Friedel and Paul Israel, Edison's Electric Light: Biography of an Invention, Rutgers

University Press, New Brunswick New Jersey USA, 1986 ISBN 0-8135-1118-6 pp.65-66

[4] Introduction to Telecommunications Network Engineering 2nd Edition Tarmo Antatalainen

pg 358-359

[5] Circuit Breaker Based On Password[Link]

breaker/ (July 8, 2014)

[6] Android Circuit Breaker [Link] (Sept 22,

2015)

[7] Edwin Wright, Deon Reynders & Steve Mackay, “Bluetooth”, Practical Telecommunication

and wireless communications, Ed, London, Newnes, 2004, pp. 152 – 153

[8] M. Cardei, “Overview over Bluetooth technology”, Wireless Networking Seminar,

University of Minnesota, 2002 pg 20 – 30

[9] Nordic semi (2016). Things you should know about Bluetooth range. [Online] available:

[Link]

range

[10] G. Heine, GSM Networks: Protocols, Terminology, and Implementation, USA, 1999.

47
[11] C. Woodford (2016, May). How do LCD works. Available:
[Link]

[12] Electronic device and circuit theory pg 129-252, Robert L. Boylestad & Louis Nashelsky

11th Edition

[13] Electronic device and circuit theory pg 783-810, Robert L. Boylestad & Louis Nashelsky

11th Edition

[14] [Link]

[15] John Matthews Introduction to the Design and Analysis of Building Electrical

Systems Springer 1993 page 86

[16] Hwaiyu Geng, Data Center Handbook, John Wiley & Sons, 2014 page 542

[17] G. Heine, GSM Networks: Protocols, Terminology, and Implementation, USA, 1999.

[18] Mobile - CNET News (2013). Android dominates 81 percent of world smartphone market.

[ONLINE]Available: [Link]

dominates-81-percent-of-world-smartphone-market/.

[20] X. Jiang, Research and Implementation of remote controlling based on SMS technology,

2012

[21] Thomas L Floyd. Electronic devices Seventh edition

[22] C. Peijiang and J. Xuehua, Design and implementation of remote monitoring system based

on GSM, 2008.

[23] [Link], Electronics fundamentals: Circuits, devices, and applications,6th ed. United

Kingdom: Pearson/Pentice Hall, 2003.

48
[24] D. Yang and S. Wu, Fundamentals of Liquid Crystal Devices, 2nd ed. Chichester: Wiley,

2015.
[25] E. Priestly, Introduction to Liquid Crystals, New York: Plenum Press, 1974.

[26] M. Brown, Power Supply Cookbook, 2nd ed. Newness, 2001.

[27] M. Brown, Practical Switching Power Supply Design, California: academic Press Inc.,
1990.
[28] A.F. Molisch, Wireless Communications, 2nd ed. Chichester: John Wiley & Sons Ltd,
2011.

[29] Thomas W (2008). Electronic Communication Systems. 3rd ed.: Pearson Education Inc.

[30] S. M. Weber, GSM and personal communications handbook, Boston: Artech House,

2009.

[31] [Link]

[32] [Link]

[33] [Link]
xHYGvEpJP-rhRA-99mHVSJgBYWtTxT

[34] [Link]

[35][Link]
0NZrshlE41WKguSVi8VJgHApbQQ

[36] [Link]

[37][Link]/Mobile+devices/gprs+mobile+internet/Chapter+1+Introduction+to+the+
GSM+System/Network+Architecture

49
APPENDIX A
Microcontroller Program

#include <SoftwareSerial.h>

SoftwareSerial mySerial (6,7);

#include <LiquidCrystal.h>

LiquidCrystal lcd(A0,A1,A2,A3,A4,A5);

int sw1=2;
int sw2=3;

int line1=8;
int line2=9;

int flag1,flag2;
char check[2];

void setup() {
[Link](16,2);
pinMode(sw1,INPUT);
pinMode(sw2,INPUT);
pinMode(line1,OUTPUT);
pinMode(line2,OUTPUT);

digitalWrite(sw1,LOW);
digitalWrite(sw2,LOW);

flag1=flag2=0;
// [Link](9600);
// put your setup code here, to run once:

[Link]();
[Link](0,0);
[Link](" WELCOME ");
[Link](0,1);
[Link]("AUTO SWTCH SYSTM");
delay(3000);
[Link]();
[Link](0,0);
50
 [Link]("INITIALIZING GSM");

[Link](9600);
[Link](9600);
gsm();

[Link]();
[Link](0,0);
[Link](" System Ready ");
delay(2000);
[Link]();
[Link](0,0);
[Link]("LINE : 1 2 ");
[Link](0,1);
[Link]("STATUS: OFF OFF");
}

void loop() {
// put your main code here, to run repeatedly:
if([Link]()>0){
char x=[Link]();
if(x=='#'){
[Link]("#");
delay(10);
x=[Link]();
if(x=='1'){
[Link]("1");
digitalWrite(line1,HIGH);
[Link](8,1);
[Link]("ON ");
[Link]("line1 =on");
flag1=0;
}
if(x=='2'){
[Link]("2");
digitalWrite(line2,HIGH);
[Link](13,1);
[Link]("ON ");
[Link]("line2 =on");
flag2=0;
}

}
if(x=='*'){

51
 [Link]("*");
delay(10);
x=[Link]();
if(x=='1'){
[Link]("1");
digitalWrite(line1,LOW);
[Link](8,1);
[Link]("OFF");
[Link]("line1 = off");
flag1=0;
}
if(x=='2'){
[Link]("2");
digitalWrite(line2,LOW);
[Link](13,1);
[Link]("OFF");
[Link]("line2 = off");
flag2=0;
}

}
}else{
checkSwitch();
}

}
void checkSwitch(){
//sw1
if(digitalRead(sw1)==HIGH){
delay(300);
if(digitalRead(sw1)==HIGH){
if(flag1==0){
[Link]("sw1 = HIGH");
digitalWrite(line1,HIGH);
[Link](8,1);
[Link]("ON ");
flag1=1;
delay(1000);
}else{
[Link]("sw1 = LOW");
digitalWrite(line1,LOW);
[Link](8,1);
[Link]("OFF");
delay(1000);
}

52
 }
}

//sw2
else if(digitalRead(sw2)==HIGH){
delay(300);
if(digitalRead(sw2)==HIGH){
if(flag2==0){
[Link]("sw2 = HIGH");
digitalWrite(line2,HIGH);
[Link](13,1);
[Link]("ON ");
flag2=1;
delay(1000);
}else{

[Link]("sw2 = LOW");
digitalWrite(line2,LOW);
[Link](13,1);
[Link]("OFF");
delay(1000);
}
}
}

void gsm(){
[Link]("INITIALIZING GSM..");
[Link]();
delay(15000);
[Link]("AT");
delay(20);
//check if GSM IS CONNECTED AND WORKING
check[0]=[Link]();
delay(10);
check[1]=[Link]();
delay(10);
[Link]([Link]());
while(check[0]!='O' && check[1]!='K'){
[Link]("Initialization fail");
delay(1000);

53
 [Link]("AT");
delay(20);
check[0]=[Link]();
delay(10);
check[1]=[Link]();
delay(10);
}
[Link]("AT+CMGF=1"); //Sets the GSM Module in Text Mode
delay(1000);
[Link]([Link]());
[Link]("AT+CNMI=2,2,0,0,0"); // AT Command to recieve a live SMS
/* [Link](8,3);
[Link]([Link]());
[Link]("DONE");*/

delay(1000);
[Link]([Link]());
[Link]("Ready");
[Link]("HOME AUTOMATION");
}

54
APPENDIX B

Cost Estimation

ITEM QUANTITY COST TOTAL COST

Air time 10 2,000 20,000
Printing service 14 7,000 98,000
Internet service 15Gb 30,000 30,000
Transport fee 8 2000 16,000
Components and modules - - 180,000
Total cost 344,000

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APPENDIX C
PROJECT TIMEFRAME

i. Senior Project 1

DURATION IN WEEKS
ACTIVITIES
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14
Project title selection
Proposal writing
Project defending
Literature review
Data collection
Report writing
Report assessment and submission

ii. Senior Project 2

DURATION IN WEEKS
ACTIVITIES
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14
Literature review
Data analysis and design
Simulation
Prototype implementation
Report writing
Report assessment and submission

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