INTERNET OF THINGS

Introduction

• The Internet of Things (IOT) is the network of physical objects or things.

• Also called The Internet of Objects and IOT
• It allows objects to be sensed and controlled remotely across existing network infrastructure
• It allows communication between human and things
• Implemented by embedding sensors in different objects that can transmit and receive data

History
• British entrepreneur Kevin Ashton first introduced the concept of Internet of Things in 1999
• The first IOT device to be said was a Coke Machine in Carnegie Mellon University, Qatar
• The programmers were able to check if the machine was operating and even check the stock of the machine remaining
• LG announced its first Internet Refrigerator plans in 2000

Applications of IOT
• Smart Cities
• Smart Manufacturing
• Building & Home Automation
• Health Care
• Automotive
• Wearables

Application Perspective
•When shopping in the market, the goods will introduce themselves.
•When entering the doors, scanners will identify the tags on her clothing.
•When paying for the goods, the microchip of the credit card will communicate with checkout reader.
•When moving the goods, the Sensor will tell the staff to put a new one.

Smart Home Technology

• Every appliance, accessory, gadgets and furniture is connected to internet
• No physical interaction with the things is needed for them to perform any kind of action
• The user can change the attributes of anything in the house just by using his Phone or Tablet

How IOT Works

• Various wireless radios services allow devices to connect to the Internet and to each other
• Device can be connected through Wi-Fi, low-energy Bluetooth, NFC, ZigBee and Z-Wave technologies
• Cloud services then enable the collection of analysis from different devices so that the people can see what's going on
and can take action via their mobile apps

Technology behind IOT

• Wireless sensor technology play a pivotal role in bridging the gap between the physical and virtual worlds
• They enable things to respond to changes in their physical environment
• Sensors collect data from their environment, generating information and raising awareness about context
• Example: sensors in an electronic jacket can collect information about changes in external temperature and the
parameters of the jacket can be adjusted accordingly

Challenges of IOT
• Scalability
• Interoperability
• Security and personal privacy
• Software complexity
• Data volumes
• Lack of IP Addresses
• Vulnerability to internet attack
• Power supply
Future of IOT
• From refrigerators to parking spaces to houses, the IOT is bringing more and more things into the digital fold every day,
which will likely make the IOT a multi-trillion dollar industry in the near future
• By 2020, it is estimated that 50 Billion Devices would be connected to internet and 7.6 Billion People alive at that time
• That interprets that there will be at least 6 Smart Device connected to every single person on earth

Evolution of IoT Over the Years

With the rising adoption of the Internet of Things (IoT), the modern world is becoming broader and faster in terms of
connectivity. As we know, IoT refers to the millions of physical devices that are connected to the internet and provides a
platform for every industry to foster innovation and productivity. Although the technology is in its infant stage, the
potential it holds for businesses is massive and it represents the next evolution of the connected world where it won’t be
remiss to say that – “Interconnectedness is the new normal.

A Timeline of IoT’s Evolution

The evolution of IoT as it stands today began just a few decades ago with the development of ARPANET, the first
connected network and the granddad of today’s ‘Internet’. The history of IoT starts from here and follows a timeline of
milestone moments which we will chronicle below:
• 1982 – A graduate student in Carnegie Mellon University’s computer science department wants to know if his
department’s soda vending machine has cold soda bottles but doesn’t want to go all the way there to check as the
machine is quite a distance from his classroom. So, with the help of two fellow students and a research engineer, he
develops a code that can let anyone on the university ARPANET monitor the status of the vending machine; whether it
has soda bottles and whether they are cold or not. The evolution of IoT began here.
• 1989 – English computer scientist Tim Berners Lee proposes the framework of the World Wide Web and lays the
foundation of the Internet.
• 1990 – MIT’s John Romkey invents a toaster that can be turned on or off via the Internet. It was connected to a
computer as there was no Wi-Fi then, but this toaster is considered to be the world’s first IoT device – the first ‘thing’ in
the Internet of Things.
• 1993 – Quentin Stafford-Fraser and Paul Jardetzky from the University of Cambridge build the Trojan Room Coffee Pot
in their computer laboratory where an image of its interior is uploaded to the building’s server thrice every minute for
people to check the level of coffee when they want a cup.
• 1999 – Current Executive Director of Auto-ID Labs at MIT, Kevin Ashton, coins the term Internet of Things (IoT) in a
presentation he makes at Proctor & Gamble about linking RFIDs in their supply chain to the internet.
• 2003-2004 – The term IoT starts to be used widely in mainstream publications like The Guardian and Scientific
American.
• 2005 – The United Nations International Telecommunications Union acknowledges the impact of IoT in its report.
• 2008 – The first IoT conference is held in Zurich, bringing together researchers and practitioners from academia and
industry to take part in the sharing of knowledge. In the same year, the US National Intelligence Council recognized IoT as
one of the six disruptive civil technologies. The Evolution of IoT gained popularity from this point onwards.
• 2011 – The Cisco Internet Business Solutions Group (CIBSG) announces in their white paper that the true birth of IoT
was between 2008 and 2009 where the number of things connected to the internet exceeded the number of people
connected to it.
• 2012 and beyond – Companies like Apple and Samsung make waves with their smartphones, there is a proliferation of
AI-powered personal assistants like Google Home and Amazon Alexa, we all start to have devices that control individual
things in our home, all working in concert with our computers and phones to share data and interact. Today, all our
devices work in tandem over the internet

Security & Privacy Issues in the Internet of Things (IoT)

Security and Privacy Challenges in the Internet of Things (IoT): A Critical Perspective
The Internet of Things (IoT) has revolutionized connectivity by embedding internet functionality into everyday objects—
from refrigerators and cars to medical devices and industrial sensors. While IoT drives efficiency, automation, and
innovation, its rapid expansion (projected to reach 64 billion devices by 2025) introduces severe security vulnerabilities
and privacy risks that threaten user trust and global adoption. Below is a deeper exploration of these challenges and
their implications:

Why Security and Privacy Matter in IoT

IoT devices collect, transmit, and process vast amounts of sensitive data—personal habits, health metrics, financial
information, and even industrial operations. A single compromised device can cascade into system-wide breaches,
financial losses, or physical harm. For instance:
•Smart homes hacked via unsecured cameras or thermostats can expose private lives.
•Connected healthcare devices (e.g., pacemakers) manipulated remotely could endanger lives.
• Industrial IoT breaches in critical infrastructure (power grids, transportation) risk societal disruption.
The stakes are monumental: The IoT market’s projected $1 trillion+ value by 2030 hinges on resolving these risks to
ensure safety, compliance, and consumer confidence.

Key Security Threats in IoT

1. Weak Authentication & Default Passwords
⚬Many IoT devices ship with hard-coded, default credentials (e.g., "admin/admin"), making them easy targets.
⚬ Example: The Mirai botnet hijacked 400,000 devices using default passwords, launching devastating DDoS
attacks on major platforms like Twitter and Netflix
2. Insecure Device Design by Manufacturers
⚬ Prioritizing cost and speed over security, manufacturers often neglect encryption, secure hardware, or regular
updates.
⚬ Risks: Hackers exploit flaws in Bluetooth-enabled fitness trackers, smart TVs, or even refrigerators to steal data
or infiltrate networks.
3. Fragmented Update Management
⚬Many IoT devices lack mechanisms to receive critical security patches, leaving vulnerabilities exposed
indefinitely.
⚬ Example: Outdated medical devices or industrial sensors become permanent entry points for attackers.
4. Unsecured Communication Channels
⚬ IoT devices often transmit data without encryption, exposing sensitive information to interception (man-in-
the-middle attacks).
⚬Weak APIs and cloud interfaces further enable unauthorized access

Security Issues:
1. Weak Authentication: Default or hard-coded passwords (e.g., Mirai malware) allow hackers to hijack devices, leading
to large-scale attacks like DDoS.
2. Manufacturer Negligence: Many IoT devices lack built-in security, with vulnerabilities in hardware, data storage, and
unencrypted communications.
3. Update Challenges: Outdated firmware/software and insecure update processes expose devices to exploits.
4. Insecure Interfaces: Poorly secured APIs, cloud, and mobile interfaces risk unauthorized access due to weak encryption
or authentication.

Privacy Issues:
1. Data Overload: Massive data generation (e.g., 150 million points/day for 10,000 households) increases breach risks.
2. Eavesdropping: Unencrypted data from devices (e.g., smart meters) can expose personal activities.
3. Data Misuse: Companies may exploit IoT data (e.g., fitness trackers, connected cars) for decisions like insurance rates
without user awareness

Technological Change
INTRODUCTION
 Technological change (TC) is a term that is used to describe the overall process of invention, innovation and diffusion
of technology or processes.
 The term is synonymous with technological development, technological achievement, and technological progress. In
essence TC is the invention of a technology (or a process), the continuous process of improving a technology (in
which it often becomes cheaper) and its diffusion throughout industry or society. In short, technological change is
based on both better and more technology.
What are the phases of technological change?
1. Invention
 Invention denotes the initial discovery of an idea or a groundbreaking concept, often the result of extensive
research efforts. These discoveries are typically integrated into the product development process.
Traditionally, inventors secure patents for their creations, which must adhere to the criteria of being lawful,
feasible, and valuable.
2. Innovation
 ‘Innovation’ can sometimes be used interchangeably with “invention” or refer to exploring novel ways to
utilize or apply existing technology. Everett Rogers states innovation is a new idea, behavior, or product that
appears fresh to potential adopters

3. Diffusion
  Diffusion refers to the widespread acceptance and integration of technology within a society or industry. It
represents how a new idea, product, or behavior gains acceptance in the market. Technology diffusion
signifies expanding the usage or application of new technology from its initial users to a broader audience.

TECHNOLOGICAL CHANGE AS A SOCIAL PROCESS

 Underpinning the idea of technological change as a social process is general agreement on the importance of
social context and communication. According to this model, technological change is seen as a social process
involving producers and adopters and others (such as government) who are profoundly affected by cultural
setting, political institutions and marketing strategies.
 In free market economies, the maximization of profits is a powerful driver of technological change.
 Generally, only those technologies are developed and reach the market that promise to maximize profits for
the owners of incoming producing capital. Any technologies that fail to meet this criterion even though they
may satisfy very important societal needs, are not developed. Therefore, technological change is a social
process strongly biased by the financial interests of capital.
 There are currently no well established democratic processes, such as voting on the social or environmental
desirability of a new technology prior to development and marketing, that would allow average citizens to
direct the course of technological change.

ELEMENTS OF DIFFUSION
Emphasis has been on four key elements of the technological change process:
(1) an innovative technology
(2) communicated through certain channels
(3) to members of a social system
(4) who adopt it over a period of time. These elements are derived from Everett M. Rogers Diffusion of innovations
theory using a communications-type approach

TECHNOLOGICAL TRANSITIONS
 Technological innovations have occurred throughout history and rapidly increased over the modern age. New
technologies are developed and co-exist with the old before supplanting them. Transport offers several
examples; from sailing to steam ships to automobiles replacing horse-based transportation.
 Technological transitions (TT) describe how these technological innovations occur and are incorporated into
society. Alongside the technological developments TT considers wider societal changes such as ―user practices,
regulation, industrial networks (supply, production, distribution), infrastructure, and symbolic meaning or
culture.
 For a technology to have use, it must be linked to social structures human agency and organizations to fulfill a
specific need. Hughes refers to the seamless web‘ where physical artifacts, organizations, scientific communities,
and social practices combine.
 A technological system includes technical and non-technical aspects, and it a major shift in the socio-technical
configurations (involving at least one new technology) is when a technological transition occurs.

TYPES OF TECHNOLOGICAL CHANGE

 Anticipated Change - These are changes that are planned ahead of time and occur as intended
 Emergent Change - These are the changes that arise spontaneously from local innovation and not originally
anticipated or intended.
 Opportunity- based Change- These are the changes that are not anticipated ahead of time but are introduced
purposefully and intentionally during the change process in response to an unexpected opportunity, event, or
breakdown

TECHNOLOGICAL CHANGE
WHAT IS TECHNOLOGY
 Technology ("science of craft", from Greek τέχνη, techne, "art, skill, cunning of hand"; and -λογία, -logia) is
the collection of techniques, skills, methods, and processes used in the production of goods or services or in the
accomplishment of objectives, such as scientific investigation.

TECHNOLOGICAL CHANGE
Technological change (TC) or technological development, is the overall process
of invention, innovation and diffusion of technology or processes. In essence, technological change covers
the invention of technologies (including processes) and their commercialization or release as open source via research
and development (producing emerging technologies), the continual improvement of technologies (in which they often
become less expensive), and the diffusion of technologies throughout industry or society (which sometimes
involves disruption and convergence). In short, technological change is based on both better and more technology.

TECHNOLOGICAL CHANGE
 Invention
 innovation
 diffusion

USAGE OF TECHNOLOGY
We use technology; depend on technology in our daily life and our needs and demands for technology keep on rising.
Humans use technology to travel, to communicate, to learn, to do business and to live in comfort. However, technology
has also caused us concerns. Its poor application has resulted in the pollution of the environment and it has also caused
a serious threat to our lives and society. This calls for the proper use of technology. The biggest challenge facing people is
to determine the type of future we need to have and then create relevant technologies which will simplify the way we do
things.
POSITIVE IMPACTS OF TECHNOLOGY ON PAKISTANI SOCIETY
1. Technology Has Mechanized Agriculture
2. Technology Has Improved Transportation
3. Technology Has Improved Communication
4. Technology Has Improved Education And Learning Process
5. Technology Has Improved Health Care System
6. Technology has Improved Living style

NEGATIVE IMPACTS OF TECHNOLOGY ON SOCIETY

1. Resource Depletion
2. Increased Pollution
3. Decreased emotional Relationship
4. Words have been replaced by Emojis
5. Natural views being replaced by the simulation

SOURCES OF TECHNOLOGICAL CHANGE

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2. MOBILE PHONES
3. SOCIAL MEDIA

VIEWS ABOUT TECHNOLOGY

 MAXWEBER Utilitarianism Technology is regarded as an instrument, a neutral means to an end (instrumental
rationality)
 MARSHALL MCLUHAN Technology is an extension/objectification of human body and mind (technological
determinism
 KARLMARKX Technology is an objectification of human creativity through self-actualization (broad sense)