Architecture of Special Purpose Computing System

ATM, Handheld devices, Data Compressor, Image

Capturing Devices Architecture and Requirements,
Challenges Constraints of special purpose computing
system.
1
MODULE - 3 CSE3006 – EMBEDDED SYSTEM DESIGN 2
 MICROCONTROLLER ARCHITECTURE
CLASSIFICATION OF MICROOCNTROLLERS

❑ BITS: (Size of the data that can be handled by microcontroller)

− 8-Bit: Ex: Intel 8031/8051, PIC1x and Motorola MC68HC11 families

− 16-Bit: Ex: 8051XA, PIC2x, Intel 8096 and MC68HC12 families

− 32-bit: Ex: ARM Cortex, Intel/Atmel 251 family, PIC3x

MODULE - 3 CSE3006 – EMBEDDED SYSTEM DESIGN 3

 MICROCONTROLLER ARCHITECTURE
CLASSIFICATION OF MICROOCNTROLLERS

❑ MEMORY ARCHITECTURE:

− Harvard Memory Architecture: When a microcontroller has a

dissimilar memory address space for program & data memory
Ex: 8051, PIC, AVR based microcontroller families

− Von-Neumann Architecture: When a microcontroller has a

common memory address space for program & data memory
Ex: Motorola 68k, PowerPC based Microcontroller families

MODULE - 3 CSE3006 – EMBEDDED SYSTEM DESIGN 5

 MICROCONTROLLER ARCHITECTURE
HARVARD VS VON-NEUMANN

MICROCONTROLLER
MICROCONTROLLER

PHERIPHERALS
PHERIPHERALS

Input Output
Input Output CPU
Devices CPU Devices
Devices Devices

MEMORY
(Program + Data)
Program Data
Memory Memory

VON-NEUMANN ARCHITECTURE HARVARD ARCHITECTURE

MODULE - 3 CSE3006 – EMBEDDED SYSTEM DESIGN 6

 MICROCONTROLLER ARCHITECTURE
CLASSIFICATION OF MICROOCNTROLLERS

❑ INSTRUCTION SET:
− CISC: Complex Instruction Set Computer
− Allow single (complex) instructions to perform numerous low-
level (simple) operations like a load from memory, arithmetic
operation, store into memory with multiple clock cycle
− MUL A, B : get the value of A and B from registers, compute
multiplication by repeated addition and store results back to
registers
Ex: Motorola 68000 (68K), 8051

MODULE - 3 CSE3006 – EMBEDDED SYSTEM DESIGN 8

 MICROCONTROLLER ARCHITECTURE
CLASSIFICATION OF MICROOCNTROLLERS

❑ INSTRUCTION SET:
− RISC: Reduced Instruction set Computer
− reduce the instruction execution complexity by having
several simple instructions which achieve low-level operation
within a single clock cycle
− LDR for loading, ADD with loop count for multiplication then
STR for storing operations
Ex: AVR, PIC, ARM

MODULE - 3 CSE3006 – EMBEDDED SYSTEM DESIGN 9

 MICROCONTROLLER ARCHITECTURE
CLASSIFICATION OF MICROOCNTROLLERS
❑ FAMILIES/ARCHITECTURE:
− MCS51: A microcontroller (MCU) series developed by Intel and optimized for
embedded control applications
− PIC: A family of microcontrollers made by Microchip Technology and used
in a wide variety of embedded systems
− AVR: A family of microcontrollers developed by Atmel (acquired by
Microchip in 2016) and majorly used by hobbyist and educational
embedded applications
− ARM: By combining the ARM microprocessor with RAM, ROM and other
peripherals in one single chip, ARM microcontrollers are made (LPC 11U24)
− OTHERS: MIPS, PowerPC, RISC-V, Motorola etc.,
MODULE - 3 CSE3006 – EMBEDDED SYSTEM DESIGN 11
 MICROCONTROLLER ARCHITECTURE
MCS51- Features (8051)
➢ Instruction set Architecture : CISC
➢ Data bus size : 8-bit
➢ Address bus size : 16-bit
➢ Program memory (ROM) : 4 KB
➢ Data memory (RAM) : 128 bytes
➢ General purpose registers : 32 (each 8-bit in size)
➢ Program counter : 16-bit (PC)
➢ Data pointer : 16-bit (DPTR)
➢ Input/output ports : 4 (each 8-bit in size)
➢ Timers : 2 (T0 & T1)
➢ Interrupts : 5 (3 internal + 2 external)
➢ Serial port : 1 (8-bit & 9-bit mode)
MODULE - 3 CSE3006 – EMBEDDED SYSTEM DESIGN 12
 8051- Architecture

8051 – Pin diagram

Ref. URL(From datasheet): [Link]

MODULE - 3 CSE3006 – EMBEDDED SYSTEM DESIGN 13

 MICROCONTROLLER ARCHITECTURE
PIC – Features (16F877A)
➢ Instruction set Architecture : RISC
➢ Data bus size : 8-bit
➢ Address bus size : 14-bit
➢ Program memory (ROM) : 8 KB
➢ Data memory (RAM) : 368 bytes
➢ Data memory (EEPROM) : 258 bytes
➢ Input/output ports : 5 (A, B, C, D, E)
➢ Timers : 3 (Timer0, 1 & 2)
➢ Interrupts : 15
➢ ADC modules (10-bit) : 8 channels
➢ PWM modules :2
➢ Analog comparators :2
➢ Serial communication : MSSP, USART
➢ Parallel communication : PSP
MODULE - 3 CSE3006 – EMBEDDED SYSTEM DESIGN 14
 PIC – Architecture (16F877A)

PIC 16F877A – Pin diagram

Ref. URL (from Datasheet): [Link]

MODULE - 3 CSE3006 – EMBEDDED SYSTEM DESIGN 15

 MICROCONTROLLER ARCHITECTURE
AVR - Features (ATmega328P)
➢ Instruction set Architecture : RISC
➢ Data bus size : 8-bit
➢ Address bus size : 16-bit
➢ Program memory (ROM) : 32 KB
➢ Data memory (RAM) : 2 KB
➢ Data memory (EEPROM) : 1 KB
➢ Input/output ports : 3 (B, C, D)
➢ General purpose registers : 32 (each 8-bit in size)
➢ Timers : 3 (Timer0, 1 & 2)
➢ Interrupts : 26 (2 External)
➢ ADC modules (10-bit) : 6 channels
➢ PWM modules :6
➢ Analog comparators :1
➢ Watchdog timer :1
➢ Serial communication : SPI, USART, TWI(I2C)
MODULE - 3 CSE3006 – EMBEDDED SYSTEM DESIGN 16
 AVR ATmega328P - Architecture

ATmega328P – Pin diagram

Ref. URL (From datasheet): [Link]

MODULE - 3 CSE3006 – EMBEDDED SYSTEM DESIGN 17

 MICROCONTROLLER ARCHITECTURE
ARM - Features (Cortex-M0)
➢ Instruction set Architecture : RISC
➢ Data bus size : 32-bit
➢ Address bus size : 32-bit
➢ Program memory (ROM) : 32 KB
➢ Data memory (RAM) : 10 KB
➢ Data memory (EEPROM) : 4 KB
➢ Boot ROM : 16 KB
➢ GPIO pins : 54
➢ General purpose registers : 32
➢ Timers :4
➢ Nested Vectored Interrupt : 24
➢ ADC modules (10-bit) : 8 channels
➢ Windowed Watchdog timer :1
➢ Integrated oscillators : 3 (system, Internal RC, Watchdog oscillator)
➢ Serial communication : USB 2.0, SSP, USART, I2C
MODULE - 3 CSE3006 – EMBEDDED SYSTEM DESIGN 18
 ARM LPC 11U24 - Architecture

ARM LPC 11U24 – Pin diagram

Ref. URL (From datasheet): [Link]

MODULE - 3 CSE3006 – EMBEDDED SYSTEM DESIGN 19

20
 EMBEDDED MEMORY
MEMEORY ORGANISATION

MODULE - 3 CSE3006 – EMBEDDED SYSTEM DESIGN 37

 EMBEDDED MEMORY
MEMEORY ORGANISATION
❑ System Space – Exception Vectors

❑ Code Space – Stores the Instruction

❑ ROM Data Space – Stores the constants e.g. error messages

❑ Stack – Context Switching, grows downwards

❑ Free Memory – All Statically allocated variables

❑ Heap – All dynamically allocated variables

❑ I/O Space – Memory mapped I/O devices
MODULE - 3 CSE3006 – EMBEDDED SYSTEM DESIGN 38
 EMBEDDED MEMORY
MEMORY CLASSIFICATION
1. Accessibility: Memory devices can provide Random Access,
Serial Access or Block Access.
▪ Random Access memory - memory can be directly accessed by
specifying the address of the memory word. Ex: RAM, SDRAM,
NOR Flash.
▪ Serial Access Memory - all the previous words (previous to the
word being accessed) need to be accessed, before accessing a
desired word. Ex: I2C PROM, SPI PROM
▪ Block Access Memories - entire memory is sub-divided in to
small blocks of memory. Each block can be randomly accessed,
and each word in a given block can be serially accessed. Ex:
Hard Disks, NAND flash
MODULE - 3 CSE3006 – EMBEDDED SYSTEM DESIGN 21
 EMBEDDED MEMORY
MEMORY CLASSIFICATION
2. Persistence of Storage: Memory devices can provide Volatile
storage or a non-Volatile storage.
▪ Non-Volatile storage - memory contents remain preserved
even after power shut down. Non-Volatile storage can be
used to store application code, and re-usable data.
Ex: Hard Disks, Flash (NOR & NAND) Memories, SD-MMC,
and ROM
▪ Volatile memory - loses its contents, after power shut down.
Volatile memory can be used for all temporary storage.
Ex: RAM, SDRAM
MODULE - 3 CSE3006 – EMBEDDED SYSTEM DESIGN 22
 EMBEDDED MEMORY
MEMORY CLASSIFICATION

3. Storage cells: Memory Device may employ electronic storage,

magnetic storage or optical storage.

▪ RAM, SDRAM are examples of electronic storage.

▪ Hard Disks are example of magnetic storage.

▪ CDs are example of optical storage.

MODULE - 3 CSE3006 – EMBEDDED SYSTEM DESIGN 23

 EMBEDDED MEMORY
MEMORY CLASSIFICATION

4. Storage Density & Cost : Storage Density (number of bits which

can be stored per unit area) is generally a good measure of cost.
Dense memories (like SDRAM) are much cheaper than their
counterparts (like SRAM).

5. Power Consumption: Low Power Consumption is highly

desirable in Battery Powered Embedded Systems. Such systems
generally employ memory devices which can operate at low
(and ultra-low) Voltage levels. Mobile SDRAMs are example of
low power memories.
MODULE - 3 CSE3006 – EMBEDDED SYSTEM DESIGN 24
 EMBEDDED MEMORY
SRAM
RAM
DRAM

MASKED ROM

MEMORY ROM PROM

EPROM

EEPROM

HYBRID FLASH

NVRAM

MODULE - 3 CSE3006 – EMBEDDED SYSTEM DESIGN 25

 EMBEDDED MEMORY
CHARACTERISTICS OF VARIOUS EMBEDDED MEMORY DEVICES
Type Volatile? Writeable? Erase Size Max Erase Cycles Cost Speed
SRAM Yes Yes Byte Unlimited Expensive Fast

DRAM Yes Yes Byte Unlimited Moderate Moderate

Masked ROM No No n/a n/a Inexpensive Fast

PROM No Once n/a n/a Moderate Fast

EPROM No Yes Entire Chip Limited Moderate Fast

EEPROM No Yes Byte Limited Expensive Fast to read, slow to erase/write

Flash No Yes Sector Limited Moderate Fast to read, slow to erase/write

NVRAM No Yes Byte Unlimited Expensive Fast

MODULE - 3 CSE3006 – EMBEDDED SYSTEM DESIGN 34

37
 Selecting The Right Processor

MODULE - 3 CSE3006 – EMBEDDED SYSTEM DESIGN 40

 Selecting The Right Processor

❑ Is it available in a suitable implementation?

❑ What good is choosing the highest performing processor if the cost of

goods makes your product noncompetitive in the marketplace?

❑ Is the Processor Capable of Sufficient Performance?

❑ Processor must be able to do the job on time.

MODULE - 3 CSE3006 – EMBEDDED SYSTEM DESIGN 41

 Selecting The Right Processor

❑ Is the Processor Supported by an Appropriate Operating System?

❑ Porting the RTOS kernel to a new or different microprocessor

architecture and having it specifically optimized to take advantage of
the low-level performance features of that microprocessor is not a
task for the faint-hearted.

❑ Is the Processor Supported by Appropriate and Adequate Tools?

❑ Good tools are critical to project success.

❑ At a minimum, you’ll need a good crosscompiler and good
debugging support.

MODULE - 3 CSE3006 – EMBEDDED SYSTEM DESIGN 42

 PROCESSOR SELECTION CRITERIA

❑ To design an efficient embedded system, selection of right processor is

very important and challenging task

❑ Types of processors: µP, µC, Digital signal processor (DSP)

❑ µP are offered in 4 to 64-bit size with distinct features like cost, speed, no.
of CPU core, address & data line are used in simple toys to network router

❑ µC plays an important role in embedded system design and majorly used

in low-end to high-end control applications

❑ DSP are majorly used for high computation intensive applications such as
image processing, communication devices, voice to text converter etc.,
MODULE - 3 CSE3006 – EMBEDDED SYSTEM DESIGN 38
 PROCESSOR SELECTION CRITERIA
❑ Sequence of analysis to be made selecting an appropriate processor for
embedded system applications as follows,
1. Application requirement analysis: understand the purpose of
application and arrive specific requirement
2. Processor Architecture analysis: MCS51, ARM, PIC, PowerPC, MIPS etc.,

3. Peripheral set analysis: Includes on-chip (RAM, ROM ,I/O Ports, ADC)
and specialized processing units (FPU, MMU, DMA)

4. Technical analysis: Execution speed, operating voltage, power

consumption, and data & address bus size etc.,

5. Non-technical analysis: Cost, software tools, package type, vendor

reputation, support etc.,
MODULE - 3 CSE3006 – EMBEDDED SYSTEM DESIGN 39
• Handheld devices
 Handheld Device

Wireless Spot Billing Machine

The QWERTY keyboard layout was invented in the 1870s by Christopher Latham
Sholes to prevent typewriter keys from jamming. It remains the most widely used
keyboard layout today. The reason why the keys on a computer keyboard are not
arranged in alphabetical order is because of the way the keyboard was designed.
 PROCESSOR SELECTION CRITERIA
Case study-1: Handheld Device

Wireless Spot Billing Machine

❑ POS Hand Held spot Billing Machine (SBM) is a GPRS Enabled machine.
The device is compact and lightweight(less than 500grms).
❑ The machine is equipped with technology which serves as a Hand Held
computer.
❑ The device is WEB/USB enabled which helps the operator to get instant
bill remotely and update transactions back to the server.
❑ POS(point of sale)

MODULE - 3 CSE3006 – EMBEDDED SYSTEM DESIGN 42

 PROCESSOR SELECTION CRITERIA
Case study-1: Handheld Device

Wireless Spot Billing Machine

MODULE - 3 CSE3006 – EMBEDDED SYSTEM DESIGN 42

 PROCESSOR SELECTION CRITERIA
Case study-1: Handheld Device

Application Spot Billing Machine spot billing machine

❑ Electricity and Water Billing

❑ Cable and Internet Billing
❑ Canteen and Hotel Billing
❑ Finance and Daily Bill Collection
❑ Bus and Parking Ticketing
❑ Distribution and Retail Billing
❑ Petrol and Toll Gate Tokens
❑ All kinds of General Billing

MODULE - 3 CSE3006 – EMBEDDED SYSTEM DESIGN 42

 PROCESSOR SELECTION CRITERIA
Case study-1: Handheld Device

Block Diagram

MODULE - 3 CSE3006 – EMBEDDED SYSTEM DESIGN 42

 PROCESSOR SELECTION CRITERIA
Case study-1: Handheld Device

Features of Spot Billing Machine spot billing machine

❑ Billing Machine is easy to operate and user-friendly.

❑ It is highly secured with Password protection.
❑ It is accessible to the remote application via GPRS.
❑ It holds the Customer Data in memory.
❑ Accurate data Import and Export Settings

MODULE - 3 CSE3006 – EMBEDDED SYSTEM DESIGN 42

 PROCESSOR SELECTION CRITERIA
Case study-1: Handheld Device

Specification
Processor : ARM 32-bit Cortex-M3 CPU(120 Mhz max)with Adaptive real-time accelerator (ART Accelerator),
MPU,150DMIPS/1.25DMIPS/MHz(Dhrystone 2.1)capable of In-System Programming.
On The Fly Programming(Can be done in the field using laptop)for Upgrading the units through
Serial/USB Ports.
Choice of Program Memory Capacity of 512K/1024K bytes.

Memory : 8 MB of Non-volatile data memory is provided with the units data retention is minimum 10 years
with out any power being [Link] to 16 MB
Optional - It also has micro SD card slat for large memory backup.
Real Time Clock : In-built Real time clock with battery backup.
Key-Board : A 35 key multi function key board is provided on the front panel.
LC Display : 132*64 pixels graphical LCD display with back light provided for user interaction. It has various
graphical icons for indication of battery status, signal status etc.

MODULE - 3 CSE3006 – EMBEDDED SYSTEM DESIGN 42

 PROCESSOR SELECTION CRITERIA
Case study-1: Handheld Device

Specification
Printer : High Speed 24 Column Impact Printer With 2.7 Lines/Sec,is Provided as
Standard fitment.
Paper Roll : 57.5mm+/-0.5mm,60mm dia Paper Roll Fitment.
Communication : a) RS232C Ports-1 Nos(Option of second port)with flexible baud rates.
b) RS232C Ports-1 Nos(Option of second port)with flexible baud rates.
c) Optional IR or IRDA or Both IR or IRDA Port for Communication with electricity meters.
d) Built-in GSM/GPRS modem optional.
e) Optional GPS.
Smart Card Interface : Optional Contact & Contact less(MIFARE)Smart Card Interface.
Batteries : The units are powered by 7.4v 2600 mAH LI-ION Rechargeable Battery pack.
Battery Charger : External Universal voltage AC/DC 9.7V-2Amp Adaptor provided.
Mechanical Dimension : Width-102.00,Length-276.00,Height-82.00.
Weight : Weight-655grams~(without paper roll).

MODULE - 3 CSE3006 – EMBEDDED SYSTEM DESIGN 42

 PROCESSOR SELECTION CRITERIA
Case study-1: Handheld Device

Processor

The Cortex-M3 processor is specifically developed for high-performance,

low-cost platforms for a broad range of devices including microcontrollers,
automotive body systems, industrial control systems and wireless networking
and sensors

MODULE - 3 CSE3006 – EMBEDDED SYSTEM DESIGN 42

 PROCESSOR SELECTION CRITERIA
Case study-1: Handheld Device

Processor

MODULE - 3 CSE3006 – EMBEDDED SYSTEM DESIGN 42

 PROCESSOR SELECTION CRITERIA
Case study-1: Handheld Device

Processor

MODULE - 3 CSE3006 – EMBEDDED SYSTEM DESIGN 42

 PROCESSOR SELECTION CRITERIA
Case study-1: Handheld Device

Nested Vector Interrupt

MODULE - 3 CSE3006 – EMBEDDED SYSTEM DESIGN 42

 PROCESSOR SELECTION CRITERIA
Case study-1: Handheld Device

Nested Vector Interrupt

❑ Nested vector interrupt control (NVIC) is a method of prioritizing interrupts,

improving the MCU’s performance and reducing interrupt latency.

❑ NVIC also provides implementation schemes for handling interrupts that

occur when other interrupts are being executed or when the CPU is in the
process of restoring its previous state and resuming its suspended process.

MODULE - 3 CSE3006 – EMBEDDED SYSTEM DESIGN 42

 PROCESSOR SELECTION CRITERIA
Case study-1: Handheld Device

Rugged Handheld Data Terminal

❑ It is built for life out in the field, integrates Corning Gorilla glass for display,
able to handle drops, bumps, spills, dust, vibration.

❑ With stable wireless connections and accurate efficient data capture

options, you can find this easy-to-deploy device a valuable helper to
increase productivity in logistics, express delivery, warehousing, retail
and industrial manufacture etc.

MODULE - 3 CSE3006 – EMBEDDED SYSTEM DESIGN 42

 PROCESSOR SELECTION CRITERIA
Case study-1: Handheld Device

Rugged Handheld Data Terminal

❑ Android 10.0 OS
❑ 8GB ROM + 1 GB RAM（16GB+2GB Optional）
❑ 4'' high resolution(480*800) IPS TFT display
❑ 8MP AF Camera with LED flash
❑ 2G,3G,4G ,WIFI,Bluetooth connection
❑ IP 65 Sealing
❑ 2D Zebra SE4710 barcode scanner

MODULE - 3 CSE3006 – EMBEDDED SYSTEM DESIGN 42

 PROCESSOR SELECTION CRITERIA
Case study-1: Handheld Device

Specification

MODULE - 3 CSE3006 – EMBEDDED SYSTEM DESIGN 42

 PROCESSOR SELECTION CRITERIA
Case study-1: Handheld Device

Processor

❑ The Cortex-A53 processor is a high efficiency processor that implements

the Armv8-A architecture.

❑ The Cortex-A53 processor has one to four cores, each with an L1 memory
system and a single shared L2 cache. It can be combined with other
Cortex-A CPUs in a [Link] configuration.

MODULE - 3 CSE3006 – EMBEDDED SYSTEM DESIGN 42

 PROCESSOR SELECTION CRITERIA
Case study-1: Handheld Device

Processor

MODULE - 3 CSE3006 – EMBEDDED SYSTEM DESIGN 42

 PROCESSOR SELECTION CRITERIA
Case study-1: Handheld Device

Processor

MODULE - 3 CSE3006 – EMBEDDED SYSTEM DESIGN 42

• ATM
• OBJECTIVE: -

•
• To provide customers with a secure and easy way to access their bank accounts and
perform transactions.
•
• To allow customers to withdraw cash, check their account balance, and transfer money.
•
• To provide customers with a convenient way to deposit money into their account.
•
Here's a basic flow chart of an embedded system in an ATM:
•
• User inserts the ATM card.
• The card reader checks the card for validity and
authenticity.
• If the card is valid, the user is prompted to enter their
Personal Identification Number (PIN).
• The user enters their PIN using the keypad.
• The ATM verifies the PIN and grants access to the account.
• The user selects the transaction they want to perform,
such as cash withdrawal, account balance check, or funds
transfer.
The ATM communicates with the bank's computer system to process the
transaction.

If the transaction involves dispensing cash, the ATM dispenses the requested
amount of cash.

The ATM prints a receipt for the transaction, which includes details such as the
amount withdrawn, account balance, and any fees charged.

The user retrieves their card and any cash dispensed.

The ATM returns to the initial state and waits for the next user.

This is a simplified flow chart of the ATM embedded system, and the actual
process may involve additional steps or different sequences of operations
depending on the specific ATM and bank's configuration. However, the basic
operations of card reading, PIN verification, transaction processing, and cash
dispensing remain the same.
COMPONENTS IN EMBEDDED SYSTEM OF ATM

The embedded system in an ATM (Automated Teller Machine) is composed of

several hardware and software components that work together to enable the
machine's functionality. Some of the key components of the embedded system
in an ATM are:

CPU (Central Processing Unit): The CPU is the brain of the ATM and performs all
the processing tasks. It executes the software program that controls the ATM
and manages all the hardware components.

Card Reader: The card reader reads the magnetic stripe or chip on the ATM card
and sends the card data to the CPU for processing. It also checks the card for
validity and authenticity.
Keypad: The keypad allows the user to input their PIN and select the desired
transaction. It contains several keys, including numeric keys and function keys
for navigating the ATM menus.

Display: The display provides visual feedback to the user and displays
information such as the transaction status, account balance, and instructions for
using the ATM.

Cash Dispenser: The cash dispenser is the mechanism that dispenses the cash to
the user during a withdrawal transaction. It includes a storage cassette for
holding the cash and a dispenser mechanism for dispensing the correct amount
of cash.
Receipt Printer: The receipt printer prints a receipt for the user after a
transaction is completed. The receipt contains details such as the transaction
amount, account balance, and any fees charged.

Network Interface: The network interface connects the ATM to the bank's
computer system and allows the ATM to communicate with the bank for
transaction processing and other functions.

Operating System: The ATM operating system is the software that manages the
hardware components and provides the user interface for interacting with the
ATM.
• System Design:
•
• Hardware: The hardware of the embedded system for an ATM
includes a touch screen, a card reader, a cash dispenser, a receipt
printer, and a secure keypad. The hardware components are
connected to a central processing unit (CPU), which controls the
overall functionality of the system.
•
• Software: The software of the embedded system for an ATM
includes an operating system, a user interface, and a transaction
management system. The user interface is designed to be user-
friendly and intuitive, allowing customers to easily perform
transactions. The transaction management system is responsible for
verifying the customer's identity, managing the flow of funds, and
updating the customer's account information.
• Security: The embedded system for an ATM is designed with security in mind.
The system includes features such as encryption of sensitive data, two-factor
authentication, and a secure keypad for entering passwords. In addition, the
system is regularly updated with the latest security patches to protect against
potential security threats.
• Implementation:
•
• Installation: The embedded system for an ATM is installed at
bank branches, retail outlets, and other convenient locations.
•
• Training: Bank employees are trained on how to use the
system and how to assist customers with transactions.
•
• Maintenance: The embedded system for an ATM is regularly
maintained to ensure that it is functioning properly and to fix
any issues that may arise.
•
• PIN DIAGRAM USED IN EMBEDDED SYSTEM OF ATM
• The pin diagram used in an embedded system of an ATM
(Automated Teller Machine) may vary depending on the specific
hardware and microcontroller used. However, here is a general
overview of the pins typically used in an ATM system:
•
• Power supply pins: These pins provide power to the microcontroller
and other components of the ATM system.
•
• Input/output (I/O) pins: These pins are used to interface the
microcontroller with other devices such as the keypad, display,
cardreader, and cash dispenser. The keypad and card reader typically
use digital I/O pins, while the display and cash dispenser may use
serial or parallel communication protocols.
• Communication pins: These pins are used to communicate with
external devices such as the bank's server, the card processing
network, and the ATM's network interface. These pins may include
serial communication interfaces such as UART, SPI, or I2C.
•
• Interrupt pins: These pins are used to trigger an interrupt in the
microcontroller when a specific event occurs, such as a button press
or card insertion.
•
• Clock and timing pins: These pins are used to synchronize the
operation of the microcontroller and other components in the ATM
system.
• Reset pin: This pin is used to reset the microcontroller and other
components in the ATM system. Again, the specific pin diagram used
in an ATM system may vary depending on the hardware and
microcontroller used. It's important to refer to the datasheet and
documentation of the specific components in use for an accurate pin
diagram.
ATM – Harware
❑ CPU (to control the user interface and transaction devices)
❑ Magnetic and/or Chip card reader (to identify the customer)
❑ PIN Pad (similar in layout to a Touch tone or Calculator keypad),
often manufactured as part of a secure enclosure.
❑ Secure cryptoprocessor, generally within a secure enclosure.
❑ Display (used by the customer for performing the transaction)
❑ Function key buttons (usually close to the display) or a
Touchscreen (used to select the various aspects of the
transaction)
❑ Record Printer (to provide the customer with a record of their
transaction)
❑ Vault (to store the parts of the machinery requiring restricted
access)
❑ Housing (for aesthetics and to attach signage to)
ATM – Vaults

❑ Dispensing mechanism (to provide cash or other items of value)

❑ Deposit mechanism (to take items of value from the customer)
❑ Security sensors (Magnetic, Thermal, Seismic)
❑ Locks (to ensure controlled access to the contents of the vault)
ATM – Networking

❑ The internet service provider (ISP) also plays an important role in

the ATMs.
❑ This provides communication between ATM and host processors.
❑ When the transaction is made, the details are input by the
cardholder.
❑ This information is passed on to the host processor by the ATM.
❑ The host processor checks these details with an authorized bank.
❑ If the details are matched, the host processor sends the approval
code to the machine so that the cash can be transferred.)
• SOFTWARE REQUIREMENTS: -
• Real-time operating system (RTOS): The embedded
system of an ATM typically uses a real-time operating
system (RTOS) to manage hardware and software
components. An RTOS is designed for real-time
applications and is optimized for tasks such as
process scheduling, interrupt handling, and memory
management.
• Device drivers: The embedded system of an ATM requires
device drivers to interface with various hardware
components such as the card reader, keypad, and cash
dispenser. These drivers allow the RTOS to communicate
with the hardware and control its operation.
• Middleware: The ATM's embedded system may require
middleware components to handle communication
between hardware and software components.
Middleware provides a layer of abstraction between the
RTOS and the application software, making it easier
to develop and maintain the software.
• Application software: The embedded system of an ATM
requires application software to handle various types of
transactions, such as cash withdrawals, deposits, and
balance inquiries. This software typically interfaces with
the user through a touch screen or keypad and
communicates with the bank's servers to process
transactions.