MIGRATION
A.
1. push
2. Internal
3. irregular, illegal
4. remittances
5. human capital flight
B.
1. False. Early humans migrated mainly in search of food, and in response to climatic
changes and natural disasters.
2. False. Migrants who are forced to leave their country owing to threats posed to their
lives and freedom are known as refugees.
3. False. Remittances sent by emigrants help the economy of the parent country.
4. False. Immigration leads to a drop in the standard of living in the host country.
5. False. Countries that receive highly skilled migrants experience brain gain.
C.
1. b
2. b
3. a
4. a
D.
1. Tourism is the activity of travelling to a place for pleasure or recreation. Migration, on
the other hand, is the movement of people from their place of origin to another, with
the intention of settling down there temporarily or permanently. It is thus different
from tourism.
2. Communal or racial conflicts and war pose a threat to the life, freedom or security of
people, which is why they are push factors for migration.
3. People migrate from urban to rural areas to return to their place of origin, to get
away from urban problems like pollution and lack of space and sometimes for
economic reasons.
4. Employment opportunities increase in the parent country as a result of emigration as
there are fewer people competing for jobs.
5. In India, brain drain started around the 1950s when highly skilled people, who found
themselves stagnating because of inefficiency in organisations and lack of jobs and
research facilities, began to leave the country.
E.
1. Migration is the movement of people from their place of origin to another, with the
intention of settling down temporarily or permanently.
2. The earliest known human migration was that of early humans moving out of Africa,
millions of years ago.
3. Two advantages of immigration:
• The knowledge and skills of highly skilled immigrants contributes to the progress of
the local economy.
• Unskilled immigrants are often willing to work for a lower pay than the local
workforce. They are also willing to take up jobs that the local people are unwilling to
do.
Two disadvantages of immigration:
• There are fewer job opportunities for the local workforce when employers choose
the immigrant workers over them.
• When entire families immigrate, the pressure on the infrastructure of the host
country increases. This causes a fall in the standard of living and an increase in the
cost of living in the host country.
• Money flows out of the economy of the host country as many immigrants send
their earnings to the parent country.
• Differences in culture often give rise to conflicts. Permanent immigrants may find it
difficult to blend in.
• Immigrants often get exploited and treated unfairly. (any two)
4. People migrate between two or more urban centres for better opportunities of
education and employment. Some people leave big cities for cleaner, less crowded
cities and towns.
5. Temporary migrants move to another country to work there on a temporary basis.
6. The following are two examples of mass migrations in the history of the 20th century:
• Migrations of the Jewish people from various parts of Europe, especially during and
after the Second World War
• Migrations between India, Pakistan and Bangladesh during Partition
• Migrations out of Afghanistan, under the Taliban regime, to Pakistan, Iran and other
parts of the world (any two)
7. Money sent in by the emigrants to their people in the parent country is called
remittance. Remittances help boost the economy of the parent country.
F.
1. People can migrate for different reasons. Migration occurs for a variety of economic,
social and political reasons. The factors that cause people to leave a place are called
push factors and the factors that draw people to a place are called pull factors.
Push factors: Sometimes, conditions in a place can turn unfavourable for the people
living there. These unfavourable conditions push or force people out of that place.
Some major push factors are:
• Natural disasters like earthquakes or floods
• Droughts and resultant food shortages
• Lack of adequate employment opportunities
• Communal or racial conflicts and war
• High rates of crime and lack of safety
• Political and economic instability
Pull factors: Some places have certain favourable characteristics that draw or pull
people to them. Some major pull factors are:
• Better living conditions—that is, better access to shelter, food, clothing and clean
water
• Better geographical and climatic conditions
• Better medical care
• Better opportunities of education and employment
• Better infrastructure—a well-developed system of transport and communication,
provision of uninterrupted supplies of water and electricity, and efficient sewerage
system, bridges and dams
• Political freedom and security
2. Migration has social, economic, cultural and even political impact, both on the parent
country and the host country. Some of these effects are negative and some, positive.
Impact of emigration: Emigration usually occurs from developing countries to
developed countries. While it may have certain advantages, when rates of emigration
increase, it is often a cause for concern.
Advantages:
• There is less pressure on resources, such as food, water, electricity and housing, in
the parent country.
• Availability of employment increases as the job market becomes less competitive in
the parent country.
• Money sent in by emigrants, known as remittances, helps boost the economy of the
parent country.
• New skills and knowledge gained by migrants, especially temporary migrants, can
be used to develop the economy of the parent country.
Disadvantages:
• The loss of educated and skilled workers slows down the socio-economic
development of the parent country.
• Large-scale emigration of the working-age population increases the proportion of
dependents in the parent country.
• Often, members of a family get separated because of emigration. This may cause
difficulties for the families and impact mental health, productivity and upbringing of
children.
• Young people are major consumers in an economy. When they leave, the market for
consumer goods decreases. This, in turn, slows down the progress of the economy.
Impact of immigration: Developed countries receive more immigrants than
developing countries. Immigration has several benefits, but when the number of
immigrants is high, it can cause problems.
Advantages:
• The knowledge and skills of highly skilled immigrants contributes to the progress of
the local economy.
• Unskilled immigrants are often willing
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to work for a lower pay than the local workforce. They are also willing to take up jobs
that the local people are unwilling to do.
Disadvantages:
• There are fewer job opportunities for the local workforce when employers choose
the immigrant workers over them.
• When entire families immigrate, the pressure on the infrastructure of the host
country increases. This causes a fall in the standard of living and an increase in the
cost of living in the host country.
• Money flows out of the economy of the host country as many immigrants send
their earnings to the parent country.
• Differences in culture often give rise to conflicts. Permanent immigrants may find it
difficult to blend in.
• Immigrants often get exploited and treated unfairly.
3.
Illegal/ Irregular Forced migrants and
Legal migrants
migrants refugees
These are people who have These are Refugees are migrants
been granted the right of immigrants who who have been forced
entry by the government of live in a country to leave their country
the country they are without valid owing to threats posed
emigrating into. documentation or to their lives, freedom
Illegal/ Irregular Forced migrants and
Legal migrants
migrants refugees
or security due to
political, religious or
racial conflicts. Some
without migrants are forced to
permission. leave their country due
to famine or other
natural or human-made
disasters.
Legal migrants can be
permanent or temporary.
Permanent migrants settle
permanently in the
countries they move into
and become its citizens.
Temporary migrants move
to another country to work
there on a temporary basis.
Often, they save a part of
the money they earn to
send it back home to their
families.
Many legal migrants are
businessmen and
professionals with special
skills, looking for
employment in their areas
of specialisation. Most
countries have policies that
aim to attract highly skilled
workers.
People may also move to
another country to be with
family members who reside
there. These migrants are
generally spouses, children
or other dependents of
people who are already
Illegal/ Irregular Forced migrants and
Legal migrants
migrants refugees
living in the host countries.
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Illegal/ Irregular Forced migrants and
Legal migrants
migrants refugees
In recent times, the war
in Syria has forced people
to leave their homes.
Many of them have fled
to Turkey and other parts
Different countries have of Europe. Some of the
USA has a significant
different rules for major mass migrations
number of irregular
migration. In the USA, that have taken place in
immigrants from
legal immigrants can the 20th century include
Mexico and some
reside permanently in the migration of Jewish
countries of South
the United States and people from various parts
America. India has a
work without of Europe during and
significant population
restrictions. The UAE after the Second World
of irregular
hosts many migrant War, the migration of
immigrants from
workers from India, people between India,
countries like
Bangladesh and Pakistan and Bangladesh
Bangladesh.
Pakistan. during Partition and the
migrations out of
Afghanistan, under the
Taliban regime, to
Pakistan, Iran and other
parts of the world.
4. Brain drain, also known as human capital flight, is a term used to describe the
migration of a large number of highly skilled and educated people from the parent
countries to other countries in search of better work opportunities and higher
standards of living. It is a process that mainly affects developing countries. Brain drain
has slowed down the socio-economic progress of developing countries.
The migrants mainly include doctors, engineers, entrepreneurs, researchers,
economists and scientists, among others. The economy of the host country is
benefitted with their expertise and knowledge, while the parent country suffers a
great loss. Many Asian, South American and African countries experience brain drain.
The term brain drain is usually used in a negative way.
Disadvantages of brain drain:
• The knowledge and skills that could have been used to bring progress to the parent
country is lost. Learners in the parent country lose out on the opportunity of being
trained by highly skilled people, when the latter emigrate out of the parent country.
• Without highly skilled workers, the quality of work in important sectors like health
and education suffers.
• Since the incomes of workers who have permanently emigrated cannot be taxed,
the parent country loses out on revenue.
• Industries in the parent country lose out on investment from emigrant
businesspersons, slowing down the growth of the economy.
Advantages of brain drain:
• Quite a few migrants send money to their people in the parent country, causing an
increase in that country's revenue.
• When highly skilled migrant workers return, they bring new skills and knowledge
with them that can benefit the parent country.
• Homecoming migrants often invest in business ventures in their parent country.
5. Several steps are being taken by both the government and private organisations to
stop brain drain. They include:
• Creating a safe living environment
• Improving the education system
• Increasing employment opportunities
• Improving research facilities and funding
• Establishing systems that help improve the quality of work
• Removing inefficiencies at the workplace
• Preventing discrimination on the basis of caste, ethnicity or religion