EMERGING TRENDS-I

UNIT – II
CLOUD COMPUTING
Meerut Institute of Engineering & Technology
 Lecture 1

❑ What is the Cloud

❑ What is Cloud Computing

❑ Architecture of Cloud Computing

❑ Nature of Cloud Computing

❑ Advantages and Disadvantages of Cloud Computing

 What is the Cloud?
➢ In cloud computing,
"the cloud" refers
to the global network
of remote servers and
data centers that
provide on-demand
access to computing
services like storage,
software, and
databases over the
internet.
 What is the Cloud?
➢ Instead of maintaining their own physical hardware, businesses and
individuals can access these resources from cloud service providers,
paying only for what they use and benefiting from scalability, cost
savings, and reduced operational overhead.
How it works:
➢ Remote Data Centers:
Cloud services are hosted in large, remote data centers around the world.
➢ Internet Access:
Users access these services and resources over the internet, connecting from
various devices.
➢ Cloud Providers:
Companies like Oracle, Google, and Microsoft maintain these data centers
and offer a wide range of computing services.
➢ Pay-as-you-go Model:

Users typically only pay for the computing power, storage, or software they
consume, similar to a utility service.
What is Cloud Computing?
 What is Cloud Computing?
➢ Cloud computing is the delivery of on-demand computing
services—like servers, storage, databases, software, and
analytics—over the internet ("the cloud") to offer faster
innovation, flexibility, and scalability.
➢ Instead of owning and managing their own physical IT
infrastructure, individuals and businesses access these
resources from providers and typically pay only for what they
use.
➢ This model reduces costs, offers elastic scaling, and makes
computing resources accessible from virtually anywhere with
an internet connection.
 How Cloud Works?
How It Works:
•Remote Servers:
Cloud services run on large, remote data centers operated by
Cloud Service Providers (CSPs).
•Internet Access:
Users connect to these resources over the internet, accessing
them from any internet-enabled device like a laptop, phone, or
tablet.
•Virtual Resources:
CSPs provide a virtual pool of shared resources, including
servers, storage, and networking, which users can scale up or
down as needed.
Traditional Computing Vs Cloud Computing
Distributed Computing vs Cloud Computing
Cloud Computing Distributed Computing
Cloud computing provides on – Distributed Computing refers to
demand IT services solving a problem over distributed
autonomous computers.
It has 4 different types – Public It has 3 different types –
Cloud, Private Cloud, Distributed Computing Systems,
Community Cloud and Hybrid Distributed Information System
Cloud and Distributed Pervasive
Systems.
It delivers hosted services over It allows many computers to
the internet to its users / communicate and work to solve a
customers single problem.
It provides services such as It helps to achieve computational
Hardware, Software, ET working tasks faster than using a single
Resources, etc. computer as it takes a lot of time.
Cloud Computing Architecture
 Cloud Computing Architecture
Cloud computing architecture consists of four main components:
➢ The front-end (what the user sees, like a web browser or
mobile app)
➢ The back-end (servers, storage, and databases that power the
services)
➢ The network (connecting the front and back-end, often the
Internet)
➢ The cloud-based delivery model (the strategy for providing
services, such as IaaS, PaaS, or SaaS).
➢ These components work together to provide scalable, on-
demand access to computing resources over a network.
 Cloud Computing Architecture
Front-End Component
➢ Client Infrastructure:
This is the part users interact with, including devices like computers, phones,
and web browsers.
➢ Applications:
Software applications that users access through the front-end to utilize the
cloud services.
Back-End Component
➢ Servers:
Physical or virtual servers that host applications, process data, and provide
computing power.
➢ Storage:
Systems for storing data efficiently and securely, including object, block, and
file storage.
➢ Databases:
Systems for managing and accessing structured and unstructured data stored
within the cloud.
 Cloud Computing Architecture
Network Component:
➢ Internet/Intranet:
The communication channels, such as the internet, that connect the front-end
client to the back-end infrastructure.
Cloud-Based Delivery Model
Middleware:
➢ Software that facilitates communication and coordination between the
front-end and back-end components, ensuring they work together
seamlessly.
➢ Management Services:
Tools and systems responsible for managing the overall cloud environment,
including resources, security, and performance.
➢ Virtualization:
The core technology that enables the pooling of resources and the creation of
virtual machines, abstracting the underlying hardware.
These components combine to create a flexible and scalable environment,
allowing users to access computing resources as needed without managing
the underlying physical infrastructure.
 Nature of cloud computing:
➢ The nature of cloud computing is the on-demand delivery of IT resources
like processing power, storage, and software over the internet, replacing the
need for users to buy and maintain their own physical hardware and
servers.
➢ Key aspects include pay-as-you-go pricing, allowing users to pay only for
what they use, and on-demand access, providing scalability and flexibility
to easily scale resources up or down.
➢ Users benefit from remote management of infrastructure, offloading tasks
such as power, cooling, and physical security from their own operations.
 Nature of cloud computing:
Core characteristics that define the nature of
cloud computing:
➢ On-Demand Self-Service:
Users can access computing resources and services as needed,
without direct human intervention from the provider.
➢ Broad Network Access:
Resources are available over the network and accessed through
standard mechanisms, allowing for use from various devices and
locations.
➢ Resource Pooling:
The cloud provider's resources are pooled to serve multiple
consumers using a multi-tenant model, with resources dynamically
assigned.
 Nature of cloud computing:
➢ Rapid Elasticity/Scalability:
Resources can be quickly and elastically scaled up or down to meet
changing demands, giving the perception of infinite resources.
➢ Measured Service (Pay-as-you-go):
Usage is monitored, controlled, and reported, with consumers typically
paying only for the resources they consume.
➢ Utility Computing Model:
Computing power and storage from a cloud provider and pay for what
they use.
➢ Offloading of Infrastructure Management:
The responsibility for maintaining, cooling, and powering the physical
infrastructure (servers, data centers) is handled by the cloud provider,
not the user.
 Nature of cloud computing:
➢ Flexibility and Agility:
Cloud computing provides greater agility by allowing businesses and
individuals to deploy services and applications quickly, fostering
innovation.
 Advantages of Disdvantages of
Cloud Computing Cloud Computing
➢ Automatic Software Integration ➢ Dependency and Vendor lock – in

➢ Versatile Compatibility ➢ Not always many room

➢ Almost Unlimited Storage ➢ Security in the Cloud

➢ Better Hardware Management ➢ Increased Vulnerability

➢ Shared Resources ➢ Internet Required

➢ Easy Access to Information ➢ Less Reliability

➢ Cost Efficient ➢ Non – Interoperability

➢ Mobility ➢ Less Control

➢ Quick Deployment ➢ Technical Issues

 Lecture 2

❑ Characteristics of Cloud computing

❑ Applications of Cloud computing

❑ Economics of Cloud computing

❑ Security risks of Cloud computing

❑ Cloud deployment model

Characteristics of Cloud Computing:

Cloud computing shares characteristics with the following:

➢ Client–server model
➢ Grid computing
➢ Fog computing
➢ Mainframe computer
➢ Utility computing
➢ Peer-to-peer
➢ Green computing
➢ Cloud sandbox
Characteristics of Cloud Computing:
 Characteristics of Cloud Computing:
The National Institute of Standards and Technology's definition

of cloud computing identifies "five essential characteristics":

1. On-demand self-service

2. Broad network access

3. Resource pooling

4. Rapid elasticity

5. Measured service
 Characteristics of Cloud Computing:
➢ On-Demand Self-Service:
Users can obtain computing capabilities, such as server time and storage, as
needed without requiring human interaction from the service provider.
➢ Broad Network Access:
Cloud services are available over the network and accessed through
standard mechanisms, supporting a wide variety of client devices like
mobile phones, tablets, and laptops.
➢ Resource Pooling:
The provider's computing resources are pooled to serve multiple consumers
using a multi-tenant model, with dynamic allocation and reallocation of
physical and virtual resources based on demand.
➢ Rapid Elasticity:
Capabilities can be elastically provisioned and released, in some cases
automatically, to scale rapidly outward and inward commensurate with
demand. To the consumer, the capabilities available for provisioning often
appear to be unlimited.
 Characteristics of Cloud Computing:
➢ Measured Service:
Cloud systems automatically control and optimize resource use by
leveraging a metering capability appropriate to the type of service. Resource
usage can be monitored, controlled, and reported, providing transparency
for both the provider and the consumer.
Applications of Cloud Computing
Key Applications
•Data Storage, Backup, and Recovery:
Cloud services allow users to store large amounts of data remotely and
securely, ensuring data is accessible from anywhere and can be
recovered quickly in case of a disaster.
•Software-as-a-Service (SaaS) Applications:
Cloud providers offer a wide array of applications for everyday use, from
email and document editing (like Google Docs or Microsoft Word) to
customer relationship management (CRM) systems.
•Testing and Development:
Developers can quickly set up and tear down environments in the cloud
for testing new applications, accelerating project timelines.
•Remote Collaboration:
Cloud-based tools such as Microsoft Teams and Google Workspace
facilitate seamless teamwork and communication for remote and
distributed teams.
•Big Data Analytics:
Cloud platforms provide the processing power and storage capacity
needed to analyze massive datasets, helping organizations extract
insights and make data-driven decisions.
•Artificial Intelligence (AI) and Machine Learning (ML):
Cloud computing provides the vast resources required for complex AI
and ML tasks, including speech recognition and image analysis.
•Entertainment:
Cloud-based services are fundamental to streaming services like Netflix
and online gaming platforms, delivering content and experiences to users
on demand.
•Hosting Web Applications:
Businesses can host their websites and applications on cloud
infrastructure, ensuring high performance, reliability, and scalability to
meet user demand.
Economics of Cloud Computing
 Economics of Cloud Computing
➢ The economics of cloud computing focus on cost reduction and
operational efficiency by leveraging principles like economies of scale,
pay-as-you-go pricing, and flexibility.
➢ Cloud economics analyzes the total cost of ownership (TCO) and return
on investment (ROI) to compare cloud solutions against on-premises
infrastructure, shifting from large upfront capital expenditures (CAPEX)
to more manageable operational expenditures (OPEX).
➢ Key Principles of Cloud Economics
➢ Economies of Scale:
Cloud providers purchase massive quantities of computing resources,
allowing them to offer these services at a lower cost per unit to their
clients.
➢ Pay-As-You-Go Model:
Customers pay only for the computing resources they actively use, leading
to cost savings by eliminating waste and unnecessary resource allocation.
 Economics of Cloud Computing
➢ Scalability and Flexibility:
Businesses can easily scale their computing resources up or down to meet
demand, avoiding large upfront investments in infrastructure that may sit
idle.
➢ Reduced Capital Expenditure (CAPEX):
By using the cloud, organizations shift from a CAPEX model (investing in
physical hardware) to an OPEX model (paying for services as they are
used), improving cash flow.
➢ Total Cost of Ownership (TCO):
Cloud economics involves assessing the full TCO, comparing it to on-
premises data centers to determine cost-effectiveness, including factors like
infrastructure, maintenance, and labor.
 Security Risks of Cloud Computing
The main security risks of cloud computing include data breaches, account
hijacking, insecure APIs, misconfigurations, insider threats, lack of
visibility, compliance issues, malware, shared infrastructure vulnerabilities,
and human error.
These vulnerabilities can expose sensitive data, disrupt business
operations, and lead to significant financial and reputational damage.
Breakdown of Common Risks:
Data Breaches & Data Loss:
Sensitive data stored in the cloud becomes a target for attackers. Poor
security controls, unauthenticated access or misconfigurations can lead to
data leakage and permanent loss.
Account Hijacking:
Malicious actors can compromise user accounts gaining unauthorized
access to cloud services and sensitive data.
Insecure APIs:
Application Programming Interfaces (API) provide access to cloud
infrastructure making poorly secured APIs a significant entry point for
cyber attacks.
 Security Risks of Cloud Computing
Misconfigurations:
Errors in setting up and configuring cloud environments can create
vulnerabilities, opening doors for attackers.
Insider Threats:
Individuals with authorized access to cloud environments, whether
employees or partners can pose a risk if their actions are malicious or
negligent.
Limited Visibility:
Organizations may lack a clear view of their cloud operations making
it difficult to monitor for and prevent security threats.
Compliance & Data Sovereignty:
Organizations must ensure their cloud solutions comply with relevant
regulations and data residency laws, which can be complex to manage
across different cloud providers.
Malware:
Cloud environments are susceptible to various malware infections which can
compromise data and disrupt services.
 Security Risks of Cloud Computing
Shared Infrastructure Vulnerabilities:
Cloud services often involve shared resources, meaning a
vulnerability in one tenant’s environment could potentially impact
others.
Human Error:
Mistakes made by users such as inadequate access management can
lead to security breaches and data exposure.
Misconfigurations:
The use of unauthorized cloud services by employees can lead to
unmanaged risks and a lack of security oversight.
Denial – of – Service (DDoS) Attacks:
These attacks can overwhelm cloud systems causing downtime and
disruptions to service availability.
Cloud Deployment Model
 Public Cloud
➢ The public cloud is one in
which cloud infrastructure
services are provided over
the internet to the general
people or major industry
groups.
➢ It is a type of cloud hosting
that allows customers and
users to easily access
systems and services.
➢ In this arrangement,
storage backup and
retrieval services are given
for free, as a subscription,
or on a per-user basis.
 Advantages of Public Disadvantages of
Cloud Public Cloud
➢ Minimal Investment:
➢ Less Secure:
Because it is a pay – per – use service, there is no
substantial upfront fee, making it excellent for Public cloud is less secure as
enterprises that require immediate access to resources are public so there
resources.
is no guarantee of high –
➢ No setup cost:
level security.
The entire infrastructure is fully subsidized by the
cloud service providers, thus there is no need to ➢ Low Customization:
set up any hardware. It is accessed by public so it
➢ Infrastructure Management is Not can’t be customized
Required:
according to personal
It does not necessitate infrastructure management.
requirements.
➢ No Maintenance:
The maintenance work is done by the service ➢ The client has no control
provider. of data.
➢ Dynamic Scalability:
No demand resource are accessible.
 Private Cloud
➢ The private cloud is one-on-one
environment for a single user
(customer).
➢ There is no need to share your
hardware with anyone else.
➢ It is also called the "internal cloud"
& it refers to the ability to access
systems and services within a
given border or organization.
➢ The cloud platform is implemented
in a cloud-based secure
environment that is protected by
powerful firewalls and under the
supervision of an organization’s IT
department.
➢ The private cloud gives greater
flexibility of control over cloud
resources.
 Advantages of Private Disadvantages of
Cloud Private Cloud
➢ Better Control:
You are the sole owner of the property. ➢ Less scalable:
You gain complete command over service Private clouds are scaled
integration, IT operations, policies, and
user behavior. within a certain range as
➢ Data Security and Privacy: there are less number of
It's suitable for storing corporate clients.
information to which only authorized staff ➢ Costly:
have access. By segmenting resources
within the same infrastructure, improved Private clouds are more
access and security can be achieved. costly as they provide
➢ Supports Legacy Systems: personalized facilities.
This approach is designed to work with
legacy systems that are unable to access
the public cloud.
➢ Customization:
A private cloud allows a company to
tailor its solution to meet its specific
needs.
 Hybrid Cloud:
➢ By bridging the public and
private worlds with a layer of
proprietary software, hybrid
cloud computing gives the best of
both worlds.
➢ With a hybrid solution, you may
host the app in a safe
environment while taking
advantage of the public cloud's
cost savings.
➢ Organizations can move data and
applications between different
clouds using a combination of
two or more cloud deployment
methods, depending on their
needs.
 Advantages of Hybrid Disadvantages of
Cloud Hybrid Cloud
➢ Flexibility and control:
➢ Difficult to manage:
Businesses with more flexibility can Hybrid clouds are difficult to
design personalized solutions that meet manage as it is a combination of
their particular needs. both public and private cloud. So,
➢ Cost: it is complex.
Because public clouds provide ➢ Slow data transmission:
scalability, you'll only be responsible Data transmission in the hybrid
for paying for the extra capacity if you cloud takes place through the
public cloud so latency occurs.
require it.
➢ Security:
Because data is properly separated, the
chances of data theft by attackers are
considerably reduced.
 Community Cloud:
➢ It allows systems and services to
be accessible by a group of
organizations.
➢ It is a distributed system that is
created by integrating the
services of different clouds to
address the specific needs of a
community, industry, or business.
➢ The infrastructure of the
community could be shared
between the organization which
has shared concerns or tasks.
➢ It is generally managed by a third
party or by the combination of
one or more organizations in the
community.
 Advantages of Disadvantages of
Community Cloud Community Cloud
➢ Flexibility and control:
➢ Difficult to manage:
Businesses with more flexibility can Hybrid clouds are difficult to
design personalized solutions that meet manage as it is a combination of
their particular needs. both public and private cloud. So,
➢ Cost: it is complex.
Because public clouds provide ➢ Slow data transmission:
scalability, you'll only be responsible Data transmission in the hybrid
for paying for the extra capacity if you cloud takes place through the
public cloud so latency occurs.
require it.
➢ Security:
Because data is properly separated, the
chances of data theft by attackers are
considerably reduced.
 Multi – Cloud:
➢ It's similar to the hybrid cloud
deployment approach, which
combines public and private
cloud resources.
➢ Instead of merging private and
public clouds, multi-cloud uses
many public clouds.
➢ Although public cloud providers
provide numerous tools to
improve the reliability of their
services, mishaps still occur.
➢ As a result, multi-cloud
deployment improves the high
availability of your services even
more.
 Advantages of Multi – Disadvantages of
Cloud Multi – Cloud
➢ Choosing different cloud providers
➢ Complex:
is decided by the demands to suit
requirement of apps, workloads and The combination of many
business. clouds makes the system
complex and bottlenecks may
➢ Reduced Latency:
occur.
To reduce latency and improve user
➢ Security issue:
experience, you can choose cloud
regions and zones that are close to your Due to the complex structure,
clients. there may be loopholes to
which a hacker can take
➢ High availability of service:
advantage hence, makes the
It's quite rare that two distinct clouds data insecure.
would have an incident at the same
moment. So, the multi-cloud
deployment improves the high
availability of your services.
 Comparison
Factors Public Cloud Private Cloud Community Hybrid Cloud
Cloud

Initial Setup Easy Complex, requires Complex, requires Complex, requires

a professional team a professional team a professional team
to setup to setup to setup

Scalability and High High Fixed High

Flexibility

Cost-Comparison Cost-Effective Costly Distributed cost Between public

among members and private cloud

Reliability Low Low High High

Data Security Low High High High

Data Privacy Low High High High

Examples Amazon EC2, VMWare, IBM, HP, VMWare SolaS Community

Google App Microsoft, KVM, vCloud, Cloud, VMWare
Engine Xen Eucalyptus
 Lecture 3

❑ Virtualization in Cloud computing

❑ Types of Virtualization

❑ Types of Cloud services

Virtualization in Cloud Computing
 Virtualization in Cloud Computing
➢ Virtualization in cloud computing creates virtual instances of
computing resources, such as servers, storage, and networks, from a
single physical machine using a hypervisor.
➢ This foundational technology allows cloud providers to pool and
deliver these resources to multiple users as a service, enabling high
resource utilization, cost savings, scalability, and flexibility in cloud
environments.
How it Works:
Hypervisor:
A software layer (the hypervisor) is installed on a physical server (the
host machine).
Virtual Machines (VMs):
The hypervisor creates multiple isolated virtual machines (guest
machines) on the host machine.
 Virtualization in Cloud Computing
Resource Sharing:
Each VM has its own operating system and applications and shares the
host’s physical resources like CPU, memory and storage.
Independence:
Each VM operates independently without interfering with others even
though they are running on the same physical hardware.
Concept Behind Virtualization in
Cloud Computing:
➢ In cloud computing, virtualization is the technology that creates
virtual, software-based versions of physical computing resources,
such as servers, storage, networks, and operating systems, from a
single physical machine.
➢ This process, managed by a hypervisor, allows cloud providers to
partition physical hardware into multiple isolated virtual
machines(VMs), each capable of running its own operating system
and applications independently.
➢ This enables efficient resource sharing, dynamic allocation,
increased scalability, and reduced costs by maximizing the
utilization of underlying hardware infrastructure
Concept Behind Virtualization in
Cloud Computing:
How it Works:
[Link] Layer:
A software or firmware layer called a hypervisor is installed on the
physical hardware.
[Link]:
The hypervisor creates multiple isolated environments (virtual
machines) from the available physical resources like CPU,
memory, and storage.
[Link] Operation:
Each VM functions as a separate physical computer, running its
own OS and applications, independent of other VMs on the same
host.
[Link] Sharing:
The VMs share the underlying physical hardware, allowing cloud
providers to serve multiple users and applications from one
physical system.
Virtualization
Types of Virtualization
Hardware Virtualization
 Hardware Virtualization
➢ Hardware virtualization creates virtual computer systems, called
virtual machines (VMs), by abstracting the physical hardware of a
host computer, allowing multiple operating systems and applications
to run in isolation on a single machine.
➢ Technologies like Intel's VT-x and AMD-V enable this by providing
hardware-level support for managing multiple virtual environments,
resulting in better performance, resource utilization, and flexibility
for users and applications.
➢ A hypervisor, or virtual machine monitor (VMM), is the software
that creates and manages these virtual machines.
 Hardware Virtualization
How it Works:
[Link] Abstraction:
A hypervisor (like VMware, Hyper-V, or VirtualBox) sits on top of the
physical hardware, creating virtual versions of components like the
CPU, memory, and storage.
[Link] Machines (VMs):
Each VM acts as a complete, independent computer, running its own
operating system (guest OS) and applications.
[Link] Assistance:
Processor features like Intel VT-x or AMD-V allow the CPU to
efficiently manage these virtual machines, providing strong isolation
between them and improving performance.
Network Virtualization
 Network Virtualization
➢ Network virtualization is the process of using software to create and
manage virtual networks by abstracting physical network resources
like routers, switches, and firewalls.
➢ This approach decouples network functions from hardware, allowing
for multiple isolated virtual networks to run on shared physical
infrastructure.
➢ Benefits include increased flexibility, improved resource utilization,
simplified management, faster deployment, and enhanced scalability
for applications and services
 Network Virtualization
How It Works:
[Link] Layer:
A network hypervisor or virtualization software creates an abstraction
layer, separating network services and functions from the underlying
physical hardware.
[Link] Networks:
This abstraction enables the creation of multiple independent virtual
networks, known as virtual networks (VNs) or logical networks, that can
run on the same physical network.
[Link]-Based Management:
Network administrators can use a single software interface or console to
manage these virtual networks, modifying policies and configurations
without altering the physical components.
Storage Virtualization
 Storage Virtualization
➢ Storage virtualization is a data management technique that
aggregates multiple physical storage devices into a single, unified
pool of logical storage, presenting it as one virtual storage device to
applications and users.
➢ This abstraction simplifies management, offers greater flexibility,
enhances scalability and performance, and improves resource
utilization, acting as a foundational element for cloud computing
environments
 Storage Virtualization
How It Works:
[Link] Layer:
A virtualization layer, typically software, is placed between the physical
storage hardware and the host systems.
2. Pooling:
The virtualization software pools all available physical storage, regardless
of the vendor or type, into a shared resource.
3. Logical Presentation:
This pool is then presented as a single, unified virtual storage system or
virtual disk.
4. Metadata and Mapping:
The virtualization software creates a map or metadata to locate data, even
when it’s distributed across various physical devices, allowing for efficient
data access.
Memory Virtualization
 Memory Virtualization
➢ Memory virtualization is a process that abstracts and manages
a computer's physical memory (RAM) resources, presenting a
virtual memory layer that can be shared and allocated to
multiple applications, processes, or virtual machines (VMs).
➢ This technique enhances efficiency, flexibility, and scalability
by pooling physical memory, allowing for dynamic
allocation, and simplifying memory management for
software.
How It Works
1. Abstraction Layer:
A hypervisor or operating system creates an abstraction layer
over the physical RAM, presenting a consolidated and flexible
virtual memory environment.
 Memory Virtualization
2. Virtual Address Spaces:
Each application or VM is given its own virtual address space, which is a
logical representation of memory.
3. Page Tables:
The operating system (or hypervisor) maintains page tables to map these
virtual addresses to actual physical memory addresses.
4. Memory Pooling and Dynamic Allocation:
Physical memory resources are pooled, and this virtual layer allows for
memory to be dynamically allocated and deallocated as needed by different
processes, ensuring efficient use of resources.
5. Page Swapping (in some forms):
When physical memory is insufficient, a portion of disk storage can be
used as an extension of main memory to store less frequently used pages,
allowing larger programs to run than the physical RAM would otherwise
support.
Software Virtualization
 Software Virtualization
➢ Software virtualization uses a hypervisor to create
independent, virtualized environments (virtual machines)
from a single physical server or computer, allowing multiple
operating systems and applications to run simultaneously on
one machine.
➢ This technology improves hardware resource utilization,
reduces costs by consolidating servers, enhances scalability,
and simplifies IT management and maintenance by creating
isolated, virtual versions of servers, storage, networks, and
applications.
 Software Virtualization

How it Works:
➢ Hypervisor:
A special layer of software, known as a hypervisor or virtual
machine monitor (VMM), sits between the physical hardware and
the virtual machines.
➢ Abstraction:
The hypervisor abstracts the physical resources (like CPU, memory,
and storage) from the underlying hardware, dividing them and
allocating them to the virtual machines.
➢ Virtual Machines (VMs):
Each VM operates as a fully functional, independent computer with
its own operating system and applications, even though it shares the
physical server's resources with other VMs.
Data Virtualization
 Data Virtualization
➢ Data virtualization is a data management approach that
creates a unified, single layer to access and analyze data from
multiple disparate sources without physically moving or
copying the data.
➢ It uses a logical abstraction layer to connect to diverse data
stores, providing users with real-time, consistent access to
data as if it were in one location.
➢ This technology simplifies data integration, reduces
complexity and costs associated with data replication, and
allows for centralized security and governance of data across
an enterprise.
 Data Virtualization
How it Works:
➢ Abstraction Layer:
A virtual layer is created on top of various data sources, such as databases,
data warehouses, or cloud storage.
➢ Metadata-Driven Access:
This layer uses metadata (data about the data) to understand and process
data from different sources.
➢ Real-time Querying:
When a user queries data, the virtualization system intelligently accesses the
underlying sources, processes the data, and delivers the unified result to the
user.
➢ No Physical Movement:
Unlike traditional ETL (Extract, Transform, Load) processes, data is not
physically consolidated into a new system. Instead, queries are executed in
real-time across the source systems.
Desktop Virtualization
 Desktop Virtualization
➢ Desktop virtualization separates a user's entire computing
environment—including the operating system, applications,
and data—from the physical device used to access it, hosting
it on a centralized server in a data center or the cloud.
➢ Users can then remotely access their personalized virtual
desktop from any network-connected device, enabling
anywhere, anytime access and providing benefits like
centralized IT management, increased flexibility, improved
security, and extended hardware lifespans.
 Desktop Virtualization
How it Works:
➢ Host Server:
A powerful computer, often called a desktop virtualization server or
hypervisor, resides in a data center or the cloud.
➢ Virtual Machines (VMs):
This server runs multiple virtual machines (VMs), each representing a
complete, isolated desktop environment.
➢ User Access:
A user connects to their assigned VM from a thin client, laptop, tablet,
or smartphone using a stable internet connection.
➢ Remote Access:
Protocols like Remote Desktop Protocol (RDP) transmit the virtual
desktop to the user's device, making it appear as if the desktop is
running locally.
 Serverless Computing (No Servers?)
➢ Serverless computing is an architecture where code execution is
fully managed by a cloud provider, instead of the traditional method
of developing applications and deploying them on servers.
➢ It means developers don't have to worry about managing,
provisioning and maintaining servers when deploying code.
Previously a developer would have to define how much storage and
database capacity would be needed pre-deployment, slowing the
whole process down.
Types of Cloud Services
Infrastructure-as-a-service (IaaS)
 Infrastructure-as-a-service (IaaS)
➢ Infrastructure as a Service (IaaS) is a cloud computing model where a
provider offers on-demand access to fundamental computing resources
like servers, storage, networking, and virtualization over the internet,
typically on a pay-as-you-go basis.
➢ Businesses can rent these virtualized resources from the cloud provider
instead of buying and maintaining their own physical hardware, allowing
for increased flexibility, scalability, and cost savings.
➢ In an IaaS model, the customer is responsible for the operating system,
middleware, applications, and data, while the provider manages the
underlying physical infrastructure.
➢ Examples:- Microsoft Azure, Amazon Web Services (AWS), Google
Cloud Platform, Dropbox, etc
 Infrastructure-as-a-service (IaaS)
Key Characteristics of IaaS:
➢ On-Demand Access:
Users can provision and release resources as needed, offering greater
agility.
➢ Pay-as-You-Go:
You pay only for the computing resources you consume, which can
significantly reduce capital expenditure.
➢ Scalability:
Resources can be scaled up or down quickly to meet changing
business demands.
➢ Flexibility and Control:
Users have more control over their infrastructure compared to higher-
level cloud services, as they manage the operating system and
applications.
➢ Shared Infrastructure:
IaaS environments are built on large-scale infrastructure owned and
operated by the cloud provider.
Platform-as-a-service (PaaS)
 Platform-as-a-service (PaaS)
➢ Platform as a Service (PaaS) is a cloud computing model that provides a
complete development and deployment environment to build, run, and
manage applications without the need for managing underlying hardware
and infrastructure.
➢ PaaS vendors supply everything needed for application development,
including operating systems, middleware, databases, and development
tools, enabling developers to focus solely on writing code and accelerating
the application development lifecycle.
➢ How PaaS Works:
➢ A PaaS provider offers a cloud-based platform that handles the
management of the hardware, software, operating systems, and networking
components required for application development.
➢ Developers access this ready-to-use platform to build, test, and deploy their
applications, benefiting from a streamlined and standardized environment
without the complexity of infrastructure management.
➢ Google App Engine, AWS Elastic Beanstalk, Microsoft Azure are
examples of Platform as a Service.
 Platform-as-a-service (PaaS)
Key Components and Features:
➢ Operating Systems: The provider manages and maintains the necessary
operating systems for the application.
➢ Development Tools: A suite of development tools, including compilers,
debuggers, and testing tools, is made available to developers.
➢ Middleware: Middleware, which acts as the software layer between
applications and the operating system, is included and managed by the
provider.
➢ Databases: PaaS platforms typically provide and manage database
systems.
➢ Runtime Environments: The platform includes environments for running
applications.
➢ Scalability and Hosting: PaaS offers automated scaling capabilities to
meet user demand and provides hosting for deployed applications.
Software-as-a-service (SaaS)
 Software-as-a-service (SaaS)
➢ Software as a Service (SaaS) is a cloud-based delivery model where
software applications are provided to users over the internet,
typically on a subscription basis, rather than requiring local
installation.
➢ The provider hosts and manages the software and its underlying
infrastructure, handling updates, maintenance, and availability.
➢ This model offers advantages like reduced costs, scalability, and
accessibility from any internet-connected device.
➢ Examples:- Microsoft Office 365, Google Drive, Adobe Creative Cloud,
Gmail, Google Apps. etc.
 Software-as-a-service (SaaS)
How SaaS Works:
➢ Internet Access:
Users access SaaS applications, such as email clients (Gmail, Outlook) or
collaboration tools (Slack, Microsoft Teams), through a web browser or
dedicated app.
➢ Cloud Hosting:
The software runs on the provider's servers in the cloud, eliminating the
need for users to install or manage it on their own devices or infrastructure.
➢ Subscription Model:
Users typically pay a recurring fee, such as a monthly or annual
subscription, to access the service.
➢ Managed Services:
The SaaS provider is responsible for all aspects of the software, including
hardware, security, maintenance, and updates, which are automatically
delivered to users.
 Software-as-a-service (SaaS)
Key Characteristics of SaaS:
Subscription-Based Model:
Customers typically pay a recurring fee (monthly or annual) to access
the software, providing cost-effectiveness and reducing large upfront
costs.
Cloud-Based Accessibility:
The software is hosted by the vendor and accessed over the internet,
allowing users to log in from any device with an internet connection,
from anywhere in the world.
Multi-Tenancy:
A single instance of the software and its underlying infrastructure
serves multiple customers (tenants), with each tenant's data kept
separate and secure.
Automatic Updates:
The SaaS provider is responsible for all maintenance, updates, and
patches, ensuring all users are always on the latest version without
user intervention.
 Software-as-a-service (SaaS)
Scalability:
Users can easily scale their usage up or down based on their needs by
adjusting their subscription plan, without requiring significant
infrastructure changes.
Reduced IT Burden:
Customers do not need to manage the hardware, software, or
networking infrastructure, as the vendor handles these
responsibilities.
Data Security & Application Security:
Providers implement robust security measures for data protection and
application security, including access and identity management.
High Availability:
SaaS applications are designed for high availability, ensuring
continuous access for users.
Centralized Management:
Data and management are centralized, simplifying administration and
providing a consistent experience for all users.
 Software-as-a-service (SaaS)
Integration:
Many SaaS applications offer robust APIs and built-in integrations
with other tools, facilitating seamless data flow across different
business functions.
Function-as-a-service (FaaS)
 Software-as-a-service (PaaS)
➢ Function as a Service (FaaS) is a cloud computing model where
developers deploy individual application functions without
managing the underlying infrastructure, allowing cloud providers
to handle server management, scaling, and execution in response
to events.
➢ FaaS enables developers to focus on writing code, paying only for
the resources consumed, and is a core component of serverless
computing, ideal for event-driven and microservices-based
applications
 Software-as-a-service (PaaS)

How it Works:
[Link] Code: You write your application's logic in the form of small,
independent functions.
[Link]: You deploy these functions to the FaaS platform.
[Link]: An event occurs, such as a user interaction.
[Link]: The FaaS provider automatically spins up the necessary
resources, runs your function to process the event, and then shuts it
down
 Software-as-a-service (PaaS)
Key Characteristics:
•Infrastructure Agnostic:
FaaS platforms completely abstract away the complexities of
managing physical hardware, operating systems, and web servers,
handling it all automatically.
•Event-Driven:
Functions are executed only when triggered by specific events, such
as an HTTP request, a database change, or a message in a queue.
•Pay-Per-Use:
You are billed based on the actual execution time and resources used
by your functions, rather than for a server that is always running.
•Automatic Scaling:
The FaaS platform automatically scales the resources up or down
based on the demand, ensuring your functions can handle varying
loads.
 Lecture 4

❑ Software as a service (SaaS)

❑ Function as a service (FaaS)

❑ Which cloud service wins the battle?

❑ Desired features of a Cloud

❑ Uses of Cloud Computing

❑ Vendors of Cloud Computing

Comparison between IaaS, Paas and
SaaS: