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Class Notes

Akbar became the Mughal emperor at 13 and, with the help of his guardian, secured his rule by winning the Second Battle of Panipat and expanding the empire through conquests in Gujarat, Bengal, Kashmir, and the Deccan. During Jahangir and Shah Jahan's reigns, European traders, including the British East India Company, established trading centers in India, increasing their influence in the region. Aurangzeb faced multiple revolts and failed in his Deccan policy due to prolonged conflicts and ineffective control, while the Dahsala system introduced by Akbar's finance minister improved tax collection for farmers.

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4 views2 pages

Class Notes

Akbar became the Mughal emperor at 13 and, with the help of his guardian, secured his rule by winning the Second Battle of Panipat and expanding the empire through conquests in Gujarat, Bengal, Kashmir, and the Deccan. During Jahangir and Shah Jahan's reigns, European traders, including the British East India Company, established trading centers in India, increasing their influence in the region. Aurangzeb faced multiple revolts and failed in his Deccan policy due to prolonged conflicts and ineffective control, while the Dahsala system introduced by Akbar's finance minister improved tax collection for farmers.

Uploaded by

xcreamboy
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd

1. Describe the early years of Akbar’s reign and his initial conquests.

Akbar became the Mughal emperor in 1556 when he was only 13 years old. At first, his
guardian Bairam Khan helped him rule. Akbar won the Second Battle of Panipat (1556)
against Hemu, which made his rule strong. Later, he conquered Gujarat, Bengal,
Kashmir, and parts of the Deccan, and expanded the Mughal Empire.

2. How did the European traders establish themselves in India during


the reigns of Jahangir and Shah Jahan?

During Jahangir’s reign, the British East India Company got permission to trade in India
and opened their first factory at Surat (in 1613).​
Under Shah Jahan, the English, French, and Dutch also started setting up trading
centers on India’s coasts. Slowly, these European traders became powerful in Indian
trade.

3. What were the major revolts during Aurangzeb’s reign?

During Aurangzeb’s reign, many revolts broke out:

●​ The Jat revolt in Mathura,


●​ The Satnami revolt near Delhi,
●​ The Sikh revolt led by Guru Gobind Singh,
●​ And the Maratha revolt led by Shivaji.​
These revolts weakened Aurangzeb’s empire.

4. Why did Aurangzeb’s Deccan policy fail?

Aurangzeb’s Deccan policy failed because he spent many years and huge money
fighting against the Marathas. The long wars tired his army, emptied the treasury, and
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created hatred among local people. Also, Aurangzeb could not control the vast Deccan
area effectively.

5. Write a short note on the Dahsala system.

The Dahsala system was a land revenue system started by Raja Todar Mal, Akbar’s
finance minister.​
According to this system, the average produce of land for ten years was calculated, and
one-third of it was fixed as the state’s share (tax). This made tax collection fair and easy
for farmers.

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