CFE Lab Midterms

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Chemical Safety It refers to the condition of being safe from harm during a chemical incident.
It is an unintentional event that may threaten to expose or actually expose people to a chemical
Chemical Incident
hazard.
Hazard It refers to any source of potential harm, damage, or adverse effect on someone or something.
It is the probability that a person or object will be harmed or damaged when exposed to a
Risk
hazard.
1. Physical hazards
2. Chemical hazards
3. Ergonomic hazards
What are the classifications of hazard?:(6)
4. Radiation hazards
5. Psychological hazards
6. Biological hazards
These are factors within the environment that may cause harm to the body, even without direct
Physical Hazards
contact, and are generally easy to detect.
Chemical Hazards These refer to chemical substances that may cause harm upon exposure.
These are physical factors in the environment that can cause problems in the musculoskeletal
Ergonomic Hazards
system.
These are environmental factors that cause exposure to the emission of electromagnetic
Radiation Hazards
waves.
These are aspects of the working environment that may affect mental health, such as workload,
Psychological Hazards
stress, and discrimination.
These are biological substances that may threaten the health of living organisms, such as
Biological Hazards
viruses, bacteria, and animals.
It refers to the process of informing people about the risks and safety precautions related to
Hazard Communication
hazardous materials.
It is an internationally agreed-upon system created by the United Nations that requires
GHS (Globally Harmonized System of Classification and Labeling of Chemicals) manufacturers, importers, and users of chemicals to properly classify and label substances
and mixtures.
It is a U.S. organization that creates and publishes safety codes and standards to prevent fires
National Fire Protection Association (NFPA)
and protect people and property.
It is a quick visual representation of a chemical substance in terms of its reactivity, flammability,
Hazard Identification System (NFPA 704 Diamond)
health hazard, and special hazards.
1. Blue Section - Health Hazard
2. Red Section - Flammability Hazard
What are the four sections of the NFPA 704 Diamond and their colors?:(4)
3. Yellow Section - Reactivity (Instability) Hazard
4. White Section - Special Hazard
This section color in NFPA Diamond represents the Health Hazard and shows how dangerous
Blue Section
a substance is to a person's health.
Left Position of Blue Section in NFPA Diamond
Health Hazard Label of Blue Section in NFPA Diamond

4: Deadly (very short exposure could cause death)

3: Extreme danger (serious injury even with short exposure) What are the ratings for the Blue Section (Health Hazard)?:(5)
2: Hazardous (temporary or moderate injury)

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1: Slightly hazardous (irritation or minor injury)
0: Normal material (no significant hazard)
This section color in NFPA Diamond represents the Flammability Hazard and shows how easily
Red Section
the substance catches fire.
Top Position of Red Section in NFPA Diamond
Flammability Hazard Label of Red Section in NFPA Diamond
4: Extremely flammable (vapors or gases ignite easily)
3: Easily ignited under normal conditions
2: Must be moderately heated before ignition What are the ratings for the Red Section (Flammability Hazard)?:(5)
1: Must be preheated before it burns
0: Will not burn
This section color in NFPA Diamond represents the Reactivity (Instability) Hazard and shows
Yellow Section
how likely the substance is to explode or react violently.
Right Position of Yellow Section in NFPA Diamond
Reactivity (Instability) Hazard Label of Yellow Section in NFPA Diamond
4: May detonate or explode at normal temperatures or pressure
3: May detonate if shocked or heated
2: Violent chemical change possible What are the ratings for the Yellow Section (Reactivity Hazard)?:(5)
1: Unstable if heated
0: Stable
This section color in NFPA Diamond represents the Special Hazard and gives extra warnings
White Section
about unique chemical dangers.
Bottom Position of White Section in NFPA Diamond
Special Hazard Label of White Section in NFPA Diamond
OX: Oxidizer (causes fire or helps burning)
ACID: Acidic substance
ALK: Alkaline/base substance
What are examples of symbols in the White Section?:(6)
COR: Corrosive
W̶: Reacts dangerously with water
RAD: Radioactive
It refers to the system used to identify the hazards of chemicals through standardized symbols
GHS Labeling
and labels under the Globally Harmonized System.
1. Physical Hazard
2. Health Hazard
What are the main hazard categories under GHS labeling?:(4)
3. Physical and Health Hazard
4. Environmental Hazard
GHS labeling: It includes substances that can cause fires, explosions, or pressure-related
Physical Hazard
dangers.
1. Flammable
2. Oxidizing
What are the examples of Physical Hazards under GHS labeling?:(4)
3. Explosive
4. Gas Under Pressure
GHS labeling: It refers to substances that can easily catch fire, such as flammable gases,
Flammable
liquids, solids, or aerosols.

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Oxidizing GHS labeling: It means a substance that makes other materials burn more easily.
GHS labeling: It describes a substance that can explode when exposed to heat, shock, or
Explosive
pressure.
GHS labeling: It refers to substances containing compressed or liquefied gas that may explode
Gas Under Pressure
if heated.
Health Hazard GHS labeling: It includes substances that can cause harmful or toxic effects to human health.
1. Toxic
What are the examples of Health Hazards under GHS labeling?:(2)
2. Irritant / Harmful
Toxic GHS labeling: It means a substance that can cause poisoning or even death.
GHS labeling: It refers to a substance that causes skin or eye irritation, or may lead to
Irritant / Harmful
drowsiness.
Health Hazard (Chronic Effects) GHS labeling: It includes long-term health risks caused by certain substances.
1. Carcinogenic (causes cancer)
2. Respiratory sensitizer (causes breathing problems)
3. Reproductive toxicant What are examples of chronic health effects under GHS labeling?:(6)
4. Mutagenic (damages DNA)
5. Target organ toxicity 6. Aspiration hazard
Physical and Health Hazard GHS labeling: It refers to substances that can cause both physical damage and health injury.
Corrosive GHS labeling: It causes skin burns and eye damage.
Environmental Hazard GHS labeling: It includes substances that can harm ecosystems, especially aquatic life.
Environmental Toxicity GHS labeling: It means a substance is harmful to aquatic life.
It provides detailed safety information about chemicals, including their identification, hazards,
Material Safety Data Sheet (MSDS)
and safe handling procedures.
1. Identification
2. Hazard Identification
3. Composition
4. First Aid
5. Firefighting
6. Accidental Release
7. Handling & Storage
8. PPE / Exposure Control What are the sections of a Material Safety Data Sheet (MSDS)?: (15)
9. Physical & Chemical Properties
10. Stability & Reactivity
11. Toxicological Info
12. Ecological Info
13. Disposal
14. Transport
15. Regulatory Info
Section 1: Identification It includes the chemical's name, its use, and information about the supplier.
Section 2: Hazard Identification It contains hazard symbols, classifications, and safety precautions.
Section 3: Composition It lists the chemical name and CAS (Chemical Abstracts Service) number.
Section 4: First Aid It explains what to do in case of exposure to the chemical.
Section 5: Firefighting It describes the fire hazards and identifies the proper extinguishing media.

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Section 6: Accidental Release It provides procedures for cleaning up spills or leaks safely.
Section 7: Handling & Storage It explains the proper methods for safely storing and using the chemical.
Section 8: PPE / Exposure Control It includes exposure limits and lists the necessary personal protective equipment (PPE).
It describes the physical and chemical characteristics of the substance, such as melting point,
Section 9: Physical & Chemical Properties
boiling point, and color.
Section 10: Stability & Reactivity It identifies conditions or materials that could cause dangerous chemical reactions.
Section 11: Toxicological Info It gives information about the health effects of exposure to the chemical.
It shows information about the product's ecotoxicity, persistence and degradability, bio-ac-
Section 12: Ecological Information
cumulative potential, and mobility in soil.
Section 13: Disposal It provides guidelines for the safe disposal of chemical waste.
Section 14: Transport It includes details needed for safely shipping or transporting the chemical.
Section 15: Regulatory Info It lists applicable safety laws and regulations related to the substance.
It refers to the system used to minimize or eliminate exposure to hazards, arranged from the
Hierarchy of Hazard Control
most effective to the least effective control method.
1. Elimination
2. Substitution
3. Engineering Controls What is the order of the Hierarchy of Hazard Control from most effective to least effective?:(5)
4. Administrative Controls
5. Personal Protective Equipment (PPE)
It involves physically removing the hazard completely. Ex. Stop using a toxic chemical alto-
Elimination
gether.
It means replacing the hazard with something less dangerous. Ex. Use a safer chemical instead
Substitution
of a highly toxic one.
It focuses on isolating people from the hazard. Ex.
Engineering Controls
Use fume hoods, ventilation systems, or machine guards.
It involves changing the way people work to reduce exposure. Ex. Rotate workers, provide
Administrative Controls
safety training, limit exposure time, and follow safety procedures.
It refers to wearing equipment designed to protect the worker from hazards. Ex. Gloves,
Personal Protective Equipment (PPE)
goggles, masks, and lab coats.
1. Minimum Laboratory PPE
What are the two types of PPE based on laboratory use?:(2)
2. High-Hazard PPE
Minimum Laboratory PPE It is used for general laboratory work involving low-risk materials.
It is used when handling corrosive, toxic, or highly reactive chemicals, or when working with
High-Hazard PPE
open flames, pressure, or high heat.
It refers to the various tools and equipment used in the laboratory for conducting experiments
Apparatus
and handling materials safely and accurately.
It includes laboratory equipment made of glass used for mixing, measuring, and heating
Glassware
liquids.
Beaker It is used for mixing, stirring, and heating liquids but not for precise measurements.
Erlenmeyer Flask (Conical Flask) It is used for mixing or heating liquids; its narrow neck prevents spills and reduces evaporation.
It is used to prepare accurate solutions with a specific volume and has a single calibration
Volumetric Flask
mark.

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Graduated Cylinder It is used to measure the volume of liquids accurately.
Test Tube It is used to hold, mix, or heat small amounts of substances during experiments.
Test Tube Holder It is used to hold test tubes when heating or handling them.
Volumetric Pipette It is used to measure and transfer an exact volume of liquid accurately.
Measuring Pipette It is used to measure variable volumes of liquid but is less accurate than a volumetric pipette.
Burette It is used to deliver measured amounts of liquid in titration experiments.
Iron Stand (Ring Stand) It is used to support apparatus such as burettes, flasks, or funnels during experiments.
It is placed on top of an iron ring to support glassware while heating and to spread heat
Wire Gauze
evenly.
It is used to pour liquids into containers with small openings or for filtering when used with
Funnel
filter paper.
Wash Bottle It contains distilled water used for rinsing glassware or adding controlled amounts of water.
Dropper (Pasteur Pipette) It is used to transfer small amounts of liquid drop by drop.
Alcohol Lamp It provides a flame used for heating substances in the laboratory.
Crucible with Cover It is used to heat solids to very high temperatures.
Desiccator It is used to keep substances dry by removing moisture and contains drying agents.
Watch Glass It is used to hold small samples, cover beakers, or allow liquids to evaporate slowly.
Evaporating Dish It is used to evaporate excess solvents to obtain the solid residue.
Mortar and Pestle It is used to grind solid chemicals into fine powder.
Platform Balance / Triple Beam Balance It is used to measure the mass of substances accurately.
Keep your workbench organized and free from clutter. What should you do to keep your workspace safe and prevent accidents in the lab?
Lab coat, goggles, closed shoes, and nitrile gloves when needed. What personal protective equipment is required in the lab?
Shorts, skirts, open shoes, or any clothing that exposes skin. What types of clothing are not allowed in the laboratory?
They can trap vapors or chemicals and cause irritation or injury. Why should you avoid wearing contact lenses in the lab?
Eating, drinking, or wearing lab gear outside the lab. What behaviors are prohibited to maintain proper lab conduct?
Check for cracks or damage; do not use broken glassware. What should you check before using any glassware?
Ensure you know how to operate it and follow the instructor's guidance. What must you do before using any laboratory instrument?
Place bags on shelves and tuck stools under benches. Where should you store your bags and stools during lab work?
In the designated glass waste boxes only. Where should broken glass be disposed of?
Non-hazardous materials like paper towels, clean gloves, and plastic pipettes. What type of waste is allowed in the regular trash can?
In labeled containers—liquids in bottles, solids in jars—with date, location, and contents
How should hazardous chemical waste be disposed of?
indicated.
Halogenated and non-halogenated wastes. What must never be mixed in chemical waste containers?
Only water. What liquids are allowed to be poured into the sink?
Flammables in flammable cabinets, acids in acid cabinets separate from bases. Where should flammable liquids and acids be stored?
To prevent confusion or misuse of chemicals. Why should all containers, even those with water, be labeled?
Using stickers, pencil, or masking tape with a clear marker. What are acceptable ways to label lab containers?
The Globally Harmonized System (GHS). What system provides standardized chemical hazard symbols and warnings?

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Read its precautionary and hazard statements first. What should you do when handling a chemical you're unfamiliar with?
Keep lids tightly closed to avoid spills and contamination. What should be done with chemical bottles when not in use?
The stockroom or lab supervisor. Who should you notify when lab supplies or chemicals are running low?
meter (m) What is the SI unit for length?
kilogram (kg) What is the SI unit for mass?
second (s) What is the SI unit for time?
mole (mol) What is the SI unit for amount of substance?
kelvin (K) What is the SI unit for temperature?
ampere (A) What is the SI unit for electric current?
candela (cd) What is the SI unit for luminous intensity?
dimensional analysis This is used to convert between units in solving problems.
Desired unit = given unit × (desired unit/given unit) What is the formula for dimensional analysis?
1 kilometer (km) = 1000 meters (m) = 0.6214 mile (mi) What is 1 kilometer in meters and miles?
1 mile = 1.609 kilometers (km) How many kilometers are in 1 mile?
1 meter (m) = 100 centimeters (cm) = 1000 millimeters (mm) How many centimeters and millimeters are in 1 meter?
1 meter (m) = 1.094 yards (yd) = 39.37 inches (in) What is 1 meter equivalent to in yards and inches?
1 yard = 0.9144 meter (m) How many meters are in 1 yard?
1 foot = 0.3048 meter (m) How many meters are in 1 foot?
1 inch = 2.54 centimeters (cm) How many centimeters are in 1 inch?
1 centimeter (cm) = 0.01 meter (m) = 0.3937 inch What is 1 centimeter equivalent to in meters and inches?
1 cubic meter (m³) = 1,000,000 cubic centimeters (cm³) = 35.31 cubic feet (ft³) What is 1 cubic meter in cm³ and ft³?
1 cubic foot = 0.02832 cubic meter (m³) What is 1 cubic foot in cubic meters?
1 cubic decimeter (dm³) = 1000 cubic centimeters (cm³) = 0.2642 gallon (gal) = 1.057 quarts
What is 1 dm³ in cm³, gallons, and quarts?
(qt)
1 gallon = 3.785 dm³ How many cubic decimeters are in 1 gallon?
1 quart = 0.9464 dm³ How many cubic decimeters are in 1 quart?
1 cubic centimeter (cm³) = 0.001 dm³ = 0.03381 fluid ounce What is 1 cm³ in dm³ and fluid ounces?
1 fluid ounce = 29.57 cm³ How many cubic centimeters are in 1 fluid ounce?
1 kilogram (kg) = 1000 grams (g) = 2.205 pounds (lb) What is 1 kilogram equivalent to in grams and pounds?
1 pound = 0.4536 kilogram (kg) How many kilograms are in 1 pound?
Density The amount of mass in a given volume of a substance; calculated using the formula 5Q
=5Z
/5c
d=m/v Formula for Density
Kilogram per cubic meter (kg/m³) SI Unit of Density
Amount of Substance Refers to the quantity of particles (atoms, molecules, ions) in a substance, measured in moles.
=5Z
/5@
5[ Formula for Mole (using mass and molar mass)
=5[5e
×5A54
5A5e Formula for Entities (using Avogadro's Number)
Avogadro's Number (Nₐ) = 6.02214076 × 10²³ The number of particles in one mole of a substance.
Ionic Compounds These are compounds formed between metals and nonmetals.
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Name the metal first, then the nonmetal with the "-ide" ending. What is the naming rule for ionic compounds?
Use Roman numerals to indicate the charge of the metal. What rule is followed when the metal has multiple charges (transition metals)?
Covalent Compounds These are compounds formed between nonmetals.
Use prefixes to indicate how many atoms of each element are present. What is the naming rule for covalent compounds?
1. mono
2. di
3. tri
4. tetra
5. penta
What prefix rules are used in covalent compounds?:(10)
6. hexa
7. hepta
8. octa
9. nona
10. deca
The prefix "mono-" is not used for the first element in the compound name. What special rule applies to the prefix "mono-" in covalent compounds?
Acids These are compounds that contain hydrogen combined with other elements.
1. Binary acids 2. Oxyacids What are the two types of acids?:(2)
Use the format: Hydro + root + -ic acid. What is the naming rule for binary acids?
Change the ending "-ate" to "-ic acid." What is the naming rule for oxyacids ending in "-ate"?
Change the ending "-ite" to "-ous acid." What is the naming rule for oxyacids ending in "-ite"?
Atom The smallest unit of an element that retains its identity.
Element A pure substance made up of one kind of atom.
Compound A substance made up of two or more elements chemically combined.
Molecule A group of atoms bonded together.
Ion A charged particle formed when atoms lose or gain electrons.
Cation (+) An ion that loses electrons.
Anion (−) An ion that gains electrons.
Intermolecular Forces Forces that exist between molecules.
Cohesive Forces Attraction between similar molecules.
Adhesive Forces Attraction between different substances.
A concave meniscus forms (like in water, sticks to the glass). What happens if adhesion is greater than cohesion?
A convex meniscus forms (like in mercury). What happens if cohesion is greater than adhesion?
It is an electrostatic attraction between a hydrogen atom and a highly electronegative atom
Hydrogen Bonding like oxygen, nitrogen, or fluorine in another molecule, Also responsible for water's strong
attraction to glass surfaces, leading to the formation of a concave meniscus.
Occurs when the observer's eye is not level with the meniscus while reading the measurement,
Parallax Error
resulting in a higher or lower reading than the true value.
Do not depend on the amount of matter present; stay the same no matter how much substance
Intensive Properties you have.
Examples: Temperature, Density, Color, Boiling point, Melting point

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Depend on the amount of matter present; change when the quantity of the substance
Extensive Properties
changes. Examples: Mass, Volume, Length, Energy

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