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LESSON 1:
General Concepts and Historical Developments in STS

TOPICS
1. Intellectual Revolution that Defined Society
2. Science and Technology and Nation Building
3. Science Education in the Philippines
4. Indigenous Science and Technology in the Philippines

LEARNING OUTCOMES
At the end of the lesson, you should be able to:
 discuss the interactions between S&T and society throughout history;
 discuss how the scientific and technological developments affect society
and the environment;
 discuss the paradigm shifts through history;
 explain how intellectual revolution change the way how humans see the
world;
 describe the technological advancement that happened in the
information age;
 explain the role of Science and TechnoSlogy in the Philippine nation
building;
 evaluate government policies pertaining to science and technology in
terms of their contributions to nation building; and
 identify actual science and technology policies of the government; and
appraise their impact on the development of the Filipino nation.
Human creativity is beyond limit that even our ancestors might not have
imagined that our status of science and technology would be as robust as today. Our
current understanding about the nature and the world is a result of constant over
throwing of paradigm wherein an old paradigm like Geocentric Model is replaced by a
paradigm that has a higher content and explanatory power like the Heliocentric Model.
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Such is termed scientific revolution that very significant in the development of human
beings, transformation of society, and in the formulation of scientific ideas. These
theories that were challenged in the history of Science and have helped shaped our
society.

Development of Science and Technology does not only leave indelible impact in
the history but its trail can be traced by its influence in our society and country as a
whole. In this unit, the students will learn how science and technology has greatly
influenced the development of the Philippine society and they will be able to
understand the concept and strategies to improve the state of science education in the
country and familiarize the indigenous science and technology in the Philippines that
developed alternative ideas in explaining various phenomena and the indigenous
knowledge system which intimately interwoven with their culture and environment.

This unit will allow the students to time travel through the antecedents of
science and technology through analyzing how the present status of science and
technology came into being, and explore the major turns in the course global and
national history that led it to its exhilirating and captivating development.

Topic 1: Intellectual Revolutions that Defined Society

 Activate Prior Learning

In order to understand the past, one has to look back and revisit it. In like manner, you
are going to take a look at our very rich history and study what are the major turns in
the Development of Science and Technology that had led us to the innovation of cutting
edge and sophisticated Technology in the present.

The task is to fill in the K-W-L chart below. By jotting down what they have known and
what are the things that they would like to know about our historical antecendents in
terms of Science and Technology.

What I already Know What I Want to know What I have Learned

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TECHNOLOGY IN THE ANCIENT WORLD

 Innovation: Read the suggested short articles.

[Link]
[Link]

UNDERSTANDING SCIENCE: How SCIENCE really works.

Answering: “How Science and Technology Developed?”

Science and Technology in Ancient Times

In the ancient times, people are concerned with tranportation and

navigation, communication and record keeping, mass production,
security and protection, as well as health, aesthetic and architecture.
Science and Technology keeps on advancing in order to meet the
growing needs of people along these areas. Due to the constant
innovation introduced by Science and Tecnhology, which has the end
goal of improving lives and making the work easier, faster and efficient,
our society respond by changing as well. These changes are evident as
each ancient civilization keep on creating technology that has been
modofied and that is being used today.

Science and Technology in Middle Ages

The start of the middle ages was marred by massive invasions and
migrations. Wars are prevalent during this time. As such, great technology
was needed in the fields of weaponry, navigation, food and farm production
and health. The wars have resulted to population decline. However, in the
later part of this period, there was significant increase in population. Trade
and commerce among nations increased, whichb resulted in greater
demands for transportation technology. Sokme of the most innovative minds
came from this period.

Science and Technology in Modern Times

The booming world population during the nineteenth century onwards

demanded that more goods be produced at faster rate. People needed
efficient means of transportation to trade more goods and cover a larger
distance. Machines that required animals to operate must thus be upgraded.
Faster and easier means to communicate and compute should be developed
to established connections beetween and among the nations. All this needs
resulted in the development of industries. However, due to massive
industrialization, the modern times again faced more complicated problems.
Food processing and medicine posed some of the bigger challenges since
health was a great concern.
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Your Activity
 Write down the top 10 technologies in the World including Philippines.
 Determine persisting needs were addressed by each invention.
 Discuss briefly the impact of each invention to society.

Fill Up: “What I have Learned” column by writing down what you have learned from this
topic.

What I already Know What I Want to know What I have Learned 

 Innovation: Read the suggested article.

UNDERSTANDING SCIENCE: How SCIENCE really works.

[Link]

You will review different therories

that worked and we believed to be
true during ancient times. In
astronomy, for example, you have
learn the Sun is the Center of the
Solar System and that the planets,
including Earth, are revolving around
it in an elliptical orbit. However, in
people in ancient times believed that
the earth was the center of the
universe.
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 Innovation: Read the suggested short article.

UNDERSTANDING SCIENCE: How SCIENCE really works.
[Link]

Early beliefs also claimed that human beings were created through “Divine Creation”
but this was replaced by Darwin’s Theory of Evolution by Natural Selection. These are
just some of the examples of early theories that were challenged in the history of
Science .

 Innovation: Read the suggested short article.

HUMAN EVOLUTION
[Link]
[Link] 20?%3E/whatisscience_01

The beak of an ancestral species of Finches found in the Galapos had evolved to be able to
survive in acquiring different food sources.

[Link]
2015/02/[Link]#:~:text=Darwin's%20finches%20are%20a
%20classical,shape%2C%20song%20and%20feeding%20behaviour.
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Who are these people or groups

of people behind this upheavals
that permanently changed the
course of history of Science?
What were their needs, and what
were their struggles that
motivated them to engage in such
scholarly contribution?

What were the great

Intellectual
Revolutions that
significantly shaped
our Society?
What made these new
theories
controversial?
This topic will lead students idea
to answer these aforementioned
questions. Moreover, this topic
describes how science and
technology theories paved the
way for the Enlightenment and
our current understanding of
some of the fundamental
concocts of science in the world.

The way people think about Solar System has changed many
times throughout history. Before the development of telescope
astronomy beliefs wee based on what can be seen by the nakd
eye. One of the earliest ideas on how Solar System was structured
was introduced by Claudius Ptolemy. He posited that planets as
well as the sun and the moon, moved in a circular motion around
the Earth, a concept which is known as geo-centrism. This
geocentric model, considered to be one of the greatest
discoveries of all time, was widely accepted by the people and
became the astronomical dogma in Western civilizaions of 1,400
years.
In the 16th century, Nicolaus Copernicus challeged the geocentric
model by putting sun at the center of the solar system and known
as the concept of heliocentrism. This idea was rejected at first by
the public. It appalled many since their religious belief had taught
them that the Earth was created first before all other things.
The Man who moved the Sun Copernicus was even persecuted as a heretic.
[Link]
Copernicus
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In the past, the field of Psychology was always classified under

philosophy. Psychology was considered more of an art rather than
science. In the late 19th century, Sigmund Freud was able to
change people’s perception of psychology with his revolutionary
theory of psychoanalysis.
Psychoanalysis is the study of human behaviour. In his theory,
Freud explain that there are many conscious and unconscious
factors that can influence behaviour and emotions. He also
argued that personality is a product of three conflicting elements:
id, ego and superego.
Science hardliners brushed off the legitimacy of psychoanalysis as
a science since concepts were viewed as philosophical and
supernatural. Many believed that Freud’s theory has no scientific
basis as no empirical or experimental data could support it.
The Father of Psychoanalysis
[Link]
Freud
Charles Darwin was an English naturlist who studied variation in
plants, animals and fossils during a five year voyage around the
world in the 19th century. Darwin’s theory of evolution
challenged the idea that God made all the plants and animals that
live on Earth in a single day, which contradicted with the
commonly held Christian views of his era. He did not publish his
scientific work and ideas until 28 years afer his voyage.
Finally, as a result of Dawin’s world expedition and observations,
which were enhanced by many years of experimentation, his
disscusions with like-minded scientist and his developing
knowledge of geology and fossils, he proposed the theory of
evolution by natural evolution by natural selection. Darwin
proposed that: individual organisms within a partiular species
show a wide range of variation for a characteristic, individuals
with characteristics most suited to the environment are more
likely to survive to breed successfully; and the characterstics that
have enabled these individualsvto survive are then passed on
Theory of Evolution by Natural then passed on to the next generation.
Selection
[Link]
selection

Activity 1: Creative Work

Instructions: Choose one of the three revolutions discussed in

this topic. Illustrate in the box provided, your understanding
of the revolution of your choice.
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 What’s new?

What you had just read are the major intellectual revolutions in the past. At present,
what are the widely acceptable theory of revolutions that could explain? (Put your
answer in the provided box.)

Celestial Mechanics
Evolution of human beings
Psychoanalysis

 Feedback

Direction: Conduct an interview to the elders in your community about intellectual

revolutions and make a summary of the result.
(Note: Kindly prepare an interview schedule prior to the conduct of the interview).

Topic 2: Science and Technology and Nation Building

 Activate Prior Learning

Now, let us see what you know about the role of science and technology by completing
the concept map below. But before that, you may want to watch the movie clips and
read the short article listed below to get some ideas, happy watching and reading!

Questions to Ponder!
What roles do science and technology play in the development progress of the
country?

 Watch: 1. Science and Technology: Moving the Philippines Forward

Link: [Link]
 Watch: 2. The state of Science and Technology in the Philippines
Link: [Link]
 Read: 1. Ratnasiri, N., 2006. The role of Science and technology in nation
building. Journal of the national science foundation of Sri Lanka, 34(3), p.113.
DOI: Link:[Link]
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From your reading and the videos, you have watched, complete the diagram below by
enumerating the roles of science and technology in shaping the nation. Then, choose
one from your list and explain it in our online class.

R O LE O F S C IE N C E & T E C H N O LO G Y in N a ti o n B u ild in g

1.

2.

3.

Good job! Let’s learn more as you go through this lesson.

 Innovation: Read the suggested article.

PHILIPPINE REVOLUTION
[Link]

Brief Historical Background of Science and Technology in the Philippines

Pre – Colonial Period Even before the Spain colonized the country, some indigenous
science and technology has already existed with regards to
agriculture like farming, animal – raising, and the utilization of
plants and herbs as medicines. The use of technology is
evident in the in handicrafts, pottery, weaving, and tools used
by ancient Filipinos in their everyday life.
Innovation and ingenuity were unmistakable by the way native
Filipinos built the rice terraces by hand. They also developed
tools for planting, hunting, cooking, fishing, and also for
fighting enemies during tribal conflicts. They used indigenous
technology in building houses, irrigations and transportation,
both on land and waterways.
The ancient practices in science and technology by our
ancestors are now considered as indigenous science or folk
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science.
Spanish colonization paved way to modern means of
construction. Roads, bridges, churches, and other large
infrastructures were built with more sophistication using some
Colonial Period engineering skills and tools brought by the Spaniards. In
addition, Spanish colonizers developed health and education
system in the country.
The American colonial rule modernized almost all aspects of
life in the country. They established the Bureau of Science to
initiate the development in the field of science and
technology.
Colonial Period
After achieving independence from the colonial masters, the
Philippines, under different administrations, continued to
pursue programs in science and technology. Each leadership
had its own S&T agenda. However, it is important to note that
some Philippine presidents introduced more developments in
the field than others, which you will find out soon as you
course through this topic.
Filipino Presidents and their contributions in the development
of science and technology in the Philippines
Post – Colonial Period

Filipino Presidents and their contributions in the development of science and technology in
the Philippines and the status of SCIENCE & TECNOLOGY during their administration

Pres. Carlos P. Garcia  Lack of support of experimental work

(1957-1961)  Marginal budget scientific research
 Low salaries of scientists employed by the government
 Established the National Science Development Board
Pres. Ferdinand Marcos  Directed the Department of Education to revitalize the science
(1965- 1986) courses in public high schools
 Channeled additional funds to support projects in applied
sciences and science education
 He proclaimed 35 hectares in Bicutan, Taguig, Rizal as the site of
the Philippine Science Community
 Scholarships for graduate and undergraduate science scholars,
and workshops on fisheries and oceanography
 Added the Philippine Coconut Institute to the NSDB to
modernize the coconut industry
 Support for the promotion of scientific research and invention
with Presidential Decree No. 49, s. 1972
 He enacted the law under Presidential Decree No. 1003-A, s.
1976 to establish the national Academy of Science and
Technology
 He enacted a law on the completion of the national agriculture
and life sciences research complex at the university of the
Philippines at Los Baños (Executive Order No. 840, s. 1982)
 He established the Mindanao and Visayas campuses of the
Philippines Science High School to encourage careers in science
and technology
Pres. Corazon Aquino  National Science and Technology Authority was replaced by the
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(1986-1992) Department of Science and Technology

 Science and technology’s role in economic recovery and
sustained economic growth was highlighted
 Created the Presidential Task Force for Science and Technology
wihich came up with the first Science and Technology Master
Plan or STMP
 Executive Order No. 128 abolished R.A. No. 3859, also known as
“Philippine Inventors Incentive Act”
 Gave assistance to Filipino inventors through giving financial
aid, patent applicatiin assistance, legal assistance, and to help
inventors market their products domestically and abroad
 R.A 6655 or the Free Public Secondary Education Act of 1988
opened doors to free education up to the secondary level
 “Science fo the Masses Program” which aimed at scientific and
technological literacy among Filipinos
Pres. Fidel V. Ramos  Signficant increase in personnel specializing in the science and
(1992-19980 technology fields
 Addition of Philippine Science High Schools in Visayas and
Mindanao
 Government provided 3,500 scholarships for students who
were taking up professions related to S&T
 Schools were becoming more modernized and updated with
the addition of high-tech equipment for students
 Priority for S&T personnel increased when Magna Carta for
Science and technology Personnel (Republic Act No. 8439) was
established
 Award was published in order to give incentives and rewards
for people who have been influential in the field of S&T
(Inventors and Inventions Incentives Act or Republic Act No.
7459)
 Programs such as National Program for Gifted Filipino Children
in Science and Technology
 Enactment of a law creating a nationwide system of high
schools specializing in the field of science and engineering
(Science and Technology Scholarship Law of 1994)
 Enacted the Intellectual Property Code of the Philippines
(Republic Act No. 8293)
Pres. Joseph Estrada  Launched a full-scale program based on cost-effective irrigation
(1998-2001) technologies
 Established of one science high school in every province
 Advancement of industries and schools into the internet age,
 Passage of e-Commerce Act
Pres. Gloria Macapagal  The science and technology sector of the Philippines was
Arroyo (2001-2010) dubbed as the “golden age” during her term
 Numerous laws and projects that concerns both the
environment and science to push technology as a tool to
increase the country’s economic level
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 The term “Filipinovation” was the coined term used in helping

the Philippines to be an innovation hub in Asia
 Science Technology and Innovation (STI) was developed further
by strengthening the schools and education system such as the
Philippine Science High School (PSHS), which focuses in science,
technology and mathematics in their curriculum
 Imposes Republic Act 10601 which improves the Agriculture
and fisheries Sector through Mechanization (AFMtech)
Pres. Benigno Simeon  signed into law Republic Act 10692 or An Act Providing for the
Aquino III Modernization of the Philippine Atmospheric, Geophysical, and
(2010-2016) Astronomical Services Administration (PAGASA), Providing
Funds Therefore and for Other Purposes, last November 3,
2015.
 IBM Blue Gene supercomputer has been chosen to support the
Philippine government’s priority R&D projects focused on
reducing poverty, improving government processes and tools
and enabling smarter weather management, as based on the
National Economic Development Authority’s MediumTerm
Development Plan.
President Rodrigo Roa A.  Science and technology in the country scored another
Duterte milestone with the signing of the Balik Scientist law on 15 June
2018. Republic Act No. 11035, also known as an “Act
June 30, 2016-present Institutionalizing the Balik Scientist Program,” would give more
incentives to returning Filipino experts, scientists, inventors,
and engineers who would share their expertise in the country.
 NSTW include the solar-powered Science & Technology
Academic and Research-Based Openly Operated Kiosks
(STARBOOKS) which are used in remote schools, and vertical
helophyte filters which is a biological treatment for wastewater.
 271 new weather stations installed by Department of Science
and Technology (DOST).
 Zamboanga Doppler Weather Radar System installed by DOST

Filipino Scientist and their Invention

Roman Cabanos Barba For his outstanding research on tissue culture in Philippine
mangoes
Josefino Cacas Comiso For his works on observing the characteristics of Antarctica using
satellite images
Jose Bejar Cruz Jr. Known internationally in the field of electric engineering; was
elected as officer of the famous Institute and Electric and
Electronic Engineering
Loudes Jansuy Cruz Notable for her research on sea snail venom
Fabian Millar Dyrit For his research for herbal medicine
Rafael Dineros Guerero III For his research in tilapia culture
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Enrique Mapua Ostrea Jr. For inventing the meconium drugs testing
Lilian Formalejo Patena For doing research on plant biotechnology
Mari-jo Panganiban Ruiz For being outstanding educator and graph theorist
Gregory Ligot Tangonan For his research in the field of communication technology

There is other outstanding Filipino scientist who are recognized here and abroad for
their outstanding contributions in science:

Ceasar A. Saloma An internationally renowned physicist

Edgardo Gomez Famous scientist in marine science
William Padolina Chemistry and president of National Academy of Science and
Technology (NAST) – Philippines
Angel Alcala Marine science

ACTIVITY 1: Take a Roll on the Roles

Choose 1 of SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY from the diagram you did at the beginning of this
topic, then perform a single role-play that manifest the role of S & T that you have
picked. Below is a rubric to rate your performance. Do this within 15 minutes and
upload it to our Facebook online room or on your YouTube channel and submit the link
in our GC. Enjoy acting! 

Criteria Exceeds expectations Meets expectation Needs improvement

(3 points) (2 points) (1 point)

Understandin o Factual o Factual o Information is
g of Topic information is information is inaccurate
accurate mostly
o Indicates clear accurate o Presentation is
understanding of o Good off topic
topic understanding
of topic
Presentation o Shows confidence o Shows some o Portrayal stalls
o Informative confidence o Lacks
o Entertaining; o Presents some information
engages audience information o Audience board
o Speaks loudly and o Engages o Mumbles
clearly audience o Body language is
o Appropriate use o Can be heard lacking;
of body language o Some use of inappropriate
body language

Activity 2: Back through Time!

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This activity is meant for you to revisit our country’s rich historical background on its
journey to scientific technological progress. The class will be divided into 5 groups, and
choose one period to elaborate the development of Science & Technology in each
period and its contributions and implications to the present society. Complete the table
below.
 Early Filipino/pre – colonial period
 Spanish Colonization
 American regime
 Japanese Colonization
 Post – colonial period

Science Implications of
culture and S&T and
Contribution of practices/ science
Period State of S&T the period in the society’s culture of
during the development of norms during each period to
period S&T the period the present

(Note: please read the article below for additional information)

A history of Science and Technology in the Philippines by Olivia C. Caoli

Link:[Link]
require

Make a skit portraying the development of Science & Technology in the period/era you
are working on. Present your skit to the online class next meeting. The rubrics below will
serve as you guide, and basis for rating students’ performance.

Criteria Exceeds expectations Meets expectation Needs improvement

(3 points) (2 points) (1 point)

Understanding o Factual o Factual o Information is
of Topic information is information is inaccurate
accurate mostly o Presentation is
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o Indicates clear accurate off topic

understanding o Good
of topic understanding
of topic

Presentation o Shows o Shows some o Portrayal stalls

confidence confidence o Lacks
o Informative o Presents some information
o Entertaining; information o Audience board
engages o Engages o Mumbles
audience audience o Body language is
o Speaks loudly o Can be heard lacking;
and clearly o Some use of inappropriate
o Appropriate use body language
of body
language

Activity 3: New generation Science Genius

Using internet resources, find photos of modern Filipino scientist and their respective
inventions/discoveries. Describe the inventions and their major contributions in the
development of our nation.

Topic 3: Science Education in the Philippines

THE CONCEPTS OF SCIENCE EDUCATION

 Focuses on teachings, learnings, and understanding science.

 Understanding science implies developing and applying science process skills and
using science literacy in understanding the natural world and activities in
everyday life.
 John Dewey (2001) stress the importance of utilizing the natural environment to
teach students.
 Marx (1994) opines that science is going to be one of the most important school
subjects in the future.
 Science education provides skills and knowledge that are necessary for a person
to live in what Knight (1986) describes as the age of science and to develop a
citizenry that will meet the goal of science in the society (Tilghman,2005).

SCIENCE SCHOOLS IN THE PHILIPPINES

PHILIPPINE SCIENCE HIGH SCHOOL SYSTEM(PSHSS)

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 This is a government
program for gifted
students in the
Philippines. It is a
service institute of the
Department of Science
and Technology (DOST) whose mandate is to offer free scholarship basis for
secondary course with special emphasis on subjects pertaining to the sciences
with the end view of preparing its students for a science career (Republic Act No.
3661).

SPECIAL SCIENCE ELEMENTARY SCHOOLS
(SSES) PROJECT

 The Science Elementary Schools

(SSES) Project is in pursuance to
DepEd Order No. 73 s. 2008, and
DepEd Order No. 51 s. 2010.
 The SSES Project aims to develop
Filipino children equipped with
scientific and technological
knowledge, skills, and values.
 Its mission is to:
1. Provide a learning environment to science-inclined children through a special
curriculum that recognizes the multiple intelligences of the learners;
2. Promote the development of lifelong learning skills; and
3. Foster the holistic development of the learners.

 SPECIAL SCIENCE ELEMENTARY

SCHOOLS (SSES) PROJECT

QUEZON CITY REGIONAL SCIENCE HIGH SCHOOL

 The school was established on September 17,

1967. Originally, it was named Quezon City
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Science High School. It was turned into regional high school for the National
Capital Region in 1999. The school was a product of a dream to establish a
special science as school for talented students in science and mathematics. The
focus of the curriculum is on science and technology.

MANILA SCIENCE HIGH SCHOOL

 The school was established on October 1, 1963 as the Manila Science High School
(MSHS). It is the first science high school in the Philippines. MSHS aims to produce
scientists with souls. In order to do this, humanities courses and other selective
are included in their curriculum. Students are also encouraged to
participate in various extracurricular activities.

CENTRAL VISAYAN INSTITUTE FOUNDATION

 It is the home and pioneer of the prominent school-based

innovation known as the Dynamic Learning Program (DLP). The
DLP is a synthesis of classical and modern pedagogical theories
adapted to foster the highest level of learning, creativity, and
productivity.
 The school takes pride in its Research Center for
Theoretical Physics (RCTP) established in 1992,
which organizes small international workshops to
fluster the informal but intense exchange of ideas
and perspectives on outstanding problems in
physics and mathematics.

Application

Activity 1: What works and what doesn’t

You are in charge of creating the ideal school! 😊

o But should consider the following:

 What would the expectations for students/ teachers be?
 How would expectations be communicated and reinforced?
 Would you attend for shorter days year-round or have longer days
with less summer vacation?
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 How would different types of learners be engaged in school/

academics?
 How would all students be challenged to think creatively, and be
prepared for the world of work and adult life beyond high school?
 What would students and teachers’ interactions look like?
 What would the culture be like?
 What beliefs and attitude would be prevalent/ mainstream?
 What kinds of activities, schedules would be in your school?
 What else would you need to consider in creating your ideal
school?
After creating your ideal school, answer and reflect from
the following questions:
 How does your ideal school differ from your
current or previous school?
 What would need to change/happen for
your school to look more like your ideal school?
 What can YOU do to help make that happen?

Topic 4: Indigenous Science and Technology in the Philippines

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Watch the full presentation and made time travel and discoveries
(uploaded in google or Facebook classroom)
created by Bernadette Palatino
[Link]

Activity 1:
Instruction. In minimum of 300 words, write an essay that will evaluates the
implementation of some science and technology policies and projects in the
country. Your essay will be graded using the rubric below.

Activity 2:

Answer and reflect on the following questions:

1. What is the role of indigenous science in the development of science and
technology in the Philippines?
2. How do society and culture influence the development of science and
technology?

 Feedback
1. List some policies/programs of the government that steers the nation’s Science
and Technology forward. Describe these policies briefly, and give their pros, as
well as their cons. Support your claims by citing examples of their
positive/negative impact to our nation’s development.
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Policy/Program Pros (with negative Cons (with positive

impacts) impacts)
1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

2. Take photos that depict the use of science/technology in your community, and
compile them to make a photo album. Upload your work on social media, and try
to elicit comments from the viewers, then have a sharing with the online class
next meeting.

Summary

In this unit, the students learned the different contributions of science and technology
to each epoch in human history- Ancient, Medieval and Modern Times. Necessity and
adversity drive people to think an invent technology to address the needs and problems
they encountered in everyday life. These inventions paved way to major developments
from ancient to modern society and along with it –the transmission of scientific and
technological knowledge that influence our very own notion of the world.
 P a g e | 21

Filipinos, especially during the early times, tried to invent tools that will help them in
everyday life and developed alternative ideas in explaining the world around them what
we called now as indigenous knowledge which is the foundation of indigenous science.
The advent of technology opens the door for more scientific endeavors in the quest of
unravelling the mysteries of the natural world, and hence the birth of thinking, and by
this time, many discovery and scientific ideas were developed, and new scientific
paradigms were generated which had overthrown previous paradigms. This manifest
that scientific knowledge is not experiment, and subject to constant change through
careful research and experimentations.

In the Philippines, even before of colonization, our society has been faring of its
improvements in terms of science and technology especially in agriculture, handicraft
and medicine. During colonization, there was a slow growth of S&T since majority of its
sophistication brought about by the foreign invaders. The establishment of Bureau of
Science by Americans paved the way for the initial growth of S&T in the country. During
postcolonial, period were Philippines had given the autonomy to executive,
administrative, judicial and legislative operations, different programs and policies of the
government gear towards the reinforcing progress of S&T. Filipinos were renowned not
only in the national but also around the global society for their outstanding feat.

Reflection
Reflect on the above article and answer the question comprehensively in a
paragraph form and submit the document in our online Facebook classroom.

1. Did science and technology change your way of life? Was is in a good way,
otherwise, or both? Explain why and how.
 P a g e | 22

LESSON 2:
Science, Technology and Society and the Human Condition

TOPICS
TOPICS 1. Human Flourishing in the Face of Science and Technology
1. Historical2.
Antecedents in as
Technology thea Course
Way of of Science and Technology
Revealing
1.1 Intellectual
3. TheRevolution
Good Life that Defined Society
2. Science and
4. Technology and Nation
When Technology Building Cross
and Humanity
2.2 Science Education in the Philippines
2.3 Indigenous Science and Technology in the Philippines
LEARNING OUTCOMES
At the end of this lesson, you should be able to:
LEARNING OUTCOMES
Attheanalyze
end of the
the lesson,
humanyou should in
condition beorder
able to:
to deeply reflect and express
 Discuss the interactions
philosophical betweenthat
ratifications S&Tare
and society throughout
meaningful history;
to the student as a part
 Discuss
of how the scientific and technological developments affect society and the
society;
environment;
 criticize human flourishing vis-à-vis the progress of science and
 Discuss the paradigm
technology shiftsthe
so that through history;
student can define for himself/herself the
 Explain how intellectual
meaning of a goodrevolution
life; change the way how humas see the world;
 Describe the tehnological
 examined advancement
shared concerns that happened
that make in the
up the good information
life age;
in order to
 Explaining
comethe up role of Science
in the innovative,andcreative
Technology in theto
solutions Philippine nation issues
contemporary building;
 Evaluate
guidedgovernment
by ethical policietheir
standards; impact on the development of the Filipino
nation.
 examine human rights in order to uphold such rights in technological
ethical dilemmas;
 evaluate contemporary human experience in order to strengthen and
enlighten the human person functioning in society; and
 find and examine local government policies that protect the
wellbeing of the person in the face of the new technologies.
 P a g e | 23

There can no doubt that we are rapidly moving towards a global society, spanning the
whole earth. Yet this global society derives its unity not from philosophy or religion, but
rather from technology. Technology is improving life and it improving fast. It is
technology that is leading to the homogenization of all forms of social interaction and
communication, irrespective of their historical and cultural provenance. It is technology
that is creating a shaped horizon for economic productivity, just as it is technology that
permits the limitless accumulation of public wealth. Technology is the salient social
activity of human beings as a species and, as an activity, and is both cumulative and
linear, irrespective of its consequences for human happiness.

In this chapter, we will be discussing the different conceptions of human flourishing,

which connotes the “well-being” and “happiness” of men suggests positive emotional
experiences. Also, the development of scientific method and validity of science, human
flourishing vis-à-vis progress of science and technology. It’s been noted that human
flourishing in our present societies seem dwarfed by difficulties, not only in the
developing world, but also in the developed world.

Also, this chapter covers the concept of human condition before and after the existence
of science and technology aided in revealing the truth about human being.
Furthermore, we will also be discussing the meaning of a good life and the different
possibilities available in attaining a good life and happiness. It will point out how
humans strive to become happy, achieve a comfortable and convenient life and the
desire to make the world lighter, easier and faster.

Finally, we shall be taking up the different technological advancement in society,

development of a science and technology in the Philippines and the effects of the
interplay between technology and humanity through dilemmas where the world is
entering a period of transformative change, and many of people will be surprised by the
developments they simply hadn’t anticipated.

Topic 1: The Human Person Flourishing in terms of Science and Technology

 P a g e | 24

 Activate Prior Learning

Learning Activity: SPOT THE SCIENTIFIC METHOD

Direction: Each sentence below describes a step of the scientific method. In 15 minutes,
match each sentence with the steps of the scientific method listed below.

A. Recognize the problems

B. Making observation
C. Form a hypothesis
D. Test the hypothesis with an experiment
E. Draw conclusions

____1. Mark predicted that seeds would start to grow faster if an electric current
travelled through the soil in which they were planted.
____2. Scott said, “If I fertilize my orchid plants, they will blossom,” stronger when she
gave the hen feed, to which extra calcium had been added.
____3. Philip’s data showed that household cockroaches moved away from raw
mangoes.
____4. Ameera fed different diets to three groups of tilapias. Her experiment showed
that tilapias need vitamins and protein in their diet.
____5. Angela’s experiment proved that earthworms move away from light.
____6. Justine wondered if dyes could be taken out of plant, leaves, flowers and stems.
____7. Kathly used a survery to determine how many clasmates were left-handed and
how many ere right-handed.
____8. Bob read about groeing the plants in water. He wanted to know how to plants
could grow without soil.
____9. Kevin said “if acid rain affects plants in particular pond, in might affect small
animals, such as crabs, that love i the same water.”
____10. Alicia’s experiment showed that kitchen eggshells were

Problems that you encounter could be solved by simple ways. Anyone could solved
his/her problem if he/she tried to solveit systematically. This lesson will introduce you to
the scientifc method which is the logical and systematic way of solving the problem.

 Innovation: Read the suggested article.

[Link]

Human Flourishing

Perhaps because Aristotle was wrong about much of his hard-

science, his Politics and Ethics (three books on ethics) remain among his
 P a g e | 25

most relevant and still studied works. They revolve around the idea that the purpose of
politics is to provide the conditions under which human beings can maximize happiness by
fulfilling their natural potentials, a condition he called eudaimonia. As Aristotle
approached these issues scientifically, he was concerned more with describing human nature
than defining a system of moral laws.

BIG IDEA:

Quote #1: “It is the mark of an educated mind to be able to entertain a thought
without accepting it.”

This quote represents Aristotle’s thought about the nature of intellect and the spirit
of inquiry for which the Greek philosophers are known. The quote provides valuable
perspective on Aristotle’s work, which consists, to such a large degree, of
classifications, definitions, and authoritative arguments. Aristotle is not considered a
“skeptic” because he believed that observation and reason could yield truth. But this
quote reminds us that Aristotle’s approach to knowledge and truth was grounded in a
recognition that we often do not know what is true or false, which is why we engage
in philosophical and scientific enquiry.
Quote #2: “We are what we repeatedly do. Excellence, then, is not an act, but a
habit.”

This powerful idea was a centerpiece of Aristotle’s arguments in the Nicomachean

Ethics, where he discusses human virtues and how to develop them. “Excellence” is
the embodiment of virtues, qualities of action and mind that aim at the “highest
good” in any area of life—including not only ethical good, but also “good” as in
“skilled” or “effective.” Aristotle argued that we only embody such virtues when we
become automatically drawn to the virtuous choices and perform the excellent skills
automatically. And whether for good or bad, character is formed by habit.

Quote #3: “I count him braver who overcomes his desires than him who conquers his
enemies; for the hardest victory is over self.”

This statement can be seen as an implication of the statement in quote #2, and idea
that is perhaps most often learned through the pursuit of excellence. Therefore, this
 P a g e | 26

quote highlights both Aristotle’s maturity – he must have learned this lesson for
himself – and his interest in self-improvement. Aristotle’s discussions about virtue in
the Ethics imply that self-improvement requires prolonged self-examination and
resistance to ingrained behaviors. We are not told whether Aristotle conquered
himself, but his astounding productivity suggests that he had some success.

One’s own life is the only life that a person has to

live. It follows that, for Aristotle, the “good” is
what is objectively good for a paricular man.
Aristotle’s eudaimonia is formally egoistic in that
a person’s normative reason for choosing
According to Aristotle, there is an end of all of particular actions stems from the idea that he
the actions that we perform which we desire must pursue hisown good or flourishing. Becaue
for itself. This is what is known as eudaimonia, self-interest is flourishing, thee good in human
flourishing, or happiness, which is desired for conduct is connected to the self-interest of the
its own sake whoth all other things being acting person. Good means “good for” the
desired on its account. Eudaimonia is a individual moral agent. Egoism is an integral part
property of one’s life when cosidered as a of Aristotle’s ethics.
whole. Flourishing is the highest good of For Aristotle, the good of each species is
human endeavors and that toward which all teleologically immanent to that species. A
actions aim. It is success as a human being. The person’s nature as a human being provides him
best life is one of excellent human activity. with guidance with respect to how he should live
The good is what is good for purposeful, goal- his life. A fundamental fact of human nature is
directed entities. He defines the good proper of the existence of idivdual human beings each with
human beings as the activities in which the life his own rational mind and free will. The use of
fuctions specific to human beings are most fully one’s volitional conciousness is a person’s
realized. distinctive capacity and means of survival

Application
Activity 1: Applying the Scientific Method
 P a g e | 27

Direction: Follow the scientific method focusing on what you can imediately observe
that is happening in the environment at 8 o’clock in the morning. Write your answers in
the data sheet below. For the data analysis, assume that have you performed the test
and were able to prove that your hypothesis is an answer to the problem.

Location of Observation:

1. Making Obsevation and Stating the Problem

2. Formulating Hypothesis
1. __________________________________________________________________
2. __________________________________________________________________
3. __________________________________________________________________

3. Testing the Hypothesis with an Experiment

1. __________________________________________________________________
2. __________________________________________________________________
3. __________________________________________________________________
4. __________________________________________________________________
5. __________________________________________________________________

4. Stating the Conclusion

_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________

 Guide Questions:
1. What do you think will happen if the steps in scientific method are in different order?
 P a g e | 28

2. If you would be adding more steps to the scientific method, what would be these
steps? Discuss the additional steps you are proposing.

Activity 2: Analyse it!

Direction: Reflect on the Golden Rule “Do not do unto other what you don’t want
others do unto you” Then answer th folowing guide questions.

 Guide Questions:

1. What rules do your relationship with others have been useful in the
development of meaning of your life?

2. How would you categorize (from general to specific area) what is important of
life and what is not?

Activity 2: G-R-E-A-T-W-O-R-K

Complete the mind map below by writing words that come to your mind when you hear
the word science and technology.
 P a g e | 29

Scince &
_______
Technology is:

______ ______

_______

 Feedback
From the picture below describe and asses the evolution and development of science
and technology along fields of medicine, agriculture, education, information,
tranportation and many more.
 P a g e | 30

Topic 2: Technology as a Way of Revealing

 Activity to Prior Knowledge

Activity 1: Reaction Paper Writing

Make the creation on the saying ‘Comparing the lives of people before and now will
make everyone realize the changes that happened in society not just in terms of culture,
language or rights, but more importantly, changes in people’s way of life due to the
existence of science and technology.”
Film Vieweing
o Students will be asked to view a Film: Akiro Kurosawa’s Dream’s “Village of the
Watermills” After the film viewing, students will be intructed to prepare the
following materials in the activity below.
o Coloring pens/crayons, pentel pen, pencil, colored old magazines, pictures from
the web, scissors, cartolina, bond papers.
o Using the materials listed above, make a collage buy cutting pictures in
magazines or newspapers or make the illustrations that will demonstrate human
condition before the common era and the human condition during the common
era and possibly they may possibly include their day to day activities, their ways
of achieving survival and their strategies to attain high productivity. Students
may also print picture using the web.
 P a g e | 31

After making the collage, students may list down notable human conditions before
the commn era and during the common era and briefly discuss these conditions.
1. Before the Common Era
Our ancestors’ primal need to survive paved the way for the invention of several developments.
During the Stone Age, Homo sapiens began to sharpen stones as one would a knife; an example
of this is the simple machine wedge. The Homo erectus had discovered fire. They have been
using this for cooking through chirping stones without realizing the laws of friction and heat.
Ancient people discovered minerals and began forging metal works during the metal age period,

2. During the Common Era

Earliest case man made extinction occurred over 12, 000 years ago, possibly brought by hunting
and territorial disputes. The Holocene extinction, also called Anthropocene extinction, occurred
as early between 100,000 to 200,000 years up to present. It pertains to the ongoing extinction
of several species – both flora and fauna- due to human activity. Due to battle of resources, war
between tribes exists but sooner negotiations and trade takes place. Humanity became more
complex. The primary goal was not merely to survive, but to live a good life. Technology has
been instrumental because in searching for a good life, people were able to come up with
creation that would make life easier, more comfortable and enriching. The humans of today are
much better off compared to humans several centuries ago. Advancement in medicine,
technology, health and education ushered in humanity’s best yet, and show no sign of stopping.
Below are some of the notable comparisons then and now:

Our early
ancestors’ primal
need to survive
paved the way for
the invention of
several
developments.
our ancestors
were able to
utilize available
materials to make
their life more
As we always
claim that
comfortable.
humans are
gifted with
wisdom and
more advanced
than any other
creatures,
 P a g e | 32

In your own perspective, how has technology affected the following aspects given the
two-time frames? Fill out the table below.

Human Conditions Before the common era During the common era

Mortality Rate

Average Life Span

Literacy Rate

Gross Domestic Product

Activity 2: Individual Role Playing

 P a g e | 33

o Almost evryone are now dependent on the comforts of what technology has
brought to us. This time, try to imagine our world without technology? How do
you think our daily routine would be like?
o Demonstrate a scenario where certain technological innovation does not exist.
You will use any technological advancement for role playing.
Science and technology have aided us in survival and helped us outsmart our
adversaries, provided us comfortable life, allowed us to explore the world and
assissted us in discovering more about ourselves and the truth.
–Unknown

Topic 3: The Good Life

 Activity to Prior Knowledge

BIG IDEA:

“the truth is the aim of the theoretical sciences, the good is the end goal
of the practical ones. Every tempt is connected in some way in an attempt to find the
goo”.
-Aristotle

Materials
You will need the following materials in the activity below.
Coloring pens/crayons, pentel pen, pencil, colored old magazines, pictures from the
web, scissors, cartolina, glue, bond papers
Using the materials listed above, make a collage buy cutting pictures in magazines or
newspapers that demonstrate how technology has made the man’s desire for a happy
life more realizable. You may opt to print pictures using the web.

What is Good life as Perceived by different schools of thought?

 Innovation: Read the suggested article.
PHILISOPHY OF MIND
 P a g e | 34

[Link]

Aristotle and Good Life

Aristotle also forwarded
Compared to his
the idea that there is no
predecessor and teacher,
reality over and above
Plato, Aristotle embarked
It is interesting to note what senses can perceive.
on different approach in
that the first philosopher As such, it is only by
figuring out the reality.
who aproached the observation of the external
Plato thoght that things in
problem of reality from world that one can only
this world are not real and
scientific lens is Aristotle truly understand what
are only cpopies of the real
who is also the first thinker reality is all about. Change
in the world of forms.
who dabbled into the is a process that is inherit
While Aristotle puts
complex problematization the things. We, along over
everything back to the
of the end goal of life: entities in the world start
ground in claiming that his
happiness. as potentialities and move
world is all there and that
towards actualities. The
is the only reality, we can
movement, of course,
all access.
entails change.

BIG IDEA:
Look at the seedlings in the picture. It eventually germinates and grows into a
plant. The seeds that turned
to become the plant
underwent change from the
potential of the seed to its full actuality.
This can be likened to what Aristotle says
that every human person aspires for an
end. This end is happiness or human
flourishing.
And no one resists happines because we all
want to be happy.

Materialism
The first materialists were the atomist in
Ancient Greece. Democritus and Leucippus
 P a g e | 35

led a school whose primary beliefs is that the world is made up of and is controlled by
the tiny invisible units in the world called atomos or seeds. Accordingly, the world
including human beings, is made up matter and there is no need to possess immaterial
entities as source of purpose. Atoms simply comes together randomly to form the things
in the world. As such, only material entities matter.
In terms of human flourishing, matter is what makes us attain happiness. The material
things we possess give us ultimate happiness. We see at the work with most people who
are clinging on to material wealth as the primary source of meaning of their existence.

Hedonism
The hedonist sees the end goal of life in acquiring pleasure. Pleasure has always been
the priority of hedonist. For them life is so obtaining and indulging in pleasure because
life is limited. They
believe that pleasure
give meaning to their
life without thinking
of the future. The
mantra of this school
of thought is the
famous, “Eat, drink
and merry for
tomorrow we will
die.

Stoicism
An
other school of thought led by Epicirus,
the stoics, exposed the idea that to
generate happiness, one must learn to
distance, oneself and he apathetic. The
original term apatheia, precisely means to
be indifferent. These group believe that
 P a g e | 36

they can do things at their own and believe that happiness can only be attained by a
careful practice of apathy.

Theism
Most people find the meaning of their lives using
God as the fulcrum of their existence. The
Philippines, as predominantly country, is witness to
how people base their life goals on beliefs that
hinged in some form of supernatural reality called
heaven. The ultimate basis of happiness for theist
is the communion with God.

Humanism
Humanism as another school of thought espouses the
freedom of man to carve his own destiny and to legislate
his own laws, free from the shackles of a God that
monitors and controls. For humanists, man is literally the
captain of his own ship. They see themselves not merely
as stewards of the creation but as individuals who are in
control of themselves and the world outside them.
As a result of the motivation
of humanist current, scientist
eventually turned to
technology in order to ease the difficulty of life. Scientist of
today meanwhile are ready to confront more sophisticated
attempts at altering the world for the benefit of humanity.
Some people are now willing to tamper with time and
space in the name of technology.
Activity 1: Fill in the blanks.
Using the table below, list down the different advantages and disadvantages of the
different schools of thought in attaining good life and happiness.

School of Thought Advantages Disadvantages

1. Materialism
 P a g e | 37

2. Hedonism

3. Stoicism

4. Theism

5. Humanism

Activity 2: Think about these questions.

1. What is a good life?

2. What is the relationship between good life and science?
3. Does technology always lead us to the good life? Support your answer.
Students are now ready to take a quiz for today’s discussion.

Topic 4: When Technology and Humanity Cross

 Activate Your Prior Knowledge

Are you ready for your next topic? I’m sure you are! As a start, let’s do this preparatory
activity especially prepared for you. Happy learning! 
 P a g e | 38

o Using a graphic organizer, list down some technology you see or you use at
home, at school or in your community, and in social media. Categorize them
according to their purpose (transportation, communication, education, etc.).
Describe briefly how you or the community use these technologies you mention.

technology technology technology technology

Great work! Now let’s proceed to the next section of this module.
 P a g e | 39

When technology and humanity cross… will it be a convergence or a clash between man
machines?
Television sets, Mobile phones, Computers, and Humanity
A number of technological devices can be easily found inside the home, the most
accessible place of anyone. Having said that, it can also be easily inferred that these
technological devices are some of the most popular and most commonly used types of
devices across all age groups. To be more
specific, these “celebrities” in the field of
technology are television sets, mobile phones,
and computers. People all over the world use
these technologies every day to accomplish
different purposes.
In television, used mainly as a platform for
advertisements and information dissemination.
It remains to be the most used avenue by different advertisements companies not only
in the Philippines but also all over the world. Various advertising companies trust that
television I still one of the most technological devices up until today. It also serves as a
recreational activity and good stress reliever to most families, specifically to Filipino
families. Television is also a good platform for different propagandas and advocacies.
Lastly, it can also be a good way to bond with one’s family members.
In mobile phones, used primarily for
communication. It offers services like texting and
calling. In the past, these were the only functions of
the mobile phone but as technology progressed,
there have been many additional features included
on the mobile phones. In the present, people use
their mobile phones more than text ad call people.
This is the reason why more and more people all over the world prefer to buy
smartphones over the old models where such features are not available. These make
this particular technological device very appealing to the masses. Additionally, it is very
portable and convenient because it can fit into any space, may it be inside the pocket or
bag.
Computers and laptops, on the other hand, can be used to surf the Internet and
communicate. For a lot of people, they prefer to their job using either a personal
computer or a laptop than a mobile phone. Personal
computer or a laptop has a wide keyboard, wide
screens and separate keyboards than mobile
phones. Another reason is that the availability of a
mouse or a touchpad made these two technological
devices easier the maneuver than mobile phones.
Lastly, for the youth and those who love to play
 P a g e | 40

different computer games, personal computers or laptops are really the better choice
because these allow them play with comfort and convenience.
Ethical Dilemma Faced by This Technological Advancements
It is true that these technological devices are useful and beneficial, the fact remains that
there are several dilemmas faced by these “necessities”. First, most parents would
argue that these devices make their children lazy and unhealthy. This is because of the
fact that people who are fixated on these technological advancements start and end
their day by using such devices. For
example, those who love to watch
television shows stays in front of
the television for more than six
hours a day while does who love to
surf the Internet or play computer
games stay on their laptops,
computers, or mobile phones or
more than half a day. These people have the tendency to be unaware of the time
because they are so engrossed with the use of technological device. Also, there are the
same people who are more likely to experience alienation because they no longer to get
out their houses and mingle to other people. It is really concerning to know that there
are people who developed different kinds of sickness because of too much use of
technological devices. The agents using the devices are the ones to be blamed for the
undesirable consequences, namely, laziness and unhealthiest. In terms of alienation, it
can be concluded that the people in the scientific-technological world are blameworthy
because they tell the propel something that seems positive but when examined closely,
brings worse than good.
Another dilemma faced by these technological
devices is the moral dilemma. People, especially
the children who are not capable yet of
rationally deciding for themselves what is right
or wrong, are freely exposed to different things
on television, mobile phones, laptops, or
computers. Because of the availability and easy
access to the internet, they can just easily search
the web and go to different websites without
restrictions. This allows them to see, read, hear, and things which are not suitable for
their very young age. This makes them very vulnerable character change and can greatly
affect the way they view the world and the things around them. The people in the
scientific world nor the children are blameworthy because first, children are not yet
capable of rationality deciding for themselves what is good and what is bad. Second,
even if creators of these technologies went out of their way to inform children of the
pros and cons of these technological contributions, it would still be useless because the
children have no capacity to understand them yet. So, the ones to be blamed are the
 P a g e | 41

adults who allowed the children to have access to such devices in first place without any
supervision.
Robotics and Humanity
Another great product of the innovative minds of the people is the robot which are now
widely used. For example, there are so –called service robots that do specific tasks but
focus mainly in assisting their masters in their everyday tasks.
Germany was one of the first
countries to develop service
robots. A part of the German
Federal Ministry of Education
and Research’s “Service
Robotics Innovation Lead
Initiative,” it sponsored a
collaborative project called
DESIRE (Deutshe Servicerobotik
Initiative Germany Service
Robotics Initiative) which was launched on October 1, 2005. Some of the expected work
to be performed by DESIRE are the following: (1) “Clear up the kitchen table” – all
objects on the top of the kitchen table will be moved to where they belong; (2) “Fill the
dishwasher” – the dirty dishes will be sorted correctly into the dishwasher, and (3)
“Clear up this room” – all objects that are not in their proper places will be moved to
where they belong.
Roles played by Robotics
Robots play different roles not only in the lives of the
people but also in the society as whole. There are primarily
to use to ease the workload of mankind. They were
invented to make life more efficient and less stressful. They
perform complicated activities which human beings are
incapable of doing. On the other hand, they perform the
simplest tasks at home so that their masters can perform
the complex ones without stressing themselves over the
simple tasks. There are also robots which are made for
pleasure. To be more specific, these types of robots performs activities to entertain
people. They can usually be found in amusement parks or exhibits. In addition, there are
also some robots which were made to serve as toys. They also perform different
activities but they are usually child-friendly.
Ethical Dilemma/s faced by Robotics
Just like any other technological advancements,
robotics also faces different problems and dilemmas.
Although the idea is to help people and make their
 P a g e | 42

lives a lot easier than before, it is still not immune to different ethical dilemmas and
possible undesirable outcomes. One of the dilemmas faced by robots is safety. Who
should be held responsible if such things happen?
Another dilemma is the emotional component. This may seem a little absorb as of the
moment, but looking at how fast technology progresses nowadays, it is not completely
impossible for robots to develop emotions. So here, the questions become, “What if
robots become sentient? Should they be granted robot, right? Should they have their
own set of rights to be upheld, respected, and protected by humans?” It is just right for
the robots to be given their own set of rights should they develop the ability to feel
different kind of emotion.
Moral and Ethical Issues in Advanced Technology
Individuals and organizations use technology to
enhance their daily operations, be it business,
learning, construction, or medical activities.
Advancemnet in technology does not elicit ethical
or moral issues, but it is the use of technological
inventions that raises these issues.

Ethical dilemmas arise when there are

competing goods and competong evils. In
regard to IT, the sharing of private
information within an organization raises
the question of whether thr action is moral
or immoral. Information systems enable
people to manipulate records within a
period, thus raisng questions on whether
the informaion is genuine or vague.
In a addition, will genetic engineering
improve the quality of life or destroy it? These are some of ethical dilemmas that are yet
to besolved. Furthermore, biotechnology raises some moral isues. It is difficult to justify
the use of living organisms during research and other technological dicoveries. For
instance, vitro fertilization enable women who are not in a position to hav their own
children to undergo the process. Religious groups are opposed to such practices
beacause their brliefs do not agree with them.
Similarly, the uses of technology have the capability
of making many innocenr people to suffer; this is a
moral concern. For example, and consequently
destroying the environment. This raises some health
problems. People affected by nuclear emissions, such
as those witnessed in Hiroshima ang Nagasaki, are
 P a g e | 43

deemed to be genetically impaired. Such effects can affect the next generations of
affected individuals.
The use of computers also raises health issues. Even though computer makes our work
easir, it is evident that prolonged ue of computers results to repetive stress injuries.
In regard to job displacement, machines have enabled companies to cut down their laor
force. Many companies use technological tools and knowledge, such as robots and
computer to run their business opertaions. Some people are forced to take different
roles other than their quqlification requirements and other are faced with stress related
to work difficulties.
The idea that the quest for strong AI would ultimately succeed was long thought of as
science fiction, centuries of more away. However,
thanks to recent breakthroughs, many AI
milestones, whicheperts viewed as decades away
merely five years ago, have now been reached,
making many experts take seriously the possibilty of
super intelligence in our lifetime. Because AI has the
potential to become more intelligent than any
human, we have no surefire way of predicting how
it will behave. People now control the planet, not because were the strongest, fastest
and biggest, but because were the smartest. If were no longer the smartest, are wee
assured to remain in control?
But there are other examples of potential ethcial dilemmas in scientific research and
technology. There are things like genetic enginnering, where people worry that we
might one day create super-humans thar wll outcompete regular humans. There is
survellance technology, making people wonder how human rights could be violated.
People ask questions about whether we’re going where only God should thread, and
whether we should do somethinf just because we can. The implications of many of
these technologies are complex and philosophical.
The biggest risk to our future is not the
technology will take over but that we
will become too much like technology.
Let’s think about where it’s going. Lets
balance the EQ with the IQ. We should
think of technology not as what we seek
but rather how we seek – it is a tool we
should embrace, not one we should
become.

Application
 P a g e | 44

1. From the graphic organizer you completed at the very start of this section,
choose one technology in each category and give their risks and benefits as
regards to their purpose. Explin briefly each point you included.

Technology Benefits Risks

 Feedback

2. “My Ideal Technology”.

Think of an issue (be it environmental, economical, transporation, etc.), and
come up with a technology that would somehow address the issue. Give a
description of the features of your technology. What are its benefits and
drawbacks to society?
Summary
While it is true that science equips its knowers some details about the world, its main
claim to objectivity and sysytematic methodology is at the very least flawed. Science and
technology has aided us in our survival and helped usoutsmart our adverseries, provided
us comfortable living, allowed us to explore the world, and assissted us in discoering
more about ourselves and the truth.
It is undeniably true that man constatnlyaims for a good life and has the worked hard in
poiting out what amounts to be good and what happiness means to them. Science and
technology has been at the forefronts of man’s attempts at finding this happiness and
attaining goo life for many if all of us.
 P a g e | 45

In our modern times, there are different advancements given by science and
technology. However, there are still problems faced by these technological
advancemneta specifically on the ethical aspects in nature and mankind. It is not
impossible for technology and humanity not to cross paths and it is necessary that ethics
be enforced in the field of technology to ensure safety and morality of these
advancements to living things.
Reflection

1. What do you think will happen if human person did not flourish in terms of
science and technology?

2. Online activity -Debate: A student will pick one topic to debate on (at least 4
students as exact count from the topics). The remaining group of students must
form into 2 subgroups – one as the Pro, the other as the Con.
The topic for the debate is the following:
a. Is technology is a friend or a foe?
b. Automation – A Threat to Employment?
c. Internet vs. Indolence and Stupidity
d. Clong and Stem cell technology

3. Submit in document type in our Facebook Classroom:

From among the different schools of thought presented above, which among
them describe you as a person or as a member of community? Do you think you
can develop better and attain a good life? How and Why?
 P a g e | 46

LESSON 3:
Science, Technology and Society and the Human Condition

TOPICS
TOPICS 1. Information Age
3. Historical
2. Antecedents
Biodiversity in
andthethe
Course of Science
Healthy Society and Technology
1.2 Intellectual Revolution
3. Genetically that Defined
Modified Society
Organisms: Science, Health and Politics
4. [Link]
Technology
Nanoworld and Nation Building
4.2 Science Education
5. The Aspectsinofthe Philippines
Gene Therapy
4.3 Indigenous Science and Technology
6. Climate Change and Environmental in the Philippines
Awreness
(Mandated Topic)
LEARNING OUTCOMES
At the end of the lesson, you should be able to:
LEARNING OUTCOMES
 Discuss the interactions between S&T and society throughout history;
At the end of this lesson, you should be able to:
 Discuss how the scientific and technological developments affect society and the
environment;
 link learned concepts to the development of the information age
 Discuss the paradigm shifts through history;
and its impact on society;
 Explain how intellectual revolution change the way how humas see the world;
 illustrate how the social media and the information age have
 Describe the tehnological advancement that happened in the information age;
impacted our lives;
 Explaining the role of Science and Technology in the Philippine nation building;
 determine the interrelatedness of society, environment and health;
 Evaluate government policies peratining to science and technology in terms of
 discuss the ethics and implication of GMOs and potential future
their contributions to nation building; and
impacts;
 discuss the major impacts (both potential and realize) of
nanotechnology on society;
 analyze the issue through the conceptual STS lenses;
 critique the issue and its cause and benefits to the society;
 P a g e | 47

 Identify actual science and techhnology policies of the government and appraise
their impact on the development of the Filipino nation.

Highly modernized, automated, data-driven, and technologically

advanced -these best describe our society nowadays, as evidenced by how information
could be transfered or shared quickly. Despite out gains due to the growing
development of iformation technology, the rapid upgrade of information also has
disadvantages. According to James R. Messenger who proposed the Theory of
Information Age in 1982, “ the Information Age is a true new age based upon the
interconnection of computers via telecommunications, with these further systems
operating on both a real-time and as needed basis.
Meanwhile, Biological adversity is the foundation for livelihood and sustainable
development, supplying basic needs such as food, energy, medicine, recreational and
cultural benefits. However, population growth, industrialization and urbanization have
accelerated the decline and extinction of species as well as the degradation of
ecosystems. The loses are due to a range of pressures and driven by socio-economic
factors, including climate change, ecosystem degradation, illegal trade and
unsustainable use.
Biotechnology can help conserve biodiversity and help protect some species from going
extinct. Modern biotechnology provides breakthrough products and technologies to
combat debilitating and rare diseases, reduce our environmental footprint, feed the
hungry, useless and cleaner energy, and have safer, cleaner and more efficient industrial
manufacturing process. With the development of genetic engineering, research in
biotechnology developed rapidly because of the new possibility to make changes in the
organisms’ genetic material (DNA).
Through genetic engineering farmers can raise more food for a growing world
population while reducing agriculture’s impact on the environment. Genetically
modified crops enable farmers to grow more crops using less land while applying fewer
chemicals and conserving water and energy allowing farmers to be more productive and
efficient. Nanotechnology is also increasingly being used to create new foods and food
packaging by breaking matter down into microscopic nanoparticles that are just atoms
wide and “programming” them to perform specific tasks. A range of nanotech
 P a g e | 48

applications for food have been used and proposed, from packaging (e.g., forming an
air-tight vacuum) to taste (e.g., mimicking the flavor and texture of familiar foods).
However, Nano world is perhaps the fastest growing world in the 21 st century. Global
competition among nations in nanotechnology research, development and marketing in
on the rise. Advantages of nanotechnology towards improving the quality of life are
many. Like what medical science has detected many human diseases related to
defective genes that are not curable by traditional methods. Gene Therapy is a potential
method to either treat or cure genetic-related human illneses. However, these
technological activities may benefit to society but also has disadvantages to our
environment that could be the factors that contribute to climate change due to natural
occurences or contributed by acts of human beings.

Topic 1: Information Age

 Activity to Prior Knowledge

Situation:

o Imagine that you are lost in the wilderness and there is a substation cypher (a
method of encrypting message in which the letters of the original text are
systematically replaced by different alphabet) that you need to answer to solve
your dilemma.

A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z
S T U V W X Y Z A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R

Hint: this is the first thing that you will be doing when you are lost
Encrypted word: AFXGJESLAGF KWSJUZAFY
Answer: __________________________________

Presentation of Contents

 Innovation: Read the suggested article.

SCIENCE APPROACH TO LIFE: A SCIENCE TOOLKIT
[Link]
 P a g e | 49

[Link]

[Link]

Information plays an important role in

understanding the truth and reality. If there are
information available, our lives might be
enigmatic and chaotic. The development of our
system of acquiring, storing and retrieving
information had spurt with the advent of
science and now we are in the century which is
considered by many as the Information Age.
Information Age is the period starting in last quarter of 20 th century when information
became effortlessly accessible through publication and through the management of
information by computers and computer networks. It is a true new age based upon the
interconnection of computer via telecommunications, with these systems operating on
both real-time and as needed basis- Theory of Information Age (Messenger, 1982)
Before it has reached its current state, constant age as taken place in the form of
information revolution. By 1960’s to 1970’s, rapid growth of information resulted to
difficulty in collecting and managing them 1980’s there was Information Anxiety
(Richard Wurman). In 1990’s, information became the currency of the business world.
At present, information turned out to be a commodity, an over developed product,
mass produce and unspecialized.
Robert Harris has outlined the truths about Information Age. He describes it as follows:
1. Information must complete
2. Newer is equated to truer
3. Selection is a viewpoint
4. The media cells what the culture buys
5. The early word gets the perm
6. You are what you eat and so is your brain
7. Anything in great demand will be counterfeited
8. Ideas are seen as controversial
9. Undead information walks ever on
10. Media presence creates the story
11. The medium selects the message
12. The whole truth is a pursuit
Accessibility of information was made
faster and easier with the aid of computer.
One of the significant applications of
computers for science and research is evident in the field of bioinformatics.
Bioinformatics is the application of information technology store, organize and analyze
 P a g e | 50

vast amount of biological data which is available in the form sequences and information
carrier (Madan, n.d.) Such was established because of the need to create a database of
biological sequences. Application includes the Human Genome Project,
Pharmacogenomics Drug Discovery, Gene Finder and Annotator.

Application

Activity 1
Arrange the photos chronologically by writing numbers 1-12 below each photo and
explain the manner by which information if being acquired, store, retrieve and utilize.
 P a g e | 51

Activity 2
o Problems in fake news have surfaced different multimedia platform, with these,
users must be knowledgeable on how to verify the authenticity of a source.
Create a checklist on how to check on the reliability and authenticity of
information found in websites and journals.

 Feedback
Make a slogan and poster that will interpret on the advantages and disadvantages of
Technology, specifically contributed by human activities.
Reflection
Now you have reached this far, it is time to reflect and make a move by answering the
following questions
1. Is information age a boon or a bane? Why?
2. How does Information Age influence our society?
3. As a part of a planet earth, what can you do in your own simple way to help in
the advancement of science and technology for the improvement of the society?
4. Reflect on this “Gene therapy is still in its infancy, but it is believed that as t
mature, it will become an effective treatment for the myriad of genetic diseases
that affect humanity”
5. Imagine a product called multi-replicator was developing by a nanotechnologist
and made available to anyone. This replicator could allow people to simply
produce any item they need themselves without the help of any manufacturer or
a company. What would this do to our economy as we know it today? Can you
think of some impacts of these breakthrough on employment, science, politics,
society and other sectors. What are some of the social and ethical considerations
scientist must consider in conducting researchs in nanotechnology?

Topic 2: Biodeiversity and the Healthy Society

 P a g e | 52

 Innovation: Read the suggested short articles.

Uncover the real meaning of media messages about science and evaluate the
science behind policies

[Link]

[Link]

[Link]

[Link]

[Link]

[Link]

 Activate Your Prior Knowledge

In Your Own Understanding 😊

BIG IDEA:
All living things exist in balance with other living things and physical factor.
-Unknown

Bio diversity
Look at the word “biodiversity”. It’s actually two words combined together. With your
partner, breakdown the meaning of the two words in biodiversity.
Bio means-

Diversity means-

Now, combine the two words and try to come up with your own definition of
biodiversity:
Biodiversity means
_____________________________________________________________________
 P a g e | 53

Let us compare our definition with the following definitions provided:

Biodiversity is defined as the vast variety of life forms in the entire earth which includes
the simplest unicellular organism to the most complex multi cellular organism. (Serafico,
2018). Another definition of
biodiversity is the variably of
organisms including species
thriving in different ecosystems
like marine, freshwater or any
aquatic and terrestrial and the
ecological complexes of which
they are part; this includes
diversity between, and within
and of ecosystems. (Villago
Globale, 2009)
Biodiversity comprise abiotic
and biotic factors. Several
biomes have diverse
characteristics in terms of their
abiotic factors that dictate the
biotic factors that thrives on it.
The aquatic biome can be
divided into two, the freshwater biome and the marine biome. The freshwater
biomeincludes pomds and lakes, streams and rivers, and wetlands. It is usually less than
one (1%) of the earth’s resources. Marine regions include oceans, coral reefs and
estuaris. It comprises about three fourthsof the earth’s surface. Terrestrial biomes
include deserts, forest, grasslands, and truenda.
After you are done defineing biodiversity, ask your pair to take a walk around the
campus and note of the differesnt orgsnisms presents as well as the characteristics of
the organisms and their corresponding density. Synthesize data into any graphical
presentatiom that you can illustrate in Figure 9.1.
Now that you have shared your knowledge of local biodiversity, it’s time to think about
biodiversity on a bigger scale. Research on the biodiversity of the country as well as the
global scale and illustrate them using the same graphical representaion that you have
used in your local biodiversity on Figure 9.2 and 9.3.
 P a g e | 54

measuring biodiversity
Although examining counts of species is perhaps the most common method used to
compare the biodiversity of various places, other methods may be used, such as
examining the genetic diversity within species, ecosystem diversity, and the
presence of endemic species.

Encyclopedia Britannica, Inc./Patrick O'Neill Riley

Activity 1. Paste the picture & explain: Showing the biodiversity of the Philippines.
 P a g e | 55

Activity 2. Paste the picture & explain: Showing the diversity of the world.

You answer in the above question actually explains that biotic factors (living things) are
related to the abiotic factors (non-living things). For example, your answer in an increase
in the population of rats in a rice field or decrease in the number of dragon flies in the
area; therefore must be changes in the environment. Thus, a change in th environment
can cause a change in the biodiversity. And a change in the biodiversity could have
erratic effects not only in wildlife and marine ecosystem but also in human beings.
Now get a copy of the following articles and proceed to Activity 1.
1. “ The politics of Golden Rice” (Dubok Adrian GM Crops & Food. Jul-Sep2014,
Vol5 Issue 3 p 210-222 13p.)
2. “Ethics in Research with Vulnerable Populations and Emerging Countries: The
Golden Rice Case.” (Dudget, Anne Marie et. Al., Journal of International Law and
Commerical Regulations. Summer 2013, Vol.38 Issue 4, p979-1013, 35p)
3. Agro-ecology: what it is and what is has to offer? Is this future of farming?

Activity 3: Think and Share through Facebook Classroom.

Directions:
You were tasked to read the different articles above. The first time you read you hand-
out (assignment), you placed your pencil down and just read to understand. Today,
while listening, it’s time to mark your hand-outs by using the symbol asterisk (*) to mark
key ideas, exclamation point (!) symbol to mark surprising ideas and check mark ( / )
symbol to mark things you connect with. Write a quick comment about what you picked
that sentence, word or idea. Lastly, share with your partner. Be sure to identify the quite
passage you selected. Then, share your comment using a “Sample Language Support” to
get your discussion flowing. Record your partner response as well.
 P a g e | 56

Symbol Comment Sample Language

Support
*  Key ideas expressed  One significant idea
 Main points in the lecture is
 The article is trying
to convey
!  Surprising  I was surprised to
details/claims know that…
 How can anyone
claim that…
/  Ideas/ section you  This section
connect with reminded me of…
 This connects with
my experience in
that…

Use this part as your answer sheet.

Symbol Your comment or reason for Your partner’s comment/question to
marking this passage what you said

Here is a gist of what you have read…

Life on earth is affected by changes in the

environment. Life represented by the various
species face threats every day that lead to
evolution and gene modification. There are major
threats to biodiversity that were identified by the
United Nations’ Environment Programme
(WHO,n.d.). These threats include habitat loss and
destruction, alteration in ecosystem composition, over-exploitation, pollution and
contamination and global climate change.
 P a g e | 57

Given those threats to biodiversity, different

aspects in the society, health, biology and
environment are at risk. Researchers have been
discovering new ways to improve crop
production, address health illness and decrease
biodiversity loss.

Activity 4: Biodiversity Saver in the Making

BIG IDEA:

“We should preserve every scrap of biodiversity as priceless while we learn to use it and come to
understand what means to humanity.”

Complete the table below:

Today, you must analyze the different statements in Table 9.2 and put a check (/) mark
on the box of your choice under Day 1: My opinion. Ask your teacher to affix her
signature on the answer of your answers. Tonight, look for evidences and that may
support and not support the statements and place a check mark on your
decision whether you agree or disagree.

Day 1: Evidences/ Day 2:

My Findings My
opinion Decision
Agree Disagree No Agree Disagree
Support
1. Environmental changes
caused by human can
always be reversed.

2. We can learn from

previous environmental
disasters to that we will
not repeat the same
mistake.
 P a g e | 58

3. All scientific
experiments do not
affect biodiversity.

4. One organism
becoming extinct does
not hurt nature because
there are millions of
organisms on earth

Reflection

o Concept Mapping.
Using Slido PowerPoint Presentation (for those who has an internet connection), Make
an animation and List down several concepts that the society or human beings benefit
from biodiversity. On the other circle, enumerate the different challanges and
disadvantages that biodiversity suffers as we work our way to aquire the benefits
through pictures or images available on the web and make a hyperlink to redirect the
pictures to a certain topic or article. (for those who don’t have an internet connection)
On your bond paper, write and draw up where the two circle meets, list down possible
ways and strategies on how we could aquire these benefits and needs without
compromising the growth process of biodiversity.

Topic 3: Genetically Modified Organisms: Science, Health, and Politics

BIG IDEA:
Based on evolutionary theory,
organisms’ innate characteristics in
its genome dictates its ability to
survive. Breakthroughs in modern
 P a g e | 59

technology lead to what we call genetically modified organisms or GMO’s which has
changed the concept of survival.

The Genetic Engineering Process of a Plant

GMO is the term used for an organism created through genetic engineering. The World
Health Organization (WHO 2014) defines GMO as an “organism, either plant, animal, or
microorganism, in which the genetic material (DNA) has been altered in a way that does
not occcur naturally by mating or natural recombination.”

 Activite Your Prior Knowledge

Search the Facts and Make a Stand: Justification of IDEA!
Make a research on the different genetically modified organisms, the pros and cons of
genetically modified crops, and ethical implications and its impacts.
(such as Biosafety, Benefits and Potential Risk of GMO)
Answer this argument whether you are on the affirmative or negative side.

The title would be: Genetically modified products are safe to eat.

GMOs in Food and Agricultural Industries

Pest resistance – genetically modified plants resist certain pests.

An example is Bt Corn has been modified with the gene of
Bacillus thuringienesis, a soil bacterium that produces proteins
which is toxic to corn borers (worm).

Virus resistance- genetically modified plants to

resist certain viruses. An example is GM papaya or
rainbow papaya. The protein papaya ringspot virus
(PRSV) was introduced to the papaya plant through
plant tissue which turned out to be resistant to the
virus itself.
 P a g e | 60

Herbicide tolerance – An example is Roundup

Ready soybean, Glycophosate, an herbicide for
weeds was introduced to soybeans making it
tolerant to the herbicide itself.

Fortification- An example is Golden Rice. Beta-carotene, a

precursor of vitamin A, was introduced through biosynthesis
genes to the rice, making the rice grains fortified with vitamin A.

Cosmetic preservation –
An example is Arctic
Apple. The apple variety
was genetically modified
to suppress the browning
of apple due to superficial
damage.

Increase growth rate -An example is

AquAdvantage salmon, a gene from an
ocean pout, an eel-like fish was
introduced to Pacific Chinook salmon,
making the salmon grow faster than its
normal rate.

 Innovation: Read the suggested short article.

HOW SCIENCE REALLY WORKS
[Link]
 P a g e | 61

 Feedback
Think about these questions:
1. How would you reconcile the emerging needs of human beings regarding their
health and the need to protect the biodiversity?
2. Do you think scientific researchers that modify the genes of organisms bring
more advantages than disadvantages?
Now you are ready to take a quiz for the present and previous topic discussion
Reflection

Together let us make a stand in protecting the nature, in this way we can protect our
children’s future.
-Unknown
I-pledge
o Advocacy Writing
Make an advocacy on the need to reconcile the emerging needs of human beings and
the need to protect the growth of biodiversity.

o EXTENDING Your Research Work

Write an individual research paper on the impacts of GMOs on one of the following
topics:
1. Genetically modified organism organism produced by
Philippine researchers.
2. Issues on biosafety policies.

Topic 4: The Nanoworld

 Activite Prior Knowledge

Before we begin your journey to the smallest possible scale in the realm of science, try
answering these questions:
 P a g e | 62

Can you build a statute from a pile of dust?

Can you think of situations were scientist have to make assumptions because they
couldn’t see what they are studying?

Do you think we are capable of unlocking the key on how natural elements are designed
and created?

BIG IDEA:

“Nanotechnology is the sixth truly revolutionary technology introduced in the modern

world…” –Dr. Allan Bromley
 P a g e | 63

A timeline showing how human transportation systems have evolved.

A timeline showing how human transportation systems have evolved, from primitive, slow, and inefficient
vehicles, to modern, faster, and more efficient options. Corresponding advances in agricultural
biotechnology are shown below, similarly illustrating how advances changed our ability to develop new
agricultural crops.© 2012 Nature Education Courtesy of Ania M. Wieczorek and Mark G. Wright. All rights
reserved.
[Link]
development-25885295/
Nanotechnology is defined as the study and use of structures between 1 nanometer and
100 nanometers in size. These include the design, characterization, production and
application of structures, devices and controlling shape and size on a nanometer scale.
Royal Society, 2004. It is just like studying eight hundred 100 nanometer particles side
by side to match the width of a human hair. Nanoscience is the study of phenomena and
manipulation of materials at atomics, molecular and macromolecular scales. This
includes the study of material 100nm own to the Size of atoms which is approximately
0.2nm. For comparison, a red blood cell is approximately 7, 000nm wide and a water
molecule was almost 0.3 nm across. (K. ban [Link]. 2011.)
Studying particles nano particles has been an interest of scientist for centuries and the
field flourishes with the development of microscopes capable of displaying particles
called nanomaterial. A nanomaterial is an object that has at least one dimension on the
nanometer scale (app. 1-100nm); material can be in one dimension (very thin surface
coatings, films, layers), in two dimensions (nanowires, nanotubes, nanoring, micro0.
(Nanoyou, 2011). Nanomaterials are of two types. Inorganic nanomaterial which
includes gold nano clusters, fullerenes and carbon nanotubes. Organic nanomaterial on
 P a g e | 64

the other hand are made up of carbon compounds. To build such, nanotechnologists
employ self-organization using the molecules that can be assembled house in an
environment suitable for physical and chemical assembly. This type of nanomaterial
results in the growth of artificial layers of skin, live tissues and other organs. (Lohith,
2014).
As shown on figure 10.5, the term “nano” is equivalent to one billionth of a meter (10
raised to the power of -9) hence it expresses a very tiny amount or size. In
nanotechnology, you will be able to manipulate meter in atomic or subatomic scale.
Some of the uses of nanotechnology include the production of microprocessor and
strain-resistant fabrics.

[Link]

The study of material becomes interesting with the use of different equipment like
electron microscope, atomic force microscope, and scanning tunneling microscope.
Electron microscope was built by Ernst Ruska and Max Knoll during 1930s. There were
two general types of electron microscopes namely scanning electron microscope and
transmission electron microscope. The former directs a high voltage of electron beam
towards the specimen to illuminate it and create a magnified image of the sample while
the latter directs a focused electron beam across the rectangular area of the specimen,
which loses energy as it passes through. The resolution of scanning electron
microscopes tends to be poorer than that achieved from the transmission electron
microscope. Atomic force microscope was developed BY Gerd Binig, Calvin Quate and
Chrisoph Gerber in 1986. It makes use of mechanical probe that gathers information
from the surface of a material. Scanning Tunnelling microscope enables scientist to view
 P a g e | 65

and manipulate nanoscale particles, atoms, and

small molecules. This invention gave a Nobel Prize
Awards in Physics to their inventors, Gerd Binigand
Rohrer. ([Link], 2018).
Numerous innovations in development as well as
those under investigations are now the focus of
nanotechnology. Nanotechnology impacts many
industries like transportation, environment, energy,
electronics, manufacturing, agriculture and
pharmaceuticals. In the field of health care,
nanotechnologists work on chemical and biological
sensors, drugs and delivery devices. Prosthetics and
biosensors. They have created the quantum dots
that glow in UV light to locate as few as 10 to 100 cancer cells. They also trying to grow
laboratory tissues to repair heart tissue or eve replace them. In technology, they are
looking for solutions for a better data storage and computation (e.g. a DVD that could
hold a million movies0 while in a environment, nanotechnology plays a big role in the
quest for clean energy and clear air (Nano Solar Cells). (Bennewitz, 2000).
In the Philippines, PCASTRD-DOST has funded most of the nanotech projects which
includes ICT and Semiconductors, Health and biomedical, energy, environment,
agriculture and food, health and environmental risk nanotechnology and education and
public awareness. (Serafica, 2018).
Nanotechnology faced a lot of issues since nanoscale-sized objects are very delicate.
Radiation particles can cause fatal defects during manufacturing thus development
requires very clean environments taking only a few, out of many produced, are perfect.
Aside from manufacturing issues, there are also potential risk of nanotechnology in
health and in environment. Nanoparticles can be swallowed, inhaled, absorbed through
the skin, or deliberately injected. If this happens, inflammation can be triggered and
weaken the immune system. Nanoparticles can also accumulate in soil, water and plants
([Link], 2004)

Activity [Link] the video on YouTube entitled “The Next Step in Nanotechnology” by
George Tule ski, Ted Talks.

Here’s a link for a faster access.

[Link] .

And answer the following questions:

 P a g e | 66

1. What are the possible innovations can nanotechnology offer?

2. Why do you think few scientists works on nanotechnology?

3. Do you think we can use nanotechnology in solving environmental problems?

4. In the world of medicine, nanotechnology plays a big role in the repair of cells,
cure diseases and even delay aging. If this happens, what would this mean to our
society?

Topic 5: The Aspects of Gene Therapy

 Activite Prior Knowledge

Learning Activity: W-O-R-D-U-P!
Directions: Using the grid below, find words related to
gene therapy. You may use the statements that follow as
your clues to identify the words. Write your answer on
the space provided after each statement.

E Q Z X L E L L Q S T Y C W M
C G V C H T S I P K I K I U E
G O E B K H U N T I N G T O N
V L C R H O R U F H R A A N I
V W T Y M P I H C E T U M R O
J Q O K A L V F L I T E O R T
B L R L U L I R D W E T S E A
 P a g e | 67

O E S M T T A N Q N T Y U O I
L S I C K L E C E L L A N E M
P S V E O U Q G A A E I O Z P

1. A disorder of the nervous system that usually occurs after the age of 45.
________________________
2. A disorder in the blood caused by an inherited abnormal hemoglobin (the
oxygen-carrying protein within the red blood cells.
________________________________
3. Are plasmid or viruses that are used to move recombinant DNA from one cell to
another. __________________________
4. It is the alteration of the nucleotide sequence of the genome of an organism,
virus or extrachromosomal DNA. ________________________________
5. A unit of DNA that usually located on a chromosome and that controls the
development of one or more traits. _____________________________________
6. Gene therapy that targets the reproductive cells meaning any changes made to
the DNA will be passed on the next generation. __________________________
7. It is when the DNS is transferred into body tissues. It specifically targets cells in
the body which are not passed on to the person’s children.
Gene therapy has become an increasingly important topic in science-related news. The
aim of gene therapy is the successful integration of correct, therapeutic DNA into the
genomes of cells to alter gene expression and, in turn, protein synthesis to correct
genetic disease.

Two Types of Gene Therapy

Somatic gene therapy, which involves introducing a “good” gene into targeted cells to
treat the patient – but the patient’s future children because the genes do not get passes
along to offspring.
Germline gene therapy, involves the introduction of corrective genes into reproductive
cells (sperm and eggs) or zygotes, with the objective of creating a beneficial genetic
change that is transmitted to the offspring.
 P a g e | 68

View the site for more information:

[Link]

Vectors for Gene Delivery

Gene therapy vectors (Viral and non-viral)
Viruses, liposomes, and naked DNA are some of the vehicles used to introduce
transgene into the host genome.
The vehicles used to introduce the transgene is known as vectors, various criteria to
select vector for gene therapy are discussed here. The utility of the vector depends
on the factor enlisted below,

 The size of the exogenous gene (transgene)

 The efficiency of the delivery
 It will induce the host immune response or not
 The stability and longevity of the transgene
 Level of expression of a transgene

“The transgene which is selected for the gene therapy should not induce an
immune response in the host, should have capacity to carry larger transgene, and
must have a high expression rate. “
Appropriate methods to deliver DNA used in gene therapy are vital, as the targeted
tissues must properly receive the appropriate genes. Gene therapy can be carried out
using naked DNA delivered directly Vectors for Gene Delivery.
 P a g e | 69

The classification the gene therapy vectors are given into the figure below:

View the site for more information:

[Link]
limitations/

Adenovirus- are a group of common viruses that infect the lining

of your eyes, airways and lungs, intestines, urinary tract, and
nervous system. They’re common cause of fever,
coughs, sore throats, diarrhea, and pink eye.

Structure of Adenovirus

View the site for more information:

[Link]
based_Gene_Therapy:_a_Promising_Novel_Cancer_Therapy
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Retrovirus is type of RNA

virus that inserts a copy of
its genome into the DNA of a
host cell that it invades, thus
changing the genome of that
cell.

View the site for more

information:
[Link]
 P a g e | 71

Adeno-associated virus (AAV) – is a non – enveloped virus that can be engineered to

deliver DNA to target cells, and has attracted a significant amount of attention in the
field, especially in clinical stage experimental therapeutic strategies.

View the site for more information:

[Link]
gene-therapy
[Link]
43

Structure of Herpes Simplex

Herpes simplex type 1 cause’s sores around the mouth
and lips (sometimes called fever blisters or cold sores).
HSV -1 can cause genital herpes, but most cases of genital
herpes are cause by herpes type 2. In HSV-2, the infected
person may have sores around the genitals or rectum.
View the site for more information:
[Link]
vector-19725537

View the article and watch the video how this infection transmitted and diagnosed:
[Link]

Naked DNA refers to DNA that is not associated with proteins, lipids, or any other
molecule to help protect it. Naked DNA is the result of release of genetic information
into the surrounding environmeent, such as from bursting cells.

DNA structure with magnified schematic of ribonucleotide.

The central molecule is a deoxyribose without the nitrogen base or
phosphate group.
[Link]
 P a g e | 72

[Link]
Gene Acquisition via Transformation.

Bioethical Issues of Gene Therapy

The first death association wwith gene

therapy occured on September 18, 1999, at
the University of Pennsylvania. Jesse
Gelsinger was participating in a clinical
trial, a biomedical experiment for
evaluation of safety and eficiency of a
therapy for a disease. Gelsinger, who was
18 years old at the time of the treatment,
had the deficiency of ornithine transcarboamylse , an important enzyme in the
metabolism of ammonia. Patients with this rare metabolic disorder must maintain a
low-protein diet and take a series of medicines to avoid ammonia poisoning in the blood
stream. The gene therapy Gelsinger took triggerd a chain reaction in his immune
system, resulting in hepatic respiratory failure, and consequently, his death four days
after being treated.
Effects on the Environment
Although the positive impacts of gene
therapy could be enermous, there are
many questions raised that needs to
be answered. New organisms created
by genetic engineering could present
an ecological problem. One cannot
predict the changes that a genetically
enginnered species would make on
the environment. The release of a new
genetically engineered species would
also have the possibility of causing an
imbalance in the ecology of a region
just exotic species woul do. An
accident or an unknown result could
cause several problems. An accident in
engineering the genetics of a virus or
bacteria for example could result in a
stronger type, which could cause a
 P a g e | 73

serious epidemic when released. This could be fatal in human genetic engineering
creating problems ranging from minor medical problems, to death.

Effects on Human
Looking at the fact that gentic enginnerin
employs viral vector that carries functional
gene inside the human body; the
repecussion are still unknown. There are no
clues as to where functional genes ae being
placed. They may even replace the mportant
genes, instead of mutated genes. Thus, this
may lead to another health condition or disease to human. Also, as defective genes are
replaced with functional gene, then it is expected that there will have identical
genomes, the population as a whole will be susceptible to virus or any form of diseases.
Antibiotic Resistance
Genetic engineering often uses
genes for antibiotic resistance
as “selectable markers.” Early
in the engineering prcess,
these markers identify clls that
have taken up foreign genes.
Although they have no further
use, the genes continue to be
expressed in plant tissues.
Most genetically engineered
plat foods carry fully
functioning antibiotic-
resistance genes. The presence
of antibiotic-resistance genes
in food could have lethal
effects. Therefore, eatin these
foods could reduce the
effectiveness of antibiotics to
fight disease when these
antibiotic are taken with
meals. More so, the resistance
 P a g e | 74

genes could be transferred to human or animal pathogens., making them impervious to

antibiotics. If transfer were t occur, it could aggravate the already serous health problem
of antibiotic resistant disease organisms.
Ethical and Social Issues
“Playing God” has become a strong argument againts genetic engineering. Several
issues have also been raised as regards the acceptance of this technology. These
concerns range from ethical isssues to lack of knowledge on the effects genetic
enginnering may have. One major concern is that once an alterd gene is placed in an
organism, the process cannot be reversed. The production of medicines through the use
of genetically alterd organisms might develop extremely infectious form that could
cause worldwide epidemics.
Activity 1: What genes are you wearing?
Interactive Performance Live on Facebook Classroom.
Assign student and make a definition and ideas of the following diseases:
 HIV
 Muscular dystrophy
 Alzheimer’s disease
 Cancer
 Tay-sach’s disease
 Cystic fibrosis
 Rheumatoid arthritis
 Ulcer
 Sickle cell anemia
 Hemophilia
 Coronary heart disease
 Bone fracture
 Huntington’s disease

After the presentation, compare and share what you have learned in our online
classroom discussion. Using google classroom, add and use Slido platform, in a
paragraph form each student will answer the following questions with justification.

1. Is gene therapy safe to cure genetic disorder?

 P a g e | 75

2. If you are the patient suffering from a genetic disease are you willing to undergo
gene therapy? Why?

Activity 2: Vector Voyage

Directions: Using the library or online resources, complete the table below.
Herpes
Retrovirus Adenovirus Simplex Virus Naked DNA
How the vector
carries genetic
material

Maximum length
of DNA that can
be inserted in the
vector

Advantages

Disadvantages

Activity 3: GENETIC DISORDER

Direction: Complete the table below. List down ten common genetic disorders
Genetic Disorder Gene/Defect Clinical Features
 P a g e | 76

Guide Questions:
1. What do you know about gene therapy?
2. Do you think that FDA should allow the use of gene therapy in the Philippines? If
yes why? If no, why?
3. Do you think the government should allow and fun scientific researches on
human cloning? Why?

 Feedback
What does the picture show?

Topic 6: Climate Change (Mandated Topic)

 P a g e | 77

 Activite Prior Knowledge

You might have already heard of “Climate Change” in some social platforms as a hot
isssue and advocacy that calls for bilogical, economical, sociological and political
concerns. Below is a concept map, with the word climate change at the center, write
something of what you knoe and understand about this issue.

Climate
Change

“There is no question that climate change is helping; the only arguable

point is what part humans are playing in it.”
-David Attenborough

Climate Change
 P a g e | 78

Climate change is a process in the statistical

properties of the climate system that persists for
several dcades or longer. Climate change may be
due to natural processes, such as changes in the
Sun’s radiation, volcanoes or internal variability
in the climate system, or due to human
influences such as changes in the composition of
the atmosphere or land use.
Many lines of evidence demonstrate that human
activities, especially emissions of heat-trapping greenhouse gases from fossil fuel
combustion, deforestation, and land-us change, are primarily responsible for the climate
changes observed in the idustiral era, especially over the last six decades. The
armospheric concentration of carbon dioxide, the largest contributor to human caused
warming, has increased by about 40% over the industrial era. This change has
intensified the natural greenhouse effect, driving an increase in global surface
temperatures and other widespread changes in Earth’s climate that are unpreccedent in
the history.
Let’s take a look at how interrelated and interconnected the following phenomena that
ultimately leads to climate change.
Greenhouse Effect
The greenhouse effect is a natural process that warms the Earh’s surface. When the
Sun’s energy reaches the Earth’s atmosphere,
some of it is reflected back to spsce and he rest is
absorbed and re-radiated by greenhouse gases.
This blanket of greenhouse gases serves as the
Earth;s insulator, of which without it, ours will be
a called dead planet.
Greenhouse gases include water vapour, carbon
dioxide, methane, nitrous oxide, ozone and some
artificial chemicals such as chloroflourocarbons
(CFCs). Carbon dioxide and methane in particular, trap the heat related radiated by the
sun. The problem we now face is that human activities are increasing the concentration
of greenhouses gases. Form NASA’s observation, the increase and too much
concentration of these greenhouse gases can cause Earth’s atmosphere to trap more
and more heat that warms up the planet leading to a phenomenon called global
warming.
Global Warming
Global warming is the term used
to described a gradual increase in
the average temperature of the
 P a g e | 79

Earth’s atmosphere and its oceans, a change thaat is believed to be permanently

changing the Earth’s climate.
The increased volumes of carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gases release by the
burning of fossil fuels, land clearing, agriculture, and other human activities, are
believed ti be the primary sourced of the global warming that has occured over the past
50 years. Scientist from the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate carrying out gobal
warming research have recently predict tat average global temperature could increase
between 1.4 and 5.8 ֯C by the year 2100.
Changes resulting from gobal warming may include rising sea level due to the melting of
the polar ice caps, as well as an increase in occurence and severity of storm and other
sever weather events – all of which are signs of a changing climatic patterns.
Impacts of Climate Change on Society
According to the U.S. Global Climate
Change Reseach Programs, the aspects of
climate change are having increasingly
complex and important impacts on all
nations’ economy and quality of life.
Impacts related to climate change are
evident across regions and in many sectors
important to society – such as human
health, agriculture and food security, water
supply, transportation energy, ecosystems,
and others – and are exepected to become increasingly disruptive throughout this
century and beyond.
Climate change affects human health and wellbeing through more extreme weather
events and wildfires, decreased air quality, and diseases transmitted by insects, food,
and water. Climate disruptions to agriculture have been increasing and are projected to
become more severre over this century, a trend that would diminish the security of the
world’s food supply. Surface and groundwater supplies in some regions are already
stressed, and water quality is diminishing in many years, in part due to increasing
sediment and contaminant concentrations after heavy downpours.
In some regions, prolonged periods of high
tempretaures associated with droughts
contribute to conditions that lead to larger
wildfires and longer life seasons. For coastal
communities, sea level rise, combined with
coastal storms, has increased the risk of
erosion, storm surge damage, and flooding.
Extreme heat, sea level rise and heavy
 P a g e | 80

downpours are affecting infrastructure like roads, rail lines, airports, and all other
infrastructure.
The capacity of ecosystem like forests, barrier beaches, and wetlands to buffer the
impacts of extreme events like firesm floods, and sever storms is being overwhelmed.
The raising temperature and changing chemistry of ocean water is combining with other
stresses, such as overfishing and pollution, alter marine-based food production and
harm fishing [Link] climate changes currently have beneficial effects for
specific sectors or regions. For example, current benefits of warming include longer
growing seasons and longer ice – free period for agriculture.

After learning about climate change , what natural processes and human activities cause
it and the possible consequences brought about this phenomenon, the question that
comes next is, as a concerned citizen and a student, what can you do about it? What
ways can you think of to mitigate the hazards caused by climate change?
And so here are some amazing activites prepared for you. Have fun!
Activity 1: Nature’s Advocates
Create an infomercial showing how community can help mitigate the hazards caused
by climate change. Choose one from the given areas below that are affected by
cimate change. A rubric is prepared below to rate your output.
1. Agriculture and Food Security
2. Economy
3. Biodiversity
4. Health
5. Geography and ocean ecology
6. Climate patterns
Exceeds Meets expectation Needs
expectations improvement
(95 points) (85 points) (75 point)
Criteria
Understanding of Factual information Factual information Information is
Topic is accurate is mostly accurate inaccurate

Indicates clear Good Presentation is off

understanding of understanding of topic
topic topic
Presentation
Informative Presents some Lacks information
information
Entertaining; Audience board
 P a g e | 81

engages audience Engages audience

Mumbles
Presents loudly and Can be heard
clearly

A. Retaining your Activity A, create an advocay campaign by making a poster and a

slogan that tells how community will help mitigate the effects of climate change.
Upload your work in social media, and try to elicit comments from the viewers,
and then share them with the class next meeting.

 Feedback
Congratulations for making this far. Now, let’s test your inderstanding of our topic on
climate change.
Answer the following questions and follow the precedure on each item.
1. It is an important heat –trapping greenhouse gass, which is released through
human activities such ass deforestation and buring fossil fuels, as well as natural
processes such as respiration and volcanic eruption.
_____________________________
(copy the last letter of your answer and put in it box # 1)

2. It is a change in global climate, and patterns, attriuted largely to the increased

levels of atmospheric carbo dioxide.
______________________________
(copy the 3rd letter of your answer and put in it box # 10)

3. It is critical solution to climate change, by renewing the forest cover that will
absorb and reduce the amount of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere.
______________________________
(copy the 8th letter of your answer and put in it box # 4)

4. The burning of natural fuel by humans is the largest sourc of emission of carbon
dioxide. These natural fuels were formed from the remainss of living organisms
million years ago. The name given to natural fuel is_.
 P a g e | 82

_______________________________
(copy the 2nd letter of your answer and put in it box # 11)

5. This is a process that occurs when gases in the Earth’satmosphere trap the Sun’s
heat making the Earth much warmer.
_______________________________
(copy the 6th letter of your answer and put in it box # 5)
6. This is a long – term rise in the overall temperature of the Earth’ climate system,
generally attributed to grenhouse effect.
_______________________________
(copy the 7th letter of your answer and put in it box # 6)
7. It i the permanent destruction of forest in order to make the land available for
other uses, which consequently add more atmospheric carbon dioxide as a result
of large –scale removal of trees that wil absorb this harmful gas.
__________________________________
(copy the 5th letter of your answer and put in it box # 8 and 12)
8. It is the process by which fertile land becomes desrt, typically as a result of
drought or deforestation, and leading to shortage of food supply.
___________________________________
(copy the 11th letter of your answer and put in it box # 7)
9. It is the average weather in a given area over a longer period of time.
___________________________________
(copy the 5th letter of your answer and put in it box # 2)
10. This is a disaster of below –average precipitation, resulting in prolonged
shortages in water supply that could cause reduced crop yield, and potentially
loss of harvest and or of livestock.
___________________________________
(copy the 2nd letter of your answer and put in it box # 3 and 9)
 P a g e | 83

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
Summary
The last module of Science, Technology and Society discussed the
special topics that would allow you to reflect on the role of Science
and technology not only in the community where you’re living but to
the whole world.
The advent of information age has played a big role in cascading vital information to the
society. With the advance technology devices like computers, laptops, cellular phones,
personal digital assistants, servers, mainframes and internet that let u access social
media and online resources, and even microchips and other high technologies, the life
that we are living today is easy. Information age has affected and transformed the lives
we have. From communicating through simple ways like papyrus, letter writing etc., we
have shifted to calling through mobile phones, sending files through email, chatting with
our love ones through video calls, etc. Highly modernized, automated, data-driven and
technologically and advanced-these in how we describe our society nowadays. This era
of our life offers us to a lot for the development of noble researchers but it also entails
responsible use. You must learn how to check the reliability of the sources you are
accessing before dissemination for those information poses both positive and negative
impacts. You must always consider that the information you share could be of great
help to our lives and others.
Advances in science and technology have also affected our biodiversity. Some efforts
have been made by the government to conserve all species. Threats like habitat loss and
destruction, alterations in ecosystem composition, over- exploitation, pollution,
contamination, and global climate change has cause drastic decrease in the population
of species all over the world. The decrease has led to environment-related illnesses,
nutritional, health and biological problems. Together we must be all biodiversity savers
to have a better environment.
Scientist has made advances in technology through the field of nanotechnology.
Through this, products can be manufactures to help improve health, environment, food,
water, and agriculture. Through this field promises a lot, you must take into account the
social, ethical, and environmental concerns of using such.
Another breakthrough in science is gene therapy. Gene therapy is a method that may
treat or cure genetic related human illness. As this science flourish, many ethical issues
 P a g e | 84

were raised. Thus, as a future researcher, you must be able to distinguish what is vital if
you wished to venture in the field of nanotechnology.
Climate change is a worldwide issue that each of us must face. Several factors like
natural processes and persistent human activities have statistically increased the
percentage of climate change for a period of time. The continuous climate change has
affected the biotic and abiotic aspects of earth.

Reflection
Now you have reached this far, it is time to reflect and make a move by answering the
following questions.
1. Is information age a boon or a bane? Why?

2. As a part of a planet earth, what can you do in your own

simple way to help in the advancement of science and
technology for the improvement of the society?
3. Reflect on this “Gene therapy is still in its infancy, but it is
believed that as t mature, it will become an effective
treatment for the myriad of genetic diseases that affect
humanity”
4. Imagine a product called multi-replicator was develop by a
nanotechnologist and made available to anyone. This
replicator could allow people to simply produce any item
they need themselves without the help of any
manufacturer or a company. What would this do to our
economy as we know it today? Can you think of some
impacts of these breakthrough on employment, science,
politics, society and other sectors. What are some of the
social and ethical considerations scientist must consider in
conducting researchs in nanotechnology?
 P a g e | 85

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Mcnamara, d., Valverde V., & Beleno, R. (2018). Science, Technology, and Society

Serafica, J., Pawilen G., Caslib, B Jr., Alata E., (2018). Science, Technology, and Society
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Ratnasari, N., 2006. The role of Science and Technology in Nation Building. Journal of
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Opportunties and Uncertainties.

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6BAgBEAU&url=https%[Link]%2Fpin
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