Trainer By- Sarvesh Kumar +91 9212736273 [Link].
in
Computer ds Basic Function pkj
izdkj ds gksrs gSA
Like : Input, processing, output and
storage.
2
PROCESSING
3
FATHER OF COMPUTER
(December 26, 1791-October 18, 1871)
Computer dk vfo’dkj
pkYlZ cscst (Charles
Babbage) us 1946 esa
fd;k FkkA
4
FULL FORM OF COMPUTER
C : Common
O : Operating
M : Machine
P : Purposely
U : Used for
T : Technological &
E : Educational
R : Research
5
COMPUTER
;g ,d Electronic Device gSA bles ge buiqV dekWM nsrs gSA tks CPU
esa Process gksrh gSA vkSj Result dks Output ds :i esa Monitor Ldzhu
ij fn[krh gSA ,d Computer dks pykus ds fy, Minimum Four
Device dk Use fd;k tkrk gSSA
6
COMPUTER ASSEMBLE
,d Computer dks Assemble
1
djuss ds fy, Three Wire dh 2
t:jr gksrh gSA
3
1 2
Power Code Power Code
V.G.A (Video Graphic Adaptor/ Arry) 7
CPU CENTRAL PROCESSING UNIT
;g dEI;qVj dk ,d esu Device gSA bleas buiqV dh xbZ
dekWM vkrh gSA tks CPU esa Process gksrh gSA vkSj
Result dks Output ds :i esa Monitor Ldzhu ij fn[krh
gSA blds Internally rhu Parts gksrs gSSA
8
“ PART OF C.P.U.
1. A.L.U. (Arithmetic Logic Unit)
2. M.U. (Memory Unit)
3. C.U. (Control Unit)
9
A.L.U. (ARITHMETIC LOGIC UNIT)
C.P.U. ds bl Hkkx esa ge
Mathematical Work djrs gSA
tSls :- ~ + - | ~ ! @ # $ % ^ & *
( ) = ? Etc.
10
M.U. (MEMORY UNIT)
;g C.P.U. dk ,d eq[; Hkkx gSA blfy, bls C.P.U. dk czsu Hkh dgk
Tkkrk gSA C.P.U. ds bl Hkkx es ge QkbZy] MkVk dks lso djrs gSA
Blue Ray Disc
11
SD Card Pen Drive
PRIMARY MEMORY
Memory ds bl Hkkx esa ge QkbZy vkfn esa (Lock/ Unlock)
Attribute dh setting dj ldrs gSA
Primary Memory ds Hkh nks Hkkx gksrs gSA
12
RAM – Random Access Memory
Primary Memory ds bl Hkkx esa ge cuh gqbZ
QkbZy ds vUnj cnyko djds mls lso dj ldrs
gSA
Model---
DDR-1 DOUBLE DATA RATE.
DDR-2
DDR-3
DDR-4
13
ROM – Read only Memory
▰ Primary Memory ds
bl Hkkx esa ge cuh gqbZ
QkbZyks dks dsoy ns[k o
i<+ ldrs gSA
14
Secondary Memory
“Primary Memory” esa QkbZy o MkVk
cukus ds ckn mls lso ;k LVksj djus ds fy;s
Secondary Memory esa Hkstk tkrk gSA
15
TYPE OF SECONDARY MEMORY DEVICE
SD Card
;g ,d buiqV o vkmViqV ekbdzks fpi gksrh gSA
bls ge dkMZ fjMj esa yxk dj iz;ksx dj ldrs gSA
blesa ge QkbZy ;k MkVk vkfn dks lso ;k LVksj
dj ldrs gSA bl dkMZ dh LVksj djus ds Nerk 4
GB ls 128 GB rd gksrh gSA bldk iz;ksx eksckbZy
Qksu esa Hkh fd;k tkrk gSA
16
Pen drive
;g ,d buiqV o vkmViqV fMokbl gSA blesa
ge QkbZy ;k MkVk vkfn dks lso ;k LVksj dj
ldrs gSA bl dkMZ dh LVksj djus ds {kerk 4
GB ls 128 GB rd gksrh gSA
17
Hard Disk
;g ,d buiqV o vkmViqV fMokbl gSA ;g dEI;qVj
dk eq[; Hkkx gSA blesa ge dEI;qVj vkijsfVax
fLkLVe] LkkWQVos;j] xkus] fQYesa] QksVks o MkVk vkfn
Mky ldrs gSA bl fMLd dh LVksj djus ds {kerk
80 GB ls 1 TB] 2 TB] 4 TB rd gSA
gkMZfMLd nks izdkj dh gksrh gSA
¼1½ HDD (HARD DISK DRIVE)
¼2½ SSD (SOLID STATE DRIVE)
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Hard Disk
bDlVZuy gkMZfMLd
19
CD/Dvd R (Compact Disc Read Only Memory)
;g ,d Secondary Memory
fMokbl gSA bl ehfM;k esa j[ks
MkVk dks dsoy ns[k o i< ldrs
gSA blesa ge fdlh Hkh izdkj dk
cnyko ugh dj ldrs gSA bl
lhMh dh LVksj djus dh {kerk
700 MB o DVD (Digital versatile
disc) dh 4 GB rd gksrh gSA
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CD/Dvd RW (Compact Disc Re-writeable Only Memory)
;g Hkh Secondary Memory
fMokbZl gSA bl fefM;k esa j[ks
MkVk dks dsoy ns[k o i<+
ldrs gSA rFkk mls QkWesV
djds nqckjk MkVk LVksj dj
ldrs gSA bl lhMh dh LVksj
djus dh Nerk 700 MB o
DVD (Digital versatile
disc) dh 4 GB rd gksrh gSA
21
Blue89,526,124$
ray Disc (Re-writeable Only Memory)
;g ,d Secondary Memory
fMokbl gSA bl fefM;k esas j[ks MkVk
dks ns[k o i< ldrs gSA rFkk blesa
cnyko dj ldrs gSA bl Cywjs
fMLd dh LVksj djus dh Nerk
fLkaxy ys;j 25 GB gksrh gS o dual
Layer 50 GB rd gksrh gSA
100%
22
C.U. (Control Unit)
;g CPU dk Main Part gSA CPU ds bl
Hkkx esa buiqV dek.M vkrh gS rFkk ^;g izkslsl
djrk gS^ fd dkSu lh dek.M ALU esa ;k dkSu
lh dek.M M.U esa Hksth tk;sA
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Device ¼lk/ku½
dEI;qVj es viuh vko”;drk dks iwjk djus ds fy;s ftu lk/kuks dk
iz;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA mUgs fMokbZl dgk tkrk gSA dEI;qVj esa nks rjg
ds fMokbZl gksrs gSA
1) Input Device
2) Output Device
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Input Device
1. Keyboard
2. Mouse ;g og Device gksrs gS ftuds }kjk ge fLkLVe
3. Mike esa Input Command nsrs gS vkSj ;g CPU esa
4. Joystick Command Process gksus ds ckn gesa Output
5. Light Pen/ Digital Pen Device ds }kjk Result fn[kkbZ nsrs gSA
6. Scanner
7. Web Camera
8. Modem
25
Keyboard
;g ,d Input Device gSA blds }kjk ge dEI;qVj esa VkbZi djds input command
nsrs gS ftlls Command Process gksus ds ckn eksfuVj Ldzhu ij fn[kkbZ nsrk gSA
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Mouse
;g ,d Input Device gSA blds }kjk ge
dEI;qVj esa fDyd djds input command nsrs
gSA blls ge System esa ekml ls Graphic
;k Drawing/Option ij click djds input
command dks Process djuss ds ckn
eksfuVj Ldzhu ij ns[k ldrs gSA
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Mike
;g ,d Input Device gSA blds
}kjk ge dEI;qVj esa vkokt dks
fjdkMZ djds ;k cksy dj input
command nsrs gSaA
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Joystick
;g ,d Input Device gSA
blds }kjk ge dEI;qVj esa
bULVkWy fofM;k xse dks pykus
ds fy, tkW;fLVd ds cVuks
dks nckdj input command
ns ldrs gSA
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Light/ Digital Pen
;g ,d Input Device gSA blds }kjk ge dEI;qVj esa
Drawing ;k Signature vkfn dj ldrs gSA
30
Scanner
;g ,d Input Device gSA
blds }kjk ge dEI;qVj esa
Documents dks Scan djds
lso dj ldrs gSA
31
Web Camera
;g ,d Input Device gSA blds }kjk ge
dEI;qVj esa Video Chatting o Photo
shoot dj ldrs gSA
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Modem
;g ,d Input & Output Device
gSA blds }kjk ge dEI;qVj esa
Internet pykrs gSA
33
Output Device
;g og Device gksrs gS ftuds }kjk ge flLVe esa
input command Process gksus ds ckn
Output Device ds }kjk Result dks ns[k ldrs gSA
1. Monitor 4. Plotter
2. Printer 5. Modem
3. Speaker
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Monitor
;g ,d Output Device gSA blds }kjk ge
dEI;qVj esa input Command nsus ds ckn
Monitor Screen ij ns[k ldrs gSA
Type of Monitor
1. CRT Monitor (CATHODE RAYS TUBE)
2. LCD Monitor ( LIQUID CRYSTAL DISPLAY)
3. LED Monitor ( LIQUID EMITTED DISPLAY)
35
CRT Monitor (Cathode-ray tube)
;g Monitor fn[kus esa ihNs ls cMk o pkSMk gksrk
gSA ;g dkQh xehZ NksMrk gS vkSj fctyh dh
[kir T;knk ysrk gSA ;g eksuhVj igys T;knk
iz;ksx esa yk;s tkrs FksA vc budk iz;ksx de gksrk
tk jgk gSA D;ksafd ;g txg Hkh T;knk ?ksjrs gSA
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LCD Monitor (Liquid-crystal display)
;g Monitor fn[kus esa cgqr irys o
vyx&vyx lkbZt ds gksrs gSA ;g xehZ
ugh NksMrs gS vkSj fctyh dh [kir cgqr
de ysrk gSA ;g CRT Monitor ls T;knk
iz;ksx esa yk;s tkrs gSA vc budk iz;ksx Hkh
de gksrk tk jgk gSA
37
LED Monitor (Light-emitting diode)
;g Monitor fn[kus es LCD Monitor
dh rjg cgqr irys o vyx&vyx
lkbZt ds gksrs gSA ;g xehZ ugh NksMrs gS
vkSj fctyh dh [kir cgqr de ysrk gSA
;g eksfuVj LCD Monitor ls T;knk
iz;ksx esa yk;s tkrs gSA vc budk iz;ksx
gj txg c<+rk tk jgk gSA
38
Printer
;g Hkh ,d Output Device gSA blds }kjk ge
dEI;qVj esa input Command Process gksus ds
ckn Printer ls isij ij fizUVvkmV fudky ldrs
gSA
TYPE OF PRINTER
1. (D.M.P) Dot Matrix Printer
2. Inkjet Printer
3. Laser Printer
4. Thermal printer
5. Super tank printer 39
Dot Matrix Printer
bl Dot Matrix Printer ds }kjk ge dEI;qVj esa
input Command Process gksus ds ckn Printer ls
isij ij Matters dks Dot… Letters ds :i essa
fizUVvkmV fudky ldrs gSA bl fizUVj esa fjcu yxh
gksrh gS vkSj bl fizUVj esa gsM yxk gksrk gSA vkSj ml
gsM esa 9 fius gksrh gSA fjcu ds mij fiuks okyk gsM
yxk gksrk gS vkSj gsM ls fiu fjcu ij Vdjkrh gS vkSj
fjcu ds uhps isij ij ysVj fizUV gksus yxrs gSA ;g
fizUVj eagxk gksrk gSA ysfdu bad fjcu dkQh lLrs gksrs
gSA vkSj bl fizUVj ds }kjk ge 1 feuV esa 1&2 isij
fizUVvkmV dj ldrs gSA 40
Inkjet Printer
bl Inkjet Printer ds }kjk ge dEI;qVj esa input
Command Process gksus ds ckn Printer ls isij
ij Matters dks Dark Letters ds :i essa fizUVvkmV
fudky ldrs gSA bl fizUVj esa gsM dh txg 2
dkjVst yxh gksrh gSA ,d dyjQqy vkSj nwljh Cysd
,.M okbZVA bu dkjVst esa bad Hkjh tkrh gSA ftlls
isij ij fizUV gksus ds ckn ysVj xhys jgrs gSA ;g
fizUVj lLrk gksrk gSA ysfdy bad FkksMh eagxh gksrh gS
vkSj bl fizUVj ds }kjk ge 1 feuV esa 3&5 isij
fizUVvkmV dj ldrs gSA 41
Laser Printer
bl Laser Printer ds }kjk ge dEI;qVj esa input
Command Process gksus ds ckn Printer ls isij
ij Matters dks Dark Letters ds :i essa fizUVvkmV
fudky ldrs gSA bl fizUVj esa gsM dh txg Vksuj
yxk gksrk gSA bles ge CySd ,.M okbZV fizUVvkmV
fudky ldrs gSA bl Vksuj esa MªkbZ bad Hkjh gksrh gSA
ftlls isij ij fizUV gksus ij ysVj QksVks LVsV dh rjg
lq[ks gq, jgrs gSA ;g fizUVj egaxk gksrk gSA ysfdu bad
lLrh gksrh gS vkSj bl fizUVj ds }kjk ge 1 feuV es
15&20 isij fizUVvkmV dj ldrs gSA
42
Thermal printer
;g ,d fMftVy izfdz;k gSA tks dksVsM
FkeksZdzksfed isij ij best fizaV djrk gSA
tc isij FkeZy fizaV gsM ds mij ls xqtjrk
gS rks FkeksZdzksfed isij ds mu {ks=ks dks dkyk
dj nsrk gSA tgk ;g xeZ gksrk gS] ftlls
,d bZest curh gSA
43
Super tank printer
bu Super tank Prinnter dks Ink
tank printer Hkh dgrs gSA ;g Ink
jet printer ds gh ,d izdkj gksrs
gSA tks cnys tkus ;ksX; L;kgh
dkjrwl ds ctk; ,d Lr~r L;kgh
LVªhe dk mi;ksx djrk gSA
44
Speaker
;g ,d Output Device gSA blds }kjk ge dEI;qVj esa
Songs dks input command ds :i esa Iys djus ij
songs process gksus ds ckn Speaker ls Sound ds :i
esa lqu ldrs gSA
TYPE OF SPEAKER
1. Normal Speaker
2. Woofer Speaker
45
Normal Speaker
;g Speaker fn[kus esa Normal
gksrk gS vkSj ;g Single Speaker
o Double Speaker ds :i esa
gksrk gSA ;g yksdy dEiuh es 150
:i;s ls 500 :i;s rd esa fey
tk;sxkA
46
Woofer Speaker
;g Speaker fn[kus esa Stylish o
cMk gksrk gSA vkSj ;g Single
Woofer o Double Speaker ls
Five Speaker rd cktkj esa
vyx&vyx dEiuh o DokfyVh esa fey
tk;sxs ;g 700 :i;s ls dbZ gtkjks esa
fey tk;sxkA
47
Plotter
;g Plotter fn[kus esa Stylish o cMk gksrk
gS vkSj ;g vyx&vyx izdkj ds dke djrk
gSA tSls& cMs+ lkbt ds cSuj o iksLVj
¶ySDl fizfUVx rFkk bLVhdj dh dfVax ,oa
fcanh dh dfVax vkfn djus ds fy,A iz;ksx
fd;k tkrk gSA
48
Modem
;g ,d Input & Output
Device gSA blds }kjk ge
dEI;qVj esa Internet pykrs
gSA
49
GENERATION OF COMPUTER
First Generation (1946 to 1954)
bl Generation ds Computer esa
Vaccum Tube dk iz;ksx fd;k tkrk
FkkA bu dEI;wVj es gtkjks vaccum
tube dk iz;ksx fd;k tkrk Fkk blfy,
bu dEI;wVj dk vkdkj cgqr cMk+ gksrk
FkkA;g dEi;wVj mtkZ dh [kir cgqr
rsth ls djrs Fks blfy, ;g cgqr tYnh
xeZ gks tkrs FksA
50
Second Generation (1955 to 1964)
bl le; ds Computer esa
Vacum Tube dh txg
Transistor dk iz;ksx fd;k
tkus yxkA bl ih<h ds
dEI;wVj dk vkdkj Hkh First
Generation ls de FkkA
nwljh ih<h+ ds dEI;wVj dk
izFke ih<h dh vis{kk+ vf/kd
fo”oluh; FksA
51
Third Generation (1965 to 1974)
bl le; ds Computer esa
Transistor dh txg I.C
(Integrated Circuit) dk iz;ksx
fd;k tkrk FkkA I.C ds bLrseky ls
dEI;wVj dk vkdkj dkQh NksVk gks
x;kA ;g vkSj de xehZ NksMus yxs
;g cgqr de le; esa dke djus yxs
¼;g lSdMks dh txg ekbZdzks lSdMa
esa dke djus yxkA½
52
Fourth Generation (1975 to 2010)
bl le; ds Computer esa I.C
dh txg Pentium Processor
dk iz;ksx fd;k tkrk FkkA blls
dEI;qVj dk lkbZt igys ls NksVk
gks x;kA ;g de xehZ NksMus yxk
;g cgqr de le; esa dke djus
yxk ¼;g lSdMks dh txg ekbZdzks
lSdMa esa dke djus yxkA½
53
Fifth Generation (2010 to 2015)
bl le; ds Computer esas
Processor dh txg
Intenium Processor dk
iz;ksx fd;k tkus yxkA ;g
cgqr de le; esa dke djus
yxk ¼;g ekbZdzks lSdUM dh
txg uSuks lSdMa esa dke djus
yxkA½
54
Six to Eight Generation (2015 to Upto )
bl le; ds Computer esa
Intenium Processor ds vkxs
Generation esa Extra ordinary
Feature okys Processor ekfdZV
esa miyC/k gksus yxs gSA blls
dEI;qVj ds dke djus dh Nerk
c<us yxhA ekfdZV esa miyC/k
Processor i-3, i-5, i-7, i-9
vkfnA
55
What is core
Core ,d NksVk lk C.P.U dk
Processor gksrk gSA ftls ,d
cMs+ C.P.U ;k C.P.U socket
es cuk;k tkrk gSA ;g Lora=
#i ls lHkh dEI;wVs”kuy dk;ksZ
dks djrk gSA
Dual core, Quad core,
Hexa core, Octa core,
Snapdragon 56
Types of Computer
1. Personal Computer
2. Mini Computer
3. Main Frame Computer
4. Super Computer
5. Laptop
6. Palmtop Computer
57
Personal Computer
bl Computer dk iz;ksx gj txg
fd;k tkrk gSA tSls Ldwy] vLirky]
vkWfQl] ?kj vkfn esa vkWfQl o
Personal dk;ksZ dks iwjk djus ds fy;s
fd;k tkrk gSA
58
MINI COMPUTER
bl Computer dk iz;ksx cSd] fcfYMax] QSDVªh vkfn
esa vkWfQl ds dk;ksZ dks djus ds fy;s fd;k tkrk gSA
;g dEI;qVj izlZuy dEI;qVj gh gksrs gSA ;g cgqr
lkjs dEI;qVj ,d bUVjusV dh rkj o usVoZfdax dh
ysu dscy ls twMs gksrs gSA bu lHkh dEI;wVjks dks
,d loZj ls tksMk tkrk gSSA ftlls lkjk MkVk ,d
gh txg LVksj gksrk gS vkSj mlh loZj ls fdlh Hkh
dEI;qVj esa MkVk vkWiu dj ldrs gSA
59
Palmtop Computer
vktdy bl rjg ds Computer
System dk iz;ksx eksckbZy]
dSYdqysVj] VScysV ihlh vkfn esa gksrk
gSA budk iz;ksx MkVk] xkus] fQYesa]
[Link] lEcfU/kr vkfn ds dk;ksZ ds
fy;s fd;k tkrk gSA
60
Laptop
bl Computer dk iz;ksx vkWfQl
dk;ksZ ds fy;s fd;k tkrk gSA bls
dgha Hkh vklkuh ls yk;k o ys tk;k
tk ldrk gSA bldk iz;ksx Vªsu] cl]
,vjksIysu ikdZ] vkfn esa fd;k tk
ldrk gSA
61
Main Frame Computer
bu dEI;wVj dk iz;ksx cMs+ cMs+ laLFkkuks es
Hkkjh ek=k es vkdM+k laLdj.k Figure
Version ds fy, fd;k tkrk gSA budk
vkdkj Hkh cM+k gksrk gS vkSj bu lHkh
dEI;wVj dks ,d loZj ls tksM+k tkrk gSA
ftlls lkjk MkVk ,d gh txg LVksj gksrk
gSA tSls jsyos LVs”ku vkfnA
62
Super Computer
bu dEI;wVj dk iz;ksx MsVk&xgu
vkSj highly scientific and
engineer purpose ds fy,
dh;k tkrk gS tSls ekSle
iwokZuqeku] rsy vkSj xSl vUos’k.k
(exploration)] [Link] lay;u
vuqlk/ku (Nuclear fusion
research)A Hkkjr ds lcls rst
dEI;wVj dk uke ije flf/n gSA
tks nqfu;k ds 500 lcls
“kfDr”kkyh lqij dEI;wVj es 63 oka
jSad izkIr fd;k gSA 63
Mainframe Computer vkSj Super Computer ds chp varjA
Super computer vkdkj es cgqr cMs+ vkSj cgqr
egaxs gksrs gS tcfd Mainframe Computer
vkdkj es FkksMs+ NksVs gksrs gSA Computer fd
rqyuk es A Super Computer vjcks
(Instruction) dks ,d lkFk iwjk dj ldrk gS
ysfdu Mainframe Computer dsoy yk[kks
(Instruction) dks gh ,d lkFk iwjk dj ldrk gSA
64
BINARY LANGUAGE
tSls gekjs ns”k esa vyx&vyx jkT;
esa vyx&vyx Language dk
iz;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA ,sls gh
dEI;qVj dks le>us ds fy;s gesa
ckbujh ySaXost dk iz;ksx gksrk gSA
tks Human Language dks
Machine Language esa rFkk
Machine Language dks Human
Language esa cnyrh gSA dEI;qVj
esa Binary Language 2 digits ls
feydj curh gSA
65
UNIT OF BITS & BYTES
0 or 1 = 1 Bits
8 Bits = 1 Byte
1024 Bytes = 1 KB ( Kilo Bytes )
1024 KB = 1 MB ( Mega Bytes )
1024 MB = 1 GB ( Giga Bytes )
1024 GB = 1 TB ( tera Bytes )
1024 TB = 1 PB ( Peta Bytes )
1024 PB = 1 EB ( Exa Bytes )
1024 EB = 1 ZB ( Zetta Bytes )
1024 ZB = 1 YB ( Yotta Bytes )
66