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In Vivo Measurements: In Vitro Measurements:
Performed directly on a Performed outside the
Types: living organism (e.g., organism's body (e.g.,
Advantages: Highly objective, accurate,
blood pressure, oxygen blood tests, tissue
precise, and sensitive. Patients cannot
saturation, temperature). biopsies).
distort the measurements. Provides
valid data.
The collection of
physical or
[Link] physiologic processes.
Cytologic/Histolo Microbiologic Biophysiologic biological data.
Chemical (e.g., Classes of [Link] nursing interventions.
gic (e.g., tissue (e.g., bacterial (Physiological) Common in
hormone levels) Analysis: [Link] measurement
analysis) counts) Measures: nursing/medical
techniques.
research for:
Unstructured Observation: Likert Scale: Presents
a series of
The researcher collects
statements. Advantages of Scales:
descriptive information Versatile, can be
Structured Respondents indicate
(e.g., field notes) without a Scales: their level of administered verbally
Category Observation: predefined checklist. Data
Systems: A list of Uses predefined agreement (e.g., or in writing, good for
is analyzed qualitatively. Observational Devices that assign a Strongly Agree to quantification.
all behaviors the tools to record
observer is to specific behaviors Methods: numeric score to place Strongly Disagree).
record. or events Participant Observation: individuals on a
quantitatively. The researcher is actively Gathering data by watching continuum regarding Semantic Differential Disadvantages of Scales: Reducing Bias: Use
involved with the subjects characteristics, behaviors, an attribute (e.g., (SD) Scale: Asks Susceptible to response sensitively worded
Checklists: A list respondents to rate
while observing them. or conditions of individuals. anxiety, satisfaction). set biases (e.g., always questions, counterbalance
of behaviors with a concept on a
Can occur in labs or natural agreeing "Agree", or giving positive/negative
space to record
settings. series of bipolar statements, ensure
their frequency or socially desirable
adjectives (e.g., confidentiality.
duration. answers).
Good Bad, Effective
Ineffective).
Structured: Use a fixed
Unstructured/Semi-
format with predetermined
structured: Use open-ended Major Data Collection
questions and response . Self-Report
options. Common in
questions and narrative Data Collection Methods Methods in Quantitative
Methods:
responses. Common in Research:
quantitative research.
qualitative research.
Basic Characteristics of
These involve Data Collection Methods:
participants
reporting on
their own
experiences, A. Self-Report C.
B.
Questionnaires: feelings, or Biophysiologic
The quality of data collection tools Methods: Observational
Written forms Interviews: An behaviors. (Physiological)
Question is judged by three key features: Participants Methods: The
that respondents interviewer asks Methods: Data
Types: questions provide researcher
complete is collected
verbally. information gathers data
themselves. through physical
about through direct or biological
themselves. observation. measurements.
Closed-ended: Disadvantages Advantages: Quantifiability:
Provide fixed
Disadvantages: Advantages: : Time- High response
Low response Cost- Objectivity: The extent to The ease with
options (e.g., consuming, rates, good for Structure: The degree to which
rates, cannot effective, which the tool minimizes which
Yes/No, Multiple costly, those who can't the data collection instrument
Choice). Easy to
clarify anonymous, read/write, researcher bias and collects collected data
questions, not potential for can be imposes a predefined format
quantify. no interviewer allows for the same data regardless of
suitable for interviewer (e.g., fixed-response questions
bias. clarification. who uses it. Biophysiologic analyzed
illiterate bias. vs. open-ended narratives).
Open-ended: Allow measures are highly numerically Quantitative research uses
populations. objective.
free-form answers. (e.g., scales, highly structured tools.
Provide rich detail checklists).
but are harder to
analyze
quantitatively.