Diagram label completion

1. The chicken egg(ielts-up)

Chicken egg consists of six main parts: albumin, yolk, shell,

germinal disc, chalaza and air cell. In further paragraphs we will
learn all the important information you need to know about these
parts.

One of the main parts of the egg is yolk - the yellow, inner part of
the egg where the embryo will form. The yolk contains the food that
will nourish the embryo as it grows. Yolk is a major source of
vitamins, minerals, almost half of the protein, and all of the fat and
cholesterol. The yolk contains less water and more protein than the
white part of the egg, some fat, and most of the vitamins and
minerals of the egg. The yolk is also a source of lecithin, an
effective emulsifier. Yolk color ranges from just a hint of yellow to a
magnificent deep orange, according to the feed and breed of the
hen. Yolk is anchored by chalaza - a spiral, rope-like strand that
anchors the yolk in the thick egg white. There are two chalazae
anchoring each yolk; one on the top and one on the bottom.

Another very important part of the egg is the albumin, which is the
inner thick white part of the egg. This part of the egg is a excellent
source of riboflavin and protein. In high-quality eggs, the inner thick
albumen stands higher and spreads less than thin white. In low-
quality eggs, it appears thin white.

Now let's talk about the outer part of the egg - the shell It is a hard,
protective coating of the egg. It is semi-permeable; it lets gas
exchange occur, but keeps other substances from entering the
egg. The shell is made of calcium carbonate and is covered with
as many as 17,000 tiny pores.

Air cell is an air space that forms when the contents of the egg
cool and contract after the egg is laid. The air cell usually rests
between the outer and inner membranes at the eggs larger end. As
the egg ages, moisture and carbon dioxide leave through the pores
of the shell, air enters to replace them and the air cell becomes
larger.

And last but not least, let's look at the germinal disc. It's a small,
circular, white spot (2-3 mm across) on the surface of the yolk; it is
where the sperm enters the egg. The nucleus of the egg is in the
blastodisc. The embryo develops from this disk, and gradually
sends blood vessels into the yolk to use it for nutrition as the
embryo develops.

 Complete the diagram below.

Write NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS from the passage for each
answer. Do not write articles.
2. Cam 11 - Test 1 - Passage 2) - Trích đoạn 6

Boats needing to be lifted up enter the canal basin at the level of

the Forth & Clyde Canal and then enter the lower gondola of the
Wheel. Two hydraulic steel gates are raised, so as to seal the
gondola off from the water in the canal basin. The water between
the gates is then pumped out. A hydraulic clamp, which prevents
the arms of the Wheel moving while the gondola is docked, is
removed, allowing the Wheel to turn. In the central machine room
an array of ten hydraulic motors then begins to rotate the central
axle. The axle connects to the outer arms of the Wheel, which begin
to rotate at a speed of 1/8 of a revolution per minute. As the wheel
rotates, the gondolas are kept in the upright position by a simple
gearing system. Two eight-metre-wide cogs orbit a fixed inner cog
of the same width, connected by two smaller cogs travelling in the
opposite direction to the outer cogs - so ensuring that the gondolas
always remain level. When the gondola reaches the top, the boat
passes straight onto the aqueduct situated 24 metres above the
canal basin.

The remaining 11 metres of lift needed to reach the Union Canal is

achieved by means of a pair of locks. The Wheel could not be
constructed to elevate boats over the full 35-metre difference
between the two canals, owing to the presence of the historically
important Antonine Wall, which was built by the Romans in the
second century AD.

Boats travel under this wall via a tunnel, then through the locks,
and finally on to the Union Canal.

 Label the diagram below. Choose ONE WORD from the

passage for each answer. Write your answers in boxes 7-13
on your answer sheet.
3. School Experiments Reading Passage( kana_co)
It is essential when conducting this experiment to wear safety
goggles. This experiment is divided into four distinct sections. The
first, the reaction stage, is when a glass beaker is placed on top of
a tripod, and 20cm of dilute sulphuric acid poured into it. The acid
is then heated. When it is almost boiling, a small quantity of copper
oxide powder is added to the beaker. The mixture is then stirred
with a glass spatula until the copper oxide has dissolved. This
process is then repeated until 1g of powder has been added to the
sulphuric acid. The heat is then removed from the beaker and the
solution allowed to cool. The second stage is the filtration stage
and, as the name suggests, is where a filter and conical flask are
used to remove any copper oxide that has not reacted. A clear
copper sulphate solution will be left in the glass dish. The third
stage is where heat is applied to the copper sulphate solution in
order to concentrate the solution: the concentration stage. The final
crystallization stage happens when the solution begins to cool, and
pure copper sulphate crystals start to form.
 Questions 1 – 6. The diagram below shows how copper
sulphate can be made using simple laboratory equipment.
Choose NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS AND/OR A
NUMBER from the passage for each answer. Label the
diagram.

4. The platypus (Ornithorhynchus anatinus) Reading Passage

The platypus (Ornithorhynchus anatinus) is one of the most
unusual, unlikely and evolutionary distinct animals alive. According
to the BBC, the first time a platypus was brought from Australia to
Britain, people believed that a hoodwinker had sewn two animals
together and that they were the victims of a hoax. Platypuses are
best described as a hotchpotch of more recognizable species such
as the duck, beaver or otter. The physical structure, habitat and
reproduction system of the platypus makes it an interesting and
unique mammal.
Weighing around three pounds, the platypus measures 15 inches
(38 cm) from its head to lower back. The tail adds about 5 inches
(13 cm). However, the creatures inhabiting colder regions are
bigger. The physiology of the platypus is adapted for survival on
land as well as in water. The shape of its bill gives it the name duck-
billed platypus. This flexible body part is smooth like suede and has
receptors for navigation and detection of movements of freely-
swimming food, such as shrimp. The eyes and ears located in the
grooves behind the bill are covered by folds of skin and a watertight
seal that closes the nostrils when it is underwater. Platypuses have
thick waterproof fur which allows them to stay warm underwater.
Although most of its fur is dark brown, a patch near the eyes and
on the underside is of a lighter shade. When on land, the webbing
on their feet retracts, making their claws more pronounced and
hence, these animals walk awkwardly on their knuckles to protect
the web.
Yet another peculiar fact about these animals is that they are one
of the very few mammals which are poisonous. Male platypuses
have a horny spur on the ankles of their hind feet. It is connected
to a venom gland in the upper leg. It releases a poison capable of
causing excruciating pain to humans and is also capable of killing
other small animals. Fat is stored in the tail.
These mammals inhabit only one small area of the world.
Platypuses make their homes in freshwater bodies that flow
throughout the eastern and south-eastern coasts of Australia and
the island of Tasmania. Though these creatures exist only on one
side of one continent, platypuses can be found in various climate
extremes such as in lowlands, plateaus, cold mountains and
tropical rainforests. Although platypuses spend a lot of time in the
water, they waddle onto the riverbanks to claw through the mud
using their nails and feet to make burrows which are tunnels with
chambers or rooms. They can also reside under debris, rock ledges
or roots.
Platypuses are nocturnal and hence are most actively hunting
during the night which can last for about 10 to 12 hours. Hunting
for food takes place under the water. As they swim, they try to
detect food such as insects, larvae, worms or shellfish along the
muddy bottom of the water body. They scoop the prey in their bills,
store it in cheek pouches and swim to the surface. Because they
do not have teeth but grinding plates, they use the gravel and dirt
that they scooped up to fragment their food into digestible portions.
The platypus is listed as a species of ‘least concern’ by the
International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN). However,
being a carnivore, its role as that of controlling the population of
species in the lower level of the food chain cannot be ignored. The
biggest threats include natural predators such as snakes, water
rats and goannas, and some introduced animals such as foxes,
dogs and cats. Human activities such as land clearing and dams
are the biggest threat to the loss of habitat. However, platypuses
have been able to evade most of the human intrusion of their
natural environment.
 Questions 1-6. Label the diagram below. Write ONE WORD
ONLY from the passage for each answer.
5. How Does Night Vision Work Reading Passage
Night vision technology has transformed from old-fashioned bulky
devices to compact sophisticated equipment that can intensify any
light source up to 50,000 times. A device for night vision was first
developed in the 1930s by the German military, and later by the
Americans. Today, it has become an essential device in the kit of
soldiers, permitting them to find out their targets in reduced visibility
or complete darkness and move around in comparative safety as
there are fewer chances of a surprise attack. ‘It improves their
mobility, their survivability and their lethality’, says Lt. Col. Timothy
Fuller.
So, what makes night vision possible? Light is an electromagnetic
wave, and the entire range of light that exists is termed as the
electromagnetic spectrum. The light visible to humans is only a part
of this spectrum, while infrared light and ultraviolet light are invisible
to naked eyes. The night vision devices work on two different
technologies. The first is image enhancement using the tiny
amount of light available which is collected and amplified to the
extent that we can easily see the image. Thermal imaging, on the
other hand, functions by capturing the higher areas of the infrared
spectrum, which is radiated by objects as heat instead of light.
Even on dark nights, the stars and the moon emit near-infrared
light. In a device that works on image enhancement technique, this
faint light is captured to amplify it to a visible level. As the light
consisting of photons enters the front lens of the image intensifier
tube, it hits a photocathode which converts the photons into
electrons. These electrons multiply as they pass through a thin
microchannel plate. At the end of the tube, the electrons strike a
phosphor screen which converts them back into photons and
creates an image, usually green, on the screen. Since more
photons are emerging than those which entered the tube, the
image is much brighter than the original scene. Rich Urich, director
of operations at Night Vision Equipment Company in Prescott
Valley Arizona, says, ‘The reason it is green is because when you
put the unit down, you want your eyes to remain dilated so you can
see in dim light.’
Thermal imaging devices record the temperature difference
between an object and its surroundings using a sensor called a
microbolometer. An image of the object is created, which is then
sent to the display where the user can see it.
However, it is not only in warfare that this technology finds use.
Night vision equipment is used extensively by law enforcement
departments to detect criminals in the dark. They are also used on
borders to keep a check on illegal crossings. The technology is also
used to find leaks and repair insulation in homes.

 Questions 1-5. Label the diagram below. Write NO MORE

THAN TWO WORDS from the passage for each answer.