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Science Notes

The document provides an overview of acids, bases, and salts, detailing their definitions, properties, and common examples. It explains the pH scale, indicators for acidity and alkalinity, and the uses of these substances in various applications. Safety precautions for handling chemicals are also highlighted.

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Shahin Begam Mohammad
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4 views3 pages

Science Notes

The document provides an overview of acids, bases, and salts, detailing their definitions, properties, and common examples. It explains the pH scale, indicators for acidity and alkalinity, and the uses of these substances in various applications. Safety precautions for handling chemicals are also highlighted.

Uploaded by

Shahin Begam Mohammad
Copyright
© All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd

Science Notes – Acids, Bases and Salts

Acids

Acids are substances that produce hydrogen ions (H⁺) in water.

Common acids:

 Hydrochloric acid (HCl) – stomach acid

 Sulphuric acid (H₂SO₄) – car batteries

 Nitric acid (HNO₃) – fertilizers

Properties of acids:

 Sour in taste

 Turn blue litmus red

 pH value less than 7

 React with metals to produce hydrogen gas

2. Bases

Bases are substances that produce hydroxide ions (OH⁻) in water.

Common bases:

 Sodium hydroxide (NaOH)

 Potassium hydroxide (KOH)

Properties of bases:

 Bitter taste

 Soapy to touch

 Turn red litmus blue

 pH value greater than 7

3. Alkalis

Alkalis are bases that dissolve in water.

Examples:
 Sodium hydroxide

 Potassium hydroxide

 Calcium hydroxide

4. Salts

Salts are formed when an acid reacts with a base.

Neutralization reaction:
Acid + Base → Salt + Water

Example:
Hydrochloric acid + Sodium hydroxide → Sodium chloride + Water

5. pH Scale

The pH scale measures acidity and alkalinity.

 pH 0–6 → Acidic

 pH 7 → Neutral

 pH 8–14 → Alkaline

Lower pH = stronger acid


Higher pH = stronger base

6. Indicators

Indicators show whether a substance is acidic or basic.

Common indicators:

 Litmus paper

 Phenolphthalein

 Methyl orange

 Universal indicator

7. Uses of Acids, Bases and Salts

 Acids: food preservation, batteries


 Bases: soap making, cleaning agents

 Salts: cooking, fertilizers, medicines

8. Safety with Chemicals

 Wear gloves and goggles

 Do not taste chemicals

 Add acid to water, not water to acid

Quick Revision Points

 Acids release H⁺ ions

 Bases release OH⁻ ions

 Neutralization forms salt and water

 pH scale ranges from 0 to 14

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